1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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Academic library
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It is unknown how many academic libraries there are internationally. An academic and research portal maintained by UNESCO links to 3,785 libraries, according to the National Center for Education Statistics, there are an estimated 3,700 academic libraries in the United States. The support of teaching and learning material for class readings. In the past, the material for class readings, intended to supplement lectures as prescribed by the instructor, has been called reserves, in the period before electronic resources became available, the reserves were supplied as actual books or as photocopies of appropriate journal articles. Academic libraries must determine a focus for development since comprehensive collections are not feasible. Librarians do this by identifying the needs of the faculty and student body, as well as the mission, when there are particular areas of specialization in academic libraries, these are often referred to as niche collections. These collections are often the basis of a special department and may include original papers, artwork. There is a deal of variation among academic libraries based on their size, resources, collections. The Harvard University Library is considered to be the largest academic library in the world and has the third largest collection in the United States, another notable example is the University of the South Pacific which has academic libraries distributed throughout its twelve member countries. The first colleges in the United States were intended to train members of the clergy, the libraries associated with these institutions largely consisted of donated books on the subjects of theology and the classics. In 1766, Yale had approximately 4,000 volumes, second only to Harvard, access to these libraries was restricted to faculty members and a few students, the only staff was a part-time faculty member or the president of the college. The priority of the library was to protect the books, not to allow patrons to use them, in 1849, Yale was open 30 hours a week, the University of Virginia was open nine hours a week, Columbia University four, and Bowdoin College only three. Students instead created literary societies and assessed entrance fees in order to build a collection of usable volumes often in excess of what the university library held. Around the turn of the century, this began to change. The American Library Association was formed in 1876, with members including Melvil Dewey, Libraries re-prioritized in favor of improving access to materials, and found funding increasing as a result of increased demand for said materials. Academic libraries today vary in regard to the extent to which they accommodate those who are not affiliated with their parent universities, some offer reading and borrowing privileges to members of the public on payment of an annual fee, such fees can vary greatly. The privileges so obtained usually do not extend to such services as computer usage, other than to search the catalog, alumni and students of cooperating local universities may be given discounts or other consideration when arranging for borrowing privileges. On the other hand, access to the libraries of universities is absolutely restricted to students, faculty
3.
University of Utah
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The University of Utah is a public coeducational space-grant research university in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. As the states flagship university, the university more than 100 undergraduate majors. The university is classified in the highest ranking, R-1, Doctoral Universities – Highest Research Activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the Carnegie Classification also considers the university as selective, which is its second most selective admissions category. Quinney College of Law and the School of Medicine, Utahs only medical school, as of Fall 2015, there are 23,909 undergraduate students and 7,764 graduate students, for an enrollment total of 31,673. The university was established in 1850 as the University of Deseret by the General Assembly of the provisional State of Deseret and it received its current name in 1892, four years before Utah attained statehood, and moved to its current location in 1900. The university ranks among the top 50 U. S. universities by total research expenditures with over $486 million spent in 2014, in addition, the universitys Honors College has been reviewed among 50 leading national Honors Colleges in the U. S. The university has also ranked the 12th most ideologically diverse university in the country. The universitys athletic teams, the Utes, participate in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Pac-12 Conference and its football team has received national attention for winning the 2005 Fiesta Bowl and the 2009 Sugar Bowl. A Board of Regents was organized by Brigham Young to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley, early classes were held in private homes or wherever space could be found. The university closed in 1853 due to lack of funds and lack of feeder schools, the university moved out of the council house into the Union Academy building in 1876 and into Union Square in 1884. Additional Fort Douglas land has granted to the university over the years. Upon his death in 1900, Dr. John R. Park bequeathed his fortune to the university. One third of the faculty resigned in protest of these dismissals, the controversy was largely resolved when Kingsbury resigned in 1916, but university operations were again interrupted by World War I, and later The Great Depression and World War II. Student enrollment dropped to a low of 3,418 during the last year of World War II, ray Olpin made substantial additions to campus following the war, and enrollment reached 12,000 by the time he retired in 1964. Growth continued in the decades as the university developed into a research center for fields such as computer science. During the 2002 Winter Olympics, the university hosted the Olympic Village, the University of Utah Asia Campus opened as an international branch campus in the Incheon Global Campus in Songdo, Incheon, South Korea in 2014. Three other European and American universities are also participating, the Asia Campus was funded by the South Korean government. Campus takes up 1,534 acres, including the Health Sciences complex, Research Park and it is located on the east bench of the Salt Lake Valley, close to the Wasatch Range and approximately 2 miles east of downtown Salt Lake City
4.
Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
5.
Utah
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Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U. S. on January 4,1896, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast, approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life. The LDS Churchs world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City, Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, in 2013, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median income and the least income inequality of any U. S. state. A2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the best state to live in based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, the name Utah is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means people of the mountains in the Ute language, according to other sources Utah is derived from the Apache name Yudah which means Tall. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary, the Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century. Another group of Native Americans, the Navajo, settled in the region around the 18th century, in the mid-18th century, other Uto-Aztecan tribes, including the Goshute, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Ute people, also settled in the region. These five groups were present when the first European explorers arrived, the southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California, the expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature, in 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California. European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada, the city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, in late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the salinity of its waters, Bridger thought he had found the Pacific Ocean
6.
J. Willard Marriott
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John Willard Marriott, Sr. was an American entrepreneur and businessman. He was the founder of the Marriott Corporation, the parent company of one of the worlds largest hospitality, hotel chains, and food services companies. The Marriott company rose from a root beer stand in Washington D. C. in 1927 to a chain of family restaurants by 1932. The companys interests even extended to a line of cruise ships, Marriott was born at Marriott Settlement near Ogden, Utah, and was raised on his fathers farm. His father gave him considerable responsibility at an age, he was sent to San Francisco on his own with 3,000 sheep in railcars at the age of 13. At the age of 19 and as a devout Mormon, he undertook the traditional work of the church for two years, being assigned to New England. On his way home after completing his mission, he passed through Washington D. C. during the summer months of 1921. E walked from Capitol Hill to the Washington Monument, toiled up the steps to the top, walked back down again, everywhere he went tourists and pedestrians sweltered and sweated in the sultry, humid air. Marriott graduated from Weber State University, where he served as student body president, with a degree in June 1923. Marriott soon felt the urge, however, to be his own boss, in 1927, he secured from A&W Root Beer the franchise rights for Washington, D. C. Baltimore, Maryland, and Richmond, Virginia, he moved to Washington to open a nine-stool root beer stand there with his business partner. They opened on May 20,1927 at 3128 14th Street and he returned to Utah two weeks later, and married Alice Sheets on 9 June 1927. With the approach of cooler Autumn months, and with the addition of Mexican food items to the menu, the stand became The Hot Shoppe, a popular family restaurant. In 1928, he opened the first drive-in east of the Mississippi, during the Second World War, the business expanded to include the management of food services in defense plants and government buildings, such as the U. S. Treasury. Marriotts restaurant chain grew, and the company went public in 1953, in 1957, he expanded his business to hotels, opening the first Marriott hotel—actually a motel, the Twin Bridges Motor Hotel in Arlington, Virginia. The company became Marriott, Inc. in 1967, two large chains were added to the group, the Big Boy family restaurants in 1967 and Roy Rogers Family Restaurants in 1968. Over the years, Marriotts company interests expanded, continuing with food services, Marriott eventually invented airline in-flight food service. This segment of their enterprise continues to be a part of their business
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Marriott International
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Marriott International, Inc. is an American multinational diversified hospitality company that manages and franchises a broad portfolio of hotels and related lodging facilities. Founded by J. Willard Marriott, the company is now led by his son, Executive Chairman Bill Marriott and President and Chief Executive Officer Arne Sorenson. Marriott was founded by John Willard Marriott in 1927 when he and his wife, Alice Sheets Marriott, opened a beer stand in Washington. As a Mormon missionary in the summers in Washington, D. C. The Marriotts later expanded their enterprise into a chain of restaurants and they opened their first hotel, the Twin Bridges Marriott Motor Hotel, in Arlington, Virginia, in 1957. Their son, J. W. Marriott, Jr. led the company to spectacular worldwide growth during his more than 50-year career, in March 2012, at age 80, he turned the CEO responsibilities over to Arne Sorenson, while he assumed the title of Executive Chairman. Marriott International was formed in 1993 when Marriott Corporation split into two companies, Marriott International and Host Marriott Corporation, in 1995, Marriott was the first hotel company worldwide to offer guests the option to book reservations online, via the companys implementation of MARSHA. In April 1995, Marriott International acquired a 49% interest in Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company LLC, the cost to Marriott was estimated to have be about $200 million in cash and assumed debt. There were other benefits for Ritz-Carlton flowing from its relationship with Marriott, such as being able to take advantage of the parent companys reservation system, the partnership was solidified in 1998 when Marriott acquired a majority ownership of The Ritz-Carlton. Today, there are 81 Ritz-Carlton properties around the world, the Marriott World Trade Center was destroyed during the September 11,2001 attacks. The changes were completed in 2003, Marriott International owned Ramada International Hotels & Resorts until its sale on September 15,2004 to Cendant. On July 19,2006, Marriott announced that all lodging buildings it operated in the United States, the new policy includes all guest rooms, restaurants, lounges, meeting rooms, public space and employee work areas. There were bombings at the Islamabad Marriott in 2008 and at the Jakarta Marriott in 2009, on November 11,2010, Marriott announced plans to add over 600 hotel properties by 2015. The bulk of the additions will be in emerging markets, India, where it plans to have 100 hotel properties, China, and Southeast Asia. On January 21,2011, Marriott said that pornography would not be included in the entertainment offered at new hotels, which will use an internet-based video on demand system. On December 13,2011, J. W. Marriott, Jr. announced he would be stepping down as CEO of the company and it was announced that Arne Sorenson would be taking over as CEO as of March 2012. His had released 2010 tax returns showed earnings in 2010 of $113,881 in directors fees from Marriott. S, in December 2012, Guinness World Records recognized the five-star JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai as the worlds tallest hotel. The scheme disrupted operation of mobile telephone hotspots by sending fraudulent Wi-fi de-authentication packets
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The University of Utah Press
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The University of Utah Press is the independent publishing branch of the University of Utah and is a division of the J. Willard Marriott Library. Ray Olpin, it is also the oldest university press in Utah, the Press employs seven people full-time and publishes from 25 to 35 titles per year. The Press has over 450 books currently in print, the University of Utah Press awards five annual or biennial prizes for scholarly and/or literary manuscripts. The first Anthropological Paper was published in 1950 and new books continue to be published through the present. ”Lecturers from a variety of cultures and fields are chosen on the basis of their leadership, integrity, and commitment to human values. The lectures consider the relationships between scientific and scholarly advancements and moral values and are published in a volume by the University of Utah Press. Past lecturers include, E. O. Wilson, Carlos Fuentes, Freeman Dyson, Paul Farmer, Steven Pinker, M. Hakan Yavuz is the Series Editor
9.
John R. Park
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John Rockey Park was a prominent educator in the Territory and State of Utah in the late 19th century, and in many ways was the intellectual father of the University of Utah. There is a statue of John Rockey Park in an alcove just to the left of the west entrance to the University of Utah main administration building which bears his name, there is a plaque fixed to the base of the statue. Will result in worse than failure, unless it has underlying it a stratum of moral culture, always remember in your teaching that the grand purpose of your labors is to make citizens - active, thinking, intelligent, industrious and moral men and women. This you cannot do by any narrow routine of school forms, - Address to Normal Graduates, Class of 1885 Park was born in Tiffin, Ohio. As a young man he worked on his familys farm just outside town, from 1848 to 1850, Park was a student at the Seneca County Academy in the nearby town of Republic, Ohio. While Park studied at the Academy, he was fortunate to associate with and learn from Thomas W. Harvey, Harvey went on to write a number of grammar books, and he became a rather well-known figure in Ohio education history. He was one of several gifted teachers who would have an influence on Park, after completing his preparatory studies, Park went on to graduate from Ohio Wesleyan University. From 1853 to 1855, Park was employed as a teacher for the first time, in 1855, Park entered medical school at New York University where he was a student of the chemist, historian and philosopher, John William Draper. In later life, Park would gratefully acknowledge the influence that Drapers teaching. In 1857, Park received his MD, and he began practicing medicine that same year, by 1860, Park had decided to leave the practice of medicine. Instead, he ventured out west where he would not always find employment as a teacher, in July 1847, fourteen years before Parks arrival, Brigham Young and the first large group of Mormon pioneers arrived in the area which now comprises the state of Utah. At the time, Congress was consumed with an issue which would only be resolved by the Civil War. A year and a half after the State of Deseret was proposed, the Compromise reduced the proposed states borders, renamed it the Utah Territory, and specified that slavery would be permitted in the new territory if the inhabitants voted to permit it. Utahs Mormon settlers were very different from the rugged individual adventurers who would pour into the American West before, also, despite federal efforts to rigorously enforce separation of church and state, the Utah territorial government retained some elements of a theocracy. Parks effectiveness as an educator would hinge on his ability to appreciate the benefits of, and to be accepted into, Education in Utah Territory was similarly shaped by the religious philosophy of its Mormon settlers. Mormons held that he glory of God is intelligence, or, in words, light. Like their lax attitude toward separation of church and state, the Mormons did not make great efforts to distinguish between truth received from spiritual revelation or from empirical confirmation. Almost immediately after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley the Latter Day Saints began making plans to ensure that their children received the basics of a secular, a few weeks after the first crops were planted in the mid-summer of 1847, a school was established
10.
University of Utah Circle
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The University of Utah Circle, also known as Presidents Circle, is located on the campus of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 as a historic district, in 1900 the University of Utah moved to the current east-bench campus on land that used to belong to Fort Douglas. A. Kletting and named after university president Alfred C. It was originally built to house the normal school, John Widtsoe Building - Designed by Richard K. A. Kletting and named after university president John A. Widtsoe. LeRoy Cowles Building - Designed by Richard K. A, kletting and named after former university president LeRoy E. Cowles in 1980. It was originally constructed to house the library and it currently houses the mathematics department at the university. Extended Vision, a series of etched and screenprinted plates depicting math theories created by artist Anna Campbell Bliss, were installed in the Cowles Buildings lobby between 2001 and 2003, James Talmage Building - Designed by Richard K. A. Kletting and named after professor and university president James E. Talmage in 1976. It was originally constructed as a museum, Park Building - Designed by the architectural firm of Cannon, Fetzer, Hansen. Originally named the Central Building, it was renamed the Park Building in 1919 after former university president John R. Park and it currently houses the office of the president as well as other university administrators. Kingsbury Hall - Designed by Anderson & Young and named after Joseph T. Kingsbury, many of Utahs performing arts organizations started in Kingsbury Hall including Ballet West and Utah Opera. David P. Gardner Hall - Designed by Ashton and Evans, in 1980 it was named after former university president David P. Gardner. It was originally constructed to be the union building, George Thomas Building - Designed by Ashton and Evans and named after former university president George Thomas. It was originally built as the George Thomas Library, in 1968 when the library moved and became the J. Willard Marriott Library the Thomas building became the home of the Utah Museum of Natural History
11.
Automated storage and retrieval system
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An automated storage and retrieval system consists of a variety of computer-controlled systems for automatically placing and retrieving loads from defined storage locations. Standard loads simplify the handling of a request of an item, AS/RS systems are designed for automated storage and retrieval of parts and items in manufacturing, distribution, retail, wholesale and institutions. They first originated in the 1960s, initially focusing on heavy pallet loads, the systems operate under computerized control, maintaining an inventory of stored items. Retrieval of items is accomplished by specifying the type and quantity to be retrieved. The computer determines where in the area the item can be retrieved from. It directs the proper automated storage and retrieval machine to the location where the item is stored, a system of conveyors and or automated guided vehicles is sometimes part of the AS/RS system. These take loads into and out of the area and move them to the manufacturing floor or loading docks. As items are stored into or retrieved from the racks, the computer updates its inventory accordingly, the benefits of an AS/RS system include reduced labor for transporting items into and out of inventory, reduced inventory levels, more accurate tracking of inventory, and space savings. Items are often stored more densely than in systems where items are stored and retrieved manually, within the storage, items can be placed on trays or hang from bars, which are attached to chains/drives in order to move up and down. The equipment required for an AS/RS include a storage & retrieval machine that is used for rapid storage, sRMs are used to move loads vertically or horizontally, and can also move laterally to place objects in the correct storage location. Both sets of technologies provide automated storage and retrieval for parts and items, each technology has its unique set of benefits and disadvantages. Fixed Aisle systems are characteristically larger systems whereas carousels and Vertical Lift Modules are used individually or grouped, a fixed-aisle AS/R machine is one of two main designs, single-masted or double masted. Most are supported on a track and ceiling guided at the top by guide rails or channels to ensure accurate vertical alignment, the shuttles that make up the system travel between fixed storage shelves to deposit or retrieve a requested load. A semi-automated system can be achieved by utilizing only specialized shuttles within an existing rack system, another AS/RS technology is known as shuttle technology. By using two separate machines for these two axis the shuttle technology is able to provide higher rates than stacker cranes. These systems are used either as stand-alone units or in integrated workstations called pods or systems and these units are usually integrated with various types of pick to light systems and use either a microprocessor controller for basic usage or inventory management software. Due to automated processes, it allows for more storage space due to high-density storage, narrower aisles. Automation reduces labor costs while lowering workforce requirements and increasing safety, modeling and managing the logical representation of the physical storage facilities
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Marriner Stoddard Eccles
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Marriner Stoddard Eccles was a U. S. banker, economist, and member and chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. Marriner Stoddard Eccles was known during his lifetime chiefly as having been the Chairman of the Federal Reserve under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. As Eccles wrote in his memoir Beckoning Frontiers, As mass production has to be accompanied by consumption, mass consumption, in turn. To provide men with buying power, instead of achieving that kind of distribution, a giant suction pump had by 1929-30 drawn into a few hands an increasing portion of currently produced wealth. The other fellows could stay in the only by borrowing. When their credit ran out, the game stopped, born in Logan, Utah to David and Ellen Eccles, he was educated at public schools of Baker, Oregon and attended Brigham Young College and served a Latter-day Saint mission to Scotland. After his mission, while working in an enterprise in Blacksmith Fork Canyon, he learned of the untimely death of his father. With great skill and tenacity, he was able to reorganize and consolidate the assets of his fathers industrial conglomerate, Eccles expanded the banking interests into a large western chain of banks called Eccles-Browning Affiliated Banks. He was a millionaire by age 22, after a brief stint at the Treasury Department and with the support of treasury secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr. Eccles was appointed by President Roosevelt as the Chairman of the Federal Reserve. Eccles was reappointed chair in 1936,1940, and 1944, in February 1944, Roosevelt appointed Eccles for another 14-year term on the board and Eccles stayed on the board until 1951, when he resigned a few months after the 1951 Accord. Eccles had also participated in post-World War II Bretton Woods negotiations that created the World Bank, Eccles retired to Utah in 1951 to run his companies and write his memoirs, titled Beckoning Frontiers, Public and Personal Recollections. He further consolidated industrial and family assets, finally organizing a series of foundations representing assets that he had managed for various family members and these foundations have served Utah and the Intermountain West in support of educational, artistic, humanitarian, and scientific activities. He died in Salt Lake City, Utah in 1977 and was entombed in the Larkin Sunset Lawn Mausoleum, Eccles was and is seen as an early proponent of demand stimulus projects to fend off the ravages of the Great Depression. He became known as a defender of Keynesian ideas, though his ideas predated Keynes The General Theory of Employment, Interest, in this view, the Federal Reserve after 1935 acquired new instruments to command monetary policy, but it did not change its behavior significantly. Further, his defense of the Federal Reserve-Treasury accord in 1951 is sometimes seen as a reversal of his previous policy stances, the Eccles Building that houses the headquarters of the Federal Reserve in Washington, D. C. was named after Eccles in 1982. The naming was a component of the Garn-St, Germain Depository Institutions Act lead-sponsored by Senator Jake Garn and Congressman Fernand St. Germain. Utah History Encyclopedia Biography University of Utah Biography Biography, bookrags. com, hyman, Sydney, Marriner S. Eccles, Private Entrepreneur and Public Servant Biography on Richmond Feds website People Who Made a Difference, Marriner S. Eccles, history. utah. gov
13.
Chair of the Federal Reserve
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The Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is the head of the central banking system of the United States. The position is colloquially as Chair of the Fed or Fed Chair. The chair is the executive officer of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The chair is chosen by the President of the United States from among the members of the Board of Governors, a chair may be appointed for several consecutive terms. William Martin was the longest serving chair, holding the position from 1951 to 1970, the current chair is Janet Yellen, the first woman to hold the position. She began her term on February 1,2014, and previously served as the Vice-Chair from 2010 to 2014, the current term will end on or about February 1,2018. Section 203 of the Banking Act of 1935 changed the name of the Federal Reserve Board to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the directors salaries were significantly lower and their terms of office were much shorter prior to 1935. In effect, the Federal Reserve Board members in Washington, D. C. were significantly less powerful than the presidents of the regional Federal Reserve Banks prior to 1935, in the 1935 Act, the district heads had their titles changed to President. Thus, Marriner Eccles was the first actual Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board, the others prior to 1935 were Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Federal Reserve System, with much more circumscribed power. The nominees for chair and vice-chair may be chosen by the President from among the sitting Governors for four-year terms, by law, the chair reports twice a year to Congress on the Federal Reserves monetary policy objectives. He or she also testifies before Congress on numerous other issues, the following is a list of past and present Chairs of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. A chair serves for a term after appointment, but may be reappointed for several consecutive four-year terms. As of 2014, there have been a total of fifteen Fed Chairs, history of central banking in the United States Beckhart, Benjamin Haggott. The fourth branch, the Federal Reserves unlikely rise to power, Executive Order 11110 - Amendment of Executive Order No.10289 as Amended, Relating to the Performance of Certain Functions Affecting the Department of the Treasury. Via UCSB. edu Official website Public Statements of the Chairs of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, via the St
14.
David O. McKay
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David Oman McKay was an American religious leader and educator who served as the ninth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1951 until his death in 1970. Ordained an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1906, McKay was an authority for nearly 64 years, longer than anyone else in LDS Church history. The third child of David McKay and Jennette Eveline Evans McKay, David was born on his father’s farm in Huntsville, Utah Territory, McKays mother was a Welsh immigrant from Merthyr Tydfil, and his father was a Scottish immigrant from Caithness. In 1880, after McKay’s two older sisters died, his father was called on an LDS mission to his native Scotland, in his fathers absence, McKay had additional family responsibilities and helped his mother. McKays grandmother bequeathed $5,000 to McKays mother upon her death, be used for the education of the children. This money allowed McKay, his brother Thomas McKay, and their two sisters to attend the University of Utah, McKay graduated in 1897 as valedictorian and class president. Immediately afterward, he was called on a mission to Great Britain, like his father, he presided over the Scottish district of the church. Early in his mission, he was impressed by a motto he saw inscribed on a building in Stirling, What Eer Thou Art and this message became a source of inspiration throughout his life. Upon his return in fall 1899, McKay taught at the school level at LDS Weber Stake Academy. He married Emma Ray Riggs in the Salt Lake Temple on January 2,1901 and they eventually had seven children, one dying as a young child. For his first three years at Weber, McKay taught mainly religion and literature classes, on April 17,1902, McKay was appointed principal of Weber, succeeding the founding principal, Louis F. Moench, who had resigned after nine years in the position. One of his first actions as principal was to organize a school paper, McKay also oversaw the inauguration of sports programs at Weber, with mens and womens basketball teams organized during McKays tenure. In 1905, they won their game against the University of Utah. With three vacancies, George F. Richards, Orson F. Whitney, and McKay were called as apostles in the LDS Churchs April 1906 general conference, McKay was 32 at the time. Prior to this appointment to service, McKay had planned on career in education. Even after his appointment, McKay stayed active in education, continuing as principal of the Weber Stake Academy until 1908, McKay stayed at Weber Stake Academy to see the completion of some new building projects that he had begun. He also served on the Weber schools board of trustees until 1922, McKay enjoyed a long, personal friendship with John F. Fitzpatrick, publisher of the Salt Lake Tribune. They met weekly for breakfast to discuss the betterment of Utah, in October 1906, McKay became an assistant to the superintendent of the Deseret Sunday School Union
15.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
16.
Leonidas Ralph Mecham
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Leonidas Ralph Mecham is the former Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, having served in that position from 1985 to 2006. He was appointed to the position by United States Chief Justice Warren Burger in July 1985, Ralph Mecham was born April 23,1928, in Murray, Utah. He obtained his B. S. degree in science from the University of Utah, a Juris Doctor degree from George Washington University. His initial government position was as an assistant and administrative assistant to U. S. Senator Wallace F. Bennett, eventually becoming the Senators chief of staff, after that, he served as vice president of, and taught constitutional law at, the University of Utah. He returned to Washington, resuming government service as an assistant to the United States Secretary of Commerce. He was named head of the Administrative Office on July 15,1985, Mecham was the longest-serving Director of the Administrative Office, retiring after more than 20 years in April 2006. Mechams official papers are now housed at the University of Utah Marriott Library, Mecham is married and has 5 children and 14 grandchildren. In 2001, during his tenure as Director of the Administrative Office, led by Ninth Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski, the Federal Judges Association, which represents about 85% of U. S. federal judges, adopted a resolution opposing the monitoring. Leonidas Ralph Mecham Papers, University of Utah Marriott Library Special Collections House, march 14,2006, Honoring Leonidas Ralph Mecham, Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts and Secretary of the Judicial Conference of the United States. Wittenberg & Jill Schneider, Monitoring Internet use at work, Oregon State Bar Bulletin, January 2002, includes a detailed discussion of the issue of the Administrative Offices Internet monitoring
17.
Administrative Office of the United States Courts
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The Administrative Office of the United States Courts is the administrative agency of the United States federal court system. The AO is the central support entity for the judicial branch. It provides a range of administrative, legal, financial, management, program. The AO implements and executes Judicial Conference policies, as well as applicable federal statutes, the AO facilitates communications within the judiciary and with Congress, the executive branch, and the public on behalf of the judiciary. The mission of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts is to provide a variety of functions to the United States federal judiciary. The AO prepares and submits the budget for the courts to the Judicial Conference for approval by Congress and it analyzes legislation from Congress that will affect the courts operations or personnel, and it interprets and applies the new laws. It also provides help to members of the courts in the form of clerks, probation and pretrial services officers, court reporters. It also works together with the General Services Administration to develop and operate suitable accommodations for federal courts, the director of the AO serves as Secretary of the Judicial Conference and is appointed, along with the deputy director, by the Chief Justice of the United States. The Administrative Office of the U. S, Courts was established by an act of Congress on November 6,1939. For 150 years, administrative responsibility for the courts shifted from the Treasury Department to the Interior Department in 1849. Reform proposals ranged from separate appropriation bills for the courts to the authorization of senior circuit judges as administrators for all the courts within their respective circuits, some circuits established conferences of judges to discuss problems of case management and court administration. After the defeat of Roosevelt’s court-packing plan, Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes responded to suggestions for less sweeping administrative changes, the committee’s proposed Administrative Office of the U. S. The committee proposal found support in both the Senate and House of Representatives, which considered several versions before passage in August 1939. It also mandated annual circuit conferences at which circuit and district judges would meet with members of the bar to discuss judicial administration, James C. Duff is the current Director of the AO. On November 4,2014 it was announced by Chief Justice John Roberts he would again become Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. He succeeded Director Judge John D. Bates, henry P. Chandler, 1939–1956 Warren Olney III, 1958–1967 Ernest C. Friesen, 1968–1970 Rowland F. Kirks, 1970–1977 William E. Foley, 1977–1985 Leonidas Ralph Mecham, Duff, 2006–2011 2015–present Thomas F. Hogan, 2011–2013 John D
18.
Wallace Stegner
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Wallace Earle Stegner was an American novelist, short story writer, environmentalist, and historian, often called The Dean of Western Writers. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1972 and the U. S. National Book Award in 1977. Stegner was born in Lake Mills, Iowa, and grew up in Great Falls, Montana, Salt Lake City, Utah, and the village of Eastend, Saskatchewan, Stegner says he lived in twenty places in eight states and Canada. He was the son of Hilda and George Stegner, while living in Utah, he joined a Boy Scout troop at an LDS Church and earned the Eagle Scout award. He received a B. A. at the University of Utah in 1930 and he also studied at the University of Iowa, where he received a masters degree in 1932 and a doctorate in 1935. In 1934, Stegner married Mary Stuart Page, Stegners son, Page Stegner, is a novelist, essayist, nature writer and professor emeritus at University of California, Santa Cruz. Page is married to Lynn Stegner, a novelist, Page co-authored American Places and edited the 2008 Collected Letters of Wallace Stegner. Stegner taught at the University of Wisconsin and Harvard University, eventually he settled at Stanford University, where he founded the creative writing program. He served as an assistant to Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall and was elected to the Sierra Clubs board of directors for a term that lasted 1964–1966. He also moved into a house near Matadero Creek on Three Forks Road in nearby Los Altos Hills, Stegners novel Angle of Repose won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1972. Yet it was based on the letters of Mary Hallock Foote, in 1977 Stegner won the National Book Award for The Spectator Bird. In the late 1980s, he refused a National Medal from the National Endowment for the Arts because he believed the NEA had become too politicized, Stegners semi-autobiographical novel Crossing to Safety gained broad literary acclaim and commercial popularity. Powell later served as a government scientist and was an advocate of conservation in the American West. Stegner wrote the foreword to and edited This Is Dinosaur, with photographs by Philip Hyde, the Sierra Club book was used in the campaign to prevent dams in Dinosaur National Monument and helped launch the modern environmental movement. A substantial number of Stegners works are set in and around Greensboro, Vermont, some of his character representations were sufficiently unflattering that residents took offense, and he did not visit Greensboro for several years after its publication. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Stegners birth, Timothy Egan reflected in The New York Times on the writers legacy, over 100 readers including Jane Smiley offered comments on the subject. This book publication prize is awarded to the best monograph the Press receives on the topic of American western or environmental history within a time period. Lewis-Clark State College in Lewiston, Idaho, has a history of presenting a lecture titled after Stegner
19.
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
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The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, as the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, it was one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily a total of three, in 31 years under the Novel name, the prize was awarded 27 times, in its first 69 years to 2016 under the Fiction name,62 times. In 11 years, no novel received the award and it has never been shared by two authors. Three writers have won two each in the Fiction category, Booth Tarkington, William Faulkner, and John Updike. Ernest Hemingway was selected by the 1941 and 1953 juries, but the former was overturned and no 1941 award was given
20.
Mountain West Digital Library
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MWDL aggregates metadata from these memory institutions and provides online access to their cultural heritage and scholarly resources at http, //mwdl. org. The Mountain West Digital Library was formed in 2001 as a program of the Utah Academic Library Consortium, the MWDL has grown from its original Utah roots to offer services to memory institutions in Nevada, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, and Hawaii as well. In 2013, the Mountain West Digital Library was selected as one of the six inaugural service hubs of the Digital Public Library of America, MWDL participates in the DPLAs Digital Hubs Pilot Project and the Public Library Partnerships Project. The Mountain West Digital Library is a program of the Utah Academic Library Consortium and is governed by the UALC Council of Directors, funding for the program is provided by the Utah Academic Library Consortium, the Digital Public Library of America, and member organizations. The MWDL program and staff are hosted at the J, the Mountain West Digital Library operates as a hub-and-spoke distributed networked organization, with three tiers. At the center of the structure is the database and portal of the Mountain West Digital Library. The responsibilities of collection partners, hosting hubs, and MWDL staff are described in the Mountain West Digital Library Partnership Agreement, MWDL staff work closely with DPLA staff to help build out the national network of hubs and to promote the adoption of common practices and standards. The Mountain West Digital Library includes digital collections on regional and national topics such as Westward migration, mining, the portal is of particular interest to users researching the American West, pioneer history, and Mormon history. Materials in the Mountain West Digital Library include historical photographs, books, maps, scholarly documents, birth and death records, videos, and sound recordings. The MWDL uses an application profile of the Dublin Core metadata schema so that items in MWDL collections can be searched by author, title, date, subject, geography, and resource type
21.
Print on demand
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Print on demand is a printing technology and business process in which book copies do not print until the company receives an order, allowing prints of singular or small quantities. Many traditional small presses have replaced their traditional printing equipment with POD equipment or contract their printing to POD service providers, many academic publishers, including university presses, use POD services to maintain large backlists, some use POD for all of their publications. Larger publishers may use POD in special circumstances, such as reprinting older, before the introduction of digital printing technology, production of small numbers of publications had many limitations. Large print jobs were not a problem, but small numbers of printed pages were typically during the early 20th century produced using stencils and these produced printed pages of inferior quality to a book, cheaply and reasonably fast. By about 1950, electrostatic copiers were available to make paper master plates for offset duplicating machines, from about 1960 copying onto plain paper became possible for photocopy machines to make multiple good-quality copies of a monochrome original. As technology advanced it became possible to store text in digital form—- paper tape, punched cards readable by digital computer, magnetic mass storage, etc. Print on demand with digital technology is a way to print items for a fixed cost per copy, regardless of the size of the order. While the unit price of each copy is greater than with offset printing. POD has other business benefits besides lesser costs, Technical set-up is usually quicker than for offset printing, large inventories of a book or print material do not need to be kept in stock, reducing storage, handling costs, and inventory accounting costs. There is little or no waste from unsold products and these advantages reduce the risks associated with publishing books and prints and can result in increased choice for consumers. However, the risks for the publisher can also mean that quality control is less rigorous than usual. Digital technology is suited to publish small print jobs of posters when they are needed. The introduction of inks and media for large format inkjet printers has allowed artists. This was brought about after a fire destroyed £3 million worth of stock, the introduction of POD technologies and business-models has created a range of new book-creation and publishing opportunities. There are three categories of offerings. POD creats a new category of publishing company that services, usually for a fee. These services generally include printing and shipping each individual book ordered, handling royalties, the initial investment required for POD services is less than for offset printing. Other services may also be available, including formatting, proofreading, and editing, such companies are suitable for authors prepared to design and promote their work themselves, with minimal assistance and at minimal cost
22.
Middle East
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The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeris constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Assyrians and other Arameans, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Lurs, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, in the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Franco-Levantines. Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Pakistanis, the history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Most of the countries border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil. The term Middle East may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office, however, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to designate the area between Arabia and India. During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. Mahan first used the term in his article The Persian Gulf and International Relations, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar, it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, mahans article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled The Middle Eastern Question, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term, in the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term Middle East gained broader usage in Europe, the description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The first official use of the term Middle East by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, the Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous
23.
North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
24.
Artist's book
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Artists books are works of art that utilize the form of the book. They are often published in editions, though they are sometimes produced as one-of-a-kind objects. Artists books have employed a range of forms, including scrolls, fold-outs. Artists books are books or book-like objects over the appearance of which an artist has had a high degree of control. Artists books are made for a variety of reasons and they are often created to make art that is interactive, portable, movable and easily shared. Many artists books challenge the conventional book format and become sculptural objects and they may be created in order to make art accessible to people outside of the formal contexts of galleries or museums. These works would set the tone for later books, connecting self-publishing and self-distribution with the integration of text, image. All of these factors have remained key concepts in books up to the present day. As Europe plunged headlong towards World War I, various groups of artists across the continent started to focus on pamphlets, posters, manifestos. This move toward radicalism was exemplified by the Italian Futurists, the publication of the Futurist Manifesto,1909, on the front cover of the French daily newspaper Le Figaro was an audacious coup de théâtre that resulted in international notoriety. Marinetti used the fame to tour Europe, kickstarting movements across the continent that all veered towards book-making and pamphleteering. With regards to the creation of Artists books, the most influential offshoot of futurist principles, however, Marinetti visited in 1914, proselytizing on behalf of Futurist principles of speed, danger and cacophony. Russian futurism gradually evolved into Constructivism after the Russian Revolution, centred on the key figures of Malevich, Artists books from this era include Kurt Schwitters and Kate Steinitzs book The Scarecrow, and Theo van Doesburgs periodical De Stijl. Dada was initially started at the Cabaret Voltaire, by a group of exiled artists in neutral Switzerland during World War I. Whilst concerned mainly with poetry and theory, Surrealism created a number of works that continued in the French tradition of the Livre dArtiste, one important Russian writer/artist who created artist books was Alexei Remizov. Drawing on medieval Russian literature, he creatively combined dreams, reality, in the fifties artists in Europe developed an interest in the book, under the influence of modernist theory and in the attempt to rebuild positions destroyed by the war. A fine example of the latter is Isidore Isous Le Grand Désordre, two other examples of poet-artists whose work provided models for artists books include Marcel Broodthaers and Ian Hamilton Finlay. Yves Klein in France was similarly challenging Modernist integrity with a series of such as Yves, Peintures
25.
Graphic novel
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A graphic novel is a book made up of comics content. Although the word normally refers to long fictional works, the term graphic novel is applied broadly and includes fiction, non-fiction. It is distinguished from the comic book, which is used for comics periodicals. Fan historian Richard Kyle coined the term graphic novel in an essay in the November 1964 issue of the comics fanzine Capa-Alpha, the Book Industry Study Group began using graphic novel as a category in book stores in 2001. In the publishing trade, the term extends to material that would not be considered a novel if produced in another medium. Collections of comic books that do not form a story, anthologies or collections of loosely related pieces. The term is sometimes used to distinguish between works created as standalone stories, in contrast to collections or compilations of a story arc from a comic book series published in book form. As the exact definition of the novel is debated, the origins of the form are open to interpretation. The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck is the oldest recognized American example of comics used to this end, the first American edition was published in 1842 by Wilson & Company in New York City using the original printing plates from the 1841 edition. Another early predecessor is Journey to the Gold Diggins by Jeremiah Saddlebags by brothers J. A. D. and D. F. Read, inspired by The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck. In 1894 Caran dAche broached the idea of a novel in a letter to the newspaper Le Figaro. In the United States there is a tradition of reissuing previously published comic strips in book form. In 1897 the Hearst Syndicate published such a collection of The Yellow Kid by Richard Outcault, the 1920s saw a revival of the medieval woodcut tradition, with Belgian Frans Masereel cited as the undisputed king of this revival. American Lynd Ward also worked in this tradition, publishing Gods Man, in 1929, the 1940s saw the launching of Classics Illustrated, a comic-book series that primarily adapted notable, public domain novels into standalone comic books for young readers. In 1947 Fawcett Comics published Comics Novel #1, Anarcho, Dictator of Death, by the late 1960s, American comic book creators were becoming more adventurous with the form. Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin self-published a 40-page, magazine-format comics novel, savage in 1968—the same year Marvel Comics published two issues of The Spectacular Spider-Man in a similar format. Meanwhile, in continental Europe, the tradition of collecting serials of popular strips such as The Adventures of Tintin or Asterix led to long-form narratives published initially as serials. By 1969, the author John Updike, who had entertained ideas of becoming a cartoonist in his youth, addressed the Bristol Literary Society, on the death of the novel
26.
Sheet music
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Sheet music is a handwritten or printed form of music notation that uses modern musical symbols to indicate the pitches, rhythms and/or chords of a song or instrumental musical piece. The first printed sheet music made with a press was made in 1473. Sheet music is the form in which Western classical music is notated so that it can be learned and performed by solo singers or instrumentalists or musical ensembles. Many forms of traditional and popular Western music are commonly learned by singers and musicians by ear, Score is a common alternative term for sheet music, and there are several types of scores, as discussed below. Sheet music from the 20th and 21st century typically indicates the title of the song or composition on a page or cover, or on the top of the first page. If the song or piece is from a movie, Broadway musical, or opera, if the songwriter or composer is known, her or his name is typically indicated along with the title. Black market sheet music, such as illegal jazz fake books may or may not indicate the songwriter or composer, the type of musical notation varies a great deal by genre or style of music. In most classical music, the melody and accompaniment parts are notated on the lines of a staff using round note heads, the lyrics, if present, are written near the melody notes. However, music from the Baroque music era or earlier eras may have neither a tempo marking nor a dynamic indication. The singers and musicians of that era were expected to know what tempo and loudness to play or sing a song or piece due to their musical experience. In the contemporary music era, and in some cases before, composers often used their native language for tempo indications. These conventions of music notation, and in particular the use of English tempo instructions, are also used for sheet music versions of 20th. Popular music songs often indicate both the tempo and genre, slow blues or uptempo rock, pop songs often contain chord names above the staff using letter names, so that an acoustic guitarist or piano player can improvise a chordal accompaniment. In other styles of music, different musical notation methods may be used, in jazz, while most professional performers can read classical-style notation, many jazz tunes are notated using chord charts, which indicate the chord progression of a song and its form. Like popular music songs, jazz tunes often indicate both the tempo and genre, slow blues or fast bop, professional country music session musicians typically use music notated in the Nashville Number System, which indicates the chord progression using numbers. Chord charts using letter names, numbers, or Roman numerals are widely used for notating music by blues, R&B, rock music. Many guitar players and electric bass players learn songs and note tunes using tablature, tab is widely used rock music and heavy metal guitarists. Singers in many music styles learn a song using only a lyrics sheet
27.
Salt Lake Tribune
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The Salt Lake Tribune is a daily newspaper published in the city of Salt Lake City, Utah, with the largest weekday circulation but second largest Sunday circulation behind the Deseret News. The Tribune, often referred to as just the Trib, is owned by Paul Huntsman, for almost 100 years it was a family-owned newspaper held by the heirs of U. S. After Kearns died in 1918 the company was controlled by his widow, Jennie Judge Kearns, the newspapers longtime publisher was John F. Fitzpatrick, who started his career as secretary to Senator Kearns in 1913. On April 20,2016, Huntsman Family Investments, a private-equity firm headed by Paul Huntsman, the newspapers motto, at the top of its masthead, is Utahs Independent Voice Since 1871. T. Harrison and Edward W. Tullidge, who disagreed with the churchs economic, after a year its name was changed to the Salt Lake Daily Tribune and Utah Mining Gazette, but soon after that, the name was shortened to The Salt Lake Tribune. In 1873 three Kansas businessmen, Frederic Lockley, George F. Prescott and A. M, hamilton, purchased the company and turned it into an anti-Mormon newspaper which consistently backed the local Liberal Party. Sometimes vitriolic, the Tribune held particular antipathy for LDS Church president Brigham Young, in the edition announcing Youngs death, the Tribune wrote, He was illiterate and he has made frequent boast that he never saw the inside of a school house. His habit of mind was singularly illogical and his public addresses the greatest farrago of nonsense that ever was put in print and he prided himself on being a great financer, and yet all of his commercial speculations have been conspicuous failures. He was blarophant, and pretended to be in daily with the Almighty, and yet he was groveling in his ideas, and the system of religion he formulated was well nigh Satanic. — The Salt Lake Tribune, August 30,1877 In 1901 newly elected United States Senator Thomas Kearns, a Roman Catholic, and his business partner, David Keith, secretly bought the Tribune. Kearns made strides to eliminate the papers anti-Mormon overtones, and succeeded in maintaining good relationships with the state legislature which had elected him to the Senate. After Keith died in 1918 the Kearns family bought out Keiths share of the Salt Lake Tribune Publishing Company, in 1902 the company started up an evening edition, known as The Salt Lake Telegram. John F. Fitzpatrick became publisher in 1924 and worked closely with Tribune and Telegram president Thomas F. Kearns, in 1952 the Tribune entered into a joint operating agreement with the Deseret News and created the Newspaper Agency Corporation. Fitzpatrick was the architect of NAC and the Kearns–Tribunes investment into the cable business, in 1960 Fitzpatrick died of a heart attack. An emergency session of the Kearns–Tribune Corp. board selected John W. Gallivan as the next publisher and he remained in that position until 1984 and chairman of the board until 1997. The Kearns family owned a majority share of the newspaper until 1997 when they merged with Tele-Communications Inc. a multimedia corporation, the Tribune was subsequently sold to Denver, Colorado-based MediaNews Group in 2000. In 2002 the Tribune was mired in controversy after employees sold information related to the Elizabeth Smart kidnapping case to The National Enquirer, Tribune editor James Jay Shelledy resigned from his job at the paper amidst the fallout of the scandal. Two staffers also were removed from their positions as Tribune reporters, in 2004 the paper decided to move from its historic location at the downtown Tribune building, to The Gateway development
28.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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University of Utah College of Engineering
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The College of Engineering at the University of Utah is an academic college of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah. The college offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in engineering and computer science, the College of Engineering at the University of Utah originated from the State School of Mines, established in the 1890s. Dedicated to enhancing Utah’s mining industry, it was among the first engineering programs west of the Mississippi River, the first modern four-year engineering degree at the school was introduced in 1895. Merrill was the first principal and the Merrill Engineering Building was named in his honor, richard Lyman was recruited from Brigham Young Academy to teach the technical engineering curriculum. Lyman organized the first Department of Engineering in 1896, during the past 118 years, the College has awarded nearly 24,000 engineering degrees. Many alumni have achieved recognition in industry, manufacturing, research, education, law, medicine. Many other graduates hold executive positions in companies and educational institutions worldwide, several also actively serve their communities in civic. Today, approximately 3,400 undergraduate and nearly 1,100 graduate students are enrolled in the College, the College has 156 tenure and tenure-track faculty members and $81.5 million in engineering research expenditures, which places it 30th among 206 engineering colleges for research productivity. The University of Utah is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities, the College of Engineering is a member of the American Society for Engineering Education. In 2014, the College began offering data center engineering and big data certificate programs, the big data certificate program draws on computer science coursework to provide graduate students and professional computer scientists the skills to process, analyze and manage large, complex data. The Bioengineering Department at the University of Utah offers undergraduate degrees in Biomedical Engineering, the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Utah offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in Chemical Engineering. This Department was recently ranked 5th nationally in research and development funding. Launched in 2013, the program produces well-qualified engineers who are knowledgeable about the development of oil. Civil and environmental engineering careers are ideal for students with vision and analytic skills. As engineers develop in their careers, they will be challenged to new ways to support the needs of business, industry, public agencies. The department and local industry offer paid internships, scholarships and employment opportunities to help defray the cost of tuition, master’s and doctoral degrees are offered to those holding a B. S. degree in engineering or a science-related field. Undergraduates can take selected courses as electives and in preparation for nuclear engineering graduate degree programs. The interdisciplinary program teaches students both hardware and software skills, as well as how to combine the skillsets to become successful computer engineers
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David Eccles School of Business
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The David Eccles School of Business is located on the campus in Salt Lake City, Utah. The David Eccles School of Business is located on the University of Utah campus in Salt Lake City, the school currently offers eight undergraduate majors, four MBA programs, five other graduate programs, a PhD program, and executive education offerings. The Eccles School is home to over 31,000 alumni in all 50 U. S. states, in 1896, University of Utah business education was part of the Economics and Sociology Department. The need to expand academic offerings lead the University of Utah to establish the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917, in its first year,126 students enrolled, over the next 80 years the enrollment figure increased over 25 times. Today, the David Eccles School of Business educates over 4100 students in six departments of study, in 1927, the name of the school was changed to School of Business and course divisions included Accounting, Distribution and Production, Finance, and Economics. In 1933, the first graduate degrees were awarded, the School of Business was officially accredited by the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business in August 1936. In 1955, the MBA program was instituted at the School of Business, the Schools first MBA degrees were awarded in 1957, and its departments were reorganized to Accounting, Finance, Management, and Marketing. In 1991 a $15 million endowment was given by Eccles’ youngest daughter, Emma Eccles Jones, to honor the legacy of her late father, with that gift, the school was renamed to the David Eccles School of Business. David Eccles was a pioneer industrialist who in the latter part of the 19th century founded 48 businesses in various sectors throughout Utah, Idaho, Oregon. The University of Utah campus is located on the bench of the Rocky Mountains within driving distance of seven ski resorts. The David Eccles School of Business is located on the end of campus. Currently the business school campus includes the Business Classroom Building, the C, roland Christensen Center, and the Spencer Fox Eccles Business Building. The SFEBB, the flagship building, broke ground in 2011 and had a complete project cost of $72 million. It was the first LEED Certified building on the University of Utah’s main campus and its doors were opened to faculty and staff in November 2012 and to students attending class in January 2013. The Executive MBA program was most recently ranked 22nd nationally and 83rd globally by the Financial Times and it is the only school in Utah to be ranked in the Financial Times’ top-100 Executive MBA programs. The Professional MBA program was most recently ranked 42nd nationally by Bloomberg BusinessWeek and it is the only school in Utah to be ranked in BusinessWeeks top part-time MBA programs. The Full-time MBA program currently checks in at #59, the Master of Science in Business Analytics is the latest offering from the business school starting Fall 2016. Among mid-sized schools, Master of Accounting is No.8 in nation, Undergrad Accounting is No
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University of Utah School of Medicine
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The University of Utah School of Medicine is located on the upper campus of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah. It was founded in 1905 and is currently the medical school in the state of Utah. The school began in 1905 when the Biology department offered a two-year medical course, the founding dean was Dr. Ralph Vary Chamberlin. In 1912, the program was established as a separate two-year medical school. For the next 30 years, it continued as a two-year program, the board of regents approved a four-year medical school in 1942. To this day, the school maintains a reputation for scientific investigation, especially in fields such as genetics. The medical center has expanded more in recent years, with the creation of the Huntsman Cancer Institute in 1995. Such developments have provided even greater learning opportunities for students, residents. Osborn - author, educator, and physician, well-known nationally as a leader in the field of neuro-radiology Chase N. The Department of Biomedical Informatics was created in 1964 - the first in the nation -, in 1970, the universitys hospital established the first cerebrovascular disease unit in the U. S. west of the Mississippi River. On December 1,1982, the first artificial heart implant was performed at the University of Utah, the patient, retired dentist Barney Clark, had suffered from congestive heart failure. He survived for 112 days after the procedure, the implanted device was designed by Robert Jarvik, who was a medical student at the U of U at the time. Utah is known throughout the world as a leader in the study of human genetics, the school has been involved in some of the most valuable research in field, such as the sequencing of the tumor suppressor genes responsible for breast cancer in the 1990s. WebPath, the worlds most popular education website, was created in 1994 by Edward C. Klatt, a professor in the Department of Pathology at the time, advanced Wilderness Life Support is a certification course created at the University of Utah in 1997. AWLS is the standard program - both nationally and internationally - for teaching management of medical emergencies in wilderness situations. The John A. Moran Eye Center annually ranks among leaders in research grants from the National Institutes of Health. From 2000 to 2010, the training program in diagnostic radiology has been ranked #1 in the world by the American Board of Radiology
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S.J. Quinney College of Law
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Quinney College of Law is the law school of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah. Established in 1913, the University of Utah S. J, Quinney College of Law is nationally recognized for its accomplished faculty, innovative curriculum, and low student-to-faculty ratio. Utah law is a member of the Association of American Law Schools and is accredited by the American Bar Association, the 2018 US News & World Report Law School Rankings place the S. J. Quinney College of Law at #44 in the country, making it the top ranked law school in the State of Utah. The lecture series, headed by Joseph Rawlins, continued for 8 years, against significant odds, the law department was now a reality, without a home. Classes were held at the Salt Lake City and County building, the department became a school in the spring of 1912 when the Board of Regents approved a plan to add a third year to the existing two-year law program. The University of Utah had a “School of Law. ”Registration was $12 and tuition cost $15 per year for one law subject, the first commencement was held in June,1913 awarding degress to eight men, all from Utah. The new law school had impressive leadership, the first Dean was Frank Holman, a 27 year old with an undergraduate degree from the U as well as a B. A. and M. A. from Oxford where he had been a Rhodes Scolar. He was a member of the Utah Bar, had his own practice and he earned a massive $2,000 annully, the equivalent of $51,326.70 in 2015. The School of Law now had a leader,75 students, what it still didn’t have was a home. Classes continued to be held in borrowed space at the City and County Building, leaving the law students largely isolated from campus life and that changed with the completion of the Administration Building in October 1914. The law school took up residence on the floor, and with $1,500 from the Regents. In 1915, William Leary took over as dean and would remain in that role for 35 years, Leary earned his J. D. from the Chicago Law School, which served as a primary role model in the formation and evolution of Utah’s law school. Armed with a budget of $7,000, Leary immediately began pushing for more full-time faculty. But in the spring of the year, the law school was decimated by a one-two punch. When the U. S. entered World War I in April of 1918, it pulled students, by the time commencement rolled around the next spring, the law school conferred degrees to just three graduates. Next came an epidemic of Spanish Influenza, the disease killed 20 million people worldwide in 1918. A third of all deaths in Utah in 1918-19 were from influenza and its frequent complication, for a while, it closed the university
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Hinckley Institute of Politics
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The Hinckley Institute of Politics is a bipartisan institute located on the University of Utah campus in Salt Lake City, Utah. Its purpose is to engage students in politics and in governmental, civic. It aims to promote an understanding and appreciation of politics. It provides educational programs for students, public teachers and the general public. The Hinckley Institute was founded by Robert H. Hinckley in 1965 as a way to students in government. Courses in Political Science and Campaign Management are offered, and there are opportunities to tour Washington DC, national policy has on international events, terrorism and the economy. Congressman Thomas E. Mann, congressional scholar and senior fellow of the Brookings Institution Brian Schweitzer, Governor of Montana Orrin Hatch, senator Michael Leavitt, Secretary of Health and Human Services Jim Matheson, U. S. The Hinckley Institute currently sends approximately 90 students every year to work for campaigns, non-profits, local government offices. Hinckley interns have served as managers, scheduling coordinators. Senators and Congressmen, the office, Lt. Governor’s office, Attorney General’s office. They have also served in a number of organizations such as the American Cancer Society, Planned Parenthood. Through internship experiences, Hinckley interns gain experience, participate in the political process, the Hinckley Institute of Politics has sent interns to Washington, D. C. since 1973. Approximately 90 students are sent each year to work for members of the Utah delegation on Capitol Hill, the U. S. Supreme Court, the students were led by Frank Folwell, former photography editor of USA Today and his wife Sherry Riccardi. The students attended both the Democratic and Republican Conventions. The international internship program is the newest internship program the Hinckley Institute has to offer, piloted in 2001. ”Internships range from working with the Scottish or Australian parliament to doing work in South America and Africa. International interns experience the world though a different cultural lens while serving those in need, the Hinckley Institute offers several scholarships to University of Utah students who have exhibited outstanding academic performance, civic engagement and service to their local community. As part of the Hinckley Institute’s mission to engage students in politics, the Hinckley Institute offers several courses on campaign finance. Presidency and money’s influence in government, students may receive credit for attending political forums and increasing their awareness of current events, local, national and international
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Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute
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The Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute is one of eight permanent research institutes at the University of Utah. Faculty are associated primarily with the School of Computing, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Mathematics, the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute began as a research group started in 1992 by Dr. Chris Johnson and Dr. Rob MacLeod. In 1994 this group became the Center for Scientific Computing and Imaging, in 2007, the SCI Institute was awarded funding from USTAR to recruit more faculty in medical imaging technology. In 2008, the SCI Institute was chosen as one of three NVIDIA Centers of Excellence in the U. S, in 2011, USTAR funding allowed faculty recruitment for genomic signal processing and information visualization. The overarching research objective is to conduct research in the creation of new scientific computing techniques, tools. Given the proximity and availability of research conducted at the University of Utah School of Medicine, the SCI Institute is known for its development of innovative and robust software packages, including the SCIRun scientific problem solving environment, Seg3D, ImageVis3D, VisTrails, ViSUS, and map3d. All these packages are available to the scientific community under open source licensing and supported by web pages, documentation. The latest releases and source code lives on Github, examples, SCIRun, a Problem Solving Environment, for modeling, simulation and visualization of scientific problems. BioMesh3D, a tetrahedral mesh generator, that is capable of generating multi-material quality meshes out of segmented biomedical image data, Seg3D, an interactive image segmentation tool. ImageVis3D, a lightweight, feature-rich volume rendering application, visus, Visualization Streams for Ultimate Scalability. ShapeWorks, a new method for constructing compact statistical point-based models of ensembles of similar shapes that does not rely on any specific surface parameterization, map3d, a scientific visualization application written to display and edit three-dimensional geometric models and scalar time-based data associated with those models. FiberViewer, a comprehensive, integrated, open-source environment for medical image visualization, atlasWerks, an open-source software package for medical image atlas generation. NCR Toolset, a collection of tools for the reconstruction and visualization of neural circuitry from electron microscopy data. FluoRender, a rendering tool for confocal microscopy data visualization. ElVis, a system created for the accurate and interactive visualization of scalar fields produced by high-order spectral/hp finite element simulations. VisTrails, a workflow management system. Afront, a tool for meshing and remeshing surfaces, cleaver, A MultiMaterial Tetrahedral Meshing API and Application. FEBio, is a finite element solver that is specifically designed for biomechanical applications
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ARUP Laboratories
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Associated Regional and University Pathologists, Inc. — ARUP Laboratories is an American national reference laboratory and an enterprise of the University of Utah. ARUP offers more than 3,000 tests and test combinations, ranging from routine screening tests to molecular and genetic assays. Located in the University of Utah Research Park in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, ARUP provides medical laboratory testing services for clients, ARUP does not compete for physician-office business but supports its clients’ existing test menus by providing referral tests and consultative support. ARUP Laboratories has nearly 3,000 employees and occupies facilities in Salt Lake City, the laboratories are housed in a single 300, 000-square-foot facility, where more than 30, 000–35,000 specimens of blood, fluid, and tissue samples are processed each day. ARUP provides phlebotomy services for the University of Utah Health Care system, on June 15,1984, with Dr. John Matsen, the then chairman of the University of Utah’s Department of Pathology, serving as its first president, ARUP Laboratories opened for business. In the mid-1990s, to fulfill needs, ARUP adopted a 24/7 schedule, staffing the laboratories on nights, weekends. By this time, nearly two-thirds of the leading academic health centers. On July 1,2009, Dr. Edward Ashwood assumed the position of ARUP Laboratories’ president and chief executive officer, Dr. Jerry W. Hussong serves as chief medical officer and director of laboratories. In 2003, ARUP partnered with the Utah Department of Health to create a program for expanding newborn screening in Utah to include an additional 30 metabolic markers. A year later, this became the standard for the mandatory screening of all newborns in the state of Utah. Dr. Carl Wittwer, one of ARUP’s medical directors, invented the LightCycler and real-time PCR techniques and he is also the scientific co-founder of Idaho Technology, Inc. ARUPs suite of Utilization Management Services unites the development of outreach and connectivity with the ordering, ARUP automation includes, A1, 100-foot transport and sorting system with a capacity of 5,000 specimens per hour. An automated storage sorter that can sort 4000 finished specimens per hour into storage trays, the machine supplements two 1, 000-per-hour storage sorters that were at full capacity. The trays of finished specimens are loaded into an automated storage. The fully automated system has a capacity greater than 2.3 million specimens, a Sort-To-Light system for automated tracking of manual specimens not placed on the automated transport and sorting system. The bar codes of all so-called manual specimens are scanned, which causes a plastic square to light up indicating the correct temporary holding bin for each specimen, the system also tracks when specimens are removed from the bins for transfer to laboratory sections for testing. The impact of the systems has improved ARUP’s lost specimen rate to Six Sigma levels
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Moran Eye Center
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It is located on the campus of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah and is a department within the University of Utah Health Care system. University of Utah Health Care is one of two academic medical centers to rank in the top 10 for quality by the University HealthSystem Consortium five years in a row. The Division of Ophthalmology at the University of Utah began as an operation in 1979 with ophthalmologist and cornea specialist Randall J Olson. In 1982, the division was accorded departmental status and a year later Dr. Olson was selected as the first chairman of the department, today he still retains his position as Chair of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. In addition, he is the CEO of the John A. Moran Eye Center, the first John A. Moran Eye Center was built in 1993 and was largely paid for by donations, with a lead gift from University of Utah alumnus John A. Moran. The 85, 000-square foot facility quickly became too small for the department, and in 2006. Lead donors to the new building included John Moran, the ALSAM Foundation, the George S. and Dolores Doré Eccles Foundation, Moran has nine additional clinical locations along the Wasatch Front. The Moran Eye Center is home to the Utah Lions Eye Bank, Moran also offers a patient support program for patients facing vision loss and their families. Moran’s research staff includes more than 60 PhDs in 16 labs who conduct research addressing a range of eye conditions. Moran researchers are involved in dozens of clinical trials each year involving more than 2,700 clinical visits, in 2014, the Moran Eye Center ranked seventh among Ophthalmology departments for NIH funding, receiving $7,897,335. The project utilized high-speed automated imaging and automated computational map-building, to accomplish this, the Marc Lab built specialized connectome viewing software to allow researchers to see into large images and trace their connections. The tools used to build this connectome are revolutionizing neuroanatomy and have made freely available to all scientists worldwide. The Moran Eye Center is home to the Intermountain Ocular Research Center a nonprofit, independent laboratory that performs basic, in addition, the Center provides services and education to surgeons, clinical ophthalmologists, their patients, and intraocular lens manufacturers worldwide. Researchers and students at the Moran Eye Center created the cubinator and this published and validated model creates thousands or cataract tissue samples which can be hardened or softened as a given study design requires. The Moran Eye Center was recently a study site for AREDS2 and this was a follow up to AREDS, a National Eye Institute-sponsored that enrolled over 3500 subjects and followed them for an average of 6.3 years. Moran was the first eye center in Utah to perform a procedure implanting a CentraSight telescope, Moran is also a site for the US Corneal Collagen Crosslinking Study. Corneal collagen cross-linking uses UV light and a photosensitizer to strengthen chemical bonds in the cornea, the goal of the treatment is to halt progressive and irregular changes in corneal shape known as ectasia. In January 2014, the CTM entered into a unique 5-year partnership with Allergan Inc. to work together to develop a therapy for AMD, the CTM is directed by Gregory S. Hageman, PhD
