1.
Parliament of Australia
–
It consists of three elements, the Queen of Australia, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Queen is represented by the Governor-General, through both Houses, however, there is a fused executive, drawn from the Westminster System. The upper house, the Senate, consists of 76 members, twelve for each state, Senators are elected using the single transferable vote proportional representation system and as a result, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. The governing party or coalition rarely has a majority in the Senate and usually needs to negotiate with other parties and this tends to lead to the chamber being dominated by two major parties, the Liberal/National Coalition and the Labor Party. The government of the day must achieve the confidence of this House in order to gain and remain in power, although elections can be called early, each 3 years the full House of Representatives and half of the Senate is dissolved and goes up for reelection. The two Houses meet in separate chambers of Parliament House on Capital Hill in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, the Commonwealth of Australia came into being on 1 January 1901 with the federation of the six Australian colonies. The inaugural election took place on 29 and 30 March and the first Australian Parliament was opened on 9 May 1901 in Melbourne by Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York, later King George V. The only building in Melbourne that was enough to accommodate the 14,000 guests was the western annexe of the Royal Exhibition Building. After the official opening, from 1901 to 1927, the Parliament met in Parliament House, Melbourne and it had always been intended that the national Parliament would sit in a new national capital. This was a compromise at Federation due to the rivalry between the two largest Australian cities, Sydney and Melbourne, which wished to become the new capital. The site of Canberra was selected for the location of the capital city in 1908. A competition was announced on 30 June 1914 to design Parliament House, however, due to the start of World War I the next month, the competition was cancelled. It was re-announced in August 1916, but again postponed indefinitely on 24 November 1916, in the meantime, John Smith Murdoch, the Commonwealths Chief Architect, worked on the design as part of his official duties. He had little enthusiasm for the project, as he felt it was a waste of money. Nevertheless, he designed the building by default, the construction of Old Parliament House, as it is called today, was commenced on 28 August 1923 and completed in early 1927. It was built by the Commonwealth Department of Works, using tradesmen, the final cost was about £600,000, which was more than three times the original estimate. It was designed to house the parliament for a maximum of 50 years until a permanent facility could be built, the building was opened on 9 May 1927 by the Duke and Duchess of York. The opening ceremonies were both splendid and incongruous, given the sparsely built nature of Canberra of the time and its small population, the building was extensively decorated with British Empire and Australian flags and bunting
2.
William Lambert (Australian politician)
–
William Henry Lambert was an Australian politician and unionist, serving for one term as Lord Mayor of Sydney in 1921. Lambert was born at Swallow Creek, near Orange, on 24 March 1881 to Irish-born stonemason James Lambert and Elizabeth and he received a primary education and subsequently worked as a shearer. He soon became involved with the Australian Workers Union, on 9 October 1909 he married waitress Bertha Anne McConnell at Dubbo, Dubbo. In 1915 he became secretary of the AWUs central branch, Lambert was active in the anti-conscription movement during World War I. He was elected to Sydney Municipal Council in December 1918 and was Lord Mayor of Sydney in 1921 and he used his casting vote to support Labor policy, and was noted for preferring the Australian flag to the Union Jack. Lambert was elected to the Australian House of Representatives for the seat of West Sydney in the 1921 by-election following the death of T. J. Ryan and he kept a fairly low profile in Parliament, but became intimately involved in faction politics. His political fortunes declined after Jack Lang became leader of the New South Wales Labor Party, as such, he lost pre-selection for West Sydney in 1928. Lambert told the Daily Telegraph Pictorial that he had been offered ₤8000 pounds in 1925 to resign his seat in favour of Ted Theodore, Lambert died on 6 September 1928 of heart disease
3.
William O'Connor (Australian politician)
–
William Paul OConnor was an Australian politician. He was educated at Catholic schools before becoming a clerk, as well as an organiser of the Australian Workers Union, in 1946, he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the Labor member for West Sydney. Following the redistribution of 1949, he transferred to Martin, which he held until 1955, in that year, Martin was abolished, and OConnor defeated sitting Labor MP Arthur Greenup for preselection for the seat of Dalley. OConnor held Dalley until its abolition in 1969, at time he retired. He died in 1987,11 days before his 77th birthday
4.
Werribee, Victoria
–
Werribee is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,32 km south-west of Melbournes Central Business District. Its local government area is the City of Wyndham, at the 2011 Census, Werribee had a population of 37,737. Werribee is situated on the Werribee River, approximately halfway between Melbourne and Geelong, on the Princes Highway and it is the administrative centre of the City of Wyndham Local Government Area and is the Citys most populous centre. Werribee is part of the Greater Melbourne metropolitan area and is included in the capitals population statistical division, since the 1990s the suburb has experienced rapid suburban growth into surrounding greenfield land, and becoming a commuter town in the Melbourne-Geelong growth corridor. Due to this urban sprawl Wyndham and its suburbs have merged into the Melbourne conurbation and it was established as an agricultural settlement in the 1850s, originally named Wyndham and was renamed Werribee in 1904. The name Werribee is a name meaning backbone or spine. It is thought that name was given as the shape of the Werribee River valley. Early leasing of pastures was led by members of John Batmans Port Phillip Association, a rural township began in the early 1850s. The name derived from a suggestion by the owner of a village inn, Elliott Armstrong. The Post Office opened on 12 January 1858 as Wyndham and was renamed Werribee in 1904. However, its adjacent river was called the Werribee River, and the name was later changed to Werribee in 1884. Werribee at this time was popular for development. Thomas Chirnside, a person famous in this area today, was attracted to the open plains suitability for agricultural uses. By 1863 he controlled more than 280 square kilometres around Werribee, Chirnside bought other smaller holdings of land at this time. The town grew steadily, helped by a line from Melbourne to Geelong. The Shire was huge, extending from the suburbs of Melbourne to Little River to the northward town of Melton. Thomas Chirnside committed suicide in 1887 and he was found dead in the laundry at Werribee Park with a shotgun lying beside him. His brother Andrew died three years later, and the property was now divided between Andrews two sons, a new mansion was built, called The Manor
5.
Darlinghurst, New South Wales
–
Darlinghurst is an inner-city, eastern suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Darlinghurst is located immediately east of the Sydney central business district and Hyde Park, Darlinghurst is a densely populated suburb with the majority of residents living in apartments or terraced houses. Once a slum and red-light district, Darlinghurst has undergone urban renewal since the 1980s to become an area composed of many unique precincts. Places such as Victoria Street, Stanley Street and Crown Street are known as culturally rich destinations and these high street areas are connected by a network of lane-ways and street corners replete with small bars, cafes and boutique indie retail. Demographically, Darlinghurst is home to the highest percentage of generation X and Y in Australia, Darlinghurst is also home to large number of off-street creative industries. This business mix coupled with the history of inclusion and acceptance give Darlinghurst an eclectic. Darlinghursts main street is Oxford Street and this major Sydney road runs east from the south-eastern corner of Hyde Park through Darlinghurst and Paddington and terminates at Bondi Junction. Oxford Street is one of Sydneys most famous shopping and dining strips and it is home to a number of prominent gay venues and businesses, while more broadly Darlinghurst is a centre of Sydneys burgeoning small bar scene. As a result of the influx of revellers, crime rates increased in the area around 2007, particularly for assaults. This reported increase should be understood in terms of a low background crime rate in East Sydney in general. There are a number of named localities in and around Darlinghurst including Taylor Square, Three Saints Square, Kings Cross and confusingly also East Sydney. This is because from 1900 to 1969 the entire area to the east of Sydneys CBD, already in 1820 the entire ridge line running from Potts Point to Surry Hills was known as Eastern Hill. East Sydney hosts numerous restaurants that consistently garner local and international media attention, Sydneys Eastern Suburbs cover all the land from the east of Darlinghurst up to the Pacific Ocean. The suburb was known as Eastern Hill and then Henrietta Town, after Governor Lachlan Macquaries wife. The loyalties changed with the change of governors and the suburb became Darlinghurst in honour of Elizabeth Darling, the suffix hurst is derived from the Old English word hyrst, meaning wooded area. Darlinghurst has two of Sydneys museums, the Australian Museum and the Sydney Jewish Museum, the suburb also features St Vincents Hospital, and is associated with the Sacred Heart Hospice on Darlinghurst Road, and the Garvan Institute of Medical Research. Darlinghurst Gaol, the large sandstone penal complex in the middle of Darlinghurst was built between 1836 and 1840, the large sandstone walls still bear convict markings, and the complex features six wings surrounding a circular chapel. Australian poet Henry Lawson spent time incarcerated here during some of the turbulent years of his life, the last hanging at the gaol was in 1907
6.
Australian Labor Party
–
The Australian Labor Party is a political party in Australia. The party has been in opposition at federal level since the 2013 election, Bill Shorten has been the partys federal parliamentary leader since 13 October 2013. The party is a party with branches in each state. Labor is in government in the states of Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, the party competes against the Liberal/National Coalition for political office at the federal and state levels. Labors current National Platform describes the party as a social democratic party, the party of opportunity and security for working people. The ALP was not founded as a party until after the first sitting of the Australian Parliament in 1901. Nevertheless, it is regarded as descended from labour parties founded in the various Australian colonies by the labour movement in Australia. Labor is thus the countrys oldest political party, colonial labour parties contested seats from 1891, and federal seats following Federation at the 1901 federal election. Labor was the first party in Australia to win a majority in either house of the Australian Parliament, internationally, the ALP is a member of the Progressive Alliance network of social-democratic parties, having previously been a member of the Socialist International. The Australian Labor Party has its origins in the Labour parties founded in the 1890s in the Australian colonies prior to federation, Labor tradition ascribes the founding of Queensland Labour to a meeting of striking pastoral workers under a ghost gum tree in Barcaldine, Queensland in 1891. The Balmain, New South Wales branch of the party claims to be the oldest in Australia, Labour as a parliamentary party dates from 1891 in New South Wales and South Australia,1893 in Queensland, and later in the other colonies. The first election contested by Labour candidates was the 1891 New South Wales election, the major parties were the Protectionist and Free Trade parties and Labour held the balance of power. It offered parliamentary support in exchange for policy concessions, the United Labor Party of South Australia was founded in 1891, and three candidates were that year elected to the South Australian Legislative Council. The first successful South Australian House of Assembly candidate was John McPherson at the 1892 East Adelaide by-election, at the 1893 South Australian elections the ULP was immediately elevated to balance of power status with 10 of 54 lower house seats. The liberal government of Charles Kingston was formed with the support of the ULP, so successful, less than a decade later at the 1905 election, Thomas Price would form the worlds first stable Labor government. John Verran led Labor to form the states first of many majority governments at the 1910 election, in 1899, Anderson Dawson formed a minority Labour government in Queensland, the first in the world, which lasted one week while the conservatives regrouped after a split. The colonial Labour parties and the unions were mixed in their support for the Federation of Australia. They feared that federation would further entrench the power of the conservative forces, the first Labour leader and Prime Minister, Chris Watson, however, was a supporter of federation
7.
Lang Labor
–
Lang Labor was the name for three successive break-away sections of the Australian Labor Party, all led by the New South Wales Labor leader Jack Lang, premier of NSW. From very early in his leadership, Lang faced opposition within the due to his domineering manner. However Lang continued to enjoy the support of the party branches and he controlled a large majority at the annual conference. Conflict within the caucus culminated in a challenge in October 1926 by Peter Loughlin. Lang survived this challenge on the vote of the Chairman. In the press these rule changes were referred to as the red rules or the Lang dictatorship and this automatically resulted in the dismissal of the cabinet. The new government was formed solely of Lang supporters, and Lang used the four prior to the election to ensure that his opponents were denied ALP pre-selection. In part due to the switch to single-member electorates, the ALP lost the election, however, the ALP caucus that was elected was firmly under Langs control, ensuring that he would dominate NSW Labor for the next 12 years. Langs lack of success at state elections eroded his support within the labour movement, in his 16 years as state Labor leader, he only won two elections, in 1925 and 1930, he was defeated in 1927,1932,1935 and 1938. This led some members of caucus, including Bob Heffron, to break away to form the Industrial Labor Party, in 1939, following intervention by the Federal Executive, the two factions were reunited at a state conference. This gathering also reversed the red rules and returned the power of selecting the party leader to the caucus, Lang was replaced as state leader by William McKell. Lang denounced this policy, despite his radicalism, he had always been strongly anti-Communist, the Federal Executive again intervened in the NSW branch and expelled the leftist elements. Some members joined the Communist Party of Australia, but most joined the short-lived State Labor Party which was known as the State Labor Party. Following the Federal intervention, Lang and nearly all of his followers rejoined the ALP, Langs own reconciliation with the ALP proved short-lived. In 1943, having published articles attacking McKell and the Prime Minister John Curtin, he was expelled from the ALP. This manifestation of Lang Labor contested the 1944 NSW election, electing two members – Lang and Lilian Fowler, Australias first female mayor, when Lang transferred to federal politics, he was succeeded as the Lang Labor member for Auburn by his son, James. Although Fowler and James Lang were both re-elected in 1947, the party was defunct by 1950, and Fowler and Lang were defeated. Lang was a nuisance to the Labor government led, since 1945, by Ben Chifley and he lost his seat at the 1949 election
8.
City of Sydney
–
The City of Sydney is the local government area covering the Sydney central business district and surrounding inner city suburbs of the greater metropolitan area of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. On 6 February 2004, the local government area of the City of South Sydney was formally merged into the City of Sydney. The leader of the City of Sydney holds the title of the Lord Mayor of Sydney, the current Lord Mayor is Councillor Clover Moore who has been in office since 27 March 2004. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 1. 3% of the population, the median age of people in the City of Sydney was 32 years. Children aged 0 –14 years made up 7. 1% of the population and people aged 65 years, of people in the area aged 15 years and over,25. 5% were married and 10. 1% were either divorced or separated. Population growth in the City of Sydney between the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census was 3. 31%, and in the subsequent five years to the 2011 Census, population growth was 4. 57%. The median weekly income for residents within the City of Sydney was more than 1.5 times the national average. The proportion of dwellings in the City of Sydney that are apartments or units is 73. 6%, the proportion of residents in the Sydney local government area that claimed Australian ancestry was approximately half the national average. ^a 1996 Census figures refer to the City of Sydney prior to its merger with the City of South Sydney, in 1972 the Council had prepared the City of Sydney Strategic Plan, only the second city to prepare a comprehensive assessment and plan of major issues for the future. With triennial reviews, this development of the City for twenty years. A1987 Liberal re-organisation saw Sydney Council split, with southern suburbs forming a new South Sydney Council and this was thought to advantage the Liberal government of the day, as the southern suburbs had traditionally voted Labor. In 2004, the Labor State Government undid this change, again merging the councils of the City of Sydney, critics claimed that this was performed with the intention of creating a super-council which would be under the control of Labor, which also controlled the State Government. Critics of the claimed that this was a result of a voter backlash against the party for attempting to create the super-council. The daily administration of the City of Sydney is performed by its General Manager, currently Monica Barone, Sydney City Council is composed of ten Councillors, including the Lord Mayor, for a fixed four-year term of office. The Lord Mayor is directly elected while the nine other Councillors are elected proportionally. On 26 January 1788, he named it after Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney, who was the secretary at the time. The City of Sydney was established on 20 July 1842 by the Corporation Act which encompasses present-day Woolloomooloo, Surry Hills, Chippendale and Pyrmont, there were six wards established by boundary posts. A boundary post still exists in front of Sydney Square, the boundaries of the City of Sydney have changed fairly regularly since 1900
9.
Electrical Trades Union of Australia
–
The Electrical Trades Union of Australia is a trade union in Australia which has a history stretching back over 100 years. In its modern form the ETU is a division of the Communications, Electrical and Plumbing Union, at a state registered level, the union often exists as a separately registered union as for example it does in Queensland. On 24 December 1919 Electrical Trades Union of Australia federally re-registered under the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904 as an association of employees and this date is now taken as the official registration date of the Federal Union. Whilst being a part of the CEPU the union has carved out for itself a unique identity and it is well known for its militant attitude. Its members have long memories and openly berated Peter Beattie for giving former Queensland premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen a state funeral, the Bjelke-Petersen government had sacked ETU members working at SEQEB in 1985 during a bitter dispute over the privatization of work normally done by SEQEB employees. Like other trade unions of the left in Australia it has adopted the Eureka Flag as one of its logos. In the lead-up to the 2010 federal election, the Victorian ETU withdrew its support for the Labor Party, citing Labors refusal to scrap laws restricting union action on building sites
10.
Labor Council of New South Wales
–
The Labor Council of New South Wales is the peak representative body for trade unions in the state of New South Wales, Australia. As of 2005 there are 67 unions and 8 Rural and Regional Trades & Labor Councils affiliated to the Labor Council and it is registered as the State Peak Council of Employees under Section 215 of the Industrial Relations Act 1996. The Council is affiliated with the Australian Council of Trade Unions, the Labor Council was formed by six unions in 1871, and originally called the Trades & Labor Council of Sydney. By 1891,21. 5% of all employees in the colony were union members, in 1894, the Trades & Labor Council of Sydney changed its name to the Sydney District of Australasian Labour Federation. In 1900, it changed its name to the Sydney Labor Council. In 2005, it adopted the brand name UnionsNSW for all public purposes, but retained the official name Labor Council of New South Wales
11.
Jock Garden
–
John Smith Jock Garden, clergyman, Australian trade unionist and politician, was one of the founders of the Communist Party of Australia. Garden was born in the Branderburgh area of Lossiemouth, Moray and his early education was at the Drainie parish school and on leaving school he was apprenticed as a sailmaker to his cousin William Cormack. He graduated from a Bible college in Glasgow and ordained as a Baptist minister, Gardens elder brother James, also a sailmaker, migrated to Australia in the 1890s and the rest of the family joined him in Sydney in 1904. In 1906, Garden was a Church of Christ minister at Harcourt, the next year on 6 May in Melbourne, with the forms of that church, he married Jeannie May Ritchie, from Leith, Scotland. By 1909 he was a member of the Labor Party and also a Baptist preacher at Maclean, in 1916 he was elected assistant secretary of the council, and in 1918 became its secretary. He failed as a Labor candidate at Parramatta in the 1917 State elections, before that, Garden was employed from 1915 by the Department of Defence at its ordnance store at Circular Quay. In 1916 he was fined £10 for improperly accepting a gift from a supplier to the department and was dismissed on 14 March 1917 year after admitting that he had destroyed an important voucher. Gardens oratorical style, coupled with a strong Scots burr, ranged from captivating to ranting, adaptable to the pulpit and his speeches were quite often rambling tirades, but seldom unproductive. He read non-conformist and radical literature including Marx and Lenin enthusiastically after the 1917 Russian revolution, the times were auspicious for Garden on the Labor Council in 1916–18. World War I and conscription divided the Labor movement, in 1916 the Labor state premier, William Holman, along with other moderate politicians were expelled and formed the conservative National Government. The triumphant unionist wing, led by the Industrial Vigilance Council, some moderate unions left the Labor Council. The Industrial Vigilance Council tried to make the Labor Party the political arm of the One Big Union, the Australian Workers Union made the turmoil worse by trying to make itself a non-revolutionary O. B. U. with the support of some moderate politicians and unions. Garden was expelled in 1919 from the Labor Party for advocating revolutionary socialism, for a time he was a member of the Industrial Socialist Labor Party. In November 1920 Garden announced the formation of the Communist Party of Australia, Garden was prominent in 1921 at the All-Australian Trade Union Congress in Melbourne, which wanted to impose a positive socialist policy on the Australian Labor Party. He rapidly became one of its most prominent figures, leading a group of militant trade unionists known as the Trades Hall Reds, under Gardens leadership the CPA concentrated on trying to gain control of the New South Wales trade unions, and through them to re-enter the Labor Party. This led to a split in the CPA, with radical members rejecting the attempt to re-enter the Labor Party. In 1922, however, Garden attended the Congress of the Communist International in Moscow and this was the end of the CPAs attempts to take over the Labor Party, and by 1925 the CPA had become mainly an appendage of Gardens machine in the Sydney Trades Hall. At the 1925 state elections the CPA ran candidates, including Garden and this convinced Garden that the CPA had no future, and in 1926 he left the party
12.
Communist Party of Australia
–
The Communist Party of Australia was founded in 1920 and dissolved in 1991. The CPA achieved its greatest political strength in the 1940s and faced a ban in 1951. Though it never presented a challenge to the established order in Australia, it did have significant influence on the trade unions, social movements. The Communist Party of Australia was founded in Sydney in October 1920 by a group of socialists inspired by reports of the Russian Revolution. Among the partys founders were a prominent Sydney trade unionist, Jock Garden, Adela Pankhurst, Tom Walsh, the IWW soon left the Communist Party, with its original members, over disagreements with the direction of the Soviet Union and Bolshevism. In its early years, mainly through Gardens efforts, the party achieved some influence in the union movement in New South Wales. Garden and other communists were expelled from the Labor Party in 1924, the CPA ran candidates including Garden at the 1925 NSW state election in working-class seats against the ALP, but was decisively defeated. This prompted Garden to leave the party in 1926 and return to the Labor Party. B, kavanagh was expelled in 1930 and Higgins resigned. A new party leadership, consisting of J. B. Miles, Lance Sharkey and Richard Dixon, was imposed on the party by the Communist International, and remained in control for the next 30 years. During the 1930s the party experienced growth, particularly after 1935 when Communist International changed its policy in favour of a united front against fascism. The Movement Against War and Fascism was founded to bring together all opponents of fascism under a communist controlled umbrella organisation, the movement instigated the events which led to the attempted exclusion of Egon Kisch from Australia in late 1934 and early 1935. A secret protocol of the Non-Aggression Treaty stipulated that the USSR may invade, Menzies banned the CPA after the fall of France in 1940, but by 1941 Stalin was forced to join the allied cause when Hitler reneged on the Pact and invaded the USSR. The USSR came to bear the brunt of the carnage of Hitlers war machine and its membership rose to 20,000, it won control of a number of important trade unions, and a Communist candidate, Fred Paterson, was elected to the Queensland parliament. But the party remained marginal to the Australian political mainstream, the Australian Labor Party remained the dominant party of the Australian working class. After 1945 and the onset of the Cold War, the party entered a steady decline, the Chifley Labor government saw this as a communist challenge to its position in the labour movement, and used the army and strikebreakers to break the strike. The Communist Party never again held such a position in the union movement. In 1949 the USSR exploded its first atomic bomb and Mao Zedong won power in China, the 1951 referendum was opposed by the Communist Party as well as the Australian Labor Party, and was narrowly defeated. When Stalin died, and Nikita Khrushchev revealed Stalins crimes in the Secret Speech, more left after the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956
13.
James Scullin
–
James Henry Jim Scullin was an Australian Labor Party politician and the ninth Prime Minister of Australia. Scullin led Labor to government at the 1929 election, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 transpired just two days after his swearing in, which would herald the beginning of the Great Depression in Australia. The son of working-class Irish-immigrants, Scullin spent much of his life as a laborer and grocer in Ballarat. An autodidact and passionate debater, Scullin would join the Australian Labor Party in 1903 and he was a political organizer and newspaper editor for the party, and was elected to the House of Representatives first in 1910 and then again in 1922 until 1949. Scullin quickly established himself as a voice in parliament, rapidly rising to become deputy leader of the party in 1927. The still opposition-dominated Senate, and the boards of the Commonwealth Bank and Loan Council. Pensioners and other core Labor constituencies were severely affected by the cuts, leading to a widespread revolt, after several months of infighting the government collapsed, and was resoundingly defeated by the newly formed United Australia Party at the subsequent 1931 election. Scullin would remain party leader for four years but the party split would not be healed until after Scullins return to the backbenches in 1935. Although disappointed with his own term of office, he lived long enough to see many of his governments ideas implemented by subsequent governments before his death in 1953. James Henry Scullin was born in Trawalla, Victoria on 18 September 1876 and his parents, John and Ann Scullin, were both Irish Catholics from County Londonderry. His father was a labourer, who emigrated to Australia in his 20s. His mother joined her husband in Australia later, James was the fourth of eight children, and grew up in a tight-knit and devoutly Catholic home. James attended the Trawalla State School from 1881 to 1887 and earned a reputation as an active and quick-witted boy. These characteristics would remain with him for life, the family moved to Mount Rowan, Ballarat in 1887, and the young James attended school at Mount Rowan State School until 12. Thereafter he held various manual odd-jobs in the Ballarat district until about 1900, in his mid-20s he attended night school, was a voracious reader and became somewhat of an autodidact. He joined a number of societies and was active in the Australian Natives Association, Scullin was a devout Roman Catholic, a non-drinker and a non-smoker all his life. He became a member of his local Political Labor Council in 1903 and was active in local politics thereafter. He was a campaigner and political organizer for the Australian Workers Union and he spoke often around Ballarat on political issues and helped with Labor campaigns at state and federal level
14.
Great Depression
–
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
15.
Premier of New South Wales
–
The Premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature, prior to Federation in 1901 the term Prime Minister of New South Wales was used, Premier was used from 1901. The current Premier is Gladys Berejiklian, the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party, Berejiklian replaced Mike Baird on 23 January 2017, after Baird resigned as Premier. As of January 2017, nine former Premiers are alive, the oldest being Barrie Unsworth, the most recent premier to die was Tom Lewis on 25 April 2016. List of Premiers of New South Wales by time in office Deputy Premier of New South Wales
16.
Jack Lang (Australian politician)
–
He is the only Premier of an Australian state to have been dismissed by the state Governor. John Thomas Lang was born on 21 December 1876 on George Street, Sydney and he was the third son of James Henry Lang, a watchmaker born in Edinburgh, Scotland, and Mary Whelan, a milliner born in Galway, Ireland. His mother and father had arrived in Australia in 1848 and 1860, respectively, although Langs father had been born Presbyterian, he later became a Catholic like his wife, and the family fitted into the normal low social stratum of the great majority of Sydneys Catholics. His father suffered from fever for most of Langs childhood. Lang returned to New South Wales in the early 1890s to seek employment and his first jobs were in the rural areas to the south-west of Sydney, on a poultry farm at Smithfield, and then as the driver of a horse-drawn omnibus in and around Merrylands and Guildford. Aged 16, he returned to the city, working first in a bookstore. Hildas sister, also named Bertha, was married to the author, Lang became a junior office assistant for an accounting practice, where his shrewdness and intelligence saw his career advance. Lang continued his pursuits, soon becoming an Alderman on Auburn Municipal Council. He was elected as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1913 for the district of Granville, when Prime Minister Billy Hughes twice tried to introduce conscription to the country in WWI, Lang sided with the anti-conscriptionist wing of the ALP. The mass defection from the ALP of parliamentarians and supporters who supported the military opened up opportunities. His financial skills led him to become Treasurer in Premier John Storeys Labor Government from 1920 to 1922, due to the post-World War I financial recession, the states accounts were in deficit, Lang managed to cut this deficit significantly. From 1920 to 1927, he was a member for the seat of Parramatta. After the Australian Labor Party lost government in 1922, Lang was elected as Opposition Leader in 1923 by his fellow Labor Party MPs and he led the ALP to victory in the 1925 NSW general election and became Premier. Various laws were introduced providing for improvements in the accommodation of rural workers, changes in the arbitration system. Extensions were made to the applicability of the Fair Rents Act whilst compulsory marketing along the lines of what existed in Queensland was introduced, adult franchise for local government elections was also introduced, together with Legislation to safeguard native flora and to penalize ships for discharging oil. His government also carried out improvements, including paving much of the Hume Highway. Lang established universal suffrage in local government elections – previously only those who owned real estate in a city, municipality or shire could vote in areas local council elections. His government also passed legislation to allow women to sit in the house of the New South Wales Parliament in 1926
17.
United Australia Party
–
The United Australia Party was an Australian political party that was founded in 1931 and dissolved in 1945. It was the successor to the Nationalist Party of Australia and was succeeded by the Liberal Party of Australia as the main anti-Labor party. Joseph Lyons began his career as an Australian Labor Party politician. Lyons was elected to the Australian Federal Parliament in 1929 and served in Prime Minister James Scullins Labor Cabinet, Lyons became acting Treasurer in 1930 and helped negotiate the governments strategies for dealing with the Great Depression. While Health Minister Frank Anstey supported Premier of New South Wales Jack Langs bid to default on debt repayments, when Labor reinstated the more radical Ted Theodore as Treasurer in 1931, Lyons and Fenton resigned from Cabinet. The UAP was formed in 1931 by Labor dissidents and a coalition as a response to the more radical economic proposals of Labor Party members to deal with the Great Depression in Australia. In parliament on 13 March 1931, though still a member of the ALP, soon afterward, Lyons, Fenton and four other right-wing Labor MPs--Moses Gabb, Allan Guy, Charles McGrath and John Price—resigned from the ALP in protest of the Scullin governments economic policies. On 7 May, the Nationalist opposition, the six Labor dissidents, although the new party was dominated by former Nationalists, Lyons was chosen as the new partys leader, and thus became Leader of the Opposition. Former Nationalist leader John Latham became the UAPs deputy leader, claiming that the Scullin government was incapable of managing the economy, it offered traditional deflationary economic policies in response to Australias economic crisis. This was especially true of the party leader, Lyons and its slogan was All for Australia and the Empire. A further split, this time of left-wing NSW Labor MPs who supported the economic policies of NSW Premier Jack Lang. In November 1931, Lang Labor dissidents broke with the Scullin government and joined with the UAP opposition to pass a no-confidence motion, the UAP fought the election as part of the traditional non-Labor Coalition with the Country Party of Earle Page. However, the UAP came up four seats short of a majority in its own right. In 1934, the UAP lost six seats, forcing Lyons to take the Country Party into his government in a full-fledged Coalition. The Lyons government followed the economic policies it had promised in opposition. Lyons favoured the tough economic measures of the Premiers Plan, pursued an orthodox fiscal policy, a dramatic episode in Australian history followed Lyons first electoral victory when NSW Premier Jack Lang refused to pay interest on overseas State debts. The Lyons government stepped in and paid the debts and then passed the Financial Agreement Enforcement Act to recover the money it had paid, in an effort to frustrate this move, Lang ordered State departments to pay all receipts directly to the Treasury instead of into Government bank accounts. Australia entered the Depression with a crisis and a credit crisis
18.
Joseph Lyons
–
Joseph Aloysius Lyons, CH was the tenth Prime Minister of Australia, serving from January 1932 until his death. He had earlier served as Premier of Tasmania from 1923 to 1928, Lyons was born in Stanley, Tasmania, and was a schoolteacher and trade unionist before entering politics. He was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly in 1909, representing the Labor Party, Lyons was elected party leader after the Labor governments defeat at the 1916 state election. He became premier in October 1923, after Walter Lee lost a no-confidence motion, elected to the Division of Wilmot at the 1929 federal election, Lyons was immediately made a minister in the new government formed by James Scullin. However, he resigned from cabinet in January 1931 over a policy dispute and he and several other Labor defectors subsequently helped to form the new United Australia Party, which elected Lyons as its leader. The UAP won government at the 1931 federal election, and was re-elected in 1934 and 1937, Lyons died of a heart attack in April 1939, becoming the first prime minister to die in office. His widow, Enid Lyons, later became the first woman elected to the House of Representatives, Lyons was born in Stanley, Tasmania, the grandson of Irish immigrants. His father, Michael Lyons, was a farmer who afterwards engaged in a butchery and bakery business, but lost this on account of bad health. His mother did much to keep the family of eight children together, but with the assistance of two aunts, he was able to resume his education at the Philip Smith Teachers Training College, Hobart, and became a teacher. He also became a trade unionist and was an early member of the Australian Labor Party in Tasmania. In 1909 Lyons was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly for Wilmot in central Tasmania, from 1914 to 1916 he was Treasurer and Minister for Education and Railways in John Earles state Labor government. As Education Minister he oversaw a number of reforms, including abolition of fees for schools, improving teachers pay and conditions. In 1913, a participant in the Labor discussion groups, Eliza Burnell, introduced him to her 15-year-old daughter, Enid Burnell and she was a strong-minded woman who exercised great influence over Lyons, while raising their eleven children. When the ALP split over conscription during the First World War in 1916, Earle, like most Australians of Irish Catholic background, Lyons was an anti-conscriptionist and stayed in the Labor Party, becoming its new leader in Tasmania. He led the Labor opposition in the Tasmanian Parliament until 1923 when he became Premier and he held office until 1928, also serving as Treasurer during the whole period of his premiership. Lyons government was cautious and pragmatic, establishing relations with business and the conservative government in Canberra. Labor narrowly lost the 1928 state election to the Nationalist Party, at the 1929 election, Lyons ran for the federal seat of Wilmot, covering the same territory as his state seat. He was swept into office in Labors landslide victory under James Scullin and he was appointed Postmaster-General and Minister for Works and Railways
19.
John Curtin
–
John Joseph Ambrose Curtin was the 14th Prime Minister of Australia, serving from 1941 to 1945, and the Leader of the Labor Party from 1935 to 1945. Having first formed a minority government in 1941, Curtin led Labor to victory at the 1943 election, as the Member for Fremantle, Curtin was the first and to date only prime minister to represent an electorate outside the Eastern states. With the end of the war in sight, Curtin died in office on 5 July 1945 and was succeeded briefly by Frank Forde, Curtin was born in Creswick, Victoria in 1885. His father was an officer of Irish descent, and Curtin was initially raised a Roman Catholic. Curtin attended school until the age of 13, when he left to start working for a newspaper in Creswick and he soon became active in both the Australian Labor Party and the Victorian Socialist Party, which was a Marxist organisation. He wrote for radical and socialist newspapers and it is believed that Curtins first bid for elected office came at this time, when he stood for the position of secretary of the Brunswick Football Club and was defeated. He had earlier played for Brunswick between 1903 and 1907 and he also at this time stood as the Labor candidate for Balaclava in 1914. The strain of this led him to drink heavily and regularly. In 1917, he married Elsie Needham, the sister of Labor Senator Ted Needham, Curtin moved to Cottesloe near Perth in 1917 to become an editor for the Westralian Worker, the official trade union newspaper. He enjoyed the less pressured life of Western Australia and his views gradually moderated. He joined the Australian Journalists Association in 1917 and was elected Western Australian President in 1920 and he wore his AJA badge every day he was prime minister. In addition to his stance on rights, Curtin was also a strong advocate for the rights of women and children. In 1927, the Federal Government convened a Royal Commission on Child Endowment, Curtin was appointed as a member of that commission. Curtin stood for Parliament a second time in 1925, this time for Fremantle, Watson retired in 1928, and Curtin ran again, this time winning on the second count. William Watson chose to come out of retirement in 1931. After the loss, Curtin became the advocate for the Western Australian Government with the Commonwealth Grants Commission and he stood for his old seat in 1934 after Watson announced his retirement for the second time, and was able to win it back. When Scullin resigned as Labor Leader in 1935, Curtin stood in the election to replace him and his opponent was Frank Forde, a well known MP who had been closely associated with the economic policies of the Scullin Government. This led left wing factions and trade unions to support Curtin, in an attempt to block Forde from getting the leadership, with their support, Curtin was able to defeat Forde by just one vote to become Leader of the Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition
20.
Prime Minister of Australia
–
The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
21.
Minister for Defence (Australia)
–
The Australian Minister for Defence is currently Senator the Honourable Marise Payne. Senator Payne became the first female Minister for Defence on 21 September 2015 and he retained this position until the fall of his government, and then held the post in the brief government of Arthur Fadden. John Curtin initially followed the arrangement as Menzies in his ministry until 14 April 1942. There had also been a separate Navy portfolio between 1915 and 1921. defence. gov. au
22.
Bill Ashley (politician)
–
William Patrick Bill Ashley was an Australian politician. Ashley was born at Singorambah, near Hay, New South Wales and he went to South Africa in May 1902, but saw no action in the Second Boer War and returned to Australia in August. He established himself as a tobacconist in Lithgow and married Theresa Ellen Maloney in July 1921 and he served as an alderman and mayor on Lithgow Council. With the fall of the Fadden government, he became Postmaster-General, in March 1943, he lost the portfolio of information, but gained the position of Vice-President of the Executive Council. In February 1945, he became Minister for Supply and Shipping, in a minor reshuffle in April 1948, Ashley became Minister for Shipping and Fuel, responsible for the Department of Shipping and Fuel. In June 1949, his handling of a scheme to introduce long-service leave for coal miners contributed to a major ensuing strike and he had implied that the federal government would contribute financially to the scheme, but this proved not to be the case. In addition, the scheme might have limited the right to strike. He also attempted to support British economic recovery by buying oil from British companies—when they ran short of supplies, both the coal miners strike and the fuel rationing contributed to Labors defeat at the 1949 election. He stayed in the Senate for the rest of his life, Ashley died in Sydney Hospital on 27 June 1958, survived by his wife and daughter. He had suffered an earlier in the month, while being driven to an appointment for his arthritis treatment. He was accorded a state funeral
23.
Vice-President of the Executive Council
–
The Vice-President of the Federal Executive Council is appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Vice-President is usually a senior minister and may summon executive councillors, however, the Vice-President cannot sign Executive Council documents on behalf of the Governor-General. Since 19 September 2013, the Vice-President of the Federal Executive Council has been the Honourable George Brandis QC, as the duties of the post are not rigorous, it is usually given to a Member of the Cabinet, and no additional salary or allowance is paid. A small Department of the Vice-President of the Executive Council existed from 22 March to 31 May 1971 and it was administered by Sir Alan Hulme, who was also Postmaster-General. James Killen was controversially appointed to office in 1982. He held no Ministerial portfolio, but was considered a member of the Fraser Ministry by virtue only of this office. A small Department of the Vice-President of the Executive Council was recreated, the appointment was controversial because it was seen as a sinecure given that he held no Ministerial portfolio, as the cabinet appointment entitled him to receive a ministerial salary. The Department was abolished in 1983 by the prime minister Bob Hawke. Prior to the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, colonial and state governments, the first New South Wales appointment was made on 3 October 1856 in the Parker ministry of the first elected colonial government. The New South Wales government currently retains the title for a government minister. The following individuals have been appointed as Vice-President of the Executive Council
24.
Ben Chifley
–
Joseph Benedict Ben Chifley was an Australian politician who was the 16th Prime Minister of Australia from 1945 to 1949. One of the few successful referendums to modify the Australian Constitution, born on 22 September 1885 in Bathurst, New South Wales, Chifley was the son of a blacksmith of Irish Roman Catholic descent. Chifley was raised mostly by his grandfather for nine years and his grandfather had lost his savings in the bank crash of 1892/93, and Chifley acquired a lifelong dislike of private banks at an early age. He was educated at Roman Catholic schools in Bathurst and joined the New South Wales Railways at age 15 and he was one of the founders of the AFULE and an active member of the Labor Party. In 1914 he married Elizabeth McKenzie, a staunch Presbyterian, the couple exchanged wedding vows in a Presbyterian church. Chifley remained a practising Catholic, but his marriage to a non-Catholic ignited criticism in certain Roman Catholic circles, in 1917 he was one of the leaders of a prolonged strike, which resulted in his dismissal. He was reinstated by Jack Langs New South Wales Labor government, Chifley represented his union before industrial tribunals and taught himself industrial law. In 1928, at his second try, Chifley won the seat of Macquarie in the House of Representatives, which covered Bathurst, Lithgow, and he was in general a supporter of the James Scullin governments economic policies, and in 1931 he became Minister for Defence. At the 1931 general election, the Scullin government was defeated in a landslide, during the Depression he survived on his wifes familys money and his part-ownership of the Bathurst newspaper the National Advocate. In 1935 the Lyons government appointed him a member of the Royal Commission on Banking and he submitted a minority report advocating that the private banks be nationalised. Although Frank Forde was nominally the number-two-man in the government, Chifley became the minister Curtin most relied on and he controlled most domestic policy while Curtin was preoccupied with the war effort. When Curtin died in July 1945, Forde became Prime Minister for eight days, Chifley defeated him in the leadership ballot, replacing him as Prime Minister and Curtin as Labor leader. It was the first time that a Labor government had elected to a second full term. In the post-war years, Chifley maintained wartime economic controls, including the highly unpopular petrol rationing and he did this partly to help Britain in its postwar economic difficulties. Feeling secure in power, Chifley decided it was time to advance towards Labors objective of democratic socialism and this was successfully opposed in the Australian High Court by the British Medical Association. The subsequent federal legislation in relation to benefits was deemed constitutional by the High Court. This paved the way for the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, an important component of Australias modern public health system, the Mental Institutions Benefits Act paid the states a benefit equal to the charges upon the relatives of mental hospital patients, in return for free treatment. This legislation marked the entry of the Commonwealth into mental health funding, militant mining unions had caused industrial upsets for decades previously
25.
St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney
–
St Vincents Hospital, Sydney is located in the inner city suburb of Darlinghurst. Though funded and integrated into the New South Wales state public health system it is operated by St Vincents Health Australia and it is affiliated with the University of New South Wales Medical School. St Vincent’s Hospital was established in 1857 by five Irish Sisters of Charity, some of their early work included helping victims of the 1853 influenza outbreak, and families of prisoners in the nearby Darlinghurst Gaol. The hospital was founded in the suburb of Potts Point. As demand grew a new hospital with 150 beds was built on its present site in Victoria Street, the building was remodelled and enlarged after World War I and is now known as the De Lacy building after one of the founding sisters. Forming part of the St Vincents Local Hospital Network, the hospital is now a facility of St Vincents Health Australia, St Vincents Health Australia is a part of Mary Aikenhead Ministries. St Vincents is a medical, surgical and research facility. It has been at the forefront of innovation in such as heart, lung. The first heart transplant was performed on 23 October 1968 by Dr Harry Windsor on a 57-year-old, the hospital was also the first Australian hospital to implement a successful cardiac transplant programme. The head of the transplant program was Dr Windsor, but the surgeon who conducted the first successful transplant in 1982 was Dr Victor Chang, a Chinese-Australian cardiothoracic surgeon. One of the first patients to receive a new heart at St Vincents was 14-year-old Fiona Coote who, on 7 April 1984, cardiothoracic surgeons performed the first heart/lung transplant. The hospital was one of the first health care facilities in Australia to begin treating AIDS patients when the epidemic reached Sydney in the early 1980s. The first patient to be diagnosed with AIDS in Australia was at St Vincents in October,1982. As the AIDS epidemic grew in Sydney, the led the way in the compassionate treatment of the sick. This early exposure to the implications of a possible pandemic was responsible for St Vincents becoming one of the leading centres of immunology research. These patients will in future, be admitted onto an oncology ward of the hospital, in 1996, St Vincents joined the Sisters of Charity Health Service, which already encompassed 17 other health care facilities, and which is now, Australias largest not-for-profit health care provider. The hospital was upgraded in 2001. The hospital is a teaching facility, and offers a wide array of clinical experience to students studying medicine
26.
Kim Beazley
–
Kim Christian Beazley, AC, is a former Australian diplomat and politician who was the Deputy Prime Minister of Australia from 1995 to 1996. He subsequently served as the Leader of the Australian Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition from 1996 to 2001, Beazley was a member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1980 to 2007. He was a minister in the governments of Prime Ministers Bob Hawke and Paul Keating and he then became the Leader of the Opposition and led the Labor Party through the federal elections in 1998 and 2001, both of which Labor lost. He returned to the leadership in 2005, but then retired from Parliament at the 2007 election having lost the leadership of the Labor Party to Kevin Rudd after a 2006 challenge. Beazley was Ambassador of Australia to the United States from 2010 to 2016 and he is currently the National President of the Australian Institute of International Affairs. Beazley was born in Perth, Western Australia and his father, Kim Beazley Snr, was the Labor MP for Fremantle from 1945 to 1977 and education minister in the Whitlam Government. His mother, Betty Judge, was an Australian athletics champion, Beazleys uncle, the Reverend Syd Beazley, was one of the more than 1,000 prisoners of war who died in the sinking of the SS Montevideo Maru in July 1942. Beazley contracted polio as a child, at the age of six and he was educated at Hollywood Senior High School and the University of Western Australia, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and subsequently a Master of Arts. Then, on a Rhodes Scholarship, he attended Balliol College, Oxford, at Oxford, he befriended Tony Blair, who would become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and Geoff Gallop, later to be Premier of Western Australia. After he returned to Australia, Beazley tutored and lectured in politics at Perths Murdoch University and he was recruited to Labors right-wing faction by Graham Richardson and John Ducker, before being elected MP for the seat of Swan at the 1980 election. Beazley supports the Fremantle Dockers in the Australian Football League, Beazley became a protege of Bob Hawke, Labor leader from 1983, and in that year he was appointed Minister for Aviation in Hawkes first ministry. He was Minister for Defence, with a seat in Cabinet, in this role he was responsible for establishing the Royal Australian Navys submarine program, which was beset with some technical problems and cost over-runs. Beazley has had a lifelong interest in matters, his consequent enthusiasm for this portfolio. Beazley was then Minister for Transport and Communications, Finance, Employment, Education and Training and he supported Hawke in his leadership battles with Paul Keating in 1991, but retained his position when Keating deposed Hawke and became Prime Minister in December 1991. Beazley was Deputy Prime Minister 1995–96, Beazleys hold on Swan grew increasingly tenuous over the years. He saw his majority more than halved in 1990, and was defeated in 1993. With Labor sinking in the polls during the run-up to the 1996 election, Beazley shifted to Brand, in the 1996 election, Labor was heavily defeated by the Coalition under John Howard. Keating resigned, and Beazley was elected unopposed as Labor leader and he had the difficult task of rebuilding a party that had just suffered the second-worst defeat of a sitting government since Federation
27.
Australian National University
–
The Australian National University is a national research university located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. Its main campus in Acton encompasses seven teaching and research colleges, founded in 1946, it is the only university to have been created by the Parliament of Australia. ANU enrolls 10,052 undergraduate and 10,840 postgraduate students, the universitys endowment stood at A$1.13 billion in 2012. ANU is ranked 22nd in the world by the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings, ANU was named the worlds 7th most international university in a 2017 study by Times Higher Education. In the 2016 Times Higher Education Global Employability University Ranking, a ranking of university graduates employability. ANU is ranked 100th in the CWTS Leiden ranking, ANU counts six Nobel laureates and 49 Rhodes scholars among its faculty and alumni. The university has educated two prime ministers,30 current Australian ambassadors and more than a dozen current heads of Government departments of Australia, calls for the establishment of a national university in Australia began as early as 1900. After the location of the capital, Canberra, was determined in 1908. A group of eminent Australian scholars returned from overseas to join the university, including Sir Howard Florey, Sir Mark Oliphant, Sir Keith Hancock, economist Sir Douglas Copland was appointed as ANUs first Vice-Chancellor and former Prime Minister Stanley Bruce served as the first Chancellor. ANU was originally organised into four centres—the Research Schools of Physical Sciences, Social Sciences and Pacific Studies, the first residents’ hall, University House, was opened in 1954 for faculty members and postgraduate students. Mount Stromlo Observatory, established by the government in 1924. The first locations of the ANU Library, the Menzies and Chifley buildings, the Australian Forestry School, located in Canberra since 1927, was amalgamated by ANU in 1965. Canberra University College was the first institution of education in the national capital, having been established in 1929. Its founding was led by Sir Robert Garran, one of the drafters of the Australian Constitution, CUC was affiliated with the University of Melbourne and its degrees were granted by that university. Academic leaders at CUC included historian Manning Clark, political scientist Finlay Crisp, in 1960, CUC was integrated into ANU as the School of General Studies, initially with faculties in arts, economics, law and science. Faculties in Oriental studies and engineering were introduced later, Bruce Hall, the first residential college for undergraduates, opened in 1961. The Canberra School of Music and the Canberra School of Art were amalgamated by ANU in 1992, ANU established its Medical School in 2002, after obtaining federal government approval in 2000. On 18 January 2003, the Canberra bushfires largely destroyed the Mount Stromlo Observatory, ANU astronomers now conduct research from the Siding Spring Observatory, which contains 10 telescopes including the Anglo-Australian Telescope
28.
George McLeay
–
George McLeay was an Australian politician and senior minister in the Menzies Liberal government. McLeay was born in Port Clinton, South Australia and educated at Port Clinton Public School until 1906 when he was sent to Adelaide where he continued his education at Unley Public School. At the outbreak of World War I, he was rejected for service in the First Australian Imperial Force and he and his younger brother Jack—who also became a federal politician, as did his son, John—set up as accountants and agents and eventually became wholesale and retail merchants. In October 1924, he married Marcia Doreen Weston, at twenty McLeay joined the Liberal Union and in 1922 ran unsuccessfully for election for the seat of Adelaide in the House of Representatives. In the 1934 elections, he was elected to the Australian Senate and he was leader of the government in the Senate from November 1938 to October 1941 and Vice-President of the Executive Council from November 1938 to March 1940 and from October 1940 to October 1941. He was Minister for Commerce from April 1939 to March 1940 in the first Menzies Ministry and Minister for Trade, McLeay was leader of the opposition in the Senate from 1941 until the end of his Senate term in June 1947. He was defeated in the 1946 elections, but re-elected to the Senate in 1949 elections, robert Menzies appointed him Minister for Shipping and Fuel, in 1949, Minister for Shipping, Fuel and Transport in 1950 and Minister for Shipping and Transport in 1951. He energetically negotiated with shipowners and trade unions to improve the performance of the ports, in 1954 the Commonwealth Railways named a diesel locomotive after him – NSU51. McLeay suffered from diabetes mellitus and was affected by travel and he died from ischaemic heart disease at Calvary Hospital, North Adelaide, survived by his wife, son
29.
Joe Collings
–
Joseph Silver Joe Collings was a long-serving Australian politician. He was a hardworking Australian Labor Party bureaucrat with valuable writing and speaking talents, Collings was born in Brighton, England and educated at Brighton Board School and by his parents. He reported for the Sussex Daily News before emigrating with his parents to Brisbane when he was 18 and he worked as a farm labourer, failed as a selector and, in 1885, married Kate McInerney. He found work in the industry and was at one time secretary of the Queensland Boot. He worked with scabs during a strike in 1895 and was ostracised by the Australian Boot Trade Employees Federation although he worked hard for the labour movement. His support for the 1912 Brisbane general strike led to him being forgiven by the unions, Collings unsuccessfully contested elections to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1908,1909, and 1915, but was elected to Balmoral Shire Council from 1910 to 1913. He attended Labor Party conventions from 1905 and was elected to the Queensland central executive of the party between 1913 and 1928, from 1914 to 1915 and 1919 to 1931 he was an organiser for the party. In 1916 he campaigned vigorously against conscription in Queensland and Victoria and he was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council in 1920 and took part in the successful vote to abolish it in 1922. In 1931 he was organising secretary for the state executive set up by the federal party to replace the expelled Lang Labor executive. At the same time he became Minister for the Interior, a position he held until July 1945, when he became Vice-President of the Executive Council and he did not contest the 1949 election and retired from the Senate in June 1950. Along with Gordon Brown, Collings was joint Father of the Senate from 1947 to 1950, Collings, at 85 years of age, remains the oldest person to have served in the Senate. After retiring, Collings and settled in the Brisbane seaside suburb of Brighton, Collings died at his home,694 Flinders Parade, Brighton on 20 June 1955, survived by one son and one daughter of his six children. He was accorded a funeral and cremated
30.
Frank Forde
–
Francis Michael Forde was an Australian politician and the 15th Prime Minister of Australia. He was the shortest serving Prime Minister in Australias history, being in office for eight days. Forde was born at Mitchell, Queensland, the second of six children of Irish immigrant parents and his father was working as a grazier at the time of his birth. Forde was educated at St. Marys College, Toowoomba, a Catholic school, settling in Rockhampton, he became active in the Labor Party and in workers education groups. In 1917 Forde was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland as Labor MP for Rockhampton, in 1922 he resigned and was elected to the Australian House of Representatives for Capricornia. Forde soon advanced in the Labor ranks, when Labor won the 1929 election, he became Assistant Minister for Trade and Customs in the Scullin government. In the last days of the government he became Minister for Trade, as one of the few senior Labor MPs to survive defeat at the 1931 election, Forde became Deputy Opposition Leader in 1932. When Scullin retired in 1935, Forde contested the ballot but was defeated by one vote by John Curtin. Forde was a deputy, and in 1941 when Labor returned to power he became Minister for the Army. On 5 July 1945 Curtin died, as Deputy Leader, Forde was sworn in as Prime Minister on 6 July by the Governor-General, Prince Henry, at the leadership ballot on 13 July, he contested the leadership with Ben Chifley and Norman Makin. Chifley won, with Forde elected Deputy Leader once more, as Minister for Defence he was much criticised for the slowness with which military personnel were being demobilised. As a result, he lost his seat at the 1946 election, Chifley appointed Forde High Commissioner to Canada, and he held this position until 1953. He returned to Australia and tried to re-enter Parliament at the 1954 election, in the seat of Wide Bay, in 1955, at a by-election, he returned to the Queensland Parliament as MP for Flinders. He is the only Prime Minister who later served in a State Parliament, Forde disputed the result and the election was declared void on 4 March 1958. However, at the held on 17 May 1958, Longeran defeated Forde by over 400 votes. Had Forde been elected, he would probably have become Labor leader in Queensland, given that Premier Vince Gair, Forde retired to Brisbane where he devoted himself to Catholic charity work. In his living room hung a portrait of wartime US General Douglas MacArthur. On 11 April 1964, at the request of Prime Minister Robert Menzies, Forde represented Australia at MacArthurs funeral in Norfolk, Virginia
31.
Stanley Bruce
–
Stanley Melbourne Bruce, 1st Viscount Bruce of Melbourne, CH, MC, PC, FRS was the eighth Prime Minister of Australia. He later pursued a long and influential career as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, at the League of Nations and as Chairman of the Food. Born into a wealthy Melbourne family, Bruce studied at the University of Cambridge and he served on the front lines of the Gallipoli Campaign in World War I and returned to Australia wounded in 1917, becoming a spokesperson for government recruitment efforts. He gained the attention of the Nationalist Party and Prime Minister Billy Hughes and he was elected to parliament in 1918, becoming treasurer in 1921 and then prime minister in 1923. In office Bruce pursued an energetic and diverse agenda and he comprehensively overhauled federal government administration and oversaw its transfer to the new capital city of Canberra. He implemented many reforms to the Australian federal system that strengthened the role of the Commonwealth and he established the Commonwealth Peace Officers and Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, the forerunners of the Australian Federal Police and the CSIRO. In the resounding loss at the subsequent election the Prime Minister lost his seat, although he returned to parliament in 1931, Bruces service in the Lyons Government was brief. Instead he pursued a career, accepting appointment as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom in 1933. He was elevated to the peerage in 1947 and became the first Australian to sit in the House of Lords, Stanley Melbourne Bruce was born on 15 April 1883 in St Kilda, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, and was the youngest of five children. His father, John Munro Bruce, was of Ulster Scottish descent and had emigrated from Ireland to Australia in 1858 at the age of 18. His mother, Mary Ann Henderson, was Irish and had married her cousin John after emigrating to Australia in 1872 at the age of 24, as his wealth grew, John became increasingly influential in colonial Victorias social and political life. An avid golfer, he was one of the founders of the Royal Melbourne Golf Club and he was prominent in the liberal protectionist political movement within the state, and an early supporter of future prime minister Alfred Deakin. Johns success ensured that Bruce, his sister Mary and brothers Ernest, William, shortly after Bruces birth the family relocated to the stately Wombalano manor in Toorak. However, John was an aloof and remote figure in the lives of his children, despite their familys Presbyterian faith, Bruce was sent to Melbourne Church of England Grammar School and subsequently Bruce would come to identify principally as Anglican. Bruce was a student but extremely active in the sporting life of the school and captain of its football team. The economic depression of the 1880s and 1890s hit the Bruce family fortunes hard, John Bruce lost much of his fortune in the Victorian bank collapse of 1894 and incurred large debts to buy out his partners in the importing business in 1897. The family suffered a great deal more tragedy over the coming decades, stanleys brother William committed suicide in 1899, shortly after seeking treatment for mental illness. Just two years later John Bruce took his own life during a trip to Paris, he had suffered from depression as a result of the great pressures on his business
32.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
