1.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
2.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
3.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
4.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
5.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
6.
Missouri University of Science and Technology
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Most of its 8,889 students study engineering, business, sciences, and mathematics. Missouri S&T was founded in 1870 as the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, early in its history, the School of Mines was focused primarily on mining and metallurgy. Rolla is located close to the Southeast Missouri Lead District which produces about 70% of the U. S. primary supply of lead as well as significant amounts of the nations zinc. The act endowed Missouri a federal grant of 30,000 acres for each of the states two senators and nine representatives at the time—or 330,000 acres. The endowment said that the land could not be sold for less than $1. 25/acre and as such as was a minimum endowment of $412,500 for Missouri. There was a debate in the state over the location and number of schools before it was finally decided to have one school in Columbia. Iron County, Missouri and Phelps County, Missouri made bids for the school, iron Countys bid was valued at $112,545 and Phelps Countys bid was $130,545 so the Phelps bid was officially approved on December 20,1870. Classes began in November 23,1871 in a new Rolla High School building that the city of Rolla had just built, the college had an enrollment of 28 and three graduates in 1874. The college bought what is now called the Rolla Building for $25,000 in January 1875 and that building is now used as the Mathematics and Statistics Departments library, chairs office, part of the main office, and other faculty offices following a $2 million renovation in 1995. By the 1920s, the school expanded into civil, electrical, mechanical and chemical engineering as well as chemistry, physics, mathematics, the school became home to Missouris first operational nuclear reactor in 1961. Until 1964, the school was considered a department of MUs School of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts. As such, its presiding officer was called a director. In 1963 the University of Missouri System was created with the additions of standalone campuses in Kansas City, the curriculum was expanded to include most of the science and engineering disciplines, as well as social sciences and liberal arts such as psychology and history. In 1968, the name was slightly altered to the University of Missouri–Rolla. Business and management programs were added in the following years. On January 1,2008 UMR became known as Missouri University of Science, in making the case for changing the name, then Chancellor John F. Carney III noted that Rolla in 2007 was one of the few technological research universities in the nation. He noted The university’s name, however, does not reflect the nature of the campus. Often, UMR is viewed as a satellite or branch campus due to its name or as a campus for the University of Missouri-Columbia
7.
New York University
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New York University is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is considered one of the worlds most influential research universities, University rankings compiled by Times Higher Education, U. S. News & World Report, and the Academic Ranking of World Universities all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world. NYU is a part of the creativity, energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan, located with its core in Greenwich Village. Among its faculty and alumni are 37 Nobel Laureates, over 30 Pulitzer Prize winners, over 30 Academy Award winners, alumni include heads of state, royalty, eminent mathematicians, inventors, media figures, Olympic medalists, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and astronauts. NYU alumni are among the wealthiest in the world, according to The Princeton Review, NYU is consistently considered by students and parents as a Top Dream College. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, declared his intention to establish in this immense, a system of rational and practical education fitting and graciously opened to all. A three-day-long literary and scientific convention held in City Hall in 1830 and these New Yorkers believed the city needed a university designed for young men who would be admitted based upon merit rather than birthright or social class. On April 18,1831, an institution was established, with the support of a group of prominent New York City residents from the merchants, bankers. Albert Gallatin was elected as the institutions first president, the university has been popularly known as New York University since its inception and was officially renamed New York University in 1896. In 1832, NYU held its first classes in rented rooms of four-story Clinton Hall, in 1835, the School of Law, NYUs first professional school, was established. American Chemical Society was founded in 1876 at NYU and it became one of the nations largest universities, with an enrollment of 9,300 in 1917. NYU had its Washington Square campus since its founding, the university purchased a campus at University Heights in the Bronx because of overcrowding on the old campus. NYU also had a desire to follow New York Citys development further uptown, NYUs move to the Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken. The University Heights campus was far more spacious than its predecessor was, as a result, most of the universitys operations along with the undergraduate College of Arts and Science and School of Engineering were housed there. NYUs administrative operations were moved to the new campus, but the schools of the university remained at Washington Square. In 1914, Washington Square College was founded as the undergraduate college of NYU. In 1935, NYU opened the Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead and this extension would later become a fully independent Hofstra University. In 1950, NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, financial crisis gripped the New York City government and the troubles spread to the citys institutions, including NYU
8.
Square, Inc.
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Square, Inc. is a financial services, merchant services aggregator and mobile payment company based in San Francisco, California. The company was founded in 2009 by Jack Dorsey and Jim McKelvey and launched its first app and it has been traded as a public company on the New York Stock Exchange since November 2015 with the ticker symbol SQ. On the iPad version of the Square Register app, the interface resembles a cash register. The original inspiration for Square occurred to Jack Dorsey in 2009 when Jim McKelvey was unable to complete a $2,000 sale of his glass faucets, the name Square refers to Squares card readers, which are square in shape. The name also refers to the term for settling debts. Several other names for the company were considered, including squirrel, stash, the Square Reader was the first product released by Square, and is used to accept credit card payments by connecting to a mobile devices audio jack. Squares technology is Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard compliant and Verisign certified, veriFone posted a demonstration video and sample skimming app to its web site. Square now uses strong encryption on its devices, including SSL and its cryptographic keys are at least 2048 bits in length. Card numbers, magnetic stripe data, or security codes are not stored on Square client devices, Square follows the guidelines issued by OWASP. In July 2014, Square announced a card reader that would accept chip cards and contactless cards and this new reader supports chip-and-signature and contactless transactions, and the standard Square Reader is also provided in order to support traditional magnetic stripe card transactions. In June 2015 at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, Apple announced Square will release a new Square Reader capable of accepting Apple Pay, the reader will also be able to accept EMV chip cards. In June 2013, Square unveiled Square Stand at an event at Blue Bottle coffee in San Francisco. Square Stand aims to turn the Apple iPad into a more complete point of sale system and it makes use of a larger reader and a rotatable base that allows the stand to be swiveled around. Square Stand took more than a year to develop and the team of around 15 was led by Jesse Dorogusker, a former Apple director of engineering for iPhone, iPod, the Square Stand works with iPad 2, iPad 3rd generation, and iPad Air. Square Register is point of sale software aimed at replacing traditional credit card terminals, Square Cash allows person-to-person money transfer via the Square Cash app or e-mail. In May 2014, Square launched Square Capital, which offers financing to merchants using Square. In contrast with a loan, there is no time limit for a merchant to pay off a Square Capital cash advance. The merchant returns the advance to Square by paying back a percentage of their credit card sales over time, on August 4,2014, Square announced the acquisition of Caviar, a startup that delivers meals from high-end restaurants
9.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
10.
Computer programming
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Computer programming is a process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs. Source code is written in one or more programming languages, the purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem. The process of programming thus often requires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the domain, specialized algorithms. Related tasks include testing, debugging, and maintaining the code, implementation of the build system. Software engineering combines engineering techniques with software development practices, within software engineering, programming is regarded as one phase in a software development process. There is a debate on the extent to which the writing of programs is an art form. In general, good programming is considered to be the application of all three, with the goal of producing an efficient and evolvable software solution. Because the discipline covers many areas, which may or may not include critical applications, in most cases, the discipline is self-governed by the entities which require the programming, and sometimes very strict environments are defined. Another ongoing debate is the extent to which the language used in writing computer programs affects the form that the final program takes. Different language patterns yield different patterns of thought and this idea challenges the possibility of representing the world perfectly with language because it acknowledges that the mechanisms of any language condition the thoughts of its speaker community. In the 1880s Herman Hollerith invented the concept of storing data in machine-readable form, however, with the concept of the stored-program computers introduced in 1949, both programs and data were stored and manipulated in the same way in computer memory. Machine code was the language of early programs, written in the set of the particular machine. Assembly languages were developed that let the programmer specify instruction in a text format, with abbreviations for each operation code. However, because a language is little more than a different notation for a machine language. High-level languages allow the programmer to write programs in terms that are more abstract and they harness the power of computers to make programming easier by allowing programmers to specify calculations by entering a formula directly. Programs were mostly still entered using punched cards or paper tape, see computer programming in the punch card era. By the late 1960s, data storage devices and computer terminals became inexpensive enough that programs could be created by typing directly into the computers, text editors were developed that allowed changes and corrections to be made much more easily than with punched cards. Whatever the approach to development may be, the program must satisfy some fundamental properties
11.
Twitter
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Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
12.
Mobile payment
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Mobile payment generally refer to payment services operated under financial regulation and performed from or via a mobile device. Instead of paying cash, cheque, or credit cards. Although the concept of using non-coin-based currency systems has a long history, Mobile payment is being adopted all over the world in different ways. In 2008, the market for all types of mobile payments was projected to reach more than $600B globally by 2013. The mobile payment market for goods and services, excluding contactless payments using near field communication, investment on mobile money services is expected to grow by 22. 2% during the next two years across the globe. It will result in revenue share of mobile money reaching up to 9% by 2018, asia and Africa will observe significant growth for mobile money with technological innovation and focus on interoperability emerging as prominent trends by 2018. These payment networks are used for micropayments. Mobile payments are becoming a key instrument for PSPs and other participants, in order to achieve new growth opportunities. The EPC states that “new technology solutions provide an improvement to the operations efficiency, ultimately resulting in cost savings. Online companies like PayPal, Amazon Payments, and Google Wallet also have mobile options and these systems can be integrated with directly or can be combined with operator and credit card payments through a unified mobile web payment platform. A simple mobile web payment system can include a credit card payment flow allowing a consumer to enter their card details to make purchases. This process is familiar but any entry of details on a phone is known to reduce the success rate of payments. The consumer uses the mobile billing option during checkout at an e-commerce site—such as an online gaming site—to make a payment, after two-factor authentication involving a PIN and One-Time-Password, the consumers mobile account is charged for the purchase. Convenience – No pre-registration and no new software is required. Easy – Its just another option during the checkout process, fast – Most transactions are completed in less than 10 seconds. The merchant involved is informed of the payment success and can release the paid for goods. A Multimedia Messaging Service can also deliver barcodes which can then be scanned for confirmation of payment by a merchant and this is used as an electronic ticket for access to cinemas and events or to collect hard goods. Inhibiting factors of Premium SMS include, Poor reliability – transactional premium SMS payments can easily fail as messages get lost, slow speed – sending messages can be slow and it can take hours for a merchant to get receipt of payment
13.
Italians
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Italians are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue. The majority of Italian nationals are speakers of Standard Italian. Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music, science, technology, cuisine, sports, fashion, jurisprudence, banking, Italian people are generally known for their localism and their attention to clothing and family values. The term Italian is at least 3,000 years old and has a history that goes back to pre-Roman Italy. According to one of the common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The Etruscan civilization reached its peak about the 7th century BC, but by 509 BC, when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan monarchs, its control in Italy was on the wane. By 350 BC, after a series of wars between Greeks and Etruscans, the Latins, with Rome as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and they managed to unite the entire Italian peninsula. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, in the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the Third Punic War, with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, octavian, the final victor, was accorded the title of Augustus by the Senate and thereby became the first Roman emperor. After two centuries of rule, in the 3rd century AD, Rome was threatened by internal discord and menaced by Germanic and Asian invaders. Emperor Diocletians administrative division of the empire into two parts in 285 provided only temporary relief, it became permanent in 395, in 313, Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity, and churches thereafter rose throughout the empire. However, he moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople. The last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy and his defeat marked the end of the western part of the Roman Empire. During most of the period from the fall of Rome until the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, Odoacer ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by Theodoric, the king of another Germanic tribe, Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian, after the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak
14.
Bishop DuBourg High School
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Bishop DuBourg High School is a private, Roman Catholic high school in St. Louis, Missouri. It is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Louis, larry Hausmann, Professional and national team soccer player. Rex Sinquefield, founder and president of the Show-Me Institute, a policy research organization based in St. Louis. Rich Niemann, NBA player Steve Frank, Professional and national soccer player. Karen Marie Shelton, Internet & Telephony entrepreneur Jack Dorsey, Co-founder of Twitter Ken Page, American actor/singer John Ulett, St
15.
Dispatch (logistics)
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Dispatch is a procedure for assigning employees or vehicles to customers. Industries that dispatch include taxicabs, couriers, emergency services, as well as home and commercial services such as services, plumbing, HVAC, pest control. With vehicle dispatching, clients are matched to vehicles according to the order in which clients called, telephone operators take calls from clients, then either enter the clients information into a computer or write it down and give it to a dispatcher. In some cases, calls may be assigned a priority by the call-taker, priority calls may jump the queue of pending calls. With home or commercial service dispatching, customers usually schedule services in advance, depending on the type of service, workers are dispatched individually or in teams of two or more. Dispatchers have to coordinate worker availability, skill, travel time, the skills required of a dispatcher are greatly enhanced with the use of computer dispatching software. The following are examples of systems used to track the status of resources in a dispatched fleet. Card systems employ a set of shelves with a slot for each unit in the dispatch fleet, each vehicle or resource has a slot in the shelving system. In it, a card, like a card used to track an employees work hours, is stored. A time clock, similar to the one that stamps work hours on a card, is used to stamp event times on each card. At the beginning of a day, the resources identifier or other information is handwritten on the card. Each time the resources status changes, the card is punched in the time clock, the card collects a series of entries through the work shift. In a tow truck example, the card might be labeled with the tow cars radio identifier, Downtown 6 and it might give a weight capacity, show the unit as a flat bed or cradle snatcher, or mention the unit carries a can of Diesel fuel. The name of the staff on the car might be noted, at the start of a shift, the dispatcher would note the unit available and time stamp the card. At the assignment to a call, the information would be written on the card. The string of notes and time stamps allows dispatch staff to get a picture of the status of a small fleet. Some systems use shelving with red and green lights and a switch at the back of the card slot, if the resources card is pushed all the way into the card slot, the switch is actuated and an indicator lamp turns red. This identifies the tow car whose card occupies that slot as not available or assigned to a call, leaving the card pulled partway out leaves the indicator green, showing the dispatcher that unit is available
16.
Open-source model
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Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner. According to scientists who studied it, open-source software is a prominent example of open collaboration, a 2008 report by the Standish Group states that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers. In the early days of computing, programmers and developers shared software in order to learn from each other, eventually the open source notion moved to the way side of commercialization of software in the years 1970-1980. In 1997, Eric Raymond published The Cathedral and the Bazaar and this source code subsequently became the basis behind SeaMonkey, Mozilla Firefox, Thunderbird and KompoZer. Netscapes act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the Free Software Foundations free software ideas, the new term they chose was open source, which was soon adopted by Bruce Perens, publisher Tim OReilly, Linus Torvalds, and others. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage use of the new term, a Microsoft executive publicly stated in 2001 that open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I cant imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business, IBM, Oracle, Google and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in todays competitive open-source market. There has been a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of FOSS, the free software movement was launched in 1983. In 1998, a group of individuals advocated that the free software should be replaced by open-source software as an expression which is less ambiguous. Software developers may want to publish their software with an open-source license, the Open Source Definition, notably, presents an open-source philosophy, and further defines the terms of usage, modification and redistribution of open-source software. Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be reserved by law to the copyright holder. Several open-source software licenses have qualified within the boundaries of the Open Source Definition, the open source label came out of a strategy session held on April 7,1998 in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscapes January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator. They used the opportunity before the release of Navigators source code to clarify a potential confusion caused by the ambiguity of the free in English. Many people claimed that the birth of the Internet, since 1969, started the open source movement, the Free Software Foundation, started in 1985, intended the word free to mean freedom to distribute and not freedom from cost. Since a great deal of free software already was free of charge, such software became associated with zero cost. The Open Source Initiative was formed in February 1998 by Eric Raymond and they sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to open source as a service mark for the OSI. The Open Source Initiatives definition is recognized by governments internationally as the standard or de facto definition, OSI uses The Open Source Definition to determine whether it considers a software license open source
17.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
18.
LiveJournal
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LiveJournal / LJ or Zhivoy Zhurnal /ZheZhe in Russia, is a Russian social networking service where users can keep a blog, journal or diary. A wide variety of political pundits also use the service for political commentary, particularly in Russia, as with many other social networks, a wide variety of public figures use the network. LiveJournal was started on April 15,1999 by American programmer Brad Fitzpatrick as a way of keeping his school friends updated on his activities. In January 2005, blogging software company Six Apart purchased Danga Interactive, in December 2006, the service quietly re-located its servers to Russia, and in April 2017, LiveJournal became subject to Russian law. The unit of networking on LiveJournal is quaternary. Two users can have no relationship, they can list each other as friends mutually, on LiveJournal, friend is also used as a verb to describe listing someone as a friend. A users list of friends will often include several communities and RSS feeds in addition to individual users, generally, friending allows the friends of a user to read protected entries and causes the friends entries to appear on the users friends page. Friends can also be grouped together in groups, allowing for more complex behavior. Features common to all accounts Each journal entry has its own web page, in addition, each user has a journal page, which shows all of his or her most recent journal entries, along with links to the comment pages. The most distinctive feature of LiveJournal is the friends list, which gives the site a strong social aspect in addition to the blog services, the friends list provides various syndication and privacy services as described below. Each user has a page, which collects the most recent journal entries of the people on his or her friends list. LiveJournal allows users to customize their accounts, the S2 programming language allows journal templates to be modified by members. Users may upload graphical avatars, or userpics, which next to the username in prominent areas as it would on an Internet forum. Paid account holders are given access to S2 management and more userpics. Currently LiveJournal has five account levels, basic, plus, early adopters who were registered prior to 14 September 2000, paid, and permanent. Permanent accounts are not available to the average user, there have been occasional sale days or special offers. Prior to March 12,2008, basic accounts were ad-free, in August,2008, LiveJournal resumed new basic account creation, basic users also see advertising, but not on other basic journals. As well as allowing embedded videos from sites, LiveJournal can host videos
19.
AIM (software)
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AIM is an instant messaging and presence computer program which uses the proprietary OSCAR instant messaging protocol and the TOC protocol to allow registered users to communicate in real time. AIM was popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s in North America, AIMs popularity declined steeply at the end of the decade, and its fall has often been compared with other once-popular internet services such as MySpace. AOL Instant Messenger was initially integrated into AOL Desktop and later released as a stand-alone download by America Online in May 1997 for Microsoft Windows. The software, maintained by AOL, Inc. at one time had the largest share of the instant messaging market in North America and this does not include other instant messaging software related to or developed by AOL, such as ICQ and iChat. Its main competitors during its heyday were ICQ, Yahoo, AOL particularly had a rivalry or chat war with rival Microsoft starting in 1999. There were several attempts from Microsoft to simultaneously log into their own, AOL were not happy about this and started blocking MSN Messenger from being able to access AIM. AIM went officially mobile in early 2008 when the application was released for Windows Mobile devices, however AIM could already be used on various devices beforehand with third-party applications, and as early as 2002 on a Sidekick. Since 2012, stand-alone official AIM client software includes advertisements and is available for Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Classic Mac OS, macOS, Android, iOS, as of June 2011, one source reported AOL Instant Messenger market share had collapsed to 0. 73%. However, this only reflects installed IM applications, and not active users. The engineers responsible for AIM claimed that they were unable to convince AOL management that free was the future, on March 3,2012, AOL got rid of all the developing staff for AIM, effectively ending development of the application after 15 years. However the service is active and help support is still provided. The AIM mascot was designed by JoRoan Lazaro and was implemented in the first release in 1997 and this was a yellow stickman-like figure, often called the Running Man. The mascot appeared on all AIM logos and most wordmarks, AIMs incredible popularity in the late 1990s and the 2000s led to the Running Man becoming a familiar brand on the internet. After over 14 years, the logo was finally disappeared as part of the AIM rebranding in 2011. However, in August 2013 the Running Man once again returned, in 2014, a Complex editor called it a symbol of America. In April 2015 the Running Man was officially featured in the Virgin London Marathon, the standard protocol that AIM clients use to communicate is called Open System for CommunicAtion in Realtime. Most AOL-produced versions of AIM and popular third party AIM clients use this protocol, however, AOL also created a simpler protocol called TOC that lacks many of OSCARs features but is sometimes used for clients that only require basic chat functionality. The TOC/TOC2 protocol specifications were available by AOL, while OSCAR is a closed protocol that third parties have had to reverse-engineer
20.
Instant messaging
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Instant messaging is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. A LAN messenger operates in a way over a local area network. Short messages are typically transmitted bi-directionally between two parties, when each user chooses to complete a thought and select send, some IM applications can use push technology to provide real-time text, which transmits messages character by character, as they are composed. More advanced instant messaging can add file transfer, clickable hyperlinks, Voice over IP, non-IM types of chat include multicast transmission, usually referred to as chat rooms, where participants might be anonymous or might be previously known to each other. Instant messaging systems tend to facilitate connections between specified known users, depending on the IM protocol, the technical architecture can be peer-to-peer or client-server. Instant messaging is a set of technologies used for text-based communication between two or more participants over the Internet or other types of networks. Of importance is that online chat and instant messaging differ from other such as email due to the perceived quasi-synchrony of the communications by the users. Some systems permit messages to be sent to users not then logged on, IM allows effective and efficient communication, allowing immediate receipt of acknowledgment or reply. However IM is basically not necessarily supported by transaction control, in many cases, instant messaging includes added features which can make it even more popular. For example, users may see each other via webcams, or talk directly for free over the Internet using a microphone, many applications allow file transfers, although they are usually limited in the permissible file-size. It is usually possible to save a text conversation for later reference, Instant messages are often logged in a local message history, making it similar to the persistent nature of emails. Initially, some of these systems were used as notification systems for services like printing, as networks developed, the protocols spread with the networks. Some of these used a peer-to-peer protocol, while others required peers to connect to a server, the Zephyr Notification Service was invented at MITs Project Athena in the 1980s to allow service providers to locate and send messages to users. Parallel to instant messaging were early online chat facilities, the earliest of which was Talkomatic on the PLATO system, during the bulletin board system phenomenon that peaked during the 1980s, some systems incorporated chat features which were similar to instant messaging, Freelancin Roundtable was one prime example. The first such general-availability commercial online service was the CompuServe CB Simulator in 1980, created by CompuServe executive Alexander Sandy Trevor in Columbus. Early instant messaging programs were primarily real-time text, where appeared as they were typed. This includes the Unix talk command line program, which was popular in the 1980s, some BBS chat programs also used a similar interface. Modern implementations of real-time text also exist in instant messengers, such as AOLs Real-Time IM as an optional feature, (Quantum Link later became America Online and made AOL Instant Messenger
21.
Odeo
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Odeo was a directory and search destination website for RSS-syndicated audio and video. It employed tools that enabled users to create, record, Odeo was originally developed by founders Noah Glass and Evan Williams, who were previously founders of Audioblog and Pyra Labs, respectively, and received funding from Charles River Ventures. On February 19,2007, Williams wrote in his blog that Odeo was for sale and it was acquired soon afterwards by New York-based Sonic Mountain. On March 18,2008, Sonic Mountain announced that it had acquired Blogdigger, in June 2008, Odeo was relaunched by Sonic Mountain with a completely redesigned site and an expanded focus on search and discovery for syndicated audio and video. In March 2009, Odeo began its transition to a service for large corporations looking to manage their video libraries. Targeting companies that needed to organize and track usage, Odeo released its “Enterprise Video Management” platform as a Software as a Service solution. Their first customers included such notables as American Express and eGA, in August 2010, Odeo suspended its support of the consumer site odeo. com to focus its attention on enterprise video. Evan Williams Podcasting Video aggregator Web 2.0 Winners and Losers - Wired article
22.
Text messaging
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The term originally referred to messages sent using the Short Message Service. It has grown beyond alphanumeric text to include multimedia messages containing digital images, videos, as of 2017, text messages are used by youth and adults for personal, family and social purposes and in business, government and non-governmental organizations for communication between colleagues. As with emailing, in the 2010s, the sending of short informal messages has become an part of many cultures. This makes texting a quick and easy way to communicate with friends and colleagues, Text messages can also be used to interact with automated systems, for example, to order products or services from e-commerce websites, or to participate in online contests. The service is referred to by different colloquialisms depending on the region, the sender of a text message is commonly referred to as a texter. In 1933 RCA Communications, New York introduced the first telex service, the first messages over RCA transatlantic circuits were between New York City and London and, in the first year of operation, approximately seven million words were transmitted. Radio has long sent alphanumeric messages via radiotelegraphy, the University of Hawaii began using radio to send digital information as early as 1971, using ALOHAnet. Friedhelm Hillebrand conceptualised SMS in 1984 while working for Deutsche Telekom, sitting at a typewriter at home, Hillebrand typed out random sentences and counted every letter, number, punctuation, and space. Almost every time, the messages contained fewer than 160 characters, with Bernard Ghillebaert of France Télécom, he developed a proposal for the GSM meeting in February of 1985 in Oslo. The first technical solution evolved in a GSM subgroup under the leadership of Finn Trosby and it was further developed under the leadership of Kevin Holley and Ian Harris. SMS forms a part of SS7. This was part of ISDN and since GSM is based on this, messages could be sent and received on ISDN phones, and these can send SMS to any GSM phone. The possibility of doing something is one thing, implementing it another, modern SMS text messaging is usually messaging from one mobile phone to another mobile phone. Radiolinja became the first network to offer a commercial person-to-person SMS text messaging service in 1994, GSM was not allowed in the United States and the radio frequencies were blocked and awarded to US Carriers to use US technology. Hence there is no development in the US in mobile messaging service, American Personal Communications, the first GSM carrier in America, provided the first text-messaging service in the United States. Sprint Telecommunications Venture, a partnership of Sprint Corp. and three large companies, owned 49 percent of APC. The Sprint venture was the largest single buyer at a spectrum auction that raised $7.7 billion in 2005 for PCS licenses. APC operated under the name of Sprint Spectrum and launched its service on November 15,1995 in Washington, D. C. and in Baltimore
23.
Biz Stone
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Christopher Isaac Biz Stone is a co-founder of Twitter, Obvious, Medium, and Jelly. His first startup was Xanga in 1999, Stone co-founded his latest venture, Jelly, with Ben Finkel. Jelly was launched in 2014 and is described as a new kind of engine with the core assumption that for every question there is a person with the answer. Stone graduated from Wellesley High School in Wellesley, Massachusetts and he attended, but did not graduate from, both Northeastern University and the University of Massachusetts Boston. Stone is a director at Beyond Meat, Medium, Polaroid Swing, Workpop. Stone is Chairman of Polaroid Swing, Stone made his directorial debut working alongside Ron Howard and Canon USA to direct a short film, Evermore, as a part of Project Imaginat10n. Stone described the opportunity as a chance to scratch a long-time creative itch, Stone is also an advisor to Zoic Studios, and an Executive Producer of the documentary, Eating Animals, along with Natalie Portman. From 2003 to 2005, Stone was employed by Google, along with Jack Dorsey, Stone holds the patent for inventing Twitter. In 2014, The Economist recognized Stone with an Innovation Award, in 2015, Stone’s Twitter won an Emmy and Stone received CIPRs most prestigious accolade for leadership at the forefront of developing new forms of media. Stone is a Visiting Fellow at Oxford University and a member of the Senior Common Room at Exeter College, upon delivering the 2011 commencement, Babson College awarded Stone their highest honorary degree, a Doctor of Laws. and is a Fellow at Oxford University. Stone is an Executive Fellow at University of California, Berkeley, Stone has published three books, Blogging, Genius Strategies for Instant Web Content, Who Let The Blogs Out. and Things A Little Bird Told Me. In addition to his long running personal blog and Medium articles, Stone has published op-eds for The Atlantic, Stone is an active philanthropist, and is involved in causes including animal welfare, environmentalism, poverty, health and education. Stone is an advisor and contributor to DonorsChoose, an organization helping classrooms in need. Stone lives in Marin County, California with his wife Livia and he and his wife founded and operate the Biz and Livia Stone Foundation, which supports education and conservation in California
24.
Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)
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Evan Clark Williams is an American computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur who has founded several Internet companies. Williams was previously Chairman and CEO of Twitter, one of the top ten websites. Williams was born in Clarks, Nebraska, as the child of Monte Williams. He grew up on a farm in Clarks, where he assisted with crop irrigation in summers and he attended the University of Nebraska–Lincoln for a year and a half, where he joined FarmHouse Fraternity, but eventually left to pursue his career. After leaving school, Williams worked at various jobs and start-up firms in Florida, at Key West. In 1996 Williams moved to Sebastopol, California in Sonoma County to work for the publishing company OReilly Media. Evan Williams and Meg Hourihan co-founded Pyra Labs to make project management software, a note-taking feature spun off as Blogger, one of the first web applications for creating and managing weblogs. Williams invented the term blogger and was instrumental in the popularization of the term blog, Pyra survived the departure of Hourihan and other employees, and was eventually acquired by Google on February 13,2003. In 2003, Williams was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35. In 2004, he was named one of PC Magazines People of the Year, along with Hourihan, Williams left Google in June 2004 to co-found Odeo, a podcast company. In late 2006, Williams co-founded Obvious Corp. with Biz Stone, in April 2007, Odeo was acquired by Sonic Mountain. Among Obvious Corp. s projects was Twitter, a popular, Twitter itself was spun out into a new company in April 2007, with Williams as co-founder, board member, and investor. In October 2008, Williams became CEO of Twitter, displacing Jack Dorsey who became chairman of the board, by February 2009, Compete. com ranked Twitter the third most-used social network based on their count of 6 million unique monthly visitors and 55 million monthly visits. As of February 2013, Twitter had 200 million registered users. It gets 300,000 new users a day and it is ranked 12 in the world by similar web as of August 2015 and receives more than 300 million unique visitors, 75% of its traffic comes from outside of Twitter. com. On 4 October 2010, Williams stepped down from the CEO position, explaining I’ll be completely focused on product strategy, following the announcement of Twitters initial public offering in 2013, the company was valued at between US$14 billion and US$20 billion. One media report anticipated that Williams, with a 30 to 35 percent stake in the company, on September 25,2012, Williams created a publishing platform called Medium. It was initially only to early adopters, but was opened to the public in 2013
25.
Google
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Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024
26.
Blogger (service)
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Blogger is a blog-publishing service that allows multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. It was developed by Pyra Labs, which was bought by Google in 2003, generally, the blogs are hosted by Google at a subdomain of blogspot. com. Blogs can also be hosted in the registered custom domain of the blogger, a user can have up to 100 blogs per account. Up until May 1,2010, Blogger allowed users to publish blogs on other hosts, all such blogs had to be moved to Googles own servers, with domains other than blogspot. com allowed via custom URLs. Unlike WordPress. com, Blogger allows its users to use their own domain free of charge, Blogger cannot be installed on a web server. One has to use DNS facilities to redirect a custom URL to a blogspot domain, on August 23,1999, Blogger was launched by Pyra Labs. As one of the earliest dedicated blog-publishing tools, it is credited for helping popularize the format, in February 2003, Pyra Labs was acquired by Google under undisclosed terms. The acquisition allowed premium features to become free, in October 2004, Pyra Labs co-founder, Evan Williams, left Google. In 2004, Google purchased Picasa, it integrated Picasa and its photo sharing utility Hello into Blogger, on May 9,2004, Blogger introduced a major redesign, adding features such as web standards-compliant templates, individual archive pages for posts, comments, and posting by email. On August 14,2006, Blogger launched its latest version in beta, codenamed Invader and this migrated users to Google servers and had some new features, including interface language in French, Italian, German and Spanish. In December 2006, this new version of Blogger was taken out of beta, by May 2007, Blogger had completely moved over to Google-operated servers. Blogger was ranked 16 on the list of top 50 domains in terms of number of visitors in 2007. As part of the Blogger redesign in 2006, all associated with a users Google Account were migrated to Google servers. Blogger claims that the service is now more reliable because of the quality of the servers, furthermore, blogs are updated dynamically, as opposed to rewriting HTML files. In a version of the service called Blogger in Draft, new features are tested before being released to all users, new features are discussed in the services official blog. In September 2009, Google introduced new features into Blogger as part of its tenth-anniversary celebration, the features included a new interface for post editing, improved image handling, Raw HTML Conversion, and other Google Docs-based implementations, including, Adding location to posts via geotagging. Post time-stamping at publication, not at original creation, vertical re-sizing of the post editor. The size is saved in a per-user, per-blog preference, full Safari 3 support and fidelity on both Windows and macOS
27.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
28.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
29.
Yoga
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Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. There is a variety of Yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism. Among the most well-known types of yoga are Hatha yoga and Rāja yoga, the chronology of earliest texts describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited to Hindu Upanishads. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali date from the first half of the 1st millennium CE, Hatha yoga texts emerged around the 11th century with origins in tantra. Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the west, following the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th, in the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world. Yoga in Indian traditions, however, is more physical exercise, it has a meditative. One of the six orthodox schools of Hinduism is also called Yoga, which has its own epistemology and metaphysics. Many studies have tried to determine the effectiveness of yoga as an intervention for cancer, schizophrenia, asthma. On December 1,2016, Yoga was listed as UNESCO’s Intangible cultural heritage, in Sanskrit, the word yoga comes from the root yuj which means to add, to join, to unite, or to attach in its most common senses. By figurative extension from the yoking or harnessing of oxen or horses, all further developments of the sense of this word are post-Vedic. More prosaic moods such as exertion, endeavour, zeal, there are very many compound words containing yoga in Sanskrit. Yoga can take on such as connection, contact, union, method, application, addition. In simpler words, Yoga also means combined, thus, bhaktiyoga means devoted attachment in the monotheistic Bhakti movement. The term kriyāyoga has a sense, meaning connection with a verb. But the same compound is given a technical meaning in the Yoga Sutras, designating the practical aspects of the philosophy. In the context of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the root yuj samādhau is considered by commentators as the correct etymology. In accordance with Pāṇini, Vyasa who wrote the first commentary on the Yoga Sutras, according to Dasgupta, the term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, yujir yoga or yuj samādhau. Someone who practices yoga or follows the philosophy with a high level of commitment is called a yogi or yogini
30.
Dick Costolo
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Richard William Dick Costolo was the CEO of Twitter from 2010 to 2015, he also served as the COO before becoming CEO. He took over as CEO from Evan Williams in October 2010, on August 8,2015, The New York Times reported that Costolo would be leaving Twitters Board of Directors by the end of the year or when a new CEO is appointed. Costolo graduated in 1985 with a B. S. degree in computer, Costolo became involved in theater during his senior year at the University of Michigan, when he began taking theater classes to fulfill the universitys graduation requirements. Upon graduation, he decided not to accept offers from technology companies, Costolo used to perform with Chicagos Annoyance Theater and at various comedy festivals in other places. After his improv career in Chicago, Costolo was at Andersen Consulting for 8 years and he then co-founded Burning Door Networked Media, a web design and development consulting company, which was acquired by Digital Knowledge Assets in October 1996. He then co-founded SpyOnIt, a web page monitoring service, which was sold to 724 Solutions in September 2000, in 2004, Costolo, along with Eric Lunt, Steve Olechowski, and Matt Shobe, founded the web feed management provider FeedBurner. After Google bought FeedBurner in 2007, Dick Costolo became an employee of the search giant, after the acquisition, Costolo began working in other areas of Google. In July 2009, he left Google, and in September 2009 it was announced that he was joining Twitter as its COO, although his 2010 takeover as CEO was supposed to be temporary, while CEO Evan Williams was on paternity leave, it eventually became a permanent position. In 2011, he would notably proclaim about Twitter that “We’re the free speech wing of the free speech party, in January 2012, he was embroiled in the SOPA controversy after commenting on Wikipedias planned blackout. Closing a global business in reaction to single-issue national politics is foolish, in 2013, Business Insider referred to him as one of Silicon Valleys most impressive CEOs, and TIME Magazine named him one of the 10 Most Influential U. S. Tech CEOs. Costolo gave the 2013 spring commencement address to the University of Michigan graduating class on May 4,2013, in October 2015, Costolo was announced as a consultant for the popular HBO TV series Silicon Valley. In December 2015, Costolo announced that he joined the board of directors for Patreon, in January 2016, Costolo announced that he will launch a fitness startup along with Bryan Oki, CEO of Fitify. The two co-founders are building a platform that reimagines the path to personal fitness. In February 2016, Costolo joined Index Ventures as a partner, Dick Costolo is married to Lorin Costolo. They live in Corte Madera, California with two children, Dick Costolo on Twitter Costolo on about. me Costolo CrunchBase Profile Costolo BusinessWeek Profile Paul Kedrosky. Conversation with Dick Costolo, COO, Twitter, Costolos blog, on strategies and tactics for starting and building an entrepreneurial endeavor What Is Dick Costolos Management Style at Twitter
31.
Omid Kordestani
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Omid R. Kordestani is an Iranian-born American businessman who has been the Executive Chairman at Twitter since October 2015. Kordestani had also previously been at Google from May 1999 to April 2009, reaching the position of Senior Vice President for Worldwide Sales and Field Operations. Omid Kordestani was born in Tehran, Iran and grew up there attending Andisheh Don Bosco School and he moved to San Jose, California at the age of 14 after the death of his father. He graduated with an engineering degree from San Jose State University. Several years later in order to pursue a degree, he entered Stanford Business School. Kordestani has more than a years of high-technology consumer and enterprise experience. He was also president of Business Development and Sales and grew Netscapes website revenue from an annual run-rate of $88 million to more than $200 million in 18 months. Prior to Netscape, Kordestani held positions in marketing, product management, and business development at The 3DO Company, Go Corporation, Kordestani played a part in Googles worldwide revenue generation efforts as well as the day-to-day operations of the company’s sales organization. On July 18,2014, Kordestani came back to Google to fill the vacancy of Chief Business Officer at Google after Nikesh Arora, initially interim, his post became permanent in October. On October 14,2015, Kordestani left Google and became Executive Chairman at Twitter, Kordestani is one of the founders of PARSA Community Foundation, a Persian heritage, entrepreneurship and philanthropic society. Kordestani is consider one of the wealthiest residents in Northern California, San Jose magazine estimates his net worth at $1.9 billion. In the May 8,2006 issue of Time Magazine, Kordestani was named one of Times 100 People who shape our world, Kordestani was selected as the Persian Person of the Year in 2007 by Persian Awards. List of Iranian Americans Official page on Google Article on Time magazine about Omid Kordestani
32.
American Civil Liberties Union
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It works through litigation and lobbying. The ACLU has 1,000,000 members and a budget of over $100 million. Local affiliates of the ACLU are active in almost all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the ACLU provides legal assistance in cases when it considers civil liberties to be at risk. In addition to representing persons and organizations in lawsuits, the ACLU lobbies for policy positions that have established by its board of directors. The two organizations share office space and employees, during the 1930s, the ACLU started to engage in work combating police misconduct and supporting Native American rights. Many of the ACLUs cases involved the defense of Communist party members, in 1940, the ACLU leadership voted to exclude Communists from its leadership positions, a decision rescinded in 1968. During World War II, the ACLU defended Japanese-American citizens, unsuccessfully trying to prevent their forcible relocation to internment camps, during the Cold War, the ACLU headquarters was dominated by anti-Communists, but many local affiliates defended members of the Communist Party. By 1964, membership had risen to 80,000, in the 1960s, the ACLU continued its decades-long effort to enforce separation of church and state. It defended several anti-war activists during the Vietnam War, in the 1970s and 1980s, the ACLU ventured into new legal areas, involving the rights of homosexuals, students, prisoners, and the poor. Fundraising and membership spiked after the 2016 election, the ACLUs current membership is more than 1.2 million, the ACLU is led by a president and an executive director, Susan N. Herman and Anthony Romero, respectively, in 2015. The president acts as chairman of the ACLUs board of directors, leads fundraising, the executive director manages the day-to-day operations of the organization. The board of directors consists of 80 persons, including representatives from each state affiliate, the organization has its headquarters in 125 Broad Street, a 40-story skyscraper located in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The leadership of the ACLU does not always agree on policy decisions, in 1937, an internal debate erupted over whether to defend Henry Fords right to distribute anti-union literature. In 1939, a debate took place over whether to prohibit communists from serving in ACLU leadership roles. During the early 1950s and Cold War McCarthyism, the board was divided on whether to defend communists, in 1968, a schism formed over whether to represent Dr. Spocks anti-war activism. In 1973, there was conflict over whether to call for the impeachment of Richard Nixon. In 2005, there was conflict about whether or not a gag rule should be imposed on ACLU employees to prevent publication of internal disputes. Membership dues are treated as donations, members choose the amount they pay annually, in the year ending March 31,2014, the combined expenses of the ACLU and ACLU Foundation were $133.4 million, spent on programs, management, and fundraising
33.
United States elections, 2018
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The 2018 United States elections will mostly be held on Tuesday, November 6,2018. These midterm elections will take place in the middle of Republican President Donald Trumps term, all 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives and 34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate will be contested. 39 state and territorial governorships and numerous state and local elections will also be contested. All 33 seats in Senate Class I will be up for election, additionally, special elections may be held to fill vacancies in the other two Senate Classes. Alabama Class II, Incumbent Senator Jeff Sessions was confirmed by the Senate to serve as United States Attorney General on February 8,2017, and subsequently resigned from the Senate. Governor Robert J. Bentley chose Luther Strange, the Attorney General of Alabama, to succeed Sessions, although he had the power to schedule an election in 2017, Bentley decided to align it with the 2018 general election. All 435 voting seats in the United States House of Representatives will be up for election, elections will be held for the governorships of 36 U. S. states and three U. S. territories. Special elections may be held for vacancies in the states and territories. Most states will hold state elections, although Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey. Kansas, Minnesota, New Mexico, and South Carolina will only hold elections for the lower house, in states that use staggered terms, some state senators will not be up for election. This table shows the results of Congressional, gubernatorial, presidential. Nor the territories elect members of the United States Senate, washington, D. C. and the five inhabited territories each elect one non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives. Nebraskas unicameral legislature and the governorship and legislature of American Samoa are officially non-partisan, New Jersey and Virginia will hold gubernatorial and legislative elections in 2017
34.
Authentication
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Authentication is the act of confirming the truth of an attribute of a single piece of data claimed true by an entity. In other words, authentication often involves verifying the validity of at least one form of identification, Authentication is relevant to multiple fields. In art, antiques and anthropology, a problem is verifying that a given artifact was produced by a certain person or in a certain place or period of history. In computer science, verifying a persons identity is required to allow access to confidential data or systems. With autographed sports memorabilia, this could involve someone attesting that they witnessed the object being signed, a vendor selling branded items implies authenticity, while he or she may not have evidence that every step in the supply chain was authenticated. The second type of authentication is comparing the attributes of the object itself to what is known about objects of that origin. For example, an art expert might look for similarities in the style of painting, check the location and form of a signature, or compare the object to an old photograph. The physics of sound and light, and comparison with a physical environment, can be used to examine the authenticity of audio recordings, photographs. Documents can be verified as being created on ink or paper readily available at the time of the implied creation. Attribute comparison may be vulnerable to forgery, in art and antiques, certificates are of great importance for authenticating an object of interest and value. Certificates can, however, also be forged, and the authentication of these poses a problem. For instance, the son of Han van Meegeren, the well-known art-forger, forged the work of his father and provided a certificate for its provenance as well, see the article Jacques van Meegeren. Criminal and civil penalties for fraud, forgery, and counterfeiting can reduce the incentive for falsification, currency and other financial instruments commonly use this second type of authentication method. The third type of authentication relies on documentation or other external affirmations, in criminal courts, the rules of evidence often require establishing the chain of custody of evidence presented. This can be accomplished through a written evidence log, or by testimony from the police detectives, some antiques are accompanied by certificates attesting to their authenticity. Signed sports memorabilia is usually accompanied by a certificate of authenticity and these external records have their own problems of forgery and perjury, and are also vulnerable to being separated from the artifact and lost. In computer science, a user can be access to secure systems based on user credentials that imply authenticity. A network administrator can give a user a password, or provide the user with a key card or other device to allow system access
35.
Jim McKelvey
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Jim McKelvey is an entrepreneur, businessperson and philanthropist who is involved in more than a dozen companies, most notably as the co-founder of Square. Jim was appointed as an Independent Director of the St. Louis Federal Reserve in January 2017, James Morgan McKelvey, Jr. is the eldest son of Edith McKelvey and James Morgan McKelvey, Sr. former dean of engineering at Washington University in St. Louis. McKelvey Jr. was born and raised in St. Louis and he wrote and published a Handbook on UCSD and Apple Pascal. After graduation, McKelvey worked at IBMs Los Angeles Scientific Center and was simultaneously a glassblowing instructor and founder of Disconcepts, in 1991, Mira developed one of the first PC document imaging systems, Look. The software had limited success and after a start, Mitchell left the company in 1992. Unable to compete with Adobe Acrobat, McKelvey successfully moved the company into tradeshow publishing until the advent of the Internet decimated the existing model in the mid-1990s. In 1995, with the assistance of one of Miras summer interns, McKelvey left daily management at Mira in 2000, but remains the company’s owner and Chairman. McKelvey began blowing glass as a student at WUSTL and later studied briefly with master Lino Talgiapietra, in 2000, after giving a glassblowing demonstration at WUSTL, McKelvey met Doug Auer who shared McKelvey’s passion of the art. Together they founded Third Degree Glass Factory in St. Louis, in 2006, McKelvey wrote and published an instructional textbook for glassblowing, The Art of Fire. That same year, Third Degree hosted the worlds largest conference for art glass, in preparation for this conference, McKelvey designed and produced a line of all-glass faucets. Though not originally intended for sale, the demand for the faucets eventually led McKelvey to form another company, in response to McKelveys frustration at his inability to sell glass faucets by credit card, Dorsey and McKelvey reconnected to found Square. McKelvey designed the hardware used by Square in 2009 and served as the chairman until 2010. In 2011, McKelveys iconic card reader design was inducted into the Museum of Modern Art, today, McKelvey sits on the Board of Directors at Square. In 2012, McKelvey teamed with St. Louis-based serial entrepreneurs Brian Matthews, Clifford Holekamp, Peter Esparrago and their venture capital firm manages three funds, an early stage tech fund, an early stage life sciences fund, and a series A growth fund. In May 2016, McKelvey joined the Board of Directors of Calpian and this venture enables people in India to pay for goods and services and transfer money to other persons via their mobile phones. In January 2017, McKelvey was appointed as an Independent Director of the St. Louis Federal Reserve, in September 2013, McKelvey conceived of and co-founded LaunchCode, a non-profit organization that aims to grow new talent and create pathways to on-the-job training and employment. LaunchCode partners with companies to set up paid apprenticeships in technology for talented people who lack the traditional credentials to land a quality, in 2014, LaunchCode was named The Best Thing to Happen to St. Louis by the St. Louis Riverfront Times
36.
IPhone
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IPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. They run Apples iOS mobile operating system, the first generation iPhone was released on June 29,2007, the most recent iPhone model is the iPhone 7, which was unveiled at a special event on September 7,2016. The user interface is built around the devices multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard, the iPhone has Wi-Fi and can connect to cellular networks. Other functionality, such as games, reference works, and social networking. As of January 2017, Apples App Store contained more than 2.2 million applications available for the iPhone, Apple has released ten generations of iPhone models, each accompanied by one of the ten major releases of the iOS operating system. The iPhone 5 featured a taller, 4-inch display and Apples newly introduced Lightning connector, in 2013, Apple released the 5S with improved hardware and a fingerprint reader, and the lower-cost 5C, a version of the 5 with colored plastic casings instead of metal. They were followed by the larger iPhone 6, with models featuring 4.7 and 5. 5-inch displays.5 mm headphone jack found on previous phones. The iPhones commercial success has been credited with reshaping the smartphone industry, the original iPhone was one of the first phones to use a design featuring a slate format with a touchscreen interface. Almost all modern smartphones have replicated this style of design, in the US, the iPhone holds the largest share of the smartphone market. As of late 2015, the iPhone had a 43. 6% market share, followed by Samsung, LG, Apple CEO Steve Jobs steered the original focus away from a tablet and towards a phone. Apple created the device during a collaboration with Cingular Wireless at the time—at an estimated development cost of US$150 million over thirty months. Apple rejected the design by committee approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1, among other deficiencies, the ROKR E1s firmware limited storage to only 100 iTunes songs to avoid competing with Apples iPod nano. Jobs unveiled the iPhone to the public on January 9,2007, the passionate reaction to the launch of the iPhone resulted in sections of the media dubbing it the Jesus phone. Following this successful release in the US, the first generation iPhone was made available in the UK, France, and Germany in November 2007, on July 11,2008, Apple released the iPhone 3G in twenty-two countries, including the original six. Apple released the iPhone 3G in upwards of eighty countries and territories. Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8,2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, many would-be users objected to the iPhones cost, and 40% of users had household incomes over US$100,000. The back of the original first generation iPhone was made of aluminum with a black plastic accent, the iPhone 3G and 3GS feature a full plastic back to increase the strength of the GSM signal. The iPhone 3G was available in an 8 GB black model, the iPhone 3GS was available in both colors, regardless of storage capacity
37.
IPad
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IPad is a line of tablet computers designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. which run the iOS mobile operating system. The first iPad was released on April 3,2010, the most recent iPad models are the 9. 7-inch iPad Pro released on March 31,2016, the user interface is built around the devices multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard. The iPad includes built-in Wi-Fi and cellular connectivity on select models, as of January 2015, there have been over 250 million iPads sold. IPad tablets are second most popular, by sales, against Android-based ones, since 2013, an iPad can shoot video, take photos, play music, and perform Internet functions such as web-browsing and emailing. Other functions – games, reference, GPS navigation, social networking, as of March 2016, the App Store has more than one million apps for the iPad by Apple and third parties. There have been six versions of the iPad, the first generation established design precedents, such as the 9. 7-inch screen size and button placement, that have persisted through all models. The third generation added a Retina Display, the new Apple A5X processor with a graphics processor, a 5-megapixel camera, HD 1080p video recording, voice dictation. The fourth generation added the Apple A6X processor and replaces the 30-pin connector with an all-digital Lightning connector, the iPad Air added the Apple A7 processor and the Apple M7 motion coprocessor, and reduced the thickness for the first time since the iPad 2. The iPad Air 2 added the Apple A8X processor, the Apple M8 motion coprocessor, an 8-megapixel camera, and the Touch ID fingerprint sensor, there have been four versions of the iPad Mini. The first generation features a screen size of 7.9 inches and features similar internal specifications as the iPad 2 except it uses the Lightning connector. The iPad Mini 2 features the Retina Display, the Apple A7 processor, the iPad Mini 3 features the Touch ID fingerprint sensor. The iPad Mini 4 features the Apple A8 and the Apple M8 motion coprocessor, Apple co-founder Steve Jobs said in a 1983 speech that the companys strategy is really simple. What we want to do is we want to put a great computer in a book that you can carry around with you. And we really want to do it with a link in it so you don’t have to hook up to anything and you’re in communication with all of these larger databases. Apples first tablet computer was the Newton MessagePad 100, introduced in 1993, powered by an ARM6 processor core developed by ARM, Apple also developed a prototype PowerBook Duo based tablet, the PenLite, but decided not to sell it in order to avoid hurting MessagePad sales. Apple released several more Newton-based PDAs, the one, the MessagePad 2100, was discontinued in 1998. Apple re-entered the mobile-computing markets in 2007 with the iPhone, smaller than the iPad, but featuring a camera and mobile phone, it pioneered the multi-touch finger-sensitive touchscreen interface of Apples iOS mobile operating system. By late 2009, the release had been rumored for several years
38.
IPod Touch
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The iPod Touch is an iOS-based all-purpose handheld PC designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a user interface that is touchscreen-based. It can be used as a music and video player, digital camera, handheld game device, furthermore, it does not fit in Apples iPhone accessories such as their leather cases. As of May 2013,100 million iPod Touch units had been sold and it is also the most popular iPod model. The current iPod touch is the model, released on July 15,2015. Users type on a keyboard displayed on the screen. Apple operates a store, allowing users to buy and directly download music, videos. Successive updates to iOS since the release in 2007 have released additional features. IPhone OS2.0, released on July 11,2008, introduced the App Store, iPhone OS3.0, released on June 17,2009, added features such as cut, copy, and paste, data tethering and push notification support. IOS4.0, released on June 21,2010, introduced iBooks, FaceTime and it dropped support for the first generation iPod Touch. In June 2011, iOS5, the major release of iOS software, was announced at Apples WWDC2011. Apple limited some features, most notably the control system Siri. IOS6, which was released on September 19,2012 to the fourth and fifth generation iPod Touch models, contains 200 new features including Passbook, Facebook integration and Apple Maps. The fifth generation iPod Touch gained the ability to take panoramic photos, on June 8,2015, it was announced at the WWDC that the iPod Touch fifth generation would support iOS9, along with other A5 devices. This makes the iPod Touch fifth generation the only iPod Touch to support 4 major versions of iOS. Apples position was that they could add features for free to the iPhone because the revenue from it is accounted for on a basis under accounting rules. At WWDC in June 2010, as of iOS4, Steve Jobs announced that Apple had found a way to make subsequent OS upgrades available free to iPod Touch owners. To purchase content on the iPod Touch, the user must create an Apple ID or have an existing account, with this account one may download music and videos from the iTunes Store, apps from the App Store, or books from the iBookstore. An Apple ID account created without a card can be used to get free content
39.
Android (operating system)
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Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition to devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, beginning with the first commercial Android device in September 2008, the operating system has gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 7.0 Nougat, released in August 2016. Android applications can be downloaded from the Google Play store, which features over 2.7 million apps as of February 2017, Android has been the best-selling OS on tablets since 2013, and runs on the vast majority of smartphones. In September 2015, Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users, Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices. The success of Android has made it a target for patent, Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are aware of its owners location. The early intentions of the company were to develop an operating system for digital cameras. Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly and that same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope. In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million and its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about Android at the time, with Rubin having only stated that they were making software for mobile phones, at Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system, Google had lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation. Speculation about Googles intention to enter the communications market continued to build through December 2006. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony, the first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23,2008. Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have improved the operating system, adding new features. Each major release is named in order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called Cupcake, Donut, Eclair. In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions
40.
Business Insider
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Business Insider is a German-owned American news website that also operates international editions in Australia, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, China, Italy, and the UK. It also operates a local language German and Polish news site, Business Insider launched in February 2009 and is based in New York City. Founded by DoubleClicks former CEO Kevin P. Ryan, Dwight Merriman, and Henry Blodget, in addition to providing and analyzing business news, the site aggregates top news stories on various subjects from around the web. In 2011, the online newsroom employed a staff of 50, in June 2012, it had 5.4 million unique visitors. It now averages around 70 million unique visitors, monthly, Business Insider also hosts industry conferences, such as IGNITION, which explores the emerging business models of digital media. The site publishes numerous annual editorial franchises, such as the Digital 100, on September 29,2015, Axel Springer SE announced that it had acquired 88% of the stake in Business Insider, Inc. for a reported $343 million. After the purchase, Axel Springer SE will hold a stake of approximately 97%, in October 2016, Business Insider launched Markets Insider, a globally-focused markets data and news service based on Yahoo Finance. Data is provided by Germany-based finance portal Finanzen. net, another Axel Springer holding, in January 2017, Business Insider announced that it would be launching a new sub-saharan site in partnership with Ringier Africa Digital Publishing. Business Insiders CEO and Editor-In-Chief Henry Blodget is a Yale history graduate who worked on Wall Street until he was charged with securities fraud in 2003. Nicholas Carlson, whose past experiences include Internet. com and Gawker Medias Silicon Valley gossip blog, Valleywag, and Senior Editor Jim Edwards previous position was Managing Editor at Adweek. In January 2009, the Clusterstock section appeared in Times Best 25 Financial Blogs,2009 also saw Business Insiders selection as an official Webby honoree for Best Business Blog. In 2012, Business Insider was named to the Inc.500, in 2013, the publication was once again nominated in the Blog-Business category at the Webby Awards. In January 2014, The New York Times reported that Business Insiders web traffic was comparable to that of The Wall Street Journal, in 2017, Digiday included imprint Insider as a candidate in two separate categories––Best New Vertical and Best Use of Instagram––at their annual Publishing Awards. The website has, however, faced criticism for its clickbait-style headlines, in 2013, The New Yorker criticized the website for prioritizing publishing speed over accuracy
41.
New York Stock Exchange
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The New York Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the worlds largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its companies at US$19.3 trillion as of June 2016. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013, the NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007, the main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978. The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists, previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext, which was formed by the NYSEs 2007 merger with Euronext. NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange, the NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation. The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement, previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms, after sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted, the invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New Yorks market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York, by 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the century saw rapid growth in securities trading. Securities trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics. The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, as was the 11 Wall Street building. The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21,2005, NYSEs governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6,2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8,2006, Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, the principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance. Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE, presently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher
42.
Lara Logan
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Lara Logan is a South African television and radio journalist and war correspondent. She is the foreign affairs correspondent for CBS News and a correspondent for CBSs 60 Minutes. Logan was born in Durban, South Africa, and attended school at Durban Girls College. She graduated from the University of Natal in Durban in 1992 with a degree in commerce and she went on to earn a diploma in French language, culture and history at Alliance Française in Paris. She married Jason Siemon, an Iowan playing professional basketball in the U. K. in 2008 she married Joseph Burkett, a U. S. government defense contractor from Texas, whom she had met years before in Afghanistan. They live in Washington, D. C. with their son Joseph daughter Lola, Logan worked as a news reporter for the Sunday Tribune in Durban during her studies, then for the citys Daily News. In 1992 she joined Reuters Television in Africa, primarily as a senior producer, after four years she branched out into freelance journalism, obtaining assignments as a reporter and editor/producer with ITN and Fox/SKY, CBS News, ABC News, NBC, and the European Broadcast Union. She also found work with CNN, reporting on such as the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Nairobi and Tanzania, the conflict in Northern Ireland. Logan was hired in 2000 by GMTV Breakfast Television as a correspondent, days after the 11 September attacks, she asked a clerk at the Russian Embassy in London to give her a visa to travel to Afghanistan. In November 2001, while in Afghanistan working for GMTV, she infiltrated the American-British-backed Northern Alliance and interviewed their commander, General Babajan, CBS News offered her a full-fledged correspondent position in 2002. She spent much of the four years reporting from the battlefield, including war zones in Afghanistan and Iraq. But she also interviewed famous figures and explorers such as Bob Ballard, many of her reports were for 60 Minutes II. She is also a contributor to the CBS Evening News, The Early Show. In February 2006, Logan was promoted to Chief foreign affairs correspondent for CBS News, in late January 2007, Logan filed a report of fighting along Haifa Street in Baghdad, but the CBS Evening News did not run the report, deeming it a bit strong. To reverse the decision, Logan enlisted public support, requesting them to watch the story and pass the link to as many of their friends and acquaintances as possible, Logan later used the Haifa Street material for a 60 Minutes report on Baghdad during the surge. Logan told CNN that Hastings reporting had violated an agreement between reporters who travel with military personnel not to report casual comments that pass between them. Quoting her statement, I mean, the question is, really, is what General McChrystal and his aides are doing so egregious, I mean, Michael Hastings has never served his country the way McChrystal has. He went on to quote Admiral Mike Mullens statement that military personnel must be neutral, glenn Greenwald of Salon wrote that she had done courageous reporting over the years, but had come to see herself as part of the government and military
43.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
44.
60 Minutes
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60 Minutes is an American newsmagazine television program broadcast on the CBS television network. Debuting in 1968, the program was created by Don Hewitt, in 2002,60 Minutes was ranked #6 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time and in 2013, it was ranked #24 on TV Guides 60 Best Series of All Time. The New York Times has called it one of the most esteemed news magazines on American television, the program employed a magazine format, similar to that of the Canadian program W5, which had premiered two years earlier. Similar programs sprang up in Australia and Canada during the 1970s, Wallace said that the show aimed to reflect reality. The first magazine-cover chroma key was a photo of two helmeted policemen, Wallace and Reasoner sat in chairs on opposite sides of the set, which had a cream-colored backdrop, the more famous black backdrop did not appear until the following year. The logo was in Helvetica type with the word Minutes spelled in all lower-case letters, the trademark stopwatch, however, did not appear on the inaugural broadcast, it would not debut until several episodes later. Alpo dog food was the sponsor of the first program. Don Hewitt, who had been a producer of the CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, however, the initial season was troubled by lack of network confidence, as the program did not garner ratings much higher than that of other CBS News documentaries. 60 Minutes struggled under that stigma during its first three years, changes to 60 Minutes came fairly early in the programs history. When Reasoner left CBS to co-anchor ABCs evening newscast, Morley Safer joined the team in 1970, and he took over Reasoners duties of reporting less aggressive stories. After a six-month hiatus in late 1971, CBS found a place for 60 Minutes in a portion of that displaced time,6,00 to 7,00 p. m. (Eastern,5,00 to 6,00 Central Time on Sundays. This took place because football telecasts were protected contractually from interruptions in the wake of the infamous Heidi Bowl incident on NBC in November 1968. When a family-oriented drama, Three for the Road, ended after a 12-week run in the fall, the newsmagazine took its place at 7,00 p. m. Eastern Time on December 7. S. This move, and the addition of then-White House correspondent Dan Rather to the team, made the program into a strong ratings hit and, eventually. This was no less than a stunning reversal of the poor ratings performances of documentary programs on network television. By 1976,60 Minutes became the program on Sunday nights in the U. S. By 1979, it had achieved the #1 spot among all programs in the Nielsen ratings. This success translated into great profits for CBS, advertising rates went from $17,000 per 30-second spot in 1975 to $175,000 in 1982
US$5.1 billion (August 2018)[3]
