1.
Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
4.
Altus, Oklahoma
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Altus is a city and county seat in Jackson County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 19,813 at the 2010 census, a loss of 7.7 percent compared to 21,454 at the 2000 census, Altus is home to Altus Air Force Base, the United States Air Force training base for C-17, KC-46 and KC-135 aircrews. It is also home to Western Oklahoma State College and Southwest Technology Center, the town that would later be named Altus was founded in 1886. The community was originally called Frazer, a settlement of about 50 people on Bitter Creek that served as a trading post on the Great Western Trail, cowboys driving herds northward often stopped to buy buttermilk from John McClearan. Thus, the town was known locally as Buttermilk Station, the Frazer post office opened February 18,1886. A flash flood nearly destroyed Frazer on June 4,1891, the residents moved to higher ground 2.5 miles east of the original site. W. R. Baucum suggested renaming the town Altus, a Latin word meaning high and this name stuck, although the town was also known as Leger from July 10,1901, to May 14,1904, The city has seen relatively steady growth since the beginning. The population doubled between the time of Oklahoma statehood and the 1910 census and even increased during the Great Depression, although Altus had been designated as the Jackson county seat at the time of statehood, an election was held in 1908 to determine the permanent seat. The two towns contending were Altus and Olustee, Altus won by a vote of 2,077 to 1,365. The county courthouse was there in 1910. An irrigation project in the 1940s and World War II led to growth in the town as the nearby air field was used to train military pilots. It was later purchased by the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad and since 1991 is operated by the Wichita, Tillman, in 1908, the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway built a line through Altus. Around the same time, the Altus, Wichita Falls and Hollis Railway constructed a line from Altus to the Oklahoma-Texas border, the railroads stimulated economic growth in the area and made Altus a regional agricultural center. By 1930, Altus had eight cotton gins, two cotton compresses, and eighteen wholesale businesses, Altus is located at 34°38′38″N 99°19′36″W. Altus is situated in what used to be Old Greer County, the city lies between the main channel and north fork of the Red River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 17.0 square miles. Altus has a subtropical climate bordering upon a semi-arid climate. Summers are very hot to sweltering, though heavy rainfall does occur due to remains of Gulf of Mexico hurricanes moving inland
5.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
6.
Oklahoma's 3rd congressional district
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Oklahomas Third Congressional District is the largest congressional district in the state, covering an area of 34,088.49 square miles. The district is bordered by New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, altogether, the district includes a total of 32 counties. As of 2015, the district is represented by Republican Frank Lucas, for most of the time prior to 2003, the 3rd district was located in southeastern Oklahoma, an area known as Little Dixie. It was the district of Carl Albert, Speaker of the House from 1971 to 1977, prior to 2003, most of the territory now in the 3rd district was in the 6th district. The district borders New Mexico to the west, Colorado and Kansas to the north, some of the principal cities in the district include Guymon, Ponca City, Enid, Stillwater, Yukon, Guthrie, Sapulpa and Altus. It also includes portions of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, half of the districts inhabitants are urban and 3 percent of adults working in the district use public transportation, ride a bike, or walk. The districts population is 5 percent Latino and 3 percent foreign-born, the political success of the Republican party in the region is tied to the states settlement patterns. Northwest Oklahoma was settled out of Kansas while southeast was settled by southerners that brought with them Democratic traditions. The Great Depression hurt the GOP, but it has regained its place in the state. It is now one of the most Republican districts in the nation, george W. Bush received 72 percent of the districts vote in 2004. Oklahomas congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
7.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
8.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
9.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
12.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
13.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
14.
Andrew Jackson
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Andrew Jackson was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson served in Congress, as president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the common man against what he saw as a corrupt aristocracy and to preserve the Union. Jackson was born in 1767 somewhere near the border between North and South Carolina, into a recently immigrated Scots-Irish farming family. During the American Revolutionary War, Jackson acted as a courier, at age 13, he was captured and mistreated by the British. He moved to Tennessee and practiced as a lawyer, in 1791, he married Rachel Donelson Robards. The couple later learned that Rachels previous husband had failed to finalize their divorce, Jackson served briefly in the U. S. House of Representatives and the U. S. Senate. Upon returning to Tennessee, he was appointed a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court, in 1801, Jackson was appointed colonel in the Tennessee militia, and was elected its commander the following year. He built the Hermitage plantation in 1804, in 1806, he killed a man in a duel over a matter of honor regarding his wife. He led Tennessee militia and U. S. Army regulars during the Creek War of 1813-1814, Jackson won a decisive victory in the War of 1812 over the British army at the Battle of New Orleans, making him into a national hero. Because Spanish Florida was a refuge for blacks escaping slavery, who allied with the Seminole Indians, Jackson invaded the territory in 1816 to destroy the Negro Fort. He led an invasion in 1818, as part of the First Seminole War, resulting in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. Jackson briefly served as Floridas first Territorial Governor in 1821, Jackson was nominated by several state legislatures to be a candidate for president in 1824. Although he earned a plurality in both the electoral and popular vote against three major candidates, Jackson failed to get a majority and lost in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams, Jacksons supporters founded what became the Democratic Party. He ran again for president in 1828 against Adams, building and expanding upon his base of support in the West and South, he won in a landslide. He blamed the death of his wife, Rachel, which occurred after the election, on the Adams campaigners, as president, Jackson faced a threat of secession by South Carolina over the Tariff of Abominations, which Congress had enacted under Adams. In contrast to several of his successors, he denied the right of a state to secede from the union or to nullify federal law. The Nullification Crisis was defused when the tariff was amended and Jackson threatened the use of force if South Carolina attempted to secede. Jackson believed strongly in majority rule and he supported direct election of senators and abolition of the Electoral College, believing that these reforms would provide average citizens with greater power
15.
Stonewall Jackson
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Thomas Jonathan Stonewall Jackson was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and the best-known Confederate commander after General Robert E. Lee. His military career includes the Valley Campaign of 1862 and his service as a commander in the Army of Northern Virginia. Confederate pickets accidentally shot him at the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 2,1863, the general survived but lost an arm to amputation, he died of complications from pneumonia eight days later. His death was a setback for the Confederacy, affecting not only its military prospects. Jackson in death became an icon of Southern heroism and commitment, Military historians consider Jackson to be one of the most gifted tactical commanders in U. S. history. His Valley Campaign and his envelopment of the Union Armys right wing at Chancellorsville are studied worldwide, even today, as examples of innovative and bold leadership. He excelled as well in battles, the First Battle of Bull Run, where he received his famous nickname Stonewall, the Second Battle of Bull Run. Jackson was not, however, universally successful as a commander as displayed by his arrival and confused efforts during the Seven Days Battles around Richmond. Thomas Jonathan Jackson was the great-grandson of John Jackson and Elizabeth Cummins, John Jackson was an Ulster Scots Protestant from Coleraine, County Londonderry, Ireland. While living in London, England, he was convicted of the crime of larceny for stealing £170. They both were transported on the merchant ship Litchfield, which departed London in May 1749 with 150 convicts, John and Elizabeth met on board and were in love by the time the ship arrived at Annapolis, Maryland. Although they were sent to different locations in Maryland for their bond service, the family migrated west across the Blue Ridge Mountains to settle near Moorefield, Virginia in 1758. In 1770, they moved farther west to the Tygart Valley and they began to acquire large parcels of virgin farming land near the present-day town of Buckhannon, including 3,000 acres in Elizabeths name. While the men were in the Army, Elizabeth converted their home to a haven, Jacksons Fort, John and Elizabeth had eight children. Their second son was Edward Jackson, and Edwards third son was Jonathan Jackson, jonathans mother died in 1798 and his father remarried three years later. His father and stepmother had nine more children, Thomas Jackson was the third child of Julia Beckwith Jackson and Jonathan Jackson, an attorney. Both of Jacksons parents were natives of Virginia, the family already had two young children and were living in Clarksburg, in what is now West Virginia, when Thomas was born. He was named for his maternal grandfather, There is some dispute about the actual location of Jacksons birth
16.
Greer County, Texas
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Greer County, a county created by the Texas legislature on February 8,1860, was land claimed by both Texas and the United States. The dispute arose from a map submitted with the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, the problem was that the 100th meridian on the Melish map was some 90 miles east of the true 100th meridian and the Red River forked about 50 miles east of the 100th meridian. Texas claimed the south of the North Fork and the United States claimed the land north of the South Fork. The dispute resulted in a lawsuit, which wound up before the Supreme Court—no lower court having jurisdiction. The Courts opinion, in United States v. State of Texas 162 U. S.1, issued on March 16, following that ruling, on May 4,1896, the land was officially assigned by Congress to Oklahoma Territory. The Greer County Homestead Law, passed just afterwards, gave the Texas settlers the 160 acres they were living on, when Oklahoma became the 46th U. S. state, old Greer County was divided into Greer, Jackson, and part of Beckham counties. Harmon County was created May 22,1909 by a vote of the people from a portion of Greer County, Greer County, Chronicles of Oklahoma 12,2 145-162. Greer County from the Handbook of Texas Online
17.
United States Reports
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The United States Reports are the official record of the rulings, orders, case tables, and other proceedings of the Supreme Court of the United States. Opinions of the court in each case, prepended with a prepared by the Reporter of Decisions. For lawyers, citations to United States Reports are the reference for Supreme Court decisions. Following Bluebook, a commonly accepted citation protocol, the case Brown, et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, for example, would be cited as, Brown v. Bd. of Educ. The early volumes of the United States Reports were originally published privately by the individual Supreme Court Reporters, as was the practice in England, the reports were designated by the names of the reporters who compiled them, Dallass Reports, Cranchs Reports, etc. The decisions appearing in the entire first volume and most of the volume of United States Reports are not decisions of the United States Supreme Court. Instead, they are decisions from various Pennsylvania courts, dating from the colonial period, alexander Dallas, a lawyer and journalist, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, had been in the business of reporting these cases for newspapers and periodicals. He subsequently began compiling his case reports in a bound volume and this would come to be known as the first volume of Dallas Reports. Dallas continued to collect and publish Pennsylvania decisions in a volume of his Reports. When the Supreme Court began hearing cases, he added those cases to his reports, starting towards the end of the volume,2 Dallas Reports. Dallas went on to publish a total of four volumes of decisions during his tenure as Reporter, when the Supreme Court moved to Washington, D. C. in 1800, Dallas remained in Philadelphia, and William Cranch took over as unofficial reporter of decisions. In 1817, Congress made the Reporter of Decisions an official, salaried position, in 1874, the U. S. government began to fund the reports publication, creating the United States Reports. The earlier, private reports were retroactively numbered volumes 1–90 of the United States Reports, therefore, decisions appearing in these early reports have dual citation forms, one for the volume number of the United States Reports, and one for the set of nominate reports. For example, the citation to McCulloch v. Maryland is 17 U. S.316
18.
Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote
19.
Greer County, Oklahoma
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Greer County is a county located along the southwest border of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,239, from 1860 to 1896, the state of Texas claimed an area known as Greer County, Texas, which included present-day Greer County along with neighboring areas. In 1896 it was designated as a county in Oklahoma Territory under a ruling by the US Supreme Court, the rural Greer County is home to Quartz Mountain Nature Park, near the community of Lone Wolf, Oklahoma. It is also home to the Oklahoma State Reformatory, located in Granite and its population has declined since 1930 due to changes in agriculture and migration to cities for work. The county was named for former Texas lieutenant governor, John A. Greer, the county was assigned to the Oklahoma Territory on May 4,1896. The town of Mangum, designated as the county seat in 1886 when this was part of Texas, continued as the seat of Greer County, originally developed for agriculture, the rural county had its peak of population in 1930. Mechanization of agriculture reduced the need for labor, and the population has declined as people migrated to cities for work. Among the county attractions is Quartz Mountain Nature Park, near the community of Lone Wolf. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 644 square miles. Western Greer County lies in the Gypsum Hills, while the eastern one-third is in the Red Bed Plains physiographic region, the county is drained by the North Fork Red River, Elm Fork Red River, and Salt Fork Red River. The population density was 10 people per square mile, there were 2,788 housing units at an average density of 4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 81. 46% White,8. 78% Black or African American,2. 47% Native American,0. 26% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,3. 99% from other races, and 3. 02% from two or more races. 7. 44% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,33. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the family size was 2.87. In the county, the population was out with 20. 00% under the age of 18,9. 10% from 18 to 24,28. 40% from 25 to 44,22. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 123.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 129.60 males, the median income for a household in the county was $25,793, and the median income for a family was $30,702. Males had an income of $24,318 versus $18,641 for females
20.
Beckham County, Oklahoma
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Beckham County is a county located on the western border of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 22,119, founded upon statehood in 1907, Beckham County was named for J. C. W. Beckham, who was Governor of Kentucky and the first popularly elected member of the United States Senate from Kentucky. Beckham County comprises the Elk City, OK Micropolitan Statistical Area, in 1855, the U. S. government leased the western part of the formerly reserved Choctaw and Chickasaw Nation lands, which became known as the Leased District. After the Civil War, the two nations were forced to cede the land to the US government under terms of new treaties required because they had been allies of the Confederacy. Under the treaties they were required to emancipate their slaves. In 1869, the former Leased District was designated by the President as the Cheyenne Arapaho Reservation, during the 1880s, Texas cattlemen leased grazing land from the Cheyenne and Arapaho. Under the Dawes Act of 1891, the government split up such communal lands, after distribution was made, the government declared any additional lands on the reservation to be surplus. In 1892, the government opened such surplus land to settlement by non-Indians, attracting numerous European-American settlers, the area was designated as County F in the newly created Oklahoma Territory, until it was renamed Roger Mills County. At statehood, portions of land from both Roger Mills and Greer counties were joined to form Beckham County, Sayre was named as the temporary county seat. A1908 election after statehood made Sayre, Oklahoma the permanent seat, in 1910, a piece of southern Beckham County was returned to Greer County. The Gannett survey of 1927-1929 found that the true 100th Meridian, the US Supreme Court ruled that the strip of land must be returned to Texas, thereby reducing Beckham Countys area slightly. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 904 square miles. The county is drained by the North Fork of the Red River and its tributaries, the Timber, Sweetwater, the northwestern part of the county is part of the High Plains. The rest of the county is part of the Gypsum Hills physiographic region, as of the 2010 United States Census, there were 22,119 people,8,163 households, and 5,485 families residing in the county. The population density was 24.5 people per square mile, there were 9,647 housing units at an average density of 10.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 85% white, 4% black or African American,2. 8% Native American,0. 8% Asian, less than 0. 01% Pacific Islander,4. 6% from other races, twelve percent of the population was Hispanic or Latino. Individuals living alone accounted for 27. 6% of households and 11. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.02. In the county, the population was out with 24. 1% under the age of 18,9. 9% from 18 to 24,28. 1% from 25 to 44,25. 2% from 45 to 64
21.
Red Hills (Kansas)
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The Red Hills, also referred to as Gypsum Hills, is the name of a physiographic region located mostly in Clark, Comanche and Barber counties in southern and central Kansas. This undulating terrain of red-tinted sediments, a product of the underlying geology, the red bed sediments of the Red Hills were deposited in an arid continental closed basin that formed within the Pangaean supercontinent during the Permian Period. Water often flooded this basin forming ephemeral playas of somewhat acidic waters, the shallow playas were intermittently flooded then dried leaving a mixture of lacustrine sediments and gypsum evaporites. The red color derives from the oxidation of iron contained within the deposits, the region is also known as the Gypsum Hills, because of the large natural deposits of gypsum in this area. The dissolution of underlying gypsum beds has led to the formation of sinkholes which are features within the Red Hills region. Big Basin and Little Basin are two well-known sinkholes in western Clark County, the Red Hills have scenic vistas and some small steep canyons. High points include Mount Nebo, Mount Jesus and Mount Lookout, in Clark County, big Basin Prairie Preserve Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve Flint Hills Red Hills Focus Area-U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Gypsum Hills on Kansastravel. org
22.
Wichita Mountains
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The Wichita Mountains are located in the southwestern portion of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. It is the relief system in the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen. The mountains are a northwest-southeast trending series of rocky promontories, many capped by 540 million-year old granite and these were exposed and rounded by weathering during the Permian Period. The eastern end of the mountains offers 1,000 feet of relief in a region otherwise dominated by gently rolling grasslands. The mountains are home to numerous working ranches and quarry operations, the reformatory, recreational homes and campsites. Fort Sill, home of the U. S. Army Field Artillery School, bison, elk and deer are protected on the 59, 020-acre wildlife refuge. The refuge also manages a herd of longhorn cattle, a scenic highway traversing the park permits leisurely views of these and other fauna. Backcountry camping is available in the Charon Gardens Wilderness area, the park is home to a small number of popular fishing lakes. There are numerous trails for hiking and it is also home to Treasure Lake Job Corps. Additional points of interest are the visitors center, Holy City of the Wichitas, Quanah Parker Lake & Dam, Lake Jed Johnson. Great Plains State Park is located near the center the Wichita Mountains. Quartz Mountain Nature Park and Arts Center is a recreation area located north of the city of Altus. At 2,464 ft Mount Scott is the second highest mountain within the Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge boundary, Mount Pinchot in the Special Use Area is 12 feet taller. The highest peak in the Wichita Mountains is Haley Peak, at 2,481 ft. Haley Peak is located on property just outside the northwest corner of the refuge. When the area was part of Indian reservations and therefore off-limits to non-Native Americans, when the area was first opened up for settlement, many prospectors staked mining claims, and towns were laid out to serve the presumed bonanzas, but no economic deposits were found. The gold boom was prolonged by some unscrupulous assayers who found gold in every sample, in simplest terms, the Wichita Mountains are rocky promontories and rounded hills made of red and black igneous rocks, light-colored sedimentary rocks, and boulder conglomerates. The Wichita Mountains were formed in four distinct geologic episodes following a failed continental rift, magmatism induced by continental rifting just prior to and in the Cambrian Period produced the granites and rhyolites, gabbroic rocks, anorthosites, and diabases. Subsidence resulted in burial by sandstones and carbonates during the early Paleozoic, Uplift during the Pennsylvanian Ouachita Orogeny brought these rocks to the surface as mountains
23.
Red River of the South
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The Red River, or sometimes the Red River of the South, is a major tributary of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers in the southern United States of America. The river was named for the country of its watershed. It is one of several rivers with that name. The Mexicans and Indians on the borders of Mexico are in the habit of calling any river, the Red River formed part of the US-Mexico border from the Adams-Onís Treaty until the Texas Annexation and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Red River is the second-largest river basin in the southern Great Plains and it rises in two branches in the Texas Panhandle and flows east, where it acts as the border between the states of Texas and Oklahoma. It forms a border between Texas and Arkansas before entering Arkansas, turning south near Fulton, Arkansas and flowing into Louisiana. The total length of the river is 1,360 miles, the Red River rises near the edge of the northwestern dip slope of the Llano Estacado mesa in two forks in northern Texas and southwestern Oklahoma. The North Fork Red River meets the southern and largest fork near the Texas-Oklahoma border, the southern fork, which is about 120 miles long, is generally called the Prairie Dog Town Fork. It is formed in Randall County, Texas, near the county seat of Canyon, by the confluence of intermittent Palo Duro Creek and Tierra Blanca Creek. The Red River turns and flows southeast through Palo Duro Canyon in Palo Duro Canyon State Park at an elevation of 3,440 feet, then past Newlin, Texas, past that point, it is generally considered the main stem of the Red River. Near Denison, the exits the eastern end of Lake Texoma. The lake is fed by the Washita River from the north. After the river out of the southeastern end of the lake, it runs generally east towards Arkansas. Soon after, the river crosses south into Louisiana and its waters eventually discharge into the Atchafalaya River and flow eastward or southward into the Gulf of Mexico. In 1946, the Red River flood spilled over into Pineville because of insufficient levee height, however, the taller and stronger levee held in Alexandria. Willie E. Kees, Jr. the young newly elected mayor of Pineville, the Red Rivers watershed covers 65,590 square miles and is the southernmost major right tributary of the Mississippi, and the southernmost major river system in the Great Plains. Its drainage basin is mostly in the states of Texas and Oklahoma and its basin is characterized by flat, fertile agricultural land, with only a few major cities. The drainage basin of the Red River is very arid and receives little precipitation, as a result, much of the river above the Texas-Oklahoma border is intermittent, and until the river is past its great bend south in Arkansas, the flow varies widely
24.
North Fork Red River
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Rising in Gray County, Texas, it terminates at the confluence with Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River at the Texas-Oklahoma border. From its source in central Gray County, Texas, the river flows eastward, passing through Wheeler County, Texas, just west of the Wheeler county line, it is joined by McClellan Creek, its chief tributary. In Oklahoma, the stream flows east across Beckham County where it is joined by Sweetwater Creek and it then turns southeast to form the county line between Greer and Kiowa counties, where it is impounded to form Lake Altus-Lugert. It joins the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River at the Texas-Oklahoma border about 12.7 mi northeast of Vernon, Texas. Overall, the North Fork descends 2,098 ft from its headwaters to its confluence with the Red River, passing through mostly rolling to flat terrain with local shallow depressions along its course. After the Adams-Onis Treaty defined the Red River as the boundary between the United States and New Spain in 1819, the North Fork was considered to be part of the boundary. The Marcy Expedition in 1852 discovered that the channel of the Red River was actually the South Fork of the Red River. The U. S. government thereafter claimed the land between the two Red River streams as far as the 100th Meridian as part of its own territory, after the Republic of Texas joined the United States, Texas still claimed the area, which it named Greer County). A lawsuit brought by Texas against the United States was litigated before the United States Supreme Court, was won by the United States, as a result, Greer County, Texas became a part of Oklahoma Territory and the North Fork ceased to be the Texas boundary. North Fork of the Red River from the Handbook of Texas Online U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, North Fork Red River Photos of the Llano Estacado and Rolling Plains
25.
U.S. Route 62 in Oklahoma
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In Oklahoma, U. S. Highway 62 runs diagonally across the state, from the Texas state line in far southwestern Oklahoma to the Arkansas state line near Fayetteville. US-62 spends a total of 402.48 miles in the Sooner State, the highway passes through fifteen of Oklahomas counties. Along the way the route serves two of Oklahomas largest cities, Lawton and Oklahoma City, as well as many important cities, like Altus, Chickasha, Muskogee. Despite this, US-62 has no lettered spur routes like many other U. S. routes in Oklahoma do, US-62 has been part of the Oklahoma highway network since 1930. With the advent of the Interstate system, the portion of its route through Oklahoma City was revised several times to adapt to the presence of the new freeways, the present-day route of US-62 includes concurrencies with I-44, I-240, I-35, and I-40. US-62 enters Oklahoma in Harmon County,5 miles west of Hollis and it then passes through that town, the county seat, where it serves as the southern terminus of State Highway 30. US-62 meets the terminus of SH-5 in Gould. The highway passes through unincorporated McQueen 4 miles and then enters Jackson County, just east of Duke, the route crosses SH-34. Nine miles later, US-62 becomes a highway and begins a concurrency with SH-6. The two highways travel together into Altus, where they intersect US-283, SH-6 follows US-283 northward out of town, while US-62 heads east towards Headrick. US-62 runs just north of town before crossing the North Fork of the Red River onto the Kiowa–Tillman County line. US-62 continues eastward, sending US-62 BUS north to Snyder, which was the original US-62 alignment in the area, the county line then turns south of US-62, and the route has an interchange with US-183. US-62 heads farther east, meeting the end of US-62 BUS3 miles later. US-62 serves as the terminus of the northern State Highway 543 miles east of this. The road then enters Comanche County, where it serves as the border of Fort Sill. It serves as the terminus of another Oklahoma state highway, SH-115. A few miles of the highway east of SH-115 is freeway-grade, continuing east, US-62 becomes an expressway, Rogers Lane, that serves the north side of Lawton. In eastern Lawton, the highway has an interchange with Interstate 44 and begins a concurrency with it, along with US-277, i-44/US-62/277/281 head northward through Fort Sill
26.
U.S. Route 283
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U. S. Route 283 is a spur of U. S. Route 83. It currently runs for 731 miles from Brady, Texas at U. S. Route 87 to Lexington and it passes through the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska. This route originally went southeast from Albany via Cisco, Rising Star, in 1951, this route became US380, US183, and US377. It was rerouted to its current routing between Albany and Brady in 1951, replacing the old route of US183, US-283 enters Oklahoma from Texas in rural Jackson County at a crossing of the Red River. It runs concurrently with State Highway 5 for several miles past Elmer and continues north to Altus, the largest Oklahoma town on the route. At the intersection of U. S. Highway 62 in Altus, the route continues northwesterly until it crosses I-40 at Sayre. Through northwestern Oklahoma, US-283 passes through sparsely populated areas and is the main north–south traffic corridor. After passing through Cheyenne,283 meanders through Black Kettle National Grassland then crosses the Canadian River. It continues north to Arnett where it joins with State Highway 51 west for 7 miles then north again passing through Shattuck. North of Laverne,283 turns west for 2 miles to visit the town of Rosston then turns again to cross the Cimarron River shortly before leaving the state for Kansas. US-283 enters from Oklahoma south of Englewood in Clark County, at Dodge City, US-283 jogs east. After passing the airport, the route bends northeast before joining U. S. Route 50. US-50 and US-56 split east towards Kinsley, and US-283 resumes a due northerly course through open fields before reaching Jetmore, K-156 heads to Garden City westbound and Great Bend eastbound. The highway continues on another stretch through sparsely populated farmland before reaching Ness City and K-96, the other junction in the county is at K-4 near Ransom. The highway reaches Interstate 70 in WaKeeney, and makes a jog east through downtown WaKeeney before turning back to the north. US-283 between Ransom and I-70 was closed for much of 2006 as part of a reconstruction program. The highway continues north to Hill City, where it crosses U. S. Route 24, the route stays on course until it reaches southern Norton County, where it has a brief concurrency with K-9. At the split, K-9 continues west to Lenora, and US-283 resumes a northerly direction until the city of Norton
27.
Oklahoma State Highway 5
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State Highway 5 is the name assigned to two distinct state highways in the U. S state of Oklahoma. One runs for 20.42 miles through extreme southwestern Oklahoma, the other is 98.2 miles long and runs through southwest Oklahoma, connecting US-283 south of Altus to US-70 at Waurika. The western SH-5 begins at U. S. Highway 62 in Gould, Oklahoma and runs south until just past Lincoln and it then ends at State Highway 6 in Eldorado, just seven miles north of the Texas border. The western SH-5 was once known as SH-90, both the now-separate western and eastern sections of SH-5 were formerly part of a continuous SH-5 across Southwest Oklahoma. The former Eldorado to Elmer section of SH-5 was removed from the highway system in 1969. The eastern SH-5 starts between Altus and Elmer at US-283 and it heads east from here to Tipton, where it turn south and SH-5C splits off. South of Tipton, SH-5 turns east again to intersect U. S. Highway 183 in Frederick,19 miles later, it has a two-mile concurrency with State Highway 36. The highway splits off to the east from here, sharing a concurrency with US-277/281. Five miles east of where this three-route concurrency breaks up, SH-5 turns south in Walters, SH-5 heads east again toward Temple, where it has a brief concurrency with State Highway 65, and then turns southeast to pass through Hastings before ending at US-70 in Waurika. SH-5 has three lettered spur routes, SH-5A connects SH-5 south of Walters to US-277/281 south of Cookietown. SH-5B does not connect directly with SH-5 and it runs from SH-5A south to US-70 at Taylor. SH-5C runs from SH-5 at Tipton to US-183 in Manitou
28.
Oklahoma State Highway 6
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State Highway 6, abbreviated to SH-6 or OK-6, is a state highway in Oklahoma. It runs in a 121.8 miles crescent through the part of the state, running from the Texas state line north of Quanah, Texas. There are no letter-suffixed spur highways branching from SH-6, SH-6 was added to the state highway system in 1954. The highway was extended from its original extent, westward from Elk City in 1957. After crossing the Red River, State Highway 6 leaves Texas, becomes SH-6 and continues headed northeast, passing through the small Jackson County towns of Eldorado, Highway 6 meets US-62 five miles west of Altus. SH-6 makes a turn at this point to overlap US-62 into Altus. In Altus, SH-6 takes a turn to the north to overlap US-283, north of Blair, US-283 heads due north while SH-6 turns toward the northwest. SH-6 crosses US-283 once more before the highway continues to the north toward Granite. North of Granite, SH-6 runs along the Beckham–Washita county line until sharing a 4-mile concurrency with SH-55, after splitting away from SH-55, it meets SH-152 for the first time SH-6 continues north to have an interchange with Interstate 40 in Elk City. It overlaps Business Loop I-40 for four miles on the side of the city. At this point the highway curves to the west. It crosses US-283, and then ends at SH-152 in Sweetwater, the original State Highway 6 extended from the Texas state line near Colbert to the Kansas state line north of Vinita. When the United States Numbered Highways system was established in 1926, as a result, the original SH-6 designation was decommissioned soon after the establishment of the U. S. highway system. The highway was extended west along SH-73 to its current northern terminus on January 21,1957. SH-6 was extended to the south on July 7,1975, bringing it to Altus by way of a concurrency with US-283, west of Altus, the route split off and headed southwest to the Texas state line. In addition to the U. S. routes, SH-6 was concurrent with SH-44 between that routes current southern terminus and Eldorado, where it ended, thereafter, SH-6 followed SH-34 to the Red River. To remove the redundant designations, both SH-34 and SH-44 were truncated to their current southern terminus on January 5,1987, SH-6 was realigned twice in 2004 to allow SH-6 a straighter route in situations where it was concurrent with another highway. The first such section removed a portion of the US-283 concurrency between Blair and Granite, the second realignment took place on the SH-55 concurrency north of Retrop, both of these changes were applied to the highway on February 2,2004
29.
Oklahoma State Highway 34
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State Highway 34 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Oklahoma. It runs for 188.3 miles south-to-north in the part of the state. The highway begins northeast of Eldorado, in the southwest corner of the state, SH-34 has always been a lengthy highway, starting with its commissioning in June 1931, when it was a border-to-border highway stretching from Texas to Kansas. Most of SH-34 has followed the same basic corridor since its inception, the southernmost portion of highway, connecting it to Texas, became solely SH-6 in 1987. There are three letter-suffixed spur highways branching from SH-34, SH-34A and SH-34B serve small towns in Greer County off the mainline of SH-34, while SH-34C serves Boiling Springs State Park. For much of its extent, State Highway 34 passes through rural areas, the highway begins at SH-6 six miles northeast of Eldorado. Heading north from there, it intersects U. S. Route 62 just east of Duke, the highway continues north into Greer County to its county seat of Mangum, where SH-34 joins US-283. Two miles north of Mangum, SH-9 joins for a concurrency with SH-34. Thereafter, SH-9 splits off to the east, nine miles north of Mangum, SH-34B branches off to the west, connecting to the town of Brinkman, and four miles later, SH-34A branches off to the west to the town of Willow. US-283 splits off to the northwest two miles after that, and SH-34 continues north, crossing into Beckham County, SH-34 then bridges over the North Fork of the Red River. In Carter, the highway serves as the terminus of SH-55. Five miles north of Carter, SH-34 crosses SH-152, SH-34 continues on to an interchange with Interstate 40 west of Elk City. Here, the highway begins a concurrency with eastbound I-40, SH-34 follows I-40 to the east for 6 miles. While concurrent with I-40, SH-34 has an interchange with SH-6, SH-34 exits the interstate from the left at exit 41 on the east side of Elk City, turning back to the north and intersecting I-40 BUS. The highway continues out of Elk City, exiting Beckham County. After leaving Beckham County, SH-34 enters Roger Mills County, sH-73s western terminus is at SH-34 at nine miles north of Elk City. North of this junction, SH-34 lies along the Roger Mills–Custer county line, which it continues to follow as it passes through the east side of Hammon, North of town, the route crosses over the Washita River, and shortly thereafter turns northeast to fully enter Custer County. Northwest of Moorewood, the highway crosses into Dewey County, in Dewey County, SH-34 crosses SH-47, two miles south of Leedey, and crosses the Canadian River near the unincorporated settlement of Trail
30.
Kiowa County, Oklahoma
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Kiowa County is a county located in the southwestern part of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 9,446, the county was created in 1901 as part of Oklahoma Territory. It was named for the Kiowa people, in 1892, the Jerome Commission began enrolling the Kiowas, Comanches and Apaches to prepare for the opening of their reservation to settlement by whites. Dennis Flynn, the representative to the U. S. Congress. He argued successfully that the lottery would be safer and more orderly than land runs used earlier, individuals could register at offices in Lawton or El Reno. 165,000 individuals registered for 13,000 160-acre claims, the drawing was held August 6,1901. After the opening, the area was designated as Kiowa County in Oklahoma Territory, the town of Hobart, named for Vice President Garrett A. Hobart, was designated as county seat. By 1908, residents of the part of the county were already agitating for a new county to be formed. In 1910, Governor Charles N. Haskell proclaimed that parts of Kiowa, the new county became defunct in 1911, after the U. S. Supreme Court voided the change. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,031 square miles. The county is composed of flatlands, although the southern border is covered by the Washita Mountains. The North Fork of the Red River serves as the southern and western boundaries of Jackson County, water bodies include Altus-Lugert Lake on the and Tom Steed Reservoir on Otter Creek. Other streams in the county are the Washita River and Elk Creek, the population density was 10 people per square mile. There were 5,304 housing units at a density of 5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 83. 54% White,4. 67% Black or African American,6. 31% Native American,0. 31% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,2. 68% from other races, and 2. 42% from two or more races. 6. 74% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,30. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the family size was 2.92. In the county, the population was out with 24. 20% under the age of 18,7. 50% from 18 to 24,24. 50% from 25 to 44,23. 40% from 45 to 64
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Tillman County, Oklahoma
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Tillman County is a county located in the southwestern part of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 7,992, the Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 established a reservation in the southwestern part of Indian Territory for the Kiowa, Apache and Comanche tribes. The Jerome Commission started enrolling members of tribes in 1892. The first lottery was held on August 6,1901 and it was followed in 1906 by the Big Pasture Lottery. The county was founded at the time of Oklahoma statehood in 1907 and it had previously been part of Comanche County, Oklahoma Territory. Frederick was designated as the county seat at the time of statehood, in 1910 and 1924 portions of Kiowa County were added to the north side of the county. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 879 square miles. It is located along the Texas border, there were 4,077 housing units at an average density of 1. 8/km². Just over 23% of the population was Hispanic or Latino, individuals living alone accounted for 30. 3% of households and individuals age 65 years or older living alone accounted for 14%. The average household size was 2.4 and the family size was 3.96. In the county, the population was out with 24. 7% under the age of 18,7. 8% from 18 to 24,22. 5% from 25 to 44,27. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40.9 years, for every 100 females there were 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.6 males, the median income for a household in the county was $31,437, and the median income for a family was $40,616. Males had an income of $32,885 versus $29,757 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,541, sixteen percent of families and 21. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30. 5% of those under age 18 and 12. 1% of those age 65 or over. Since statehood, Tillman Countys economy has depended mainly on agriculture, the main farm crops are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, sorghum and milo. Many farms have consolidated throughout the 20th Century, from 1,724 in 1930 to 587 in 2000, cattle ranching became prominent during the 1880s, when prominent Texas ranchers leased grazing land from the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache tribes. The U. S. military established Frederick Army Air Field in 1941 to train crews to fly Cessna UC-78 Bobcats, after the war, the former base became a civilian airfield and is now known as Frederick Regional Airport
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Wilbarger County, Texas
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Wilbarger County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,535, the county was created in 1858 and later organized in 1881. Wilbarger is named for Josiah Pugh Wilbarger and Mathias Wilbarger, two early settlers, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 978 square miles, of which 971 square miles is land and 7.0 square miles is water. U. S. Highway 70 U. S. Highway 183 U. S. Highway 283 U. S, the population density was 15 people per square mile. There were 6,371 housing units at a density of 7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 78. 17% White,8. 86% Black or African American,0. 66% Native American,0. 63% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,9. 73% from other races, and 1. 91% from two or more races. 20. 54% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, in 2000, there were 136 unmarried partner households,129 heterosexual,3 same-sex male, and 2 same-sex female. 29. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.07. In the county, the population was out with 27. 90% under the age of 18,9. 50% from 18 to 24,24. 80% from 25 to 44,21. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 98.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $29,500, and the median income for a family was $38,685. Males had an income of $26,001 versus $19,620 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,520. About 9. 00% of families and 13. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, representative Roy Orbison, singer/songwriter born in Wilbarger County Daryl Richardson, running back for the St. Wilbarger County Profile from the Texas Association of Counties
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Hardeman County, Texas
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Hardeman County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 4,139, the county seat and largest city is Quanah. The county was created in 1858 and later organized in 1884 and it is named for two brothers, Bailey Hardeman and Thomas Jones Hardeman, early Texas politicians and legislators. Republican Drew Springer, Jr. a businessman from Muenster in Cooke County, has since January 2013 represented Hardeman County in the Texas House of Representatives. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 697 square miles. Hardeman County is the northernmost county in Texas that is not part of the Texas Panhandle, the population density was 7 people per square mile. There were 2,358 housing units at a density of 3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 85. 41% White,4. 83% Black or African American,0. 76% Native American,0. 30% Asian,7. 09% from other races,14. 50% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 29. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 18. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.97. In the county, the population was out with 25. 40% under the age of 18,7. 50% from 18 to 24,22. 60% from 25 to 44,24. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 89.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.20 males, the median income for a household in the county was $28,312, and the median income for a family was $33,325. Males had an income of $26,683 versus $18,566 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,824, about 14. 60% of families and 17. 80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26. 00% of those under age 18 and 13. 40% of those age 65 or over. Georgia-Pacific operates a plant in the small community of Acme. The park features a portion of the state Texas longhorn herd, lake Pauline is located off U. S. Highway 287,6 miles east of Quanah. Thomas Jones Hardeman at Find a Grave Bailey Hardeman at Find a Grave
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Harmon County, Oklahoma
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Harmon County is a county located in the southwest corner of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,922, making it the second-least populous county in Oklahoma and it has lost population in every census since the first in 1910, except 1930. Following an election on May 22,1909, Harmon County was created by proclamation of Governor Lee Cruce on June 2, carved from adjacent Greer County, the new county was named in honor of Judson Harmon, who was Governor of Ohio at the time. The area now covered by Harmon County had been a part of Texas until the U. S. Supreme Court awarded it to Oklahoma Territory in 1896, another election held September 1,1909, confirmed Hollis as the county seat. There were two contestants, the towns of Harmon and Rosser. County offices operated in rented space until a courthouse was built in Hollis in 1926, in 1930, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that the boundary between Texas and Oklahoma was actually 3,800 feet farther east than originally believed. It returned the land to Texas, reducing the countys area to its present size. A railroad built from Altus, Oklahoma to the Texas state line came to Hollis, the line was built by the Altus, Wichita Falls and Hollis Railway. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 539 square miles. It lies in the Gypsum Hills physiographic region, and is drained by the Red River and its tributaries, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,283 people,1,266 households, and 863 families residing in the county. The population density was 6 people per square mile, there were 1,647 housing units at an average density of 3 per square mile. 22. 78% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,29. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the family size was 3.03. In the county, the population was out with 25. 90% under the age of 18,7. 90% from 18 to 24,24. 10% from 25 to 44,21. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 94.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.80 males, the median income for a household in the county was $22,365, and the median income for a family was $29,063. Males had an income of $21,530 versus $16,658 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,464, about 23. 50% of families and 29. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38. 20% of those under age 18 and 19. 90% of those age 65 or over
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1910 United States Census
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The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
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1920 United States Census
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In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
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1930 United States Census
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The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
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1940 United States Census
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The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com
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1950 United States Census
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Full documentation on the 1950 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1950 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2022. Historic US Census data 1951 U. S Census Report Contains 1950 Census results
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1970 United States Census
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Microdata from the 1970 census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files and these data were originally created and disseminated by DUALabs. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2042, california took over as the most populous state, New York had previously been ranked number one. While the entire country increased to more than 204 million persons, four states lost population with West Virginia leading the list, down 8, historic US Census data 1971 U. S Census Report, with estimated 1970 Census results 1970 Census of Population
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1980 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1980 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1980 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1980 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2052. Between the 1980 census and the 1990 census, the United States population increased by approximately 22,164,837 or 9. 8%, historic US Census data 1981 U. S Census Report Contains 1980 Census results
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1990 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1990 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1990 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. It was the first census to designate Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander as a group separate from Asians. To increase black participation in the 1990 United States Census, the bureau recruited Bill Cosby, Magic Johnson, Alfre Woodard, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2062. The results of the 1990 census determined the number of seats that each state receives in the United States House of Representatives starting with the 1992 elections, consequently, this affected the number of votes each state has in the Electoral College for the 1992 presidential election. Because of population changes, twenty-one states had changes in their number of seats, eight states gained at least one seat, and thirteen states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 19 seats being switched
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2000 United States Census
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This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. Approximately 16 percent of households received a form of the 2000 census. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 2000 census is available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. The U. S. resident population includes the number of people in the 50 states. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, its population was 3,808,610, the 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided. S. Households had access to computers, 42% have Internet access, regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nations population increase,14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the center of U. S. population moved to Phelps County. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149, the Midwest by 4,724,144, the results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U. S. Code, each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S, since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, in 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce, after the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth seat, falling 857 people short. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents, almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah, only 102 came from North Carolina
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Census
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A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population, the term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses, other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications, the word is of Latin origin, during the Roman Republic, the census was a list that kept track of all adult males fit for military service. Current administrative data systems allow for other approaches to enumeration with the level of detail but raise concerns about privacy. A census can be contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population, typically main population estimates are updated by such intercensal estimates. Modern census data are used for research, business marketing, and planning. Census counts are necessary to adjust samples to be representative of a population by weighting them as is common in opinion polling, similarly, stratification requires knowledge of the relative sizes of different population strata which can be derived from census enumerations. In some countries, the census provides the official used to apportion the number of elected representatives to regions. In many cases, a carefully chosen random sample can provide accurate information than attempts to get a population census. A census is often construed as the opposite of a sample as its intent is to count everyone in a rather than a fraction. However, population censuses rely on a frame to count the population. This is the way to be sure that everyone has been included as otherwise those not responding would not be followed up on. The fundamental premise of a census is that the population is not known, the use of a sampling frame is counterintuitive as it suggests that the population size is already known. However, a census is also used to collect data on the individuals in the nation. This process of sampling marks the difference between historical census, which was a house to house process or the product of a decree. The sampling frame used by census is almost always an address register, thus it is not known if there is anyone resident or how many people there are in each household. Depending on the mode of enumeration, a form is sent to the householder, as a preliminary to the dispatch of forms, census workers will check any address problems on the ground. While it may seem straightforward to use the postal service file for this purpose, a particular problem is what are termed communal establishments which category includes student residences, religious orders, homes for the elderly, people in prisons etc
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Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
Jackson County
