1.
Twilight (novel series)
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Twilight is a series of four vampire-themed fantasy romance novels by American author Stephenie Meyer. The series is primarily from Bellas point of view, with the epilogue of Eclipse and Part II of Breaking Dawn being told from the viewpoint of character Jacob Black. The unpublished Midnight Sun is a retelling of the first book, Twilight, the Twilight Saga, The Official Illustrated Guide, a definitive encyclopedic reference with nearly 100 full color illustrations, was released in bookstores on April 12,2011. Since the release of the first novel, Twilight, in 2005, in November 2011, the series had sold over 120 million copies worldwide with translations into at least 38 different languages around the globe. The books have made into The Twilight Saga series of motion pictures by Summit Entertainment. The film adaptations of the first three books were released in 2008,2009, and 2010 respectively, the fourth book is adapted into two full-length films—the first film being released in November 2011, and the second film in November 2012. Bella Swan moves from Phoenix, Arizona to live with her father in Forks, Washington to allow her mother to travel with her new husband, after moving to Forks, Bella finds herself involuntarily drawn to a mysterious, handsome boy, Edward Cullen. She eventually learns that he is a member of a family which drinks animal blood rather than human blood. Edward and Bella fall in love, while James, a vampire from another coven, is drawn to hunt down Bella. Edward and the other Cullens defend Bella and she escapes to Phoenix, where she is tricked into confronting James, who tries to kill her. She is seriously wounded, but Edward rescues her and they return to Forks, Edward and his family leave Forks because he believes he is endangering Bellas life. Bella goes into a depression until she develops a friendship with Jacob Black. Jacob and the wolves in his tribe must protect her from Victoria. Due to a misunderstanding, Edward believes Bella is dead, Edward decides to commit suicide in Volterra, Italy, but is stopped by Bella, who is accompanied by Edwards sister, Alice. They meet with the Volturi, a vampire coven, and are released only on the condition that Bella be turned into a vampire in the near future. Bella and Edward are reunited, and she and the Cullens return to Forks, Victoria has created an army of newborn vampires to battle the Cullen family and murder Bella for revenge. Meanwhile, Bella is compelled to choose between her relationship with Edward and her friendship with Jacob, Edwards vampire family and Jacobs werewolf pack join forces to successfully destroy Victoria and her vampire army. In the end, Bella chooses Edwards love over Jacobs friendship, Bella and Edward are married, but their honeymoon is cut short when Bella discovers that she is pregnant
2.
Taylor Lautner
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Taylor Lautner is an American actor, model and martial artist. Lautner is known for playing Jacob Black in The Twilight Saga film series based on the novels of the name by Stephenie Meyer. As a child, Lautner took up martial arts in Holland, in 2005, he appeared in the film Cheaper by the Dozen 2 and starred in The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D. He also starred in the 2011 action film Abduction, in 2010, he was ranked second on Glamours The 50 Sexiest Men of 2010 list, and fourth on Peoples Most Amazing Bodies list. Also in the year, Lautner was named the highest-paid teenage actor in Hollywood. Lautner was born on February 11,1992, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, to Deborah and his mother works for a software development company, while his father was a Midwest Airlines pilot. He has one sister named Makena. Raised as a Roman Catholic, Lautner has Austrian, English, German, Swiss-German, French, Irish, and Dutch heritage, Taylor grew up in Hudsonville, Michigan, a town near Grand Rapids. Lautner stated that when he was younger he was bullied in school because he was an actor and he commented, I just had to tell myself I cant let this get to me. This is what I love to do, and Im going to continue doing it. He took his first karate class at the age of six, a year later, he attended the national karate tournament in Louisville, Kentucky, where he met Michael Chaturantabut, the founder of Xtreme Martial Arts. Chaturantabut invited Lautner to a camp he held at University of California, Lautner trained with Chaturantabut for several years, earning his black belt by the age of eight, and winning several junior world championships. He appeared in an ISKA karate event televised on ESPN in 2003 that was later lampooned on the sports-comedy show Cheap Seats that first aired in 2006. In junior high, Lautner—who was involved in karate, baseball and hip-hop dance—won the award for Best Smile and he went to public school in Valencia, California at Valencia High School until his sophomore year. Chaturantabut, who portrayed the Blue Ranger in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue. For a few years, the Lautners flew from Michigan to Los Angeles for auditions when his talent agency called, Lautner balanced karate and acting with being on the football and baseball teams at his school, and taking up jazz and hip-hop dance. After that became tiring, Lautner and his family decided to move to California for a month, to try it out, before moving to Santa Clarita, California, permanently in 2002. In his first months after moving to Los Angeles, Lautner appeared in television roles, small film roles
3.
The Twilight Saga: New Moon
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The Twilight Saga, New Moon, commonly referred to as New Moon, is a 2009 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyers 2006 novel New Moon. It is the film in The Twilight Saga film series and is the sequel to 2008s Twilight. Summit Entertainment greenlit the sequel in late November 2008, following the success of Twilight. Directed by Chris Weitz, the film stars Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprising their roles as Bella Swan, Edward Cullen, and Jacob Black, respectively. Melissa Rosenberg, who handed in a draft of the script during the opening weekend of Twilight. Filming began in Vancouver in late March 2009, and in Montepulciano, furthermore, New Moon opened with the third highest domestic opening weekend since 2002 grossing a total of $142,839,137. New Moon was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on March 20,2010 through midnight release parties, the film was well received by fans, but received generally negative reviews from critics. On her eighteenth birthday, Bella Swan wakes up from a dream in which she sees herself as an old woman and she expresses her distaste about growing older than her boyfriend Edward Cullen, a vampire who stopped aging physically at seventeen. Despite her lack of enthusiasm, Edwards adoptive family throw Bella a birthday party, while unwrapping a gift, Bella gets a paper cut. Edwards brother, Jasper, becomes overwhelmed by the scent of Bellas blood, realizing the danger that he and his family pose to Bella, Edward ends their relationship, and the Cullens leave Forks, Washington. After seeing a movie with Jessica, Bella sees a group of men on motorcycles and this reminds her of when Edward previously rescued her from an assault, and she sees his image warning her to keep away. Bella discovers that any thrill-seeking activities she engages in evoke Edwards preserved image and she is also comforted by Jacob Black, a cheerful companion who helps to ease her pain over losing Edward. When Jacob suddenly begins avoiding her, Bella discovers that he, and others of his tribe, are descended from a line of werewolves. Bella also learns that the werewolves are an enemy of vampires. Jacobs pack members are on constant alert for Victoria, a vampire seeking to avenge the death of her mate, James and they rescue Bella from Laurent, when he tries to kill her. With Jacob busy coming to terms with his nature, Bella again finds herself alone. Through a series of miscommunications, Edward believes that Bella has killed herself by jumping off a cliff into the ocean, distraught over her apparent suicide, Edward travels to Italy and attempts to provoke the Volturi to kill him by exposing himself as a vampire to humans. Alice, Edwards sister, and Bella travel to Italy to save Edward, Edward explains that he always loved Bella and only left to protect her
4.
Twilight (Meyer novel)
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Twilight is a young adult vampire-romance novel by author Stephenie Meyer. It is the first book in the Twilight series, and introduces seventeen-year-old Isabella Bella Swan and she is endangered after falling in love with Edward Cullen, a vampire. Additional novels in the series are New Moon, Eclipse, some praised the novels tone and its portrayal of common teenage emotions such as alienation and rebellion. Others criticized Meyers prose and argued the story was lacking in character development and it reached number five on the New York Times bestseller list within a month of its release and eventually reached first place. The novel was named one of Publishers Weeklys Best Childrens Books of 2005, the film adaptation, released in 2008, was a commercial success, grossing more than $392 million worldwide and making an additional $157 million in North American DVD sales as of July 2009. The book was the biggest-selling of 2008, in 2009, it was the second-biggest selling, losing only to its sequel New Moon, as of 2008, Twilight has been translated into 37 different languages. Bella Swan moves from sunny Phoenix, Arizona to rainy Forks, Washington on the Olympic Peninsula to live with her father and her mother, Renée is traveling with her new husband, Phil Dwyer, a minor league baseball player. Bella attracts much attention at her new school and makes friends quickly, a shy girl, she is dismayed by several boys competing for her attention. As Bella walks into the class, a fan blows her scent towards Edward, Bella sits next to Edward Cullen in biology class on her first day of school, but he seems repulsed by her, hurting her feelings in the process. He disappears for a few days, but warms up to Bella upon his return, Edward saves Bella, stopping the van with only his hand. Bella annoys Edward with questions about how he saved her life and she hears that Edward and his family are vampires who drink animal blood. She is told legends of the local Quilyeute people by a friend Jacob Black who she met during a camp out, disturbed by recurring nightmares, Bella researches about vampires. Convinced hes a vampire, she herself in the state of bewilderment. Bella is saved by Edward again in Port Angeles when she is almost attacked, driving a silver Volvo, Edward takes Bella to dinner and home. As they drive, she tells him of the stories that he is a vampire, Edward says he tried to stay away, finding her scent too desirable. Over time, Edward and Bella fall in love and their relationship is affected when a nomad vampire coven arrives in Forks. James, a vampire who is intrigued by Cullens relationship with a human. The Cullen family try to separate Bella and Edward, and send Bella to Phoenix to hide in a hotel, James calls and claims to be holding her mother
5.
Breaking Dawn
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Breaking Dawn is the fourth novel in the The Twilight Saga by American author Stephenie Meyer. Divided into three parts, the first and third sections are written from Bella Swans perspective and the second is written from the perspective of Jacob Black. The novel directly follows the events of the novel, Eclipse, as Bella and Edward Cullen get married. Meyer finished an outline of the book in 2003, but developed and changed it as she wrote New Moon and Eclipse, though the main, Breaking Dawn was released on August 2,2008 at midnight release parties in over 4,000 bookstores throughout the US. The book was successful, selling over 6 million copies in 2008. Unlike the series previous two entries, Breaking Dawn received mixed reviews from critics and it is also the most controversial book of the series, as adult themes and concepts are explored more directly than in its predecessors. However, the novel was awarded the British Book Award for Childrens Book of the Year and it was translated in 38 languages with rights sold to over 50 countries. The book has been adapted into a movie, with the first part released on November 18,2011. Breaking Dawn is divided into three separate parts, the first part details Bellas marriage and honeymoon with Edward, which they spend on a private island that Carlisle bought and gave to Esme, Isle Esme, off the coast of Brazil. Two weeks into their honeymoon, Bella realizes that she is pregnant with a half-vampire, half-human child, after contacting Carlisle, who confirms her pregnancy, she and Edward immediately return home to Forks, Washington, where the fetus continues to develop at an abnormal speed. The second part of the book is written from the perspective of Jacob Black, a month after the wedding, Bella calls her dad, Charlie Swan, and says that she is sick. Charlie relays this to Billy Black, Jacobs dad, and Billy relays it to the pack, Jacob thinks that Bella is actually a vampire now and attempts to lead an assault on the Cullens for breaking the treaty. When he arrives, he discovers that Bella was sick, but it was from her pregnancy, Jacob begs Bella to abort the fetus and save her life, but Bella is determined that she will live long enough to have the baby and be transformed into a vampire. Jacob runs off in his form and keeps thinking of what Bella had said. This accidentally reveals Bellas condition to the pack, and because they think the baby will become a monster, Jacob refuses, and when Sam uses an alpha command to force Jacob, Jacob accepts his bloodline as the true leader of the pack and breaks free of Sams control. He runs off to warn the Cullens of the plan to kill Bella. They warn the Cullens and take up patrol around the Cullens property, leah, Seths older sister, joins them shortly afterward. After a chance remark by Jacob, they discover that the baby simply craves blood, Bella gets better, but the fetus in Bellas body grows swiftly and the timing of birth is unknown due to the lack of any related medical knowledge on human-vampire births
6.
Stephenie Meyer
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Stephenie Meyer is an American young adult fiction writer and film producer, best known for her vampire romance series Twilight. The Twilight novels have gained recognition and sold over 100 million copies. Meyer was the author of 2008 and 2009 in America, having sold over 29 million books in 2008. Twilight was the book of 2008 in US bookstores. Her annual earnings exceeded $50 million, in 2010, Forbes ranked her as the No.59 most powerful celebrity with annual earnings of $40 million. Stephenie Meyer was born in Hartford, Connecticut as the second of six children to Stephen and she was raised in Phoenix, Arizona with five siblings, Seth, Emily, Jacob, Paul, and Heidi. Meyer attended Chaparral High School in Scottsdale, Arizona, where her former English teacher remembered her as bright and she attended Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, where she received a BA in English in 1997. Meyer met her husband, Christian, when she was 4 years old in Arizona, Christian Meyer, formerly an auditor, has now retired to take care of the children. Meyer is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, she has stated that she is straight-laced about her beliefs, Meyer had no experience as a writer of any kind and had never even written a short story before Twilight. Before becoming an author, Meyers only professional work was as a receptionist in a property company, Meyer says that the idea for Twilight came to her in a dream on June 2,2003. The dream was about a girl and a vampire who was in love with her. Based on this dream, Meyer wrote the draft of what became Chapter 13 of the book, in a matter of three months she had transformed her dream into a complete novel, though she never intended to publish Twilight and was writing for her own enjoyment. Her sisters response to the book was enthusiastic and she persuaded Meyer to send the manuscript to literary agencies, of the 15 letters she wrote, five went unanswered, nine brought rejections, and the last was a positive response from Jodi Reamer of Writers House. Eight publishers competed for the rights to publish Twilight in a 2003 auction, by November, Meyer had signed a $750,000 three-book deal with Little, Brown and Company. Twilight was published in 2005 with a print run of 75,000 copies and it reached No.5 on the New York Times Best Seller list for Childrens Chapter Books within a month of its release, and later rose to #1. Foreign rights to the novel were sold to over 26 countries, the novel was named the Publishers Weekly Best Book of the Year and a New York Times Editors Choice. Following the success of Twilight, Meyer expanded the story into a series with three books, New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking Dawn. In total, it spent over 50 weeks on the list, after the release of Eclipse, the first three Twilight books spent a combined 143 weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list
7.
Renesmee Cullen
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Isabella Marie Bella Swan is the fictional protagonist of the Twilight series, written by Stephenie Meyer. The Twilight series is narrated from Bellas point of view. In Twilight, Bella moves to her fathers home in Forks, Washington, meets the mysterious Cullen family, however, she soon discovers that the family is a coven of vampires. Bella expresses a desire to become a vampire herself, against Edwards wishes, in the second novel, New Moon, Edward and the other Cullens leave Forks in an effort to keep Bella safe from the vampire world. Jacob Black, a member of the Quileute tribe who is also a shape shifter taking a form, comforts the distraught. She comes to care for Jacob, though less than she loves Edward, in Eclipse, Bella becomes engaged to Edward, and they marry in Breaking Dawn. Edward then transforms Bella into a vampire after she dies giving birth to their daughter. Bella has the ability to shield her mind, which she had as a human, once she is transformed into a vampire, her ability is enhanced to the point she can also expand her shield to protect others from mind control. Kristen Stewart plays Bella in the Twilight film series, Edward Cullen is a major character, implicated in all of the Twilight Saga films and books. As shown in Twilight, he only did so because Edwards dying mother, Elizabeth, a member of the Olympic Coven, Edward only drinks animal blood and has the special ability to read minds. He falls in love with Bella soon after she arrives in Forks. Edward knows that he could kill Bella easily, a fact that torments him so much that, in the book New Moon and he returned because he realized he cannot live without her. Edward marries Bella in Breaking Dawn and they have a daughter, robert Pattinson plays Edward in the Twilight film series. Jacob Black is Bellas best friend and he is a Quileute Native American and a werewolf. In Twilight, Jacob plays the role of a forgotten childhood friend of Bellas. In an attempt to more about Cullens, Bella flirts with Jacob. After Edward leaves Bella in New Moon, she spends much of her time with Jacob, though she only considers him a friend, Jacob falls in love with Bella. Taylor Lautner plays Jacob in the Twilight film series, Carlisle Cullen is Esme Cullens husband and the adoptive father of Edward, Emmett and Alice Cullen, as well as Rosalie and Jasper Hale
8.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
9.
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. The term Amerindian is used in Quebec, the Guianas, Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives. Application of the term Indian originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, eventually, the Americas came to be known as the West Indies, a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the blanket term Indies and Indians for the indigenous inhabitants, although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time, although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by peoples, some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico. At least a different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples. The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the dates and routes traveled, are the subject of ongoing research. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to northwest North America. Alaska was a glacial refugium because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist, the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska for thousands of years. Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single population, one that developed in isolation. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years, around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets. Another route proposed involves migration - either on foot or using primitive boats - along the Pacific Northwest coast to the south, archeological evidence of the latter would have been covered by the sea level rise of more than 120 meters since the last ice age
10.
La Push, Washington
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La Push is a small unincorporated community situated at the mouth of the Quileute River in Clallam County, Washington, United States. La Push is the largest community within the Quileute Indian Reservation, La Push is known for its whale-watching and natural beauty. The name La Push is from French La Bouche, meaning The Mouth of the Quillayute River, two well-known beaches are nearby, Rialto Beach to the north of the river mouth and La Push Beach to the south. La Push has the westernmost ZIP Code in the contiguous United States,98350, La Push has a very wet oceanic climate. The climate is moderated and strongly influenced by the Pacific Ocean, located to the west of the Olympic Mountains, La Push and the surrounding coastline absorb considerable rainfall dropped along the mountain front. The warmest month is August and the coolest month is December, La Push,14 miles from Forks, is home to the Quileute Tribe. Tribal members traditionally built cedar canoes for a variety of uses, the Quileute ranked second only to the Makah as whalers, and first among all the tribes as seal hunters. They bred special woolly-haired dogs, and spun and wove their hair into prized warm blankets. According to the stories, the Quileutes only kin, the Chimakum, were separated from them by a flood that swept them to the Quimper Peninsula on the other side of the North Olympic Peninsula. There they were attacked and destroyed in the 1860s by Chief Seattle, first treaty with European Americans occurred in 1855, when the Quileutes signed a treaty with representatives of Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens. A treaty a year later would have moved them to a reservation in Taholah, in February 1889, an executive order by President Grover Cleveland established a one-mile square reservation at La Push. At the time the town had 252 inhabitants, while villagers were picking hops in Puyallup, the town was destroyed by arson in 1889. Today, La Push has oceanfront resorts, a company, fish hatchery. Since the early 21st century, the tribe has grown more interested in tourism, La Push is a village of the Quileute Tribe that displays a slower, more relaxed way of life. All of the businesses are owned by the tribe, the Quileute Tribe has revived many of its traditional skills and crafts, which are taught at school along with the unique language. It is a language, unrelated to any root language in the world. The popular Quileute Days take place July 17–19 in La Push, La Push and the Quileute Tribe are featured in author Stephenie Meyers Twilight series. The popularity of the books, published from 2005 to 2008, the Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail passes through La Push on the way to its western terminus at Cape Alava
11.
Forks, Washington
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Forks is a city in Clallam County, Washington, United States. The population was 3,532 at the 2010 census, the population was 3,545 at 2012 Estimate from Office of Financial Management. It is named after the forks in the nearby Quillayute, Bogachiel, Calawah, for many years, the citys economy was fueled by the local timber industry. More recently it has drawn tourism related to the novel series Twilight and movies of the same name, with recent declines in the timber industry, Forks has relied on the nearby Clallam Bay Corrections Center and Olympic Corrections Center as sources of jobs. Forks is a destination for sport fishers who fish for salmon. It is also supported by visitors to Olympic National Park, Forks was officially incorporated on August 28,1945, following an election of the constituents who would become its first town members. The city gained popularity for being a key setting in Stephenie Meyers Twilight series, the citys atmosphere and idyllic Pacific Northwest setting has inspired its being featured in film, literature, and video games. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,532 people,1,264 households, the population density was 967.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,374 housing units at a density of 376.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 67. 7% White,0. 5% African American,6. 6% Native American,1. 2% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,18. 1% from other races, and 5. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 25. 9% of the population,25. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the family size was 3.16. The median age in the city was 31.3 years. 29. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,10. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,27. 6% were from 25 to 44,23. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51. 5% male and 48. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,120 people,1,169 households, and 792 families residing in the city. The population density was 854.8 people per square mile, there were 1,361 housing units at an average density of 435.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 81. 47% White,0. 42% African American,5. 03% Native American,1. 51% Asian,0. 16% Pacific Islander,8. 49% from other races, and 2. 92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 54% of the population,24. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
12.
New Moon (novel)
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New Moon is a romantic fantasy novel by author Stephenie Meyer, and is the second novel in the Twilight series. The novel continues the story of Bella Swan and vampire Edward Cullens relationship, when Edward leaves Bella after his brother attacks her, she is left heartbroken and depressed for months until Jacob Black becomes her best friend and helps her fight her pain. However, her life once more when Jacobs nature reveals itself. According to Meyer, the book is about losing true love, the title refers to the darkest phase of the lunar cycle, indicating that New Moon is about the darkest time of protagonist Bella Swans life. Meyer wrote the book before Twilight was published, writing the book was difficult for Meyer as she feared the readers reaction to the book and often cried as she described Bellas pain. The book was released in hardcover on September 6,2006 with an initial print run of 100,000 copies. Upon its publication in the United States, New Moon was highly successful and moved quickly to the top of bestseller lists, becoming one of the most anticipated books of the year. It peaked at #1 on both the New York Times Best Seller list and USA Todays Top 150 Bestsellers, and was the biggest selling childrens paperback of 2008 with over 5.3 million copies sold. Moreover, New Moon was the book of 2009 and has been translated into 38 languages. A film adaptation of the book was released on November 20,2009, reception for New Moon was more positive than that for its predecessor. Some criticized the middle sections pacing, critics generally, however, argued the novel was mature in tone, praising the character development. On Isabella Swans 18th birthday, Edward Cullen, the vampire she loves, while unwrapping a gift, she gets a paper cut, which causes Edwards adopted brother Jasper, to be overwhelmed by her bloods scent and he attempts to attack and feed on Bella. Trying to protect her, Edward and the Cullens move away from Forks and this leaves Bella heartbroken and depressed. In the months that follow, Bella learns that thrill-seeking activities, such as riding and cliff-diving. She also seeks comfort in her friendship with Jacob Black. Sometime after losing Edward, Bella starts to enjoy Jacobs company, after spending some time with Bella, Jacob starts experiencing some huge, unexpected and drastic changes with his mood swings, body and personality. As Jacob undergoes a long, painful and life altering transformation Bella. A few weeks later, Bella notes that Jacob isnt as happy-go-lucky as he once was and she isnt so comfortable with the new Jacob and shortly thereafter she discovers that Jacob has unwillingly become a werewolf and that there are other tribe members who are werewolves too
13.
Shapeshifting
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In mythology, folklore and speculative fiction, shapeshifting is the ability of a being or creature to completely transform its physical form or shape. This is usually achieved through an inherent ability of a creature, divine intervention. The idea persisted through the Middle Ages, where the agency causing shapeshifting is usually a sorcerer or witch and it remains a common trope in modern fantasy, childrens literature, and works of popular culture. The most common form of shapeshifting myths is that of therianthropy, legends allow for transformations into plants and objects, and the assumption of another human countenance. Shapeshifting to the form of a wolf is known as lycanthropy. Therianthropy is the general term for human-animal shifts, but it is rarely used in that capacity. It was also common for deities to transform mortals into animals, other terms for shapeshifters include metamorph, the Navajo skin-walker, mimic, and therianthrope. The prefix were-, coming from the Old English word for man, is used to designate shapeshifters, despite its root. While the popular idea of a shapeshifter is of a human being who turns into something else, proteus was noted among the gods for his shapeshifting, both Menelaus and Aristaeus seized him to win information from him, and succeeded only because they held on during his various changes. Nereus told Heracles where to find the Apples of the Hesperides for the same reason, the Titan Metis, the first wife of Zeus and the mother of the goddess Athena, was believed to be able to change her appearance into anything she wanted. In one story, she was so proud, that her husband, Zeus and he then swallowed her because he feared that he and Metis would have a son who would be more powerful than Zeus himself. She stayed alive inside his head and built armor for her daughter, the banging of her metalworking made Zeus have a headache, so Hephaestus clove his head with an axe. Athena sprang from her fathers head, fully grown, and in battle armor, in Greek mythology, the transformation is often a punishment from the gods to humans who crossed them. Zeus transformed King Lycaon into a wolf as a punishment for either killing Zeus children or serving him the flesh of Lycaons own murdered son Nyctimus, Demeter transformed Ascalabus into a lizard for mocking her sorrow and thirst during her search for her daughter Persephone. She also turned King Lyncus into a lynx for trying to murder her prophet Triptolemus, Athena transformed Arachne into a spider for challenging her as a weaver and/or weaving a tapestry that insulted the gods. Artemis transformed Actaeon into a stag for spying on her bathing, io was a priestess of Hera in Argos, a nymph who was raped by Zeus, who changed her into a heifer to escape detection. The young Tiresias was walking through a forest when he found two snakes in the act of love and he poked them with a stick and was instantly changed into a woman. He lived in this form for many years, and even married and had children
14.
Edward Cullen
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Edward Cullen is a fictional character in Stephenie Meyers Twilight series. Edward is a vampire who, over the course of the series, falls in love with, marries, and has a child with Bella Swan. In the Twilight film series, Edward is played by actor Robert Pattinson, Stephenie Meyer stated that the original concept of Edward originated in a dream that she had, in which an average girl and a fantastically beautiful, sparkly. Were having a conversation in a meadow in the woods. In this dream, the pair were discussing the difficulties inherent in the facts that and they were falling in love with each other while. The vampire was particularly attracted to the scent of her blood and she chose the name Edward because she thought it was a name that had once been considered romantic, but had fallen out of popularity for decades. A recurring theme in the series, especially in the first three books, is that Edward is constantly trying to avoid accidentally harming Bella, due to his vampire nature. In Twilight, Edward meets Bella Swan, a girl whose thoughts he is unable to read. He fights an attraction to her, but after saving her life on several occasions, he succumbs. Edward admits to Bella that he is a vampire, and that although he retains the physical body of a seventeen-year-old, carlisle instilled in him a sense of morality uncommon in most vampires, and central to his way of life is the refusal to consider humans as food. However, Edward constantly warns Bella against being with him, perceiving her life to be at risk if she continues to associate with him, Bellas love and confidence in Edwards restraint cause her to ignore his warnings, even after she becomes the vampire James target. Unlike the Cullen family, who are vegetarian vampires, James regularly feeds on humans, with his familys help, Edward is able to save Bella from James predations, but how to assure Bellas continued safety remains an open question. In New Moon, Edwards fears for Bellas safety intensify when she cuts her finger and is almost attacked by his brother Jasper, in an attempt to protect her, he convinces her that he no longer loves her, and moves away with his family, leaving Bella heartbroken. Edward finds it difficult to live without Bella, and becomes depressed at the prospect of an infinitely long. After he mistakenly learns from his sister Rosalie that Bella has committed suicide, Edward attempts to convince a group of Italian vampires, together with his sister Alice, Bella rushes to Italy and stops Edward before the Volturi can destroy him. Edward explains why he left, and apologizes to Bella, Bella successfully seeks the support of Edwards family on turning her into a vampire. While Edward is furious at the prospect, he agrees to change her himself if she agrees to marry him first. In Eclipse, Bella agrees to marry Edward on the condition he make love to her while she is still human
15.
Bella Swan
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Isabella Marie Bella Swan is a character and the protagonist of the Twilight series, written by Stephenie Meyer. The Twilight series, consisting of the novels Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, in the film series, Bella is portrayed by actress Kristen Stewart. In Twilight, Bella moves to her fathers home in Forks, Washington, meets the mysterious Cullen family, however, she soon discovers that the family is a coven of vampires. Bella expresses a desire to become a vampire herself, against Edwards wishes. She attracts the attention of three nomads, Victoria, James and Laurent. In the second novel, New Moon, Edward and the other Cullens leave Forks in an effort to keep Bella safe from the vampire world. Jacob Black, a member of the Quileute tribe who is also a shape shifter taking a form, comforts the distraught. She comes to care deeply for Jacob, though less than she loves Edward, at the end of Eclipse, Bella becomes engaged to Edward, and they marry in Breaking Dawn. On their honeymoon, she becomes pregnant by Edward and, due to the nature of her baby, Bella nearly dies giving birth to their daughter. Edward turns her into a vampire to save her life and she later faces problems from the Volturi. The premise for both the Bella Swan character and the Twilight series originated in a dream Stephenie Meyer had in which an average girl, were having an intense conversation in a meadow in the woods. In this dream, the pair were discussing the difficulties inherent in the facts that and they were falling in love with each other while. The vampire was particularly attracted to the scent of her blood, the name Isabella was decided upon, Meyer explains, because after spending so much time with, I loved her like a daughter. Inspired by that love, I gave her the name I was saving for my daughter, Bellas positive reception at her new school in Forks, particularly her popularity with male characters, was modelled after Meyers real life move from high school to college. Meyer has said there are similarities between Bella and the title character of Charlotte Brontës Jane Eyre, a novel which she has cited as an influence on the Twilight Saga. Twilight is about a 17-year-old girl named Bella Swan, who moves from her mothers home in Phoenix, Arizona, to live with her father in her birthtown of Forks, there, she becomes intrigued by a student, Edward Cullen. When Edward saves her life, he exhibits super-human qualities, Bella learns from family friend Jacob Black that Quileute legends say the Cullen family are vampires. Edward eventually admits to this truth, though his family hunts only animals, not humans, Bellas love and confidence in Edwards restraint is such that his warnings go unheeded, and on an outing with the Cullens she becomes the target of a sadistic vampire, James. With his familys help, Edward is able to save Bella from James predations, New Moon begins on Bellas eighteenth birthday
16.
Twilight (2008 film)
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Twilight is a 2008 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyers popular novel of the same name. Directed by Catherine Hardwicke, the film stars Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson and it is the first film in The Twilight Saga film series. This film focuses on the development of the relationship between Bella Swan and Edward Cullen, and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a coven of evil vampires. The project was in development for three years at Paramount Pictures, during which time a screen adaptation that differed significantly from the novel was written. Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the novel after three years of the projects stagnant development, Melissa Rosenberg wrote a new adaptation of the novel shortly before the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike and sought to be faithful to the novels storyline. Principal photography took 44 days and completed on May 2,2008, Twilight was theatrically released on November 21,2008, it grossed over US$393 million worldwide. It was released on DVD March 21,2009 and became the most purchased DVD of the year, the soundtrack was released on November 4,2008. Following the films success, New Moon and Eclipse, the two novels in the series, were produced as films the following year. Seventeen-year-old Isabella Bella Swan moves to Forks, a town on Washingtons Olympic Peninsula, to live with her father. Her mother, Renée, is remarried to a minor league baseball player, Bella makes several friends at her new high school, but she is intrigued by the mysterious and aloof Cullen siblings. Bella sits next to Edward Cullen in biology class on her first day of school, after a week of absence from school, Edward comes back and talks to Bella normally. A few days later, Bella is nearly struck by a van in the parking lot. Edward saves her by covering a distance of over 30 feet. He subsequently refuses to explain his actions to Bella and warns her against befriending him, after much research, Bella concludes that Edward is a vampire. He eventually confirms this but says he and the other Cullens only consume animal blood, the pair fall in love, and Edward introduces Bella to his vampire family. Carlisle Cullen, the patriarch, is a doctor working in Forks. His wife is Esme, and Alice, Jasper, Emmett, Edward and Bellas relationship is soon put in jeopardy, when three nomadic vampires—James, Victoria, and Laurent—arrive in Forks. James, a vampire with incredible hunting instincts, is instantly intrigued by Edwards protectiveness over a human
17.
The Twilight Saga: Eclipse
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The Twilight Saga, Eclipse, commonly referred to as Eclipse, is a 2010 American romantic fantasy film based on Stephenie Meyers 2007 novel Eclipse. It is the installment of The Twilight Saga film series, following 2008s Twilight. Summit Entertainment greenlit the film in February 2009, directed by David Slade, the film stars Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprising their roles as Bella Swan, Edward Cullen, and Jacob Black, respectively. Melissa Rosenberg, who penned the scripts for both Twilight and New Moon, returned as screenwriter, filming began on August 17,2009, at Vancouver Film Studios, and finished in late October, with post-production began early the following month. Bryce Dallas Howard was cast as Victoria, replacing Rachelle Lefevre who previously played her, the film was released worldwide on June 30,2010 in theatres, and became the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX. The film has received mixed reception from critics, the film then scored the biggest Wednesday opening in the United States and Canada history with $68,533,840 beating Transformers, Revenge of the Fallens $62 million. In Seattle, not far from Forks, Victoria attacks and bites Riley Biers, in order to begin creating an army of newborns, back in Forks, Edward Cullen and Bella Swan discuss the complications of becoming an immortal vampire. Bella insists that Jacob Black and the rest of the pack would never harm her. Bella wants to go to Jacobs home even though Edward expresses his dislike and concern for her safety, during one of her visits, Jacob confesses that he is in love with Bella, and forcefully kisses her. Furious, she punches him and sprains her hand, and Edward later threatens Jacob, Bella even revokes the invitations of Jacob and his pack members to her graduation party, but when Jacob apologizes for his behavior, she forgives him. Meanwhile, Alice sees a vision that the army will attack Forks within the week. Jacob, accompanied by Quil and Embry overhear this, which leads to an alliance between the Cullens and Wolf pack, later, the Cullens and the wolves agree to a meeting place and time to train and discuss strategy against the powerful newborns. During the training Jasper explains to Bella that he was created by a vampire named Maria to control a newborn army and he hated his original existence until he met Alice and joins in Cullens gang. Bella sees the bond between a mated vampire pair and begins to understand Jasper better. Despite her reluctance to marry, Bella realizes that spending eternity with Edward is more important to her anything else. Edward and Bella camp in the mountains to hide Bella from the bloodthirsty newborns, during the night, Bella overhears a conversation between Edward and Jacob, in which they temporarily put aside their hatred towards each other. In the morning, Jacob overhears Edward and Bella discussing their engagement and storms off, Bella desperately asks Jacob to kiss her, and she realizes that she has fallen in love with him. Edward finds out about the kiss but is not upset, as Bella says she loves him more than Jacob, when Victoria appears, Edward kills her while Seth kills Riley
18.
Vampire (Twilight)
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Isabella Marie Bella Swan is the fictional protagonist of the Twilight series, written by Stephenie Meyer. The Twilight series is narrated from Bellas point of view. In Twilight, Bella moves to her fathers home in Forks, Washington, meets the mysterious Cullen family, however, she soon discovers that the family is a coven of vampires. Bella expresses a desire to become a vampire herself, against Edwards wishes, in the second novel, New Moon, Edward and the other Cullens leave Forks in an effort to keep Bella safe from the vampire world. Jacob Black, a member of the Quileute tribe who is also a shape shifter taking a form, comforts the distraught. She comes to care for Jacob, though less than she loves Edward, in Eclipse, Bella becomes engaged to Edward, and they marry in Breaking Dawn. Edward then transforms Bella into a vampire after she dies giving birth to their daughter. Bella has the ability to shield her mind, which she had as a human, once she is transformed into a vampire, her ability is enhanced to the point she can also expand her shield to protect others from mind control. Kristen Stewart plays Bella in the Twilight film series, Edward Cullen is a major character, implicated in all of the Twilight Saga films and books. As shown in Twilight, he only did so because Edwards dying mother, Elizabeth, a member of the Olympic Coven, Edward only drinks animal blood and has the special ability to read minds. He falls in love with Bella soon after she arrives in Forks. Edward knows that he could kill Bella easily, a fact that torments him so much that, in the book New Moon and he returned because he realized he cannot live without her. Edward marries Bella in Breaking Dawn and they have a daughter, robert Pattinson plays Edward in the Twilight film series. Jacob Black is Bellas best friend and he is a Quileute Native American and a werewolf. In Twilight, Jacob plays the role of a forgotten childhood friend of Bellas. In an attempt to more about Cullens, Bella flirts with Jacob. After Edward leaves Bella in New Moon, she spends much of her time with Jacob, though she only considers him a friend, Jacob falls in love with Bella. Taylor Lautner plays Jacob in the Twilight film series, Carlisle Cullen is Esme Cullens husband and the adoptive father of Edward, Emmett and Alice Cullen, as well as Rosalie and Jasper Hale
19.
Eclipse (Meyer novel)
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Eclipse is the third novel in the Twilight Saga by Stephenie Meyer. It continues the story of Bella Swan and her vampire love, Eclipse is preceded by New Moon and followed by Breaking Dawn. The book was released on August 7,2007, with a print run of one million copies. Eclipse was the bestselling book of 2008, only behind Twilight, New Moon. A film adaptation of the novel was released on June 30,2010, critics noted its exploration of more mature themes than those of its predecessors, while praising the novels love triangle and plotting. As Edward and Bella apply to colleges, Bella explains to Edward her desire to see her friend, Jacob Black, although Edward fears for her safety, Bella insists that neither Jacob nor his werewolf pack would ever harm her, and she begins visiting him occasionally. On one of these visits, Jacob tells Bella that he is in love with her, and wants her to him instead of Edward. Meanwhile, Alice Cullen has a vision that Victoria, a vampire who is hunting Bella for revenge for the death of James, has returned to Forks, Alice takes Bella away against her wishes for a sleepover. During the sleepover, Bella learns more of Rosalies past that led to her transformation to a vampire. While being a vampire is still her wish, Bella eventually agrees to rethink her decision, a few days later, Edward proposes to Bella and, despite harboring an aversion to marriage, she accepts on the condition that he will make love to her while shes human. Bella and the Cullens soon realize that the Seattle murders are being committed by an army of newborn vampires, the Cullens join forces with the werewolf pack to combat this threat, after failing to get their longtime allies, the Denali Coven to help them. In the morning, Jacob becomes upset when he overhears Edward and Bella discussing their engagement and threatens to join the fight, Bella stops Jacob by kissing him, and she comes to realize that she is in love with him as well. During the battle, Victoria tracks Edwards scent to Bellas forest hiding place, Edward manages to kill Victoria and her vampire army is destroyed by the Cullens. Afterwards, Bella explains to Jacob that while she loves him, the book ends with Bella proceeding to tell Charlie of her intentions to marry Edward. The epilogue reveals that Jacob is heartbroken and has run away in his wolf form, leah feels sympathy for him, since she had gone through a similar heartbreak with Sam, and reveals her own disgust and hatred for Bella. Meyer finished the draft of Eclipse before the release of Twilight in October 2005, however. Originally, the book had a different ending when Eclipse was intended to be the book in the series, as Meyer was signed to a three-book deal with Little, Brown. She said that every aspect of the novel revolves around this point, every story, every relationship
20.
Regeneration (biology)
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Every species is capable of regeneration, from bacteria to humans. Regeneration can either be complete where the new tissue is the same as the lost tissue, at its most elementary level, regeneration is mediated by the molecular processes of gene regulation. Above the genetic level, regeneration is fundamentally regulated by cellular processes. For example, hydra perform regeneration but reproduce by the method of budding, the hydra and the planarian flatworm have long served as model organisms for their highly adaptive regenerative capabilities. Once wounded, their cells become activated and start to remodel tissues, the regeneration of organs is a common and widespread adaptive capability among metazoan creatures. In a related context, some animals are able to reproduce asexually through fragmentation, budding, a planarian parent, for example, will constrict, split in the middle, and each half generates a new end to form two clones of the original. Echinoderms, crayfish, many reptiles, and amphibians exhibit remarkable examples of tissue regeneration, the case of autotomy, for example, serves as a defensive function as the animal detaches a limb or tail to avoid capture. After the limb or tail has been autotomized, cells move into action, limited regeneration of limbs occurs in most fishes and salamanders, and tail regeneration takes place in larval frogs and toads. The whole limb of a Salamander or a Triton will grow again and again after amputation, in reptiles, Chelonians, crocodiles and snakes are unable to regenerate lost parts, but many kinds of lizards, geckos and Iguanas possess regeneration capacity in a high degree. Usually, it involves dropping a section of their tail and regenerating it as part of a defense mechanism, while escaping a predator, if the predator catches the tail, it will disconnect. Following a disturbance, such as a fire or pest outbreak in a forest, pioneering species will occupy, compete for space, the new growth of seedlings and community assembly process is known as regeneration in ecology. Pattern formation in the morphogenesis of an animal is regulated by genetic factors that put cells to work after damage has occurred. Many of the genes that are involved in the development of tissues are reinitialized during the regenerative process. Cells in the primordia of zebrafish fins, for example, express four genes from the homeobox msx family during development, all these strategies result in the re-establishment of appropriate tissue polarity, structure and form. During the developmental process, genes are activated that serve to modify the properties of cell as they differentiate into different tissues, development and regeneration involves the coordination and organization of populations cells into a blastema, which is a mound of stem cells from which regeneration begins. Dedifferentiation of cells means that they lose their characteristics as tissues remodel during the regeneration process. Arthropods are known to regenerate appendages following loss or autotomy, molting cycles are hormonally regulated in arthropods, although premature molting can be induced by autotomy. Mechanisms underlying appendage regeneration in hemimetabolous insects and crustaceans is highly conserved, during limb regeneration species in both taxa form a blastema following autotomy with regeneration of the excised limb occurring during proecdysis
21.
Senses
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A sense is a physiological capacity of organisms that provides data for perception. The senses and their operation, classification, and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields, most notably neuroscience, cognitive psychology, the nervous system has a specific sensory system or organ, dedicated to each sense. Humans have a multitude of senses, sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch are the five traditionally recognized senses. However, what constitutes a sense is a matter of debate, leading to difficulties in defining what exactly a distinct sense is. Other animals also have receptors to sense the world around them, humans have a comparatively weak sense of smell and a stronger sense of sight relative to many other mammals while some animals may lack one or more of the traditional five senses. Some animals may also intake and interpret sensory stimuli in different ways. Some species of animals are able to sense the world in a way humans cannot, with some species able to sense electrical and magnetic fields. There is no agreement as to the number of senses because of differing definitions of what constitutes a sense. The senses are frequently divided into exteroceptive and interoceptive, Exteroceptive senses are senses that perceive the bodys own position, motion, external senses include the traditional five, sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste, as well as thermoception and possibly an additional weak magnetoception. Proprioceptive senses include nociception, equilibrioception, proprioception, interoceptive senses are senses that perceive sensations in internal organs. Non-human animals may possess senses that are absent in humans, such as electroreception and detection of polarized light, in Buddhist philosophy, Ayatana or sense-base includes the mind as a sense organ, in addition to the traditional five. This addition to the commonly acknowledged senses may arise from the psychological orientation involved in Buddhist thought, the mind considered by itself is seen as the principal gateway to a different spectrum of phenomena that differ from the physical sense data. This way of viewing the human sense system indicates the importance of internal sources of sensation and perception that complements our experience of the external world, there are two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones. Rods are very sensitive to light, but do not distinguish colors, cones distinguish colors, but are less sensitive to dim light. There is some disagreement as to whether this one, two or three senses. Neuroanatomists generally regard it as two senses, given that different receptors are responsible for the perception of color and brightness, the inability to see is called blindness. Blindness may result from damage to the eyeball, especially to the retina, damage to the nerve that connects each eye to the brain. Temporary or permanent blindness can be caused by poisons or medications, people with blindsight are usually not aware that they are reacting to visual sources, and instead just unconsciously adapt their behaviour to the stimulus
22.
Free running
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Freerunning is an acrobatic and athletic discipline founded by Sébastien Foucan, who wrote a book on the subject. Foucan started what he termed freerunning in 2003, which he developed as an inclusive form of parkour. Parkours development from military obstacle course training gives it and freerunning some aspects of a martial art. Freerunning is a version of parkour that includes acrobatic moves that are purely aesthetic, Freerunning may also include some Tricking. The word freerunning was first used in the documentary, Jump London, the name came about because of a suggestion by Guillaumme Pelletier, who was working with Foucan at the time. The reasoning behind the name was, to quote Foucan, Free because its free, in the documentary, freerunning was defined as an English translation of parkour. The central principle of freerunning is that one should express oneself by moving fluidly in ones environment, Foucan expands on a number of basic principles of the sport in his book, Freerunning. Other practitioners have suggested other principles, for example, Daniel Ilabaca encourages people to think positively, suggesting that practitioners of freerunning will sometimes fall—largely because they think they might. In Western Europe the idea of moving past obstacles for development or sport originated with Georges Hébert. He observed untrained native tribes in Africa with fantastic athletic ability and his ideas eventually led to the parcours du combattant, which is now a standard of military training. These ideas were picked up by a young Raymond Belle, who used them to practical effect while separated from his family during the First Indochina War, when he moved to France and started a family, he passed on these ideas to his son, David. 30 years later, other people were attracted to these ideas and a small group formed, the Yamakasi. This group trained together for years and in 1997, through David Belles brother, Jean-Francois, they started to attract attention. The Yamakasi eventually split apart, though, because some members sought to more individual expressions of the discipline. Meanwhile, action star Jackie Chan had also been heavily incorporating the concepts in most of his films ever since the early 1980s from the other side of the globe. Foucan wanted to create a discipline that was personal to the individual than parkour. His idea was similar to that of Bruce Lees creation of Jeet Kune Do, Foucan wanted to take everything that he had found useful and that he liked from his parkour experiences and combine it into one sport. Foucans early ideas were first spread through the Jump London documentary and its sequel, Foucan has appeared in other productions, such as Casino Royale and Madonnas Confessions Tour
23.
Telepathy
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Telepathy is the purported transmission of information from one person to another without using any of our known sensory channels or physical interaction. Telepathy experiments have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls, there is no convincing evidence that telepathy exists, and the topic is generally considered by the scientific community to be pseudoscience. Telepathy is a theme in modern fiction and science fiction, with many extraterrestrials, superheroes. As the physical sciences made significant advances, scientific concepts were applied to mental phenomena, the modern concept of telepathy emerged in this context. The skeptic Eric Dingwall criticized SPR founding members Frederic W. H. Myers, in the late 19th century the magician Washington Irving Bishop would perform thought reading demonstrations. Bishop claimed no supernatural powers and ascribed his powers to muscular sensitivity, Bishop was investigated by a group of scientists including the editor of the British Medical Journal and the psychologist Francis Galton. Bishop performed several feats such as correctly identifying a selected spot on a table. During the experiment Bishop required physical contact with a subject who knew the correct answer and he would hold the hand or wrist of the helper. The scientists concluded that Bishop was not a telepath but using a highly trained skill to detect ideomotor movements. Another famous thought reader was the magician Stuart Cumberland, Cumberland claimed to possess no genuine psychic ability and his thought reading performances could only be demonstrated by holding the hand of his subject to read their muscular movements. He came into dispute with psychical researchers associated with the Society for Psychical Research who were searching for genuine cases of telepathy. Cumberland argued that telepathy and communication with the dead were impossible and that the mind of man can not be read through telepathy. In the late 19th century the Creery Sisters were tested by the Society for Psychical Research, however, during a later experiment they were caught utilizing signal codes and they confessed to fraud. G. A. Smith and myself have been accepted and cited as the evidence of the truth of thought transference. The psychologist Leonard T. Troland had carried out experiments in telepathy at Harvard University which were reported in 1917, the subjects produced below chance expectations. Arthur Conan Doyle and W. T, Stead were duped into believing Julius and Agnes Zancig had genuine psychic powers. Both Doyle and Stead wrote the Zancigs performed telepathy, the results revealed no evidence for telepathy. She attempted to duplicate 290 pictures which were drawn by her husband, Sinclair claimed Mary successfully duplicated 65 of them, with 155 partial successes and 70 failures
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Immortality
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Immortality is eternal life, the ability to live forever. At least one species has potential biological immortality, Turritopsis dohrnii, other advocates believe that life extension is a more achievable goal in the short term, with immortality awaiting further research breakthroughs. The absence of aging would provide humans with biological immortality, but not invulnerability to death by physical trauma, whether the process of internal endoimmortality is delivered within the upcoming years depends chiefly on research in the former view and perhaps is an awaited goal in the latter case. In religious contexts, immortality is often stated to be one of the promises of God to human beings who show goodness or else follow divine law, Life extension technologies promise a path to complete rejuvenation. Cryonics holds out the hope that the dead can be revived in the future, while, as shown with creatures such as hydra and planarian worms, it is indeed possible for a creature to be biologically immortal, it is not known if it is possible for humans. Mind uploading is the transference of brain states from a brain to an alternative medium providing similar functionality. Assuming the process to be possible and repeatable, this would provide immortality to the computation of the original brain, the soul itself has different meanings and is not used in the same way in different religions and different denominations of a religion. For example, various branches of Christianity have disagreeing views on the souls immortality, physical immortality is a state of life that allows a person to avoid death and maintain conscious thought. It can mean the unending existence of a person from a source other than organic life. There are three causes of death, aging, disease and physical trauma. Such issues can be resolved with the provided in research to any end providing such alternate theories at present that require unification. Eliminating aging would require finding a solution to each of these causes, there is also a huge body of knowledge indicating that change is characterized by the loss of molecular fidelity. Disease is theoretically surmountable via technology, in short, it is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism, something the body shouldnt typically have to deal with its natural make up. Human understanding of genetics is leading to cures and treatments for previously incurable diseases. The mechanisms by which other diseases do their damage are becoming better understood, sophisticated methods of detecting diseases early are being developed. Preventative medicine is becoming better understood, neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinsons and Alzheimers may soon be curable with the use of stem cells. Breakthroughs in cell biology and telomere research are leading to treatments for cancer, vaccines are being researched for AIDS and tuberculosis. Genes associated with type 1 diabetes and certain types of cancer have been discovered, artificial devices attached directly to the nervous system may restore sight to the blind
25.
Old World
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The Old World consists of Africa, Europe, and Asia, regarded collectively as the part of the world known to Europeans before contact with the Americas. It is used in the context of, and contrast with and these regions were connected via the Silk Road trade route, and they have a pronounced Iron Age period following the Bronze Age. The concept of the three continents in the Old World, viz. Asia, Africa, and Europe, goes back to classical antiquity and their boundaries as defined by Ptolemy and other geographers of antiquity were drawn along the Nile and Don rivers. This definition remained influential throughout the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, the Old world has areas of North Africa, Eurasia, parts of Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. The mainland of Afro-Eurasia has been referred to as the World Island, the term may have been coined by Sir Halford John Mackinder in The Geographical Pivot of History. The equivalent of the Old World had names in some of its ancient cultures, including Midgard in Germanic cosmology, synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures Afro-Eurasia
26.
Werewolf
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Early sources for belief in lycanthropy are Petronius and Gervase of Tilbury. From the early period, werewolf beliefs also spread to the New World with colonialism. Belief in werewolves developed in parallel to the belief in witches, in the course of the Late Middle Ages, during the early period, accusations of lycanthropy were mixed with accusations of wolf-riding or wolf-charming. The case of Peter Stumpp led to a significant peak in both interest in and persecution of supposed werewolves, primarily in French-speaking and German-speaking Europe, the trappings of horror literature in the 20th century became part of the horror and fantasy genre of modern pop culture. The word werewolf continues a late Old English werwulf, a compound of were man, the only Old High German testimony is in the form of a given name, Weriuuolf, although an early Middle High German werwolf is found in Burchard of Worms and Berthold of Regensburg. The word or concept does not occur in medieval German poetry or fiction, Middle Latin gerulphus Anglo-Norman garwalf, Old Frankish *wariwulf. Old Norse had the cognate varúlfur, but because of the importance of werewolves in Norse mythology. In modern Scandinavian also kveldulf evening-wolf, presumably after the name of Kveldulf Bjalfason, use of lycanthropy for supposed shape-shifting is much later, introduced ca. Slavic uses the term vlko-dlak, literally wolf-skin, paralleling the Old Norse ulfhéðinn, however, the word is not attested in the medieval period. The Slavic term was loaned into modern Greek as Vrykolakas, baltic has related terms, Lithuanian vilkolakis and vilkatas, Latvian vilkatis and vilkacis. The name vurdalak for the Slavic vampire is a due to Alexander Pushkin. Tolstoy in his novella The Family of the Vourdalak, Greek λυκάνθρωπος and Germanic werewulf are parallel inasmuch as the concept of a shapeshifter becoming a wolf is expressed by means of a compound wolf-man or man-wolf. Their underlying common origin can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European mythology and this is reflected in Iron Age Europe in the Tierkrieger depictions from the Germanic sphere, among others. The standard comparative overview of this aspect of Indo-European mythology is McCone, such transformations of men into wolves in pagan cult were associated with the devil from the early medieval perspective. In his Man into Wolf, Robert Eisler tried to cast the Indo-European tribal names meaning wolf or wolf-men in terms of the European transition from fruit gathering to predatory hunting, a few references to men changing into wolves are found in Ancient Greek literature and mythology. In the second century BC, the Greek geographer Pausanias related the story of Lycaon, in accounts by the Bibliotheca and Ovid, Lycaon serves human flesh to Zeus, wanting to know if he is really a god. Lycaons transformation, therefore, is punishment for a crime, considered variously as murder, cannibalism, Ovid also relates stories of men who roamed the woods of Arcadia in the form of wolves. In addition to Ovid, other Roman writers also mentioned lycanthropy, virgil wrote of human beings transforming into wolves
27.
Shape-shifting
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In mythology, folklore and speculative fiction, shapeshifting is the ability of a being or creature to completely transform its physical form or shape. This is usually achieved through an inherent ability of a creature, divine intervention. The idea persisted through the Middle Ages, where the agency causing shapeshifting is usually a sorcerer or witch and it remains a common trope in modern fantasy, childrens literature, and works of popular culture. The most common form of shapeshifting myths is that of therianthropy, legends allow for transformations into plants and objects, and the assumption of another human countenance. Shapeshifting to the form of a wolf is known as lycanthropy. Therianthropy is the general term for human-animal shifts, but it is rarely used in that capacity. It was also common for deities to transform mortals into animals, other terms for shapeshifters include metamorph, the Navajo skin-walker, mimic, and therianthrope. The prefix were-, coming from the Old English word for man, is used to designate shapeshifters, despite its root. While the popular idea of a shapeshifter is of a human being who turns into something else, proteus was noted among the gods for his shapeshifting, both Menelaus and Aristaeus seized him to win information from him, and succeeded only because they held on during his various changes. Nereus told Heracles where to find the Apples of the Hesperides for the same reason, the Titan Metis, the first wife of Zeus and the mother of the goddess Athena, was believed to be able to change her appearance into anything she wanted. In one story, she was so proud, that her husband, Zeus and he then swallowed her because he feared that he and Metis would have a son who would be more powerful than Zeus himself. She stayed alive inside his head and built armor for her daughter, the banging of her metalworking made Zeus have a headache, so Hephaestus clove his head with an axe. Athena sprang from her fathers head, fully grown, and in battle armor, in Greek mythology, the transformation is often a punishment from the gods to humans who crossed them. Zeus transformed King Lycaon into a wolf as a punishment for either killing Zeus children or serving him the flesh of Lycaons own murdered son Nyctimus, Demeter transformed Ascalabus into a lizard for mocking her sorrow and thirst during her search for her daughter Persephone. She also turned King Lyncus into a lynx for trying to murder her prophet Triptolemus, Athena transformed Arachne into a spider for challenging her as a weaver and/or weaving a tapestry that insulted the gods. Artemis transformed Actaeon into a stag for spying on her bathing, io was a priestess of Hera in Argos, a nymph who was raped by Zeus, who changed her into a heifer to escape detection. The young Tiresias was walking through a forest when he found two snakes in the act of love and he poked them with a stick and was instantly changed into a woman. He lived in this form for many years, and even married and had children
28.
Shamanism
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The word shaman probably originates from the Tungusic Evenki language of North Asia. The term was introduced to the west after Russian forces conquered the shamanistic Khanate of Kazan in 1552, Mircea Eliade writes, A first definition of this complex phenomenon, and perhaps the least hazardous, will be, shamanism = technique of religious ecstasy. Shamanism encompasses the premise that shamans are intermediaries or messengers between the world and the spirit worlds. Shamans are said to treat ailments/illness by mending the soul, alleviating traumas affecting the soul/spirit restores the physical body of the individual to balance and wholeness. The shaman also enters supernatural realms or dimensions to obtain solutions to problems afflicting the community, Shamans may visit other worlds/dimensions to bring guidance to misguided souls and to ameliorate illnesses of the human soul caused by foreign elements. The shaman operates primarily within the world, which in turn affects the human world. The restoration of balance results in the elimination of the ailment, hundreds of books and academic papers on the subject have been produced, with a peer-reviewed academic journal being devoted to the study of shamanism. The word shaman probably originates from the Evenki word šamán, most likely from the dialect spoken by the Sym Evenki peoples. The Tungusic term was adopted by Russians interacting with the indigenous peoples in Siberia. It is found in the memoirs of the exiled Russian churchman Avvakum, adam Brand, a merchant from Lübeck, published in 1698 his account of a Russian embassy to China, a translation of his book, published the same year, introduced the word shaman to English speakers. The etymology of the Evenki word is sometimes connected to a Tungus root ša- to know, other scholars assert that the word comes directly from the Manchu language, and as such would be the only commonly used English word that is a loan from this language. This proposal has been thoroughly critiqued since 1917, ethnolinguist Juha Janhunen regards it as an anachronism and an impossibility that is nothing more than a far-fetched etymology. Ethnolinguists did not develop as a discipline nor achieve contact with these communities until the late 19th century, there is no single agreed-upon definition for the word shamanism among anthropologists. The English historian Ronald Hutton noted that by the dawn of the 21st century, the first of these uses the term to refer to anybody who contacts a spirit world while in an altered state of consciousness. The second definition limits the term to refer to those who contact a spirit world while in a state of consciousness at the behest of others. Problematically, scholars advocating the third view have failed to agree on what the defining technique should be, the fourth definition identified by Hutton uses shamanism to refer to the indigenous religions of Siberia and neighboring parts of Asia. According to the Golomt Center for Shamanic Studies, a Mongolian organisation of shamans, Shamans are normally called by dreams or signs which require lengthy training. However, shamanic powers may be inherited, turner and colleagues mention a phenomenon called shamanistic initiatory crisis, a rite of passage for shamans-to-be, commonly involving physical illness and/or psychological crisis
29.
Chris Weitz
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Christopher John Chris Weitz is an American film producer, screenwriter, author, occasional actor, and film director. He is the brother of filmmaker Paul Weitz and he is best known for his work with his brother on the comedy films American Pie and About a Boy, the latter of which was Oscar-nominated for adapted screenplay. Weitz directed the adaptation of the novel The Golden Compass and the film adaptation of New Moon from the series of Twilight books. Weitz was born in New York City, the son of actress Susan Kohner and his brother is filmmaker Paul Weitz. Weitz is the grandson of Czech-born agent and producer Paul Kohner, Tovar, who was from Oaxaca, Mexico, starred in Santa, Mexicos first talkie, in 1932, as well as a Mexican version of Drácula. Weitzs father and maternal grandfather were Jewish, and his grandmother was Catholic. He has also described himself as a lapsed Catholic crypto-Buddhist, as a young boy, Weitz was a member of the Knickerbocker Greys, a long-standing New York City youth marching corps that has been in existence since 1881. When he was 14 years old, Weitz went to the school, St Pauls School, in London. He graduated with a degree in English from Trinity College at Cambridge University in Cambridge, Weitz early career involved many collaborations with his brother. Some of the work they have done as screenwriters has been both credited and uncredited, Weitz began his film career as a co-writer on the 1998 animated film Antz. He followed this work on various sitcoms such as Off Centre. In 1999, he and Paul directed and produced American Pie, which was written by Adam Herz, Weitz returned as executive producer on the films two theatrical sequels. In 2001, along with his brother, he co-directed his second film, in 2002, the Weitz brothers co-wrote and co-directed About a Boy, the Hugh Grant film based on the book by Nick Hornby. The film was set up at New Line Cinema with Robert De Niro producing. The brothers felt that it was important that the character is British, inspiration came from the 1960 film The Apartment. They were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, Weitz has produced a number of films including In Good Company and American Dreamz, both of which were directed by his brother, Paul. He was subsequently invited by director Peter Jackson to visit the set of King Kong, in order to gain insight into directing a big-budget film and advice on how to deal with New Line. Tucker left the project in 2006 over creative differences with New Line, and the darkness and threat at the end of the story — anything that made it not a happy, popcorn-type movie — was removed
30.
Saturday Night Live
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Saturday Night Live is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11,1975, under the original title NBCs Saturday Night, the shows comedy sketches, which parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest and features performances by a musical guest, an episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, Live from New York, its Saturday Night. In 1980, Michaels left the series to other opportunities. He was replaced by Jean Doumanian, who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews, Ebersol ran the show until 1985, when Michaels returned, Michaels has remained since then. Many of SNLs cast found national stardom while appearing on the show, others associated with the show, such as writers, have gone on to successful careers creating, writing, or starring in TV and film. The show format has developed and recreated in several countries. Successful sketches have seen life outside of the show as feature films, throughout four decades on air, Saturday Night Live has received a number of awards, including 50 Primetime Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and three Writers Guild of America Awards. In 2000, it was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame and it was ranked tenth in TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list, and in 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME. As of 2012, it has received 156 Emmy nominations, the most received by any TV show, the live aspect of the show has resulted in several controversies and acts of censorship, with mistakes and intentional acts of sabotage by performers as well as guests. From 1965 until September 1975, NBC ran The Best of Carson reruns of The Tonight Show, in 1974, Johnny Carson announced that he wanted the weekend shows pulled and saved so that they could be aired during weeknights, allowing him to take time off. In 1974, NBC president Herbert Schlosser approached his vice president of late night programming, Dick Ebersol, at the suggestion of Paramount Pictures executive Barry Diller, Schlosser and Ebersol then approached Lorne Michaels. Over the next three weeks, Ebersol and Michaels developed the idea for a variety show featuring high-concept comedy sketches, political satire. By 1975 Michaels had assembled a talented cast, including Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Laraine Newman, Michael ODonoghue, Gilda Radner, and George Coe. The show was originally called NBCs Saturday Night, because Saturday Night Live was in use by Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell on the rival network ABC, NBC purchased the rights to the name in 1976 and officially adopted the new title on March 26,1977. In 1975 and 1976, they were the most desirable demographic for television advertisers, NBC executives agreed with Michaels and decided to keep the show on the air despite many angry letters and phone calls that the network received from viewers who were offended by certain sketches. Chevy Chase left the show in November of the season and was replaced a few months later by the then-unknown comic actor Bill Murray. Aykroyd and Belushi left the show in 1979 after the end of season four, in May 1980, Michaels—emotionally and physically exhausted—requested to put the show on hiatus for a year to give him time and energy to pursue other projects
31.
Park Avenue
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Park Avenue is a wide New York City boulevard which carries north and southbound traffic in the borough of Manhattan, and is also a wide one-way pair in the Bronx. For most of the length in Manhattan, it runs parallel to Madison Avenue to the west. Park Avenues entire length was formerly called Fourth Avenue, the title applies to the section between the Bowery and 14th Street. Meanwhile, the section between 14th and 17th Street is called Union Square East, and between 17th and 32nd Streets, the name Park Avenue South is used, in the Bronx, Park Avenue runs in several segments between the Major Deegan Expressway and Fordham Road. Park Avenue was originally known as Fourth Avenue and carried the tracks of the New York, the railroad originally ran through an open cut through Murray Hill, which was covered with grates and grass between 34th and 40th Street in the early 1850s. A section of park was later renamed Park Avenue in 1860. When Grand Central Depot was opened in the 1870s, the tracks between 56th and 93rd Streets were sunk out of sight and, in 1888, Park Avenue was extended to north of Grand Central. In 1936 the elevated Park Avenue Viaduct was built around the station to allow traffic to pass unimpeded. In October 1937, a part of the Murray Hill Tunnel was reopened for road traffic, efforts to promote a Grand Park Avenue Expressway to Grand Concourse in the Bronx were unavailing. A tradition was introduced in 1945 as a memorial to American soldiers killed in action, on May 5,1959, the New York City Council voted 20–1 to change the name of Fourth Avenue between 17th and 32nd Streets to Park Avenue South. In 1963, the Pan Am Building, straddling Park Avenue atop Grand Central Terminal, was built between the automotive viaducts, on March 12,2014, two apartment buildings near 116th Street,1644 and 1646 Park Avenue, were destroyed in a gas explosion. Eight people were killed and many others were injured, the road that becomes Park Avenue originates as the Bowery. From Cooper Square at 8th Street to Union Square at 14th Street, it is known as Fourth Avenue, at 14th Street, it turns slightly northeast to align with other avenues drawn up in the Commissioners Plan of 1811. From 17th Street to 32nd Street, it is known as Park Avenue South, above 32nd Street, for the remainder of its distance, it is known as Park Avenue, a 140-foot-wide boulevard. Between 33rd Street and 40th Street, the northbound lane descends into the Murray Hill Tunnel. The bridge, one of two structures in Manhattan known as the Park Avenue Viaduct, returns to level at 46th Street after going through the Helmsley Building. The IRT Lexington Avenue Line runs under this portion of the street, once the line reaches Grand Central – 42nd Street, it shifts east to Lexington Avenue. From 47th to 97th Streets, Metro-North Railroad tracks run in a tunnel underneath Park Avenue, in the 1920s the portion of Park Avenue from Grand Central Terminal to 96th Street saw extensive apartment building construction
32.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
33.
Little, Brown and Company
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Early lists featured Little Women by Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinsons poetry, and Bartletts Familiar Quotations. As of 2016, Little, Brown & Company is a division of the Hachette Book Group, Little, Brown and Company had its roots in the book selling trade. It was founded in 1837 in Boston by Charles Little and James Brown and they formed the partnership for the purpose of Publishing, Importing, and Selling Books. It can trace its roots before that to 1784 to a bookshop owned by Ebenezer Batelle on Marlborough Street and they published works of Benjamin Franklin and George Washington and they were specialized in legal publishing and importing titles. Little, Brown and Company was the American publisher for Edward Gibbons the Decline, the firm was the original publisher of United States Statutes at Large beginning in 1845, under authority granted by a joint resolution of Congress. In 1874, Congress transferred the authority to publish the Statutes at Large to the Government Printing Office, in 1853, Little, Brown began publishing the works of British poets from Chaucer to Wordsworth. Ninety-six volumes were published in the series in five years, in 1859, John Bartlett became a partner in the firm. He held the rights to his Familiar Quotations, and Little, John Murray Brown, James Browns son, took over when Augustus Flagg retired in 1884. In the 1890s, Little, Brown expanded into publishing, including fiction. In 1896, it published Quo Vadis, in 1898, Little, Brown purchased a list of titles from the Roberts Brothers firm. 19th century employees included Charles Carroll Soule, John Murray Brown died in 1908 and James W. McIntyre became managing partner. When McIntyre died in 1913, Little, Brown incorporated, in 1925, Little, Brown entered into an agreement to publish all Atlantic Monthly books. Chips, Walter D. Edmondss Drums Along the Mohawk, William Least Heat-Moons Blue Highways, Tracy Kidders The Soul of a New Machine, salinger later terminated his contract with the publishing house sometime in the 1970s, though his novel was still published by Little, Brown. Little, Brown also published the photography of Ansel Adams, in 1996, Little, Browns legal and medical publishing division was purchased by Wolters Kluwer. In 2001, Michael Pietsch became Publisher of Little, Brown, the imprint was purchased by Time Inc. in 1968, and was made part of the Time Warner Book Group when Time merged with Warner Communications to form Time Warner in 1989. Little, Brown expanded into the UK in 1992 when TWBG bought MacDonald & Co from Maxwell Communications, taking on its Abacus and Orbit lists, feminist publisher Virago Press followed in 1996. Also in 1996, Wolters Kluwer acquired Little, Browns professional division, in 2006, the Time Warner Book Group was sold to French publisher Hachette Livre. Following this, the Little, Brown imprint is used by Hachette Livres U. S. publishing company, in 2011, Little, Brown launched an imprint devoted to suspense publishing, Mulholland Books
34.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
35.
MTV
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MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
36.
Summit Entertainment
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Summit Entertainment LLC is an American film production and distribution company. It is owned by Lionsgate and is headquartered in Santa Monica, Summit Entertainment was founded in 1991 by film producers Bernd Eichinger, Arnon Milchan, and Andrew G. Vajna, to handle film sales in foreign countries. Summit later expanded and was launched in 1993 by Patrick Wachsberger, Bob Hayward and David Garrett under the name Summit Entertainment LP as a production, distribution, by 1995 they were producing and co-financing films, and by 1997 they started fully financing films. Among the companys early successes was American Pie, which Summit distributed outside of English-speaking territories, in 2007, it became an independent film production company, Summit Entertainment, with the addition of Rob Friedman, a former executive at Paramount Pictures. Summit Entertainments films are distributed theatrically and on home video in Spain. In the spring of 2009, Summit released Knowing, the second movie to open #1 at the box office. In June 2010 Summit released the film of the Twilight series, The Twilight Saga. It broke a midnight screening record of over $30 million and set a one-day Wednesday record of $68.5 million and it became the first movie in the series to cross the $300 million mark domestically. In 2008, Summit Entertainment ranked in eighth place among the studios, with a gross of $226.5 million, in 2009, Summit ranked 7th among studios with a gross of $482.5 million. In September 2008, merger talks between Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate were the subject of speculation, but no deal was finalized at that time. On January 13,2012, Lionsgate acquired Summit Entertainment for $412.5 million, list of Summit Entertainment films Lionsgate Smith v. Summit Entertainment LLC Official website Summit Entertainment at the Internet Movie Database Reuters Story
37.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
