1.
Cannes
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Cannes is a city located on the French Riviera. It is a commune of France located in the Alpes-Maritimes department, and host city of the annual Cannes Film Festival, Midem, the city is known for its association with the rich and famous, its luxury hotels and restaurants, and for several conferences. On 3 November 2011 it also played host to the G20 organisation of industrialised nations, by the 2nd century BC, the Ligurian Oxybii established a settlement here known as Aegitna. Historians are unsure what the name means, the area was a fishing village used as a port of call between the Lérins Islands. In 69 AD, it became the scene of violent conflict between the troops of Otho and Vitellius, in the 10th century, the town was known as Canua. The name may derive from canna, a reed, Canua was probably the site of a small Ligurian port, and later a Roman outpost on Le Suquet hill, suggested by Roman tombs discovered here. Le Suquet housed an 11th-century tower which overlooked swamps where the city now stands, most of the ancient activity, especially protection, was on the Lérins Islands and the history of Cannes is closely tied to the history of the islands. An attack by the Saracens in 891, who remained until the end of the 10th century, the insecurity of the Lérins islands forced the monks to settle on the mainland, at the Suquet. Construction of a castle in 1035 fortified the city by then known as Cannes, one took a century to build. Around 1530, Cannes detached from the monks who had controlled the city for hundreds of years, during the 18th century, both the Spanish and British tried to gain control of the Lérins Islands but were chased away by the French. The islands were controlled by many, such as Jean-Honoré Alziary. They had many different purposes, at the end of the 19th century, henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux bought land at the Croix des Gardes and constructed the villa Eleonore-Louise. His work to improve living conditions attracted the English aristocracy, who built winter residences. At the end of the 19th century, several railways were completed, in Cannes, projects such as the Boulevard Carnot and the rue dAntibes were carried out. After the closure of the Casino des Fleurs, an establishment was built for the rich winter clientele. This casino was demolished and replaced by the new Palace in 1979, in the 20th century, new luxury hotels such as the Carlton, Majestic, Martinez, and JW Marriott Cannes were built. The city was modernised with a centre, a post office. There were fewer British and German tourists after the First World War, winter tourism gave way to summer tourism and the summer casino at the Palm Beach was constructed
2.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
3.
Harvard-Westlake School
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The school has its campuses in Holmby Hills and Studio City. The school is a member of the G20 Schools group, the Harvard School for Boys was established in 1900 by Grenville C. Emery as an academy, located at the corner of Western Avenue and Venice Boulevard in Los Angeles. In 1911, it secured endorsement from the Episcopal Church becoming a non-profit organization, in 1937, the school moved to its present-day campus on Coldwater Canyon in Studio City after receiving a loan from Donald Douglas of the Douglas Aviation Company. It moved to its campus located in Holmby Hills, California in 1927. The school was purchased by Sydney Temple, whose daughter, Helen Temple Dickinson, was headmistress until 1966, the Temple family owned the school until 1977, with Mrs. Dickinson serving in an ex officio capacity. In 1968 Westlake became exclusively a secondary school, the two institutions had long been de facto sister schools and interacted socially. Complete integration and coeducation began in 1991, in 2008, more than eighteen students were expelled or suspended when a major cheating scandal rocked the school. The Middle School completed a modernization effort in September 2008, replacing the original administration building, the library. As of November 2006, a campaign has commenced for the modernization of the Upper School. Reynolds Hall, a building which is home to history, foreign language and visual arts classes. The building was then renamed Wang Hall in honor of two parents who donated approximately $5,000,000 to fund the project, in 2007, lights were added to Ted Slavin Field in order to reduce the amount of travel needed to allow teams to practice. The school also maintains an off-campus baseball facility, the OMalley Family Field, in Encino, the Upper School campus also features the three-story Seeley G. Mudd Library and Saint Saviours Chapel, a vestige from Harvard School for Boys Episcopal days. In the early 1980s, annual tuition at the schools that now make up Harvard-Westlake was around $4,000, by 1983 or 1984, this figure surpassed $5,000. For the 2013-2014 academic year, the tuition was $32,300, with typical costs for books. In 2014-15, tuition was $33,500, the new student fee was $2,000, optional bus service for school students was $2, 200-2,400. Harvard-Westlake allotted almost $7.8 million to aid for the 2011–2012 academic year. Nearly 20% of the student body received some form of assistance, with an aid package of just under $23,000
4.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
5.
Stephen Gyllenhaal
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Stephen Roark Gyllenhaal is an American film director and poet. Gyllenhaal was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Virginia Lowrie and his mentor at Trinity was the poet Hugh Ogden. He was married to screenwriter Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal for 32 years until their divorce was finalized in 2009, from that marriage, he is the father of actress Maggie Gyllenhaal and actor Jake Gyllenhaal. He is also the brother of Anders Gyllenhaal, executive editor of the Miami Herald, in July 2011 he married Kathleen Man, a filmmaker and professor who was a co-producer on Gyllenhaals 2012 film Grassroots. Gyllenhaal and Man welcomed son Luke in 2014, after two previous miscarriages, Gyllenhaal directed the film version of the Pete Dexter novel Paris Trout, which was nominated for five Emmy Awards and won him a DGA Award. In 1990 Gyllenhaal directed Family of Spies, which was nominated for 2 Golden Globe Awards, in addition, he directed an episode of the ABC television series Twin Peaks. He directed the 2001 TNT television pilot The Warden, based on Lynda La Plantes series The Governor and it is about a dynamic and ambitious woman who is brought in as the young warden of an all-male maximum security prison. Gyllenhaal has also directed episodes of the CBS series Numb3rs, The Mentalist, Hawthorne, Army Wives. In 2011 Gyllenhaal directed Girl Fight which starred Anne Heche and earned Gyllenhaal a DGA Nomination for outstanding achievement in movies for television. He is also a poet, who has published in literary journals such as Prairie Schooner. His first collection of poetry, Claptrap, Notes from Hollywood, was published in June 2006 by Cantara Christophers New York-based literary small press, in 2013, Gyllenhaal directed a backdoor pilot originally titled Sworn to Silence that aired as the Lifetime TV movie An Amish Murder. It stars Neve Campbell as a police detective who must solve a murder case that involves the Amish Community she was shunned from years ago. Gyllenhaal is also in post-production on a documentary about dream interpretation titled Exquisite Continent, official website Stephen Gyllenhaal at the Internet Movie Database The Gyllenhaal name Genealogy of the Gyllenhaal family
6.
Gyllenhaal family
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Gyllenhaal is the surname of a Swedish noble family descended from cavalry Lieutenant Nils Gunnarsson Haal, ennobled in 1652 with a change of surname to Gyllenhaal. Haal comes from the name of the farm estate Hahlegården, in the Knighthood Letter, signed by Queen Christina, the family name was written in two different ways — first Gyllenhahl and then Gyllenhaal. On the copperplate with his coat of arms now hanging in the House of Nobility in Stockholm it is spelled Gyllenhahl, such ambiguities are typical of the time, it would be several generations before Swedish spelling was more strictly regulated. The prefix Gyllen was the one most used when ennobling someone since the 16th century, Nils Gunnarsson Gyllenhaals descendants today stem from two of his sons, Lars Gyllenhaal, Lieutenant of the Vestgotha cavalry regiment, and his younger brother Hans Gyllenhaal. Hans was killed in action at the battle of Helsingborg as a cavalry captain, the members of the older branch descending from Lars are still living in Sweden. The most notable member of that branch is the Minister for Justice Lars Herman Gyllenhaal, in 1851, he was created Knight and Commander of the Royal Order of the Seraphim. His great-great grandson, Herman Gyllenhaal till Härlingstorp, is now the baron of the family, all the members of the family in the United States are descended from Hans Gyllenhaal and come from his great great-great grandson Anders Leonard and his wife Amanda. Anders Leonard Gyllenhaal immigrated to the United States in 1865, the hitherto most memorable member of this younger branch was Leonard Gyllenhaal. In 1807, he was created a Knight of the Royal Order of Vasa for his work as an entomologist, including his monograph of Swedish insects. Some notable members of family are, Johan Abraham Gyllenhaal. Leonard Gyllenhaal, military officer and gentleman farmer, known as an entomologist and his best-known work was his monograph on Swedish beetles, Insecta suecica. Coleoptera in 4 parts, published between 1808 and 1827, Lars Herman Gyllenhaal, Swedish Prime Minister for Justice 1843–1844. She was first married to the stablemaster of Napoleon Is sister, in 1817, widowed, she married J. Montgomery-Cederhjelm in Vienna and became a leading figure, in 1825 she was widowed again, she married a third time in 1839 to Carl Gyllenhaal. She was the subject of a poem by the leading Swedish poet Esaias Tegnér, Anders Leonard Gyllenhaal, grandson of Leonard G. editor-in-chief of the Swedish-American newspaper Svenska Amerikanaren Tribunen in Chicago. Stephen Gyllenhaal, film director, great grandson of Anders Leonard G. was married to producer and screenwriter Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal, Anders Gyllenhaal, Washington Editor and Vice President of News, The McClatchy Company, former executive editor of the Miami Herald. Lars Gyllenhaal, born 1968, great grandson of Lars Herman Gyllenhaal. Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon, Volume 1,1906 Gyllenhaal family tree official website Noble family Gyllenhaal No.814 at the Swedish genealogy website Adelsvapen
7.
City Slickers
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The films screenplay was written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel, and it was shot in New York City, New Mexico, Durango, Colorado, and Spain. A sequel City Slickers II, The Legend of Curlys Gold was released in 1994, with the exception of Kirby, at Mitchs birthday party, his best friends Phil and Ed present a gift of a two-week cattle drive from New Mexico to Colorado. In New Mexico, Mitch, Phil and Ed meet the owner, Clay Stone. Mitch develops a rivalry with the ranchs professional cowboys, Jeff and T. R. when they drunkenly proposition one of the drivers, the standoff is stopped by the trail boss, Curly, who inadvertently humiliates Mitch in front of his friends. During the drive, as Mitch, Phil and Ed begin to change their outlook on life, Mitch accidentally causes a stampede which wrecks most of the camp. In retribution, Curly orders him to gather the lost cows, but over time. Curly advises Mitch to discover the one thing in his life which is the most important to him, along the way, Mitch helps deliver a calf from a dying cow, which Curly kills out of mercy. Mitch adopts the calf and names him Norman, Curly suddenly dies of a heart attack, leaving the drive under Jeff and T. R. Trouble begins when the cook, Cookie, gets drunk and accidentally destroys the groups chuck wagon, breaking his own legs and that night, Jeff and T. R. intoxicate themselves with Cookies hidden stash. A fight ensues when they threaten Norman and assault Mitch, leading Phil to lash out at them, Jeff and T. R. abandon them to avoid reprisals from Clay Stone. Though the remaining drivers consider leaving the herd to seek out civilisation, Phil, Mitch has a change of heart and joins them while the others continue to Colorado. After braving a heavy storm, they manage to drive the herd to Colorado. Mitch saves him but they are swept away with the current. Phil and Ed only barely manage to save both and finally overcome their crises while resting on the bank. They reach Clay Stones ranch in Colorado shortly afterwards, Clay Stone offers to reimburse them for their troubles, but reveals that he is selling the herd to a meat company. Having changed their outlook on life, Mitch, Phil and Ed decide to rebuild their lives, Mitch returns with Phil and Ed a happier man, and reunites with his family. Phil enters a relationship with Bonnie, and Ed becomes open to the idea of having children and his acceptance speech for the award is best remembered for his demonstration of one-armed push-ups, which he claimed convinced studio insurance agents that he was healthy enough to work on it. Billy Crystal was hosting the Academy Awards that night, and used the incident for several jokes afterward that evening
8.
A Dangerous Woman (1993 film)
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A Dangerous Woman is a 1993 American romantic drama film directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal. The screenplay was written by his wife Naomi Foner, loosely based on the novel of the same name by Mary McGarry Morris. The feature was co-produced by Amblin Entertainment and Gramercy Pictures and it stars Debra Winger, Barbara Hershey, Gabriel Byrne and Gyllenhaal. It included Gyllenhaal and Foners two children, Jake and Maggie, who later developed acting careers, Debra Winger was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her performance and also won Best Actress at the Tokyo International Film Festival. The film has never released on Region 1 DVD. The film was released on video in the United Kingdom by First Independent Films. Martha Horgan struggles to have a life in spite of being mentally challenged. She is fired from a job at the local dry-cleaner after accusations of stealing from the cash register and she believes the theft was done by Getso, the boyfriend of her work colleague Birdie. Depressed, Horgan returns to the home of Aunt Frances and discovers that a handyman, Aunt Frances plans to host a gala event for a local politician. Irate over her husbands affair with Frances, the wife had driven into the porch. He defends her from Getso, who bullies and insults her, Martha becomes increasingly fond of Mackey as time goes on. Mackey recognizes Marthas feelings but does not take advantage of her, one night Mackey returns drunk to Marthas home, lets himself in and proceeds to have sex with the eager Martha on her sofa. He later sleeps with Frances, who is drunk, despondent following the gala. Her lover politician had reconciled with his wife and left with her at the end of the evening, Mackey plans to leave as soon as he finishes the porch job, feeling guilty about being unfaithful to Martha, but Martha urges him stay and tries to seduce him. He resists at first, then succumbs, then rejects her. Despondent, Martha seeks her only friend, Birdie, for comfort, there she finds Getso, who taunts and threatens her. Feeling cornered, Martha stabs Getso repeatedly with a sandwich knife, Martha stays and tries to comfort Getso as he dies from his wounds. Frances and Mackey seek Martha at the station where they are informed that she is pregnant and will likely be charged with murder
9.
Homegrown (film)
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Homegrown is a 1998 American comedy-drama thriller film. It was directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal and starred Billy Bob Thornton, John Lithgow, small-fry marijuana harvesters in Northern California try to keep the business running, negotiating the biggest sale ever and keeping his death a secret. But when silent partners, the Mafia, the police, and other meddlers crash the party and it wasnt until the legalization of medical marijuana in California that the film was given a green light. The film still had a theatrical run. The soundtrack was released on June 11,2002 on Will Records
10.
Homer Hickam
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Homer Hadley Hickam, Jr. is an American author, Vietnam veteran, and a former NASA engineer. His memoir Rocket Boys was a New York Times Best Seller and is studied in many American and international school systems, Hickam has also written a number of best-selling memoirs and novels including the Josh Thurlow historical fiction novels. His books have been translated into many languages, Homer H. Hickam, Jr. is the second son of Homer, Sr. and Elsie Gardener Hickam. He was born and raised in Coalwood, West Virginia, while there, he and a group of boys started building rockets, calling themselves The Big Creek Missile Agency. After working on finding the best way to build rockets, they took their designs to the 1960 National Science Fair, following high school, Hickam attended and graduated from Virginia Tech in 1964 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Engineering. During his time at Virginia Tech, he designed a cannon to be fired at games, the cannon was cast out of brass that had been collected from cadet belt buckles and caps, and scrap he got from his father, the superintendent of the coal mine in Coalwood. Named The Skipper, in honor of President John F. Kennedy, the original cannon was retired after being replaced by a second cannon, Skipper II. The second cannon was cast to carry on the tradition at Virginia Tech with original Skipper now kept at the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets Museum. A United States Army veteran, Hickam served as a First Lieutenant in the Fourth Infantry Division from 1967 to 1968 during the Vietnam War and he was awarded the Army Commendation Medal and a Bronze Star Medal. In total, Hickam served six years on duty, being discharged from the Army honorably at the rank of Captain in 1971. Following his separation from the service, Hickam worked as an engineer for the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command from 1971 to 1978, between 1978 and 1981, he was an engineer for the 7th Army Training Command in Germany. After returning to the United States in 1981, Hickam was employed by National Aeronautics, during his NASA career, Hickam worked in spacecraft design and crew training. His specialties at NASA included training astronauts in regard to science payloads, prior to his retirement from NASA in 1998, Hickam was the Payload Training Manager for the International Space Station Program. Homer Hickam began writing in 1969 after returning from serving in the Vietnam War and his first writings were magazine stories about scuba diving and his time as a scuba instructor. Then, having dived in many of the wrecks involved, he wrote about the battle against the U-boats along the American east coast during World War II and this resulted in his first book, Torpedo Junction, a military history best-seller published in 1989 by the Naval Institute Press. In 1998, Delacorte Press published Hickams second book, Rocket Boys, Rocket Boys has since been translated into numerous languages and released as an audiobook and electronic book. Rocket Boys was also nominated by the National Book Critics Circle as Best Biography of 1998, in February 1999, Universal Studios released its critically acclaimed film October Sky, based on Rocket Boys. In an interview, Hickam has said of the movie that it was fine for what it is, a low-budget feel-good movie, still, the world needs feel-good movies and it has done a good job of encouraging young people to go after their dreams
11.
October Sky
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October Sky is a 1999 American biographical film directed by Joe Johnston, starring Jake Gyllenhaal, Chris Cooper, Chris Owen, and Laura Dern. Most of the film was shot in rural East Tennessee, including Oliver Springs, Harriman and Kingston in Morgan, the movie received a positive critical reception and is still celebrated in the regions of its setting and filming. October Sky is an anagram of Rocket Boys, the title of the 1998 book upon which the movie is based and it is also used in a period radio broadcast describing Sputnik 1 as it crossed the October sky. The book was later re-released with the name in order to capitalize on interest in the movie, the film is set in Coalwood, West Virginia, in October 1957. Most people in the work in the coal mines. John Hickam, the superintendent, loves his job and hopes that his boys, Jim and Homer Hickam. When it appears that Jim will receive a scholarship to attend college. In October, news of the Soviet Unions rocket launch of Sputnik 1 reaches Coalwood, as the townspeople gather outside on the night of the broadcast, they see the satellite orbit across the sky. Filled with awe and a belief that this may be his chance to get out of Coalwood, Homer sets out to build rockets of his own. With the help of his friends, Roy Lee Cooke and Sherman ODell, and continued support from their teacher, Miss Riley. While their first launches are failures, they experiment with new fuels, after they complete several successful launches, the local paper runs a story about them. However, the day, they are arrested – accused of having started a forest fire with a rocket that went astray. After John picks up Homer from the station, Roy Lee is beaten up by his abusive stepfather. John intervenes and rescues Roy Lee, warning the drunken man that he will protect him as Roy Lees late father would have, the arrests, along with Johns lack of support, crush the boys dream, and they abandon rocketry. That night, after a disaster, John is injured while rescuing other men. The victim who is killed is Ike Bykovsky, a shop worker who let Homer use the shop to build his rockets. Homer has no choice but to drop out of high school, then, at this darkest day, Homer is inspired to look at a rocket science book Miss Riley has given him, and learns how to calculate the trajectory of a rocket. He and Quentin use what he learns to locate the accused and unrecovered rocket launched by the boys, finding the rocket proves that it could not have caused the fire, as it was unable to travel that far
12.
Cult film
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A cult film, also commonly referred to as a cult classic, is a film that has acquired a cult following. Cult films are known for their dedicated, passionate fanbase, a subculture that engage in repeated viewings, quoting dialogue. Inclusive definitions allow for major productions, especially box office bombs, while exclusive definitions focus more on obscure. The difficulty in defining the term and subjectivity of what qualifies as a cult film mirror classificatory disputes about art, Cult films trace their origin back to controversial and suppressed films kept alive by dedicated fans. In some cases, reclaimed or rediscovered films have acquired cult followings decades after their original release, Other cult films have since become well-respected or reassessed as classics, there is debate as to whether these popular and accepted films are still cult films. After failing in the cinema, some films have become regular fixtures on cable television or profitable sellers on home video. Others have inspired their own film festivals, Cult films can both appeal to specific subcultures and form their own subcultures. Other media that reference cult films can easily identify which demographics they desire to attract, Cult films frequently break cultural taboos, and many feature excessive displays of violence, gore, sexuality, profanity, or combinations thereof. This can lead to controversy, censorship, and outright bans, films that fail to attract requisite amounts of controversy may face resistance when labeled as cult films. Fans who like the films for the reasons, such as perceived elements that represent mainstream appeal and marketing. Likewise, fans who stray from accepted subcultural scripts may experience similar rejection, since the late 1970s, cult films have become increasingly popular. Films that once would have limited to obscure cult followings are now capable of breaking into the mainstream. Films are frequently stated to be an instant cult classic now, fickle fans on the Internet have latched on to unreleased films only to abandon them later on release. At the same time, other films have acquired massive, quick cult followings, easy access to cult films via video on demand and peer-to-peer file sharing has led some critics to pronounce the death of cult films. A cult film is any film that has a following, although the term is not easily defined. Cult films are defined by audience reaction as much as they are content and this may take the form of elaborate and ritualized audience participation, film festivals, or cosplay. Over time, the definition has become more vague and inclusive as it drifts away from earlier, stricter views, academic Mark Shiel has criticized the term itself as being a weak concept, reliant on subjectivity, different groups can interpret films in their own terms. Academic Mike Chopra‑Gant says that cult films become decontextualized when studied as a group, in 2008, Cineaste asked a range of academics for their definition of a cult film
13.
Donnie Darko
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Donnie Darko is a 2001 science fiction film written and directed by Richard Kelly. It stars Jake Gyllenhaal, Jena Malone, Drew Barrymore, Mary McDonnell, Katharine Ross, Patrick Swayze, Noah Wyle, the film follows the adventures of the troubled title character as he seeks the meaning behind his Doomsday-related visions. Filmed over the course of 28 days, the film was almost released straight-to-video, Donnie Darko was screened at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19,2001, before receiving a limited theatrical release on October 26,2001 by Flower Films. Due to the films advertising featuring a crashing plane and the September 11 attacks that transpired a month before, in the end, Donnie Darko grossed just under $7.3 million worldwide on a budget of $4.5 million. Despite its lackluster box office performance, Donnie Darko received critical acclaim, Critics lauded the films story, acting, and tone. The film was listed #2 in Empires 50 Greatest Independent Films of All Time list and it was released on VHS and DVD in March 2002. The film would become a success on the home video market. It would also be released on three times, once on February 10,2009, next on July 19,2010. The film also developed a cult following, the films soundtrack is also famous for its cover of Tears for Fearss Mad World by Gary Jules and Michael Andrews. The cover reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and stayed there for three consecutive weeks, the song also achieved lukewarm success in the United States, reaching number 30 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. The film would receive a cut on a two-disc special edition DVD in 2004, a stage adaptation in 2007. At dawn, Donnie returns home to find a jet engine has crashed into his bedroom and his older sister, Elizabeth, informs him that the FAA investigators do not know where it came from. Donnie tells his psychotherapist, Dr. Thurman, about his visits from Frank. Acting under Franks influence, he floods his school by damaging a water main and he also begins dating a new student, Gretchen Ross, who has recently moved into town with her mother under a new identity to escape her violent stepfather. Donnie rebels against these motivational lessons, leading to friction between Kitty and Rose, Donnies mother, Donnie disrupts a speech being given by Jim Cunningham by insulting him in front of the student body, then burns down Cunninghams house on instructions from Frank. When police find evidence of a child pornography operation in the houses remains, during a hypnotherapy session, Donnie confesses his crimes to Dr. Thurman and says that Frank will soon kill someone. Donnie and Elizabeth take the opportunity to throw a Halloween party to celebrate her acceptance to Harvard, Gretchen arrives, distraught that her mother has disappeared. Realizing that only hours remain before Franks prophesied end of the world, Donnie takes Gretchen and they are attacked by two school bullies, Seth and Ricky, who are attempting to rob Sparrows house, and the fight spills into the street
14.
Maggie Gyllenhaal
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Margalit Ruth Maggie Gyllenhaal is an American actress. She is the daughter of filmmakers Stephen Gyllenhaal and Naomi Achs and she began her film career as a teenager with roles in her fathers films and appeared alongside her brother in the psychological horror film Donnie Darko. She garnered critical praise for starring as Lee Holloway in Secretary, for her performance in Sherrybaby, she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama. She also received recognition for starring as Rachel Dawes in The Dark Knight, for her performance in the musical-drama Crazy Heart, she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She subsequently starred in Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang, Wont Back Down and Frank, in 2014, she made her Broadway debut in a revival of The Real Thing, and also starred in the television BBC miniseries The Honourable Woman. For her performance in the latter she won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Emmy Award, Gyllenhaal was born in New York City, the daughter of Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal and Stephen Gyllenhaal. Her father is a director and writer and her mother is a screenwriter. She has one sibling, actor Jake Gyllenhaal and her father, who was raised in the Swedenborgian religion, is of Swedish and English ancestry, and is a member of the Gyllenhaal family. Her mother was born in New York City, and is from a Jewish family which emigrated from Russia and her mothers first husband was Eric Foner, a noted historian and history professor at Columbia University. Gyllenhaal has stated that she grew up mostly Jewish, culturally and her parents married in 1977, and filed for divorce in October 2008. The first name on Maggies birth certificate is Margalit, which she did not discover until 2013, Margalit is a Hebrew word meaning pearl, some news stories have spelled it Margolit. Gyllenhaal grew up in Los Angeles, and studied at the Harvard–Westlake prep school and she spent four months as a student at The Mountain School, a semester school for high school juniors in Vermont. In 1995, she graduated from Harvard–Westlake and moved to New York to attend Columbia University and she also studied acting for a summer term at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, England. With their mother, she and Jake appeared in two episodes of Molto Mario, an Italian cooking show on the Food Network, after graduating from college, she played supporting roles in films like Cecil B. Demented and Riding in Cars with Boys, Gyllenhaal later achieved recognition in her own right playing her real brothers on-screen sister in the indie cult hit Donnie Darko. She made her debut in the Berkeley Repertory Theatre production of Patrick Marbers Closer. Production started in May 2000 and ended in mid-July of that year, Gyllenhaal has performed in several other plays, including The Tempest, Antony and Cleopatra, The Butterfly Project, and No Exit. Gyllenhaals break-out role was in the black comedy Secretary, a film about two people who embark on a mutually fulfilling BDSM lifestyle
15.
The Good Girl
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The Good Girl is a 2002 American black-comedy drama film directed by Miguel Arteta from a script by Mike White, and stars Jennifer Aniston, Jake Gyllenhaal and John C. Reilly. One morning, Justine notices a new cashier and later introduces herself, Holden appears quiet and reserved, qualities that the two of them share and, therefore, quickly take a liking to one another. They begin taking their lunch together and Justine gives Holden rides home. One time, he invites her in and she accepts, as the weeks go by, Justine and Holden start to bring out the best in each other. But when Holden makes a pass at her, she rejects him and he becomes more and more besotted by her. Some time later, Holden does not show up to work but sends a letter to Justine, writing that if she does not meet him at 5pm that day behind the nearest Chuck E. Cheese, she will never see him again. After much consideration, Justine decides to accept Holdens invitation, only to be intercepted by her manager, Jack, Justine then meets up with Holden. The two have sex for the first time in a room that Justine pays for with her credit card. As the affair continues, Justines marriage to Phil continues to deteriorate, One night, Justine spots Bubbas truck in the parking lot of the motel where shes been meeting Holden. She becomes convinced that Bubba knows, telling Holden that they need to cool down for a while, when Justine goes to visit Gwen in the hospital, she is told that Gwen has died after contracting parasites from eating poisonous blackberries that she bought at a roadside fruit stand. When she returns home, Bubba starts hinting to Justine that he knows about her affair with Holden, feeling guilty, Justine suggests that she and Phil should attend a church bible study that Corny, a security guard, had invited them to. Soon after they arrive, Justine spots the motel clerk she encountered with Holden, she grabs Phil. Justine speaks to Holden in private at work the day, explaining that what theyre doing is wrong. Bubba tells Justine to meet him at his house and he blackmails her into a sexual encounter with him by threatening to tell Phil about her affair if she refuses, and she reluctantly gives into his demands. Holden, who has been following her since the split, sees them through a window, Holden does not show up for work the next day but is waiting in Justines car when her shift ends. He calls Justine a whore and drunkenly demands an apology and he then says he could kill her husband to free her from her marriage. Justine becomes desperate to extricate herself from the relationship with Holden and she goes to talk to his parents and tells them that he is drinking heavily, is mentally ill and that he has imagined a romantic liaison between them. She goes on to suggest that Holden be hospitalized and that night after feeling unwell all day, Justine takes a pregnancy test
16.
Climate fiction
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Climate fiction, or climate change fiction, popularly abbreviated as cli-fi is literature that deals with climate change and global warming. Not necessarily speculative in nature, works of cli-fi may take place in the world as we know it or in the near future, university courses on literature and environmental issues may include climate change fiction in their syllabi. This body of literature has been discussed by a variety of publications, including The New York Times, The Guardian, one example is Jules Vernes 1889 novel The Purchase of the North Pole, which imagines a climate change due to tilting of Earths axis. In his posthumous Paris in the Twentieth Century, written in 1883 and set during the 1960s, the city experiences a sudden drop in temperature. Several well-known dystopian works by British author J. G, in The Burning World his climate catastrophe is human-made, a drought due to disruption of the precipitation cycle by industrial pollution. Susan M. Margaret Atwood explored the subject in her dystopian trilogy Oryx and Crake, The Year of the Flood, in Oryx and Crake Attwood presents a world where social inequality, genetic technology and catastrophic climate change, has finally culminated in some apocalyptic event. Robert K. J. Robinsons latest climate-themed novel, titled New York 2140, was published in March 2017, ian McEwans Solar follows the story of a physicist who discovers a way to fight climate change after managing to derive power from artificial photosynthesis. The Stone Gods by Jeanette Winterson is set on the fictional planet Orbus, inhabitants of Orbus hope to take advantage of possibilities offered by a newly discovered planet, Planet Blue, which appears perfect for human life. Barbara Kingsolvers novel, Flight Behavior, employs environmental themes and highlights the effects of global warming on the monarch butterfly. Other authors who have used this subject matter include Liz Jensen, Tony White, cli-fi recommendations page on Goodreads The Cli-Fi Report A portal for news related to cli-fi
17.
The Day After Tomorrow
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Filmed in Toronto and Montreal, it is the highest-grossing Hollywood film made in Canada. Originally slated for release in the summer of 2003, The Day After Tomorrow opened in Mexico City on May 17,2004, a major commercial success, the film became the sixth highest-grossing film of 2004. It received mixed reviews upon release, with critics praising the films special effects. Paleoclimatologist Jack Hall and his colleagues, Frank and Jason, are drilling for ice-core samples on the Larsen Ice Shelf for NOAA when the shelf breaks apart. When Jack later presents his findings on global warming at a United Nations conference in New Delhi, however, Professor Terry Rapson of the Hedland Climate Research Centre in Scotland believes in Jacks theories. He contacts Jack, whose paleoclimatologic weather model demonstrates how climate changes caused the first ice age and his team, including NASA meteorologist Janet Tokada, builds a forecast model based on Jacks findings. Around the world, violent weather causes widespread destruction, US President Blake authorizes the FAA to halt air traffic due to severe turbulence, on the International Space Station, three astronauts see a storm system spanning the Northern Hemisphere, which soon develops into three hurricane-like superstorms. The temperature of the eyes of the storms is −150 °F, the cells, located over Canada, Scotland, and Siberia, will affect all of their respective continents within days. During this time, tornadoes destroy Los Angeles, in Manhattan, Jacks son Sam learns about the worsening weather when he participates in an academic decathlon. Although Sam promises to be on the train home, flooding quickly closes the subway and Grand Central Terminal, before a gigantic storm surge strikes New York City. In Scotland, Rapson and his colleagues at the Hedland Centre die in the European superstorm, as suggested by Jack, President Blake orders the evacuation of the southern United States and warns the northern half of the country to seek shelter. Jack and his team set out for Manhattan to find Sam, but when their truck crashes into a north of Philadelphia. En route, Frank falls through the roof of a snow-covered shopping mall. As Jason and Jack try to pull him up, the glass under them continues cracking, most of the group sheltered in the library leave, when the water outside freezes, leaving Sam, his friends, and a few others who trust him. They burn books to stay warm and break into a machine for food. Sam admits his feelings for Laura, and she reciprocates, at the US refugee camp in Mexico, Becker learns that President Blake died when his motorcade was caught in the superstorm, and he is now the president. The next morning, Sams group determines that Laura has blood poisoning from the cut on her leg, Sam and two others search for penicillin in a derelict Russian cargo ship that drifted into Manhattan. Although they find food and supplies, they encounter a pack of escaped wolves from a city zoo
18.
Jarhead (film)
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The title comes from the slang term used to refer to United States Marines. In 1989, Anthony Swoff Swofford attends U. S. Marine Corps training before being stationed at Camp Pendleton, claiming that he joined the military because he got lost on the way to college, Swofford finds his time at Camp Pendleton difficult, and struggles to make friends. While Swofford feigns illness to avoid his responsibilities, a lifer, Staff Sergeant Sykes, takes note of his potential and orders Swofford to attend his Scout Sniper course. After gruelling training, the Scout Sniper course is left with eight candidates, among them Swofford, now a sniper, when Iraq invades Kuwait, Swoffords unit is deployed to the Arabian Peninsula as a part of Operation Desert Shield. They even erect a bulletin board featuring photographs and brief notes telling what perfidies the women had committed, Swofford obtains unauthorized alcohol and organizes an impromptu Christmas party, arranging for Fergus to cover his watch so he can celebrate. Later, Operation Desert Storm begins and the Marines are sent to the Saudi Arabia-Kuwait border, Swofford learns from Sykes that Troy concealed his criminal record when enlisting and will be discharged when the unit returns home. Troy becomes distant from his friends, knowing that Troy will not be allowed to reenlist, the Marines attack him with a red-hot USMC branding iron, marking him as one of their own. Following an accidental air attack from friendly forces, the Marines advance through the desert, the Marines march through the Highway of Death, strewn with the burnt vehicles and charred bodies of retreating Iraqi soldiers, the aftermath of an allied bombing campaign. Before they can finish, Sykes orders the squad to move upwind, Swofford and Troy are finally given a sniping mission. Lieutenant Colonel Kazinski, their commander, orders them to kill at least one of two high-ranking Iraqi Republican Guard officers at a nearby airfield. At the last split second before Swofford takes the shot, Major Lincoln interrupts them to call in an air strike, Swofford and Troy protest, but are overruled and look on in disappointment as airplanes destroy the Iraqi airfield. After returning home the Marines parade through a town in a celebration of victory. Swofford returns home to his family and girlfriend but discovers she has a new boyfriend, later, Swofford learns of Troys death during a surprise visit from Fergus. He attends his funeral, reunites with some of his old friends and afterwards reminisces about the effects of the war. I. USA Today gave the three out of four stars and wrote, What were left with is solid if not exceptional. Russells Three Kings — that show in no uncertain terms what its like to be a soldier in Iraq, in his review for the Village Voice, J. Hoberman wrote, A master of the monotone, Mendes prompts his performers to hit a note and sustain it. Although Jarhead is more accomplished and less empty than American Beauty or Road to Perdition. Nathaniel Fick, another author who is a Marine, gave the film a review in Slate
19.
Proof (2005 film)
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Proof is a 2005 American drama film directed by John Madden and starring Gwyneth Paltrow, Anthony Hopkins, Jake Gyllenhaal, and Hope Davis. It was written by Rebecca Miller, based on David Auburns Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name, at home, Robert clings to sanity by constantly bombarding Catherine with complex mathematical problems. In the opening scene Robert startles Catherine while she watches TV in the middle of the night. He gives her a bottle of champagne for her birthday, and they chat for a while about the nature of insanity, ending with the revelation that Robert died last week and his funeral is tomorrow. Awakened from this dream, Catherine realizes that Hal, a graduate student of Roberts, is still upstairs. Robert filled many notebooks with meaningless notes, Hal believes that Roberts genius may have withstood his illness, and clues to that genius might lie among the gibberish of his notebooks. When Hal comments on the vast amount of work Robert did, though Catherine finds nothing in Hals bag, a notebook falls out of his coat. He explains that he wanted to give the notebook as a present because it had something written in it about her, not math. Hal is forced to leave, giving the notebook as intended, the next day, for the funeral, Catherines sister Claire arrives in town. A huge contrast to the unkempt Catherine, Claire is an overly put together, relations between the sisters are tense, and Catherine cannot stand her sisters constant harping on matters of appearance. Catherine is also upset that Claire didnt care for her father as much as Catherine did in his final years, at the funeral, Catherine expresses her frustration with the many people there. She interrupts the string quartet with a speech, berating everyone for not being there for her father while he was alive. She describes his descent into insanity, and that at one time he would borrow piles of books believing that aliens were sending him messages encoded in their Dewey Decimal codes and she ends by saying shes glad her father is dead and walks out of the church mid-funeral. Claire decides to sell Roberts house back to the university and wants Catherine to come with her to New York and it becomes evident that Claire suspects that Catherine may be struggling with mental illnesses, as their father had. A wake held at the house the night after the funeral, is attended by many academic mathematicians, Hal appears and chats up Catherine. Softening up to Hal, Catherine sleeps with him, afterwards, she gives the student a key to her fathers desk. In flashbacks, Robert is shown suddenly invigorated, believing he has seen the beginnings of a new proof that will prove his triumph over mental illness. In the present, Hal finds a notebook in Roberts desk and he is very excited and shows the discovery to Catherine and Claire
20.
Jack Twist
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Jacks story is depicted by the complex, sexual, and romantic relationship he has with Ennis Del Mar in the American West from 1963 to 1983. Gyllenhaal was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance and she said both men were beguiled by the cowboy myth, and Jack settles on rodeo as an expression of the Western ideal. It more or less works for him until he becomes a tractor salesman, Jack is also more romantic than Ennis, being the one who pursues the relationship and insists that they should live together officially. One mystery surrounding Jack Twist is his sexual orientation, if any one at all. He has a sexual and emotional relationship with Lureen, but he shows more sexual desire towards men in general than Ennis. Jack sleeps with men, including male prostitutes. In a later scene, Jacks father mentions that Jack had revealed a plan before he died to come up with a friend to the family ranch. Some film critics suggest Jack is bisexual rather than strictly homosexual, sex researcher Fritz Klein stated he felt Jack to be more toward the gay side of bisexuality. The films producer, James Schamus, and LGBT non-fiction author Eric Marcus, novelist Brent Hartinger analyzed some of the discussion about the sexual orientations of the characters, writing for AfterElton. com. Hartinger added that Del Mar insists on anal sex with his wife, for Hartinger, the actors opinions of straight guys who just happened to fall in love seems to come more from Gyllenhaal and Ledgers acting method rather than an assessment of the text. It is my feeling that a story is not finished until it is read, while on a 1963 shepherding job on the fictional Brokeback Mountain in Wyoming, rodeo cowboy Jack meets and falls in love with ranch hand Ennis Del Mar. When the two 19-year-old men first begin work on Brokeback Mountain, Ennis is stationed at the camp while Jack watches after the sheep higher on the mountain. They initially meet only for meals at the camp, where they gradually become friends. After a time they switch roles, with Jack taking over duties at base camp, one night, after the two share a bottle of whiskey, Ennis decides to remain at the base camp overnight instead of returning up the mountain. He shivers noticeably in the weather, and Jack suggests he come in the tent to get warm. Ennis is at first reluctant to sleep in the same tent as Jack. Over the remainder of the summer their sexual and emotional relationship deepens further, after the job is finished the two part ways. Jack tries to get the job again at Brokeback Mountain
21.
Ang Lee
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Ang Lee OBS is a Taiwanese-born film director, screenwriter and producer. Lees earlier films, such as The Wedding Banquet, Pushing Hands, Lee also deals with repressed, hidden emotions in many of his films, including Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, The Ice Storm, Hulk, and Brokeback Mountain. Lees work is known for its charge, which critics believe is responsible for his success in offsetting cultural barriers. Ang Lee was born in a Waishengren family, in a Military dependents village of the Republic of China Armed Forces located at Chaochou, Pingtung, both of Lees parents moved from Mainland China to Taiwan following the Chinese civil war in 1949. He grew up in a household that put emphasis on education. Lee studied in the Provincial Tainan First Senior High School where his father was the principal and he was expected to pass the annual Joint College/University Entrance Examination, the only route to a university education in Taiwan. But after failing the exam twice, to the disappointment of his father, he entered a college, the National Arts School. His father had wanted him to become a professor, but he had interested in drama. This early frustration set his career on the path of performance art, seeing Ingmar Bergmans film The Virgin Spring was a formative experience for him. Originally, Lee was interested in acting, but his challenges with speaking English made it difficult, at UIUC, Lee met his future wife Jane Lin, also a Taiwanese student, who pursued her Ph. D. degree. Thereupon, he enrolled at the Tisch School of the Arts of New York University and he was a classmate of Spike Lee and worked on the crew of his thesis film, Joes Bed-Stuy Barbershop, We Cut Heads. During graduate school, Lee finished a 16mm short film, Shades of the Lake and his own thesis work, a 43-minute drama, Fine Line, won NYUs Wasserman Award for Outstanding Direction and was later selected for the Public Broadcasting Service. Lees NYU thesis drew attention from the William Morris Agency, the famous talent, at first, though, WMA found Lee few opportunities, and Lee remained unemployed for six years. During this time, he was a full-time house-husband, while his wife Jane Lin and this arrangement put enormous pressure on the couple, but with Lins support and understanding, Lee did not abandon his career in film but continued to generate new ideas from movies and performances. He also wrote several screenplays during this time, in 1990, Lee submitted two screenplays, Pushing Hands and The Wedding Banquet, to a competition sponsored by Taiwans Government Information Office, and they came in first and second, respectively. The winning screenplays brought Lee to the attention of Li-Kong Hsu, Hsu, a first-time producer, invited Lee to direct Pushing Hands, a full-length feature that debuted in 1991. The Father Knows Best trilogy Pushing Hands was a success in Taiwan both among critics and at the box office and it received eight nominations in the Golden Horse Film Festival, Taiwans premier film festival. In all, this film collected eleven Taiwanese and international awards and these first two movies were based on stories of Chinese Americans, and both were filmed in the US
22.
Brokeback Mountain
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Brokeback Mountain is a 2005 American neo-western romantic drama film directed by Ang Lee and produced by Diana Ossana and James Schamus. Adapted from the 1997 short story of the name by Annie Proulx. The film received acclaim and commercial success. In 1963, Ennis Del Mar and Jack Twist are hired by Joe Aguirre to herd his sheep through the summer in the Wyoming mountains, after a night of heavy drinking, Jack makes a pass at Ennis, who is initially hesitant but eventually responds to Jacks advances. Despite Ennis informing Jack that it was an incident, they develop a passionate sexual and emotional relationship. Shortly after discovering their summer together is being cut short, they briefly fight, after Jack and Ennis part ways, Ennis marries his longtime fiancé Alma Beers and has two daughters with her. Jack returns the next summer seeking work, but Aguirre, who observed Jack and Ennis on the mountain, Jack moves to Texas, where he meets, marries, and has a son with rodeo rider Lureen Newsome. After four years, Jack visits Ennis, upon meeting, the two kiss passionately, which Alma observes. Jack broaches the subject of creating a life together on a small ranch and he is also unwilling to abandon his family. Ennis and Jack continue to meet for infrequent fishing trips, the marriages of both men deteriorate. Lureen abandons the rodeo, going into business with her father, Alma and Ennis eventually divorce in 1975. Hearing about Ennis divorce, Jack drives to Wyoming and he suggests again that they should live together, but Ennis refuses to move away from his children. Jack finds solace with male prostitutes in Mexico, Ennis sees his family regularly until Alma finally confronts him about her knowing the true nature of his relationship with Jack. This results in a violent argument, causing Ennis to abandon his connections with Alma, Ennis meets and has a brief romantic relationship with Cassie Cartwright, a waitress. Jack and Lureen meet and befriend another couple, Randall and Lashawn Malone and it is implied that Jack begins an affair with Randall, although he later tells Ennis he had a relationship with a woman, who is assumed to be Lashawn. At the end of a fishing trip with Jack, Ennis tries to delay their next meeting. Jacks frustration erupts into argument, and Ennis blames Jack for being the cause of his own conflicted actions, Jack tries to hold him and there is a brief struggle, but they end up locked in an embrace. Jack watches as Ennis drives away, some time later, Ennis receives a postcard he had sent to Jack, stamped Deceased
23.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
24.
Zodiac (film)
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Zodiac is a 2007 American mystery-thriller film directed by David Fincher. The screenplay by James Vanderbilt is based on the 1986 non-fiction book of the name by Robert Graysmith. The cases remain one of Northern Californias most infamous unsolved crimes, Fincher, Vanderbilt and producer Bradley J. Fischer spent 18 months conducting their own investigation and research into the Zodiac murders. Fincher employed the digital Thomson Viper Filmstream camera to photograph the film, however, Zodiac was not shot entirely digitally, traditional high-speed film cameras were used for slow-motion murder sequences. Reviews for Zodiac were very positive, lauding the writing, directing, acting and historical authenticity. The film grossed over $84 million worldwide against a budget of $65 million. On July 4,1969, a man attacks Darlene Ferrin and Mike Mageau with a handgun, at a lovers lane in Vallejo. One month later, the San Francisco Chronicle receives encrypted letters written by the killer calling himself the Zodiac and taunting the police. Political cartoonist Robert Graysmith is not taken seriously by crime reporter Paul Avery or the editors and is excluded from the details about the killings despite his interest in the case. When the newspaper publishes the letters, a couple is able to decipher one. At a local bar, Avery initially makes fun of Graysmith before they discuss the coded letters, Graysmith interprets the letter, which Avery finds helpful, and Avery begins sharing information. The Zodiac killer attacks law student Bryan Hartnell and Cecelia Shepard at Lake Berryessa in Napa County on September 27,1969, Shepard dies two days later, and Hartnell survives. One of Graysmiths insights about the letters is that the Zodiacs reference to man as the most dangerous animal of all is a reference to the story. The fact that both Zaroffs surname and the name Zodiac start with a Z also seems significant, two weeks later, San Francisco taxicab driver Paul Stine is shot and killed in the citys Presidio Heights district immediately after dropping the killer off. The Zodiac killer mails pieces of Stines blood stained shirt to the Chronicle, San Francisco police detectives Dave Toschi and his partner Bill Armstrong are assigned to the Stine case, and work closely with Vallejos Jack Mulanax and Captain Ken Narlow in Napa. The killer, or someone posing as him, continues to toy with authorities by sending more letters, Avery and Graysmith form an alliance, delving deeper into the case as time permits. In 1971, Detectives Toschi, Armstrong, and Mulanax question Arthur Leigh Allen, Allen behaves suspiciously during the interview. They ask to see his watch and notice that he wears a Zodiac brand wristwatch which has the logo used by the killer
25.
Brothers (2009 film)
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Brothers is a 2009 American psychological war drama film and a remake of Susanne Biers Danish film Brødre, which takes place in Afghanistan and Denmark. The film stars Tobey Maguire, Jake Gyllenhaal, and Natalie Portman, both films take inspiration from Homers epic poem, the Odyssey. The film received a mixed to positive response and grossed $43 million, Tobey Maguire received particular praise for his performance and received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama for his performance. Sam Cahill is a U. S. Marine Captain, about to embark on his fourth combat deployment and he is a steadfast family man married to his high school sweetheart, Grace, and he has two young daughters, Isabelle and Maggie. Sams brother Tommy is being released from jail for an armed robbery, Sam deploys and after a bit of time, news comes that Sams Blackhawk helicopter has crashed during an operation in the Helmand Province, killing all of the Marines aboard. In reality, he and a friend, Private Joe Willis, have been taken prisoner in a mountain village by Taliban fighters. With Sam gone, Tommy attempts to redeem himself in the eyes of his family by wrangling old friends to help with kitchen repairs for Grace, Grace slowly sheds her previous resentment towards her brother-in-law. As months pass, Grace and Tommy bond over their mutual mourning, culminating in a passionate fireside kiss and they immediately regret it afterwards and do not take their attraction any further, though Tommy continues to win the favor of his nieces. Meanwhile, Sam and Joe are tortured by their captors, forced to make videotaped dismissals of the military and their mission, the captors eventually deem him useless and force Sam, at gunpoint, to beat Joe to death with a lead pipe. Sometime later, Sam is rescued by American forces, once he returns home, Sam drifts through a cold, paranoid daze, showing signs of severe post-traumatic stress disorder, due to the traumatic events he experienced in Afghanistan. Refusing to explain to his family what happend while he was there and his paranoia also leads him to believe Tommy and Grace had a sexual relationship in his absence. During Maggies birthday party at her grandparents home, a resentful and jealous Isabelle claims that Sams paranoid assumptions are true, That Tommy and Grace slept together. After the family home, Sam becomes enraged, destroying the newly remodeled kitchen with a crow bar and pulling a pistol on Tommy. The police arrive, and after a violent confrontation in which Sam holds the gun up against his head and nearly commits suicide, he surrenders after a frantic plea from Tommy. After the police arrest Sam, he is admitted to a mental hospital, Grace visits him and tells him that if he does not tell her what is tormenting him, he will lose her forever. Faced with this decision, Sam finally opens up about the source of his pain, confiding in her that he killed Joe, a letter between husband and wife is read aloud, with Sam wondering if he will be able to continue living a normal life. Ray Prewitt as Owen On its opening weekend, the film opened #3 with $9,527,848 behind New Moon, since its box office debut the film has grossed $43,318,349 worldwide. The film received mixed to positive reviews from film critics, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 63% of 150 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.2 out of 10
26.
Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (film)
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Prince of Persia, The Sands of Time is a 2010 American action fantasy film directed by Mike Newell. The film was written by Jordan Mechner, Boaz Yakin, Doug Miro, and Carlo Bernard, produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, the film stars Jake Gyllenhaal as Prince Dastan, Gemma Arterton as Princess Tamina, Ben Kingsley as Nizam, and Alfred Molina as Sheik Amar. The film has the title as the video game Prince of Persia, The Sands of Time. Elements from Warrior Within and The Two Thrones, the two titles from the Sands of Time trilogy of the Prince of Persia video game franchise, are also incorporated. The film was premiered in London on May 5,2010 and was released on May 28,2010 in the United States. It received mixed reviews critics, and grossed over $336 million against a production budget of $150–200 million. Dastan, an urchin in Persia, is adopted by king Sharaman after showing courage in the marketplace. Dastan and his friends breach into the city on their own, during the attack, Dastan fights a guard for Alamuts royal family and takes from him a special dagger. Alamut falls to the Persians, but princess Tamina denies the town having any weapon forges, Tus asks her to marry him to unite the two nations, and she only accepts after seeing the dagger in Dastans possession. During the celebration, Dastan is fooled into presenting a poisoned gown seemingly given to him by Tus to King Sharaman, Garsiv accuses Dastan of being the murderer, and the prince is forced to escape, carrying Tamina along. Tus is appointed king and orders a manhunt on Dastan, while in hiding, Tamina attempts to kill Dastan, and in the struggle the prince discovers the dagger enables its wielder to travel back in time. Dastan then believes that Tus invaded Alamut for the dagger, on the way, the two are captured by merchant-bandits led by Sheik Amar, who recognized and attempted to take him back to Persia for the reward money, but they manage to escape. After arriving in Avrat, Dastan tries to convince his uncle Nizam that he was not the cause of his fathers death, instead, he notices the burns on Nizams hands, which indicate he was the one who set up the murder of the King. Furthermore, Nizam has set up an ambush for Dastan along the Persian streets, Nizam sends a group of covert and seemingly mystical warriors, the Hassansins, to kill Dastan and find the dagger. During a sandstorm, Tamina tells Dastan the origins of the Sands of Time that enable the time travel. Tamina says that in doing so, the sandglass would be broken, at the sanctuary, they are found by Garsiv, whom Dastan convinces of his innocence but are later ambushed by the Hassansins. Garsiv sacrifices himself to save Dastan, while Tamina is knocked unconscious by a Hassansin, Dastans group travels back to Alamut to retrieve the dagger from Nizam and tell Tus the truth. Amars right hand man Seso dies getting the back to Dastan
27.
Love & Other Drugs
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The film stars Jake Gyllenhaal and Anne Hathaway, who originally starred together in Brokeback Mountain. Oliver Platt, Hank Azaria, Josh Gad and Gabriel Macht also star, the film was released in the United States on November 25,2010, received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $102 million. In 1996, Jamie Randall is fired from a Pittsburgh electronics store for having sex with his managers girlfriend and his wealthy brother Josh announces at the dinner table at their parents house that he has found Jamie a job as a pharmaceutical sales representative. After attending a Pfizer training program where he has sex with the instructor, Jamie goes to work for the company and tries to get doctors to prescribe Zoloft and Zithromax. He is rebuffed, much to the dismay of his manager, Bruce. Bruce says if Jamie can get Dr. Knight to prescribe Zoloft instead of Prozac, Jamie angles a date with Maggie, who has sex with him. Jamie is later beaten up by top-selling Prozac rep Trey Hannigan, one of Maggies ex-lovers, who warns him to stay away from her and that night, Jamie is unable to get an erection. Maggie teasingly says he should use the new erectile dysfunction drug that his company has developed, Bruce confirms that such a drug, to be called Viagra, is about to be marketed. Jamie soon starts selling Viagra, an instant success, Jamie wants a committed relationship, but Maggie refuses. Jamie confronts her while she helps senior citizens onto a bus bound for Canada to get cheap prescription drugs, two days later, after he waits the night before at the bus stop in his car, he greets her back. Maggie is touched that he waited, and they resume their relationship, Jamie spends nights at Maggies apartment. One night, he tells Maggie that he loves her—the first time he has said that to anyone—and has a panic attack. Maggie calms him by saying she said I love you to a cat once, Jamie catches his brother masturbating to a sex tape that he and Maggie had recorded. Jamie asks her to go to a Chicago medical conference with him and she ends up at a Parkinsons discussion group across the street, and is moved by the people and their stories. Jamie meets a man whose wife is in the stages of the disease. The man tells him to run, after the convention, Maggie tells him how much she loves him. Jamie starts researching Parkinsons, and takes Maggie to different specialists around the country to have tests done, Jamie becomes angry and upset when he arrives at an appointment, to find out it has been rescheduled after they had flown in to see the doctor. Maggie sees that Jamie can only love her if theres a hope that one day there will be a cure, then Jamie gets invited to a pyjama party with his brother by Dr. Knight and ends up having a threesome with two girls
28.
Prisoners (2013 film)
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Prisoners is a 2013 American thriller film directed by Denis Villeneuve from a screenplay written by Aaron Guzikowski. The film has an ensemble cast including Hugh Jackman, Jake Gyllenhaal, Viola Davis, Maria Bello, Terrence Howard, Melissa Leo, the plot focuses on the abduction of two young girls in suburban Philadelphia and the subsequent search for the suspected abductor by the police. After police arrest a suspect and release him, the father of one of the missing girls kidnaps the suspect to interrogate. The film was a success and critical reviews were largely positive. At the 86th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for Best Cinematography, the four children go for a walk in the neighborhood and approach an RV that is parked outside a house nearby. There is music playing, which there is somebody inside. After dinner, Anna and Joy go missing, Detective Loki is informed and starts a search. He locates the RV, which is parked at a gas station. As police surround the vehicle, the driver, Alex Jones, starts the vehicle and he is subsequently arrested and taken away. Alex has the IQ of a 10 year old, and appears confused when being questioned at the police station and his vehicle is searched by forensics but nothing is found relating to the girls. Pursuing other leads, Loki discovers a corpse in the basement of Patrick Dunn, Dunn admits that he killed the man because the man confessed he was waging a war against God and had killed 16 children and said that he would kill more. As the search continues, Dover is informed that Jones has been released, Jones whispers to him, They didnt cry until I left them. Since Loki wont re-arrest Jones, Dover abducts him, locks him up in his fathers abandoned home. First he beats him, but Jones says nothing, Dover ties him up in the shower and uses plywood to enclose him in the dark. He adjusts the water so the shower is either scorching hot or freezing to further torture him, at a candlelight vigil for the girls, Loki sees a suspicious hooded man, who flees when Loki approaches him. Later on, the man breaks into both houses but leaves without doing anything. A store clerk recognizes the man from a drawing and reports him to Loki after seeing him buying childrens clothing. The suspect, Bob Taylor, is arrested at his home
29.
Enemy (2013 film)
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Enemy is a 2013 psychological thriller film directed by Denis Villeneuve, produced by M. S. Faura and Niv Fichman and written by Javier Gullón, loosely adapted from José Saramagos 2002 novel The Double, the film stars Jake Gyllenhaal, Mélanie Laurent and Sarah Gadon and revolves around two men who are physically identical. It is also internationally co-produced by production companies from Spain and Canada, the film premiered in the Special Presentation section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8,2013. It was then released on March 14,2014 by A24 and it earned $3.4 million at the box office and received positive reviews. It was named Best Canadian Film of the Year at the Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2014, a man attends an erotic show at an underground club that culminates with a naked woman on the verge of crushing a live tarantula under her platform high-heel. Elsewhere, a pregnant young woman alone on a bed. Adam Bell, a college history professor, rents a movie, Where Theres a Will Theres a Way. Adam sees an actor briefly, the man at the show, verifying online, Adam identifies the actor as Daniel St. Claire, the stage name for Anthony Claire. Adam rents the other two films in which Anthony has appeared and develops an interest in the man, who appears to be his physical doppelgänger, adams girlfriend Mary becomes troubled by the change in his behavior. Adam stalks Anthony, visiting his office and calling him at home, everyone, including Anthonys pregnant wife Helen, confuses both. In a separate image, a giant spider lurks among the Toronto skyline. Adam complies, and Anthony takes Mary to the hotel where the two men met, meanwhile, Adam breaks into Anthonys apartment and sleeps with Helen, who seems to realize her partner is different and asks Adam to stay. At the hotel, Mary panics when she sees Anthonys ring mark and demands to know who he is and she forces Anthony to drive her home, but the two get into a fight, and the car is involved in a high-speed crash, which presumably kills them both. The next day Adam dresses in Anthonys clothes and finds the key in a jacket pocket. Helen gets out of the shower and enters the bedroom, Adam asks Helen if she is doing anything that night and follows up the question by telling her he will be busy then. As he enters the bedroom, he beholds the now room-sized tarantula cowered against the rear wall, Adam, with a resigned look, sighs. Both director Villeneuve and leading actor Gyllenhaal spoke of their desire to make the film an exploration of the subconscious. To Villeneuve, Enemy is ultimately about repetition, the question of how to live, regarding the two physically identical characters, You dont know if they are two in reality, or maybe from a subconscious point of view, theres just one, said Villeneuve
30.
Nightcrawler (film)
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Nightcrawler is a 2014 American thriller film written and directed by Dan Gilroy. The film stars Jake Gyllenhaal as Lou Bloom, a stringer who records violent events late at night in Los Angeles, rene Russo, Riz Ahmed and Bill Paxton also star. A common theme in the film is the relationship between unethical journalism and consumer demand. Gilroy originally wanted to make a film about the life of Weegee and he wrote Bloom as an antihero, based on the ideas of unemployment and capitalism. Gyllenhaal played a role in the films production, from choosing members of the crew to watching audition tapes. Filming took place over the course of four weeks, and was a process that included over eighty locations. Nightcrawler premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, and grossed $50.3 million on a budget of $8.5 million. The film was met with praise, with critics highlighting Gilroys screenplay. Several critics listed Nightcrawler as one of the best films of 2014 and it received various accolades, petty thief Louis Lou Bloom is caught stealing from a Los Angeles construction site by a security guard. He attacks the guard, steals his watch and leaves with the stolen material, after selling the material at a scrap yard, Lou asks for a job, but the foreman says he does not hire thieves. While driving home, Lou sees a car crash and pulls over, stringers—freelance photojournalists—arrive and record two police officers pulling a woman from the wreck. One of the stringers, Joe Loder, tells Lou that they sell their footage to local news stations, inspired, Lou steals a bicycle and trades it for a camcorder and a police radio scanner. After two unsuccessful attempts at recording incidents, Lou records the aftermath of a fatal carjacking and sells the footage to KWLA6, the morning news director Nina Romina tells him the station is especially interested in footage of violent incidents in affluent areas. Lou hires an assistant, Rick, a man desperate for money. To give his footage more impact, Lou begins tampering with crime scenes, as Lous work gains traction, he buys better equipment and a faster car. Lou coerces Nina into a date and threatens to end his business with her unless she has sex with him, knowing her job depends on his footage, she reluctantly agrees. The next day he turns down an offer from Loder. Nina berates Lou to get better footage and keep his end of their bargain, Lou sabotages Joes van, when it crashes, Joe is severely injured and Lou records the aftermath
31.
Southpaw (film)
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Southpaw is a 2015 American sports drama film directed by Antoine Fuqua, written by Kurt Sutter and starring Jake Gyllenhaal, Forest Whitaker and Rachel McAdams. The film follows a boxer who sets out to get his life back on track after losing his wife in an accident. The film was released on July 24,2015, by The Weinstein Company, the film marked one of the last films to be scored by James Horner, and one of three posthumous releases to feature his music. The film and the soundtrack album are dedicated to his memory. Billy The Great Hope is a professional boxer living in New York City with his wife Maureen. During a match in which he defends his light heavyweight world title, after the match at a press conference, an up-and-coming boxer Miguel Magic Escobar taunts Billy and tries to get Billy to fight him. Billy begins abusing alcohol and drugs while obsessively searching for Hector and he eventually gets a tip of Hectors whereabouts but only finds Hectors drug-addicted wife Maria, and leaves after learning Hector is a father. After attacking a referee out of frustration after losing a fight, Billy is suspended and left indebted, leading to his house, the incident drives Billy to sober up, but Leila cuts ties with him, blaming him for their predicament. At the behest of friends, Billy gets a job as a cleaner at a gym owned by seasoned boxer Titus Tick Wills, billys former manager, Jordan Mains, who is currently managing Miguel, arranges a fight between the two that could put Billy back in the spotlight. Billy then takes Leila to his apartment where they have breakfast together, Leila asks if they can go visit Maureens grave, where Leila convinces Billy to let her go to the fight to have someone by his side. As the round reaches its final minute, Billy pivots hard and, although fighting from a traditional stance, Miguel manages to get up before the count is over and is saved by the bell. Billy is declared the winner by a split-decision and reunites with Leila in the locker room, Eminem was originally supposed to play the role of Billy Hope. The films screenwriter Kurt Sutter said the project was inspired by the personal struggles. He stated that he had meetings with Eminems producing partners over the past seven years. I know hes very selective and doesnt do a lot, but he shared so much of his personal struggle in this raw and very honest album, one that I connected with on a lot of levels. He is very interested in the genre, and it seemed like an apt metaphor. In a way, this is a continuation of the 8 Mile story, hell play a world champion boxer who really hits a hard bottom, and has to fight to win back his life for his young daughter. At its core, this is a retelling of his struggles over the last five years of his life, using the boxing analogy
32.
The New Church (Swedenborgian)
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Swedenborg claimed to have received a new revelation from Jesus Christ through continuous heavenly visions which he experienced over a period of at least twenty-five years. In his writings, he predicted that God would replace the traditional Christian Church, establishing a New Church, the New Church doctrine is that each person must actively cooperate in repentance, reformation, and regeneration of ones life. The movement was founded on the belief that God explained the meaning of the Scriptures to Swedenborg as a means of revealing the truth of the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. Swedenborg claimed divine inspiration for his writings and followers believe that Swedenborg witnessed the Last Judgment in the spiritual world, therefore, it is thought that any Christian holding these beliefs is part of this New Church movement. Other names for the movement include Swedenborgian, New Christians, Neo-Christians, Church of the New Jerusalem, Swedenborg spoke of a New Church that would be founded on the theology in his works, but he himself never tried to establish an organization. In 1768, a trial was initiated in Sweden against Swedenborgs writings. It essentially concerned whether Swedenborgs theological writings were consistent with the Christian doctrines, a royal ordinance in 1770 declared that Swedenborgs writings were clearly mistaken and should not be taught even though his system of theological thought was never examined. Swedenborg then begged the King for grace and protection in a letter from Amsterdam, a new investigation against Swedenborg stalled and was eventually dropped in 1778. At the time of Swedenborgs death, few efforts had made to establish an organized church, but on May 7,1787,15 years after Swedenborgs death. It was a country Swedenborg had often visited and where he died, by 1789 a number of Churches had sprung up around England, and in April of that year the first General Conference of the New Church was held in Great Eastcheap, London. New Church ideas were carried to United States by missionaries, one famous missionary was John Chapman, also known as Johnny Appleseed. Early missionaries also traveled to parts of Africa, at the time these concepts of African enlightenment were judged highly liberal, Swedenborgians accepted freed African converts to their homes as early as 1790. Several of them were involved in abolitionism. In the 19th century, occultism became increasingly popular especially in France, some followers blended Swedenborgs writings with theosophy, alchemy and divination. What fascinated these followers most was Swedenborgs mystical side and they concentrated on his work Heaven and Hell which tells of Swedenborgs visit to Heaven and Hell to experience and report the conditions there. In structure, it was related to Dantes The Divine Comedy, some continue to combine the theology of the New Church with ideas from other systems, including Jungian psychology and Spiritualism. In the U. S. the church was organized in 1817 with the founding of the General Convention of the New Church now also known as the Swedenborgian Church of North America, the movement in the United States grew stronger until the late 19th century. There was a New-Church Theology School in Cambridge, a controversy about doctrinal issues and the authority of Swedenborgs writings caused a faction to split off to form the Academy of the New Church
33.
Swedes
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Swedes are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland, with a substantial diaspora in other countries, the English term Swede has been attested in English since the late 16th century and is of Middle Dutch or Middle Low German origin. The term is believed to have derived from the Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *se. The word must have meant ones own, the same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Swabia. Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in AD98, in Germania 44,45 he mentions the Swedes as a powerful tribe with ships that had a prow in both ends. Which kings ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes, which he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi, who lived in Scandza and these two names are both considered to refer to the same tribe. The Suehans, he says, has very fine horses just as the Thyringi tribe, the Icelander Snorri Sturluson wrote of the 6th-century Swedish king Adils that he had the finest horses of his days. The Suehans supplied black fox-skins for the Roman market, then Jordanes names the Suetidi which is considered to be the Latin form of Svitjod. He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men - together with the Dani, later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes as being of the same height. Originating in semi-legendary Scandza, a Gothic population had crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century AD and they reaching Scythia on the coast of the Black Sea in modern Ukraine, where Goths left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture. In the 5th and 6th centuries, they divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. Crimean Gothic communities appear to have survived intact in the Crimea until the late 18th century, the Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the 8th and 11th centuries. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and it is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea and further as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed through the Dnieper down south to Constantinople, on which they did numerous raids, the Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the varangian guard. The Swedish Vikings, called Rus are also believed to be the fathers of Kievan Rus. The Arabic traveller Ibn Fadlan described these Vikings as following, I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys, each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort, the adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece Runestones and the Varangian Runestones
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Media related to Jake Gyllenhaal at Wikimedia Commons
