1.
Musician
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A musician is a person who plays a musical instrument or is musically talented. Anyone who composes, conducts, or performs music may also be referred to as a musician, Musicians can specialize in any musical style, and some musicians play in a variety of different styles. Examples of a musicians possible skills include performing, conducting, singing, composing, arranging, in the Middle Ages, instrumental musicians performed with soft ensembles inside and loud instruments outdoors. Many European musicians of this time catered to the Roman Catholic Church, providing arrangements structured around Gregorian chant structure, vocal pieces were in Latin—the language of church texts of the time—and typically were Church-polyphonic or made up of several simultaneous melodies. Giovanni Palestrina Giovanni Gabrieli Thomas Tallis Claudio Monteverdi Leonardo da Vinci The Baroque period introduced heavy use of counterpoint, vocal and instrumental “color” became more important compared to the Renaissance style of music, and emphasized much of the volume, texture and pace of each piece. George Frideric Handel Johann Sebastian Bach Antonio Vivaldi Classical music was created by musicians who lived during a time of a middle class. Many middle-class inhabitants of France at the time lived under long-time absolute monarchies, because of this, much of the music was performed in environments that were more constrained compared to the flourishing times of the Renaissance and Baroque eras. This age included the initial transformations of the Industrial Revolution, a revolutionary energy was also at the core of Romanticism, which quite consciously set out to transform not only the theory and practice of poetry and art, but the common perception of the world. Some major Romantic Period precepts survive, and still affect modern culture, in 20th-century music, composers and musicians rejected the emotion-dominated Romantic period, and strove to represent the world the way they perceived it. Musicians wrote to be. objective, while objects existed on their own terms, while past eras concentrated on spirituality, this new period placed emphasis on physicality and things that were concrete. The advent of recording and mass media in the 20th century caused a boom of all kinds of music—popular music, rock music, electronic music, folk music. Singer Composer Music artist Tour Manager Media related to Musicians at Wikimedia Commons
2.
Vamp (music)
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In music, an ostinato is a motif or phrase that persistently repeats in the same musical voice, usually at the same pitch. The repeating idea may be a pattern, part of a tune. Both ostinatos and ostinati are accepted English plural forms, the reflecting the words Italian etymology. If the cadence may be regarded as the cradle of tonality, within the context of film music, Claudia Gorbman defines an obstinate as a repeated melodic or rhythmic figure that propel scenes that lack dynamic visual action. Ostinato plays an important part in improvised music, in which it is referred to as a riff or a vamp. A favorite technique of contemporary writers, ostinati are often used in modal and Latin jazz. Ostinato are used in 20th-century music to stabilize groups of pitches, as in Stravinskys The Rite of Spring Introduction and Augurs of Spring. A famous type of ostinato, called the Rossini crescendo, owes its name to a crescendo that underlies a persistent musical pattern and this style was emulated by other bel canto composers, especially Vincenzo Bellini, and later by Wagner. Applicable in homophonic and contrapuntal textures they are repetitive rhythmic-harmonic schemes, more familiar as accompanimental melodies, the techniques appeal to composers from Debussy to avant-garde composers until at least the 1970s. Lies in part in the need for unity created by the abandonment of functional chord progressions to shape phrases. Relentless, repetitive character help to establish and confirm the modal center and their popularity may also be justified by their ease as well as range of use, though. Ostinato must be employed judiciously, as its overuse can lead to monotony. Ground bass or basso ostinato is a type of form in which a bass line. Aaron Copland describes basso ostinato as, the easiest to recognize of the variation forms wherein. A long phrase—either an accompanimental figure or an actual melody—is repeated over and over again in the bass part, however, he cautions, it might more properly be termed a musical device than a musical form. Many instruments south of the Sahara Desert play ostinato melodies and these include lamellophones such as the mbira, as well as xylophones like the balafon, the bikutsi, and the gyil. Ostinato figures are also played on string instruments such as the kora, gankoqui bell ensembles, often, African ostinatos contain offbeats or cross-beats, that contradict the metric structure. Other African ostinatos generate complete cross-rhythms by sounding both the main beats and cross-beats, in the following example, a gyil sounds the three-against-two cross-rhythm
3.
Chord progression
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A chord progression or harmonic progression is a succession of musical chords. Chord progressions are the foundation of harmony in Western musical tradition, in tonal music, chord progressions have the function of establishing or contradicting a tonality. Chord progressions are usually expressed by Roman numerals, a chord may be built upon any note of a musical scale, therefore a seven-note scale allows seven basic chords, each degree of the scale becoming the root of its own chord. A chord built upon the note A is an A chord of some type The harmonic function of any particular chord depends on the context of the chord progression in which it is found. The diatonic harmonization of any major results in three major triads. They are based on the first, fourth, and fifth scale degrees and these three triads include, and therefore can harmonize, every note of that scale. The same scale also provides three relative minor chords, one related to each of the three major chords, separate from these six common chords there is one degree of the scale, the seventh, that results in a diminished chord. In addition, extra notes may be added to any chord, if these notes are also selected from the original scale the harmony remains diatonic. If new chromatic intervals are introduced then a change of scale or modulation occurs and this in turn may lead to a resolution back to the original key, so that the entire sequence of chords helps create an extended musical form. In western classical notation, chords built on the scale are numbered with Roman numerals, other forms of chord notation have been devised, from figured bass to the chord chart. These usually allow or even require an amount of improvisation. Diatonic scales such as the major and minor scales lend themselves well to the construction of common chords because they contain a large number of perfect fifths. Such scales predominate in those regions where harmony is an part of music, as, for example. Alternation between two chords may be thought of as the most basic chord progression, many well-known pieces are built harmonically upon the mere repetition of two chords of the same scale. The Isley Brothers Shout uses I - vi throughout, three-chord tunes, though, are more common, since a melody may then dwell on any note of the scale. They are often presented as successions of four chords, in order to produce a binary harmonic rhythm, often the chords may be selected to fit a pre-conceived melody, but just as often it is the progression itself that gives rise to the melody. (Common in Elizabethan music, this also underpins the American college song Goodnight Ladies, is the exclusive progression used in Kwela, similar progressions abound in African popular music. They may be varied by the addition of sevenths to any chord or by substitution of the minor of the IV chord to give, for example
4.
Musical improvisation
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Sometimes musical ideas in improvisation are spontaneous, but may be based on chord changes in classical music, and many other kinds of music. One definition is a performance given extempore without planning or preparation, another definition is to play or sing extemporaneously, by inventing variations on a melody or creating new melodies, rhythms and harmonies. Improvisation is often done within a harmonic framework or chord progression. Improvisation is a part of some types of 20th-century music, such as blues, jazz. Throughout the eras of the Western art music tradition, including the Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Bach, Handel, Mozart, Beethoven, Chopin, Liszt, and many other famous composers and musicians were known especially for their improvisational skills. Improvisation might have played an important role in the monophonic period, the earliest treatises on polyphony, such as the Musica enchiriadis, indicate that added parts were improvised for centuries before the first notated examples. However, it was only in the century that theorists began making a hard distinction between improvised and written music. Handel, Scarlatti, and Bach all belonged to a tradition of solo keyboard improvisation, in the Baroque era, performers improvised ornaments and basso continuo keyboard players improvised chord voicings based on figured bass notation. At the same time, some contemporary composers from the 20th, in Indian classical music, improvisation is a core component and an essential criterion of performances. In Indian, Afghani, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi classical music, the Encyclopædia Britannica defines a raga as a melodic framework for improvisation and composition. Keyboard players likewise performed extempore, freely formed pieces, the pattern of chords in many baroque preludes, for example, can be played on keyboard and guitar over a pedal tone or repeated bass notes. Such progressions can be used in other structures and contexts, and are still found in Mozart. Bach, for example, was fond of the sound produced by the dominant seventh harmony played over, i. e. suspended against. This shift of roles between treble and bass is another definitive characteristic, finally, in keeping with this polarity, the kind of question and answer which appears in baroque music has the appearance of fugue or canon. This method was a favorite in compositions by Scarlatti and Handel especially at the beginning of a piece, improvised accompaniment over a figured bass was a common practice during the Baroque era, and to some extent the following periods. Improvisation remains a feature of playing in some church services and are regularly also performed at concerts. Dietrich Buxtehude and Johann Sebastian Bach were regarded in the Baroque period as highly skilled organ improvisers, maurice Duruflé, a great improviser himself, transcribed improvisations by Louis Vierne and Charles Tournemire. Olivier Latry later wrote his improvisations as a compositions, for example Salve Regina, Classical music departs from baroque style in that sometimes several voices may move together as chords involving both hands, to form brief phrases without any passing tones
5.
Jazz standard
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There is no definitive list of jazz standards, and the list of songs deemed to be standards changes over time. Songs included in major book publications and jazz reference works offer a rough guide to which songs are considered standards. Not all jazz standards were written by jazz composers, many are originally Tin Pan Alley popular songs, Broadway show tunes or songs from Hollywood musicals – the Great American Songbook. In Europe, jazz standards and fake books may include some traditional folk songs or pieces of ethnic music that have been played with a jazz feel by well known jazz players. A commonly played song can only be considered a jazz standard if it is played among jazz musicians. The jazz standard repertoire has some overlap with blues and pop standards, the most recorded jazz standard was W. C. Handys St. Louis Blues for over 20 years from the 1930s onward, today, the place is held by Body and Soul by Johnny Green. The most recorded standard composed by a musician is Thelonious Monks Round Midnight. From its conception at the change of the century, jazz was music intended for dancing. Edison, Inc. on Blue Amberol in December 1916 and in 1917, the first record with Jass on the label, The Original Dixieland One-Step was issue 18255 by Victor Talking Machine Company in 1917. Originally simply called jazz, the music of jazz bands is today often referred to as Dixieland or New Orleans jazz. Ragtime songs Twelfth Street Rag and Tiger Rag have become popular numbers for jazz artists, as have blues tunes St. Louis Blues, Tin Pan Alley songwriters contributed several songs to the jazz standard repertoire, including Indiana and After Youve Gone. Others, such as Some of These Days and Darktown Strutters Ball, were introduced by vaudeville performers, the most often recorded standards of this period are W. C. Handys St. Louis Blues, Turner Layton and Henry Creamers After Youve Gone and James Hanley, a period known as the Jazz Age started in the United States in the 1920s. Jazz had become popular music in the country, although older generations considered the music immoral, dances such as the Charleston and the Black Bottom were very popular during the period, and jazz bands typically consisted of seven to twelve musicians. Important orchestras in New York were led by Fletcher Henderson, Paul Whiteman, however, Chicagos importance as a center of jazz music started to diminish toward the end of the 1920s in favor of New York. In the early years of jazz, record companies were eager to decide what songs were to be recorded by their artists. Popular numbers in the 1920s were pop hits such as Sweet Georgia Brown, Dinah, the first jazz artist to be given some liberty in choosing his material was Louis Armstrong, whose band helped popularize many of the early standards in the 1920s and 1930s
6.
Cover version
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A cover version can also refer to a rerecording of a song by the original artist or performers under a different record company. Originally, Billboard and other magazines that track the popularity of artists and hit tunes measured the sales success of the published tune. Later, they tracked the airplay that songs achieved, some versions being more successful recording than the original song. Before the onset of rock n roll in the 1950s, songs were published and several records of a song might be out by singers of the day. The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylans original, became a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 and was ranked 48th in Rolling Stone magazines 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The term cover goes back decades when cover version originally described a version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released version. The Chicago Tribune described the term in 1952, trade jargon meaning to record a tune that looks like a hit on someone elses label. Examples of records covered include Paul Williams 1949 hit tune The Hucklebuck, both crossed over to the popular Hit Parade and had numerous hit versions. In fact, one of the objects of publishing sheet music was to have a composition performed by as many artists as possible. In previous generations, some artists made very successful careers of presenting revivals or reworkings of once-popular tunes, musicians now play what they call cover versions of songs as a tribute to the original performer or group. Using familiar material is an important method of learning music styles, until the mid-1960s most albums, or long playing records, contained a large number of evergreens or standards to present a fuller range of the artists abilities and style. Artists might also perform interpretations of a favorite artists hit tunes for the pleasure of playing a familiar song or collection of tunes. A cover band plays cover versions exclusively. Some tribute acts salute the Who, The Rolling Stones and many classic rock acts. Many tribute acts target artists who remain popular but no longer perform, many tribute bands attempt to recreate another bands music as faithfully as possible, but some such bands introduce a twist. Dread Zeppelin performs reggae versions of the Zeppelin catalog and Beatallica creates heavy metal fusions of songs by the Beatles, there are also situations in which a member of a tribute band will go on to greater success, sometimes with the original act they tribute. One notable example is Tim Ripper Owens who, once the singer of Judas Priest tribute band British Steel. Cover acts or bands are entertainers who perform a variety of crowd-pleasing cover songs for audiences who enjoy the familiarity of hit songs
7.
Chord chart
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A chord chart is a form of musical notation that describes the basic harmonic and rhythmic information for a song or tune. It is the most common form of notation used by professional musicians playing jazz or popular music. It is intended primarily for a rhythm section, in these genres the musicians are expected to be able to improvise the actual notes used for the chords and the appropriate ornamentation, counter melody or bassline. In some chord charts, the harmony is given as a series of chord symbols above a traditional musical staff, in Nashville notation the key is left unspecified on the chart by substituting numbers for chord names. This facilitates on-the-spot key changes to songs, rhythmic notation specifies the exact rhythm in which to play or comp the indicated chords. The chords are written above the staff and the rhythm is indicated in the traditional manner and this is contrasted with the less specific slash notation. On the staff a slash is placed on each beat, Nashville notation or Nashville number system is a method of writing, or sketching out, musical ideas, using numbers in place of chord names. For example, in the key of C major, the chord D minor 7 can be written as 2-7, 2m7, the musicians in Nashville use the Nashville Number System almost exclusively for conveying a songs structure and arrangement in the recording studio. In the key of C, C=1, D=2, E=3, similarly, in the key of G, G=1, A=2, B=3, and so on up to F♯=7. So, the chord progression C///F///G///C/// in the key of C would correspond to 1///4///5///1/// in Nashville notation and this method of notation allows musicians who are familiar with basic music theory to play the same song in any key. Chord notation Chord progression Comping Lead sheet Chord
8.
Gatekeeper
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A gatekeeper is a person who controls access to something, for example via a city gate. In the late 20th century the term came into metaphorical use, gatekeepers serve in various roles including academic admissions, financial advising, and news editing. An academic admissions officer might review students qualifications based on criteria like test scores, race, social class, grades, family connections, where this internal gatekeeping role is unwanted, open admissions can externalize it. Various gatekeeping organizations administer professional certifications to protect clients from fraud and unqualified advice, a news editor selects stories for publication based on his or her organizations specific criteria, e. g. importance and relevance to their readership. For example, a resignation would be on the front page of a newspaper. Other people gatekeeping roles in health service include clergy, police, hairdressers. Gatekeeper is also a used in business to identify the person who is responsible for controlling passwords. Kurt Lewin was the first to identify the word gatekeeping and it was first mentioned in his book, Forces Behind Food Habits and Methods of Change. He first applied the concept to the chain using the example of a female being the person deciding what food is placed on the dinner table. After exploring this idea he started to add to the gating process, the first person to turn Lewin’s words into a journalism idea was David Manning White in the 1950s. Then in the 1970s ideas about the influence of gatekeepers and their decisions were further developed by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw in their construction of agenda setting theory. Peer review is a widely used by specialized journals that publish articles reporting new research, new discoveries. Journal editors ask one or more subject matter experts deemed to be peers of an author or authors to assess an articles suitability for publication in the journal. Employers may use such gatekeeping methods to ensure competence for the job, internet search engines in China have openly been restricted at the command of the Chinese government to exclude search terms that the government disapproves of
9.
Bing Crosby
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Harry Lillis Bing Crosby, Jr. was an American singer and actor. The first multimedia star, from 1931 to 1954 Crosby was a leader in sales, radio ratings. His early career coincided with technical recording innovations such as the microphone and this allowed him to develop a laid-back, intimate singing style that influenced many of the popular male singers who followed him, including Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, Dick Haymes, and Dean Martin. Also in 1948, the Music Digest estimated that Crosby recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music, in 1963, Crosby received the first Grammy Global Achievement Award. He is one of only 33 people to have three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the categories of motion pictures, radio, Crosby influenced the development of the postwar recording industry. He became the first performer to pre-record his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto magnetic tape. In addition to his work with early tape recording, he helped to finance the development of videotape, bought television stations, bred racehorses, Crosby died at the age of 74 on October 14,1977, from a sudden heart attack in Alcobendas, Spain. Crosby was born on May 2,1903 in Tacoma, Washington, in 1906, Crosbys family moved to Spokane, and in 1913, Crosbys father built a house at 508 E. Sharp Avenue. The house now sits on the campus of Crosbys alma mater Gonzaga University and he was the fourth of seven children, brothers Larry, Everett, Ted, and Bob, and two sisters, Catherine and Mary Rose. His parents were Harry Lowe Crosby, Sr. a bookkeeper, Crosbys mother was a second generation Irish-American. In 1910, seven-year-old Harry Crosby Jr. was forever renamed, the Sunday edition of the Spokesman-Review published a feature called The Bingville Bugle. Written by humorist Newton Newkirk, The Bingville Bugle was a parody of a hillbilly newsletter filled with gossipy tidbits, minstrel quips, creative spelling, and mock ads. A neighbor, 15-year-old Valentine Hobart, shared Crosbys enthusiasm for The Bugle, and noting Crosbys laugh, took a liking to him, eventually, the last vowel was dropped and the nickname stuck. Crosby later described Jolsons delivery as electric, Crosby graduated from Gonzaga High School in 1920 and enrolled at Gonzaga University. He attended Gonzaga for three years, but did not earn a bachelors degree, as a freshman, he played on the universitys baseball team. The university granted him a doctorate in 1937. In 1923, Crosby was invited to join a new band composed of school students a few years younger than himself. Al Rinker, Miles Rinker, James Heaton, Claire Pritchard and Robert Pritchard, along with drummer Crosby, formed the Musicaladers, the group performed on Spokane radio station KHQ, but disbanded after two years
10.
Mezz Mezzrow
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Milton Mesirow, better known as Mezz Mezzrow was an American jazz clarinetist and saxophonist from Chicago, Illinois. He is well known for organizing and financing historic recording sessions with Tommy Ladnier and he also recorded a number of times with Bechet and briefly acted as manager for Louis Armstrong. Mezzrow is equally remembered as a colorful character, as portrayed in his autobiography, Really the Blues, co-written with Bernard Wolfe. Mezzrow organized and took part in recording sessions involving black musicians in the 1930s and 1940s, including Benny Carter, Teddy Wilson, Frankie Newton, Tommy Ladnier, mezzrows 1938 sessions for the French jazz critic Hugues Panassie involved Bechet and Ladnier and helped spark the New Orleans revival. In the mid-1940s Mezzrow started his own label, King Jazz Records, featuring himself with groups, usually including Sidney Bechet. He also played on six recordings by Fats Waller, with ex-Basie trumpeter Buck Clayton, he made a recording of the Louis Armstrongs West End Blues in Paris in 1953. Mezzrow became better known for his drug dealing than his music, in his time, he was so well known in the jazz community for selling marijuana that Mezz became slang for marijuana, a reference used in the Stuff Smith song, If Youre a Viper. He was also known as the Muggles King, the word muggles being slang for marijuana at that time, Armstrong was one of his biggest customers. Mezzrow praised and admired the African-American style, in his autobiography, Really the Blues, he wrote that from the moment he heard jazz he was going to be a Negro musician, hipping the world about the blues the way only Negroes can. Mezzrow married a woman, Mae, moved to Harlem, New York. He believed that he had crossed the line that divided white. In 1940 he was arrested in possession of sixty joints while trying to enter a club at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. When he was sent to jail, he insisted to the guards that he was black and was transferred to the segregated black section. In Really the Blues, he wrote, Just as we were having our pictures taken for the gallery, along came Mr. Slattery the deputy and I nailed him. Mr. Mr. Slattery jumped back, astounded, and studied my features real hard and he seemed a little relieved when he saw my nappy head. I guess we can arrange that, he said, I read about you in the papers long ago and Ive been wondering when youd get here. We need a leader for our band and I think youre just the man for the job. He slipped me a card with Block Six written on it, I felt like Id got a reprieve
11.
Clarence Williams (musician)
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Clarence Williams was an American jazz pianist, composer, promoter, vocalist, theatrical producer, and publisher. Williams was born in Plaquemine, Louisiana, ran away home at age 12 to join Billy Kersands Traveling Minstrel Show. At first Williams worked shining shoes and doing odd jobs, by the early 1910s he was a well regarded local entertainer also playing piano, and was composing new tunes by 1913. Williams started a publishing business with violinist/bandleader Armand J. Piron in 1915. Handy, set up an office in Chicago, then settled in New York in the early 1920s. In 1921, he married singer and stage actress Eva Taylor. He was one of the primary pianists on scores of blues records recorded in New York during the 1920s and he supervised African-American recordings for the New York offices of Okeh phonograph company in the 1920s in the Gaiety Theatre office building in Times Square. He recruited many of the artists who performed on that label and he also recorded extensively, leading studio bands frequently for OKeh, Columbia and occasionally other record labels. He mostly used Clarence Williams Jazz Kings for his hot band sides and he also produced and participated in early recordings by Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet, Bessie Smith, Virginia Liston, Irene Scruggs, his niece Katherine Henderson, and many others. King Oliver played cornet on a number of Williamss late 1920s recordings and he was the recording director for the short-lived QRS Records label in 1928. Most of his recordings were songs from his house, which explains why he recorded tunes like Baby Wont You Please Come Home, Close Fit Blues. Among his own compositions was Shout, Sister, Shout, which was recorded by him, in 1933, he signed to the Vocalion label and recorded quite a number of popular recordings, mostly featuring washboard percussion, through 1935. He also recorded for Bluebird in 1937, and again in 1941, in 1943, Williams sold his extensive back-catalogue of tunes to Decca Records for $50,000 and retired, but then bought a bargain used-goods store. Williams died in Queens, New York City, in 1965, on her death in 1977, his wife, Eva Taylor, was interred next to him. Clarence Williams is the grandfather of actor Clarence Williams III and his daughter Joy Williams was a singer-actress under stage name Irene Williams. Clarence Williams was also credited as the author of Hank Williams 1949 hit My Buckets Got a Hole in It, a song that was later recorded by Louis Armstrong
12.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
13.
Minton's Playhouse
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The door to the actual club itself is at 206 West 118th Street where there is a small plaque. Mintons was founded by tenor saxophonist Henry Minton in 1938, Mintons thrived for three decades until its decline near the end of the 1960s, and its eventual closing in 1974. After being shuttered for more than 30 years, the newly remodeled club reopened its doors on May 19,2006, however, the reopened club was closed again in 2010. Minton’s original owner, Henry Minton, was known in Harlem for being the first ever black delegate to the American Federation of Musicians Local 802. In addition, he had been the manager of the Rhythm Club, in Harlem, in the part of the 1930s, a place where Louis Armstrong, Fats Waller, James P. Johnson. Mintons popularity and his penchant for generosity with food and loans, Minton started a policy of holding regular jam sessions at his club, which would later prove to be a key factor in the development of bebop. Because of his ties, Minton was able to ensure that musicians would not be fined for their participation in jam sessions. According to Ralph Ellison, Mintons Playhouse provided a retreat, a community where a collectivity of common experience could find continuity. In late 1940, Minton hired Teddy Hill, a former bandleader, building in the same direction that Minton had started, Hill used his connections from the Savoy Ballroom, and the Apollo Theatre to increase the interest in the club. Hill put together the band which included Thelonious Monk on piano, Joe Guy on trumpet, Nick Fenton on bass. Both Clarke and Guy were in Teddy Hills band before it disbanded in 1939, according to Clarke, Teddy Hill wanted to do something for the guys that had worked with him by giving them work during difficult times. The house band at Mintons in 1941, with the addition of frequent guests, later, the band was augmented by tenor saxophonist Kermit Scott. A feature of Mintons Playhouse during Teddy Hills tenure as manager was the popular Monday Celebrity Nights sponsored by the Schiffmans who owned the nearby Apollo Theater, the Schiffmans treated their performers to free dinner and drinks after the conclusion of a long week of work. The food at Mintons became almost as popular as the music as noted by many present at that time, in an interview with Al Fraser, Dizzy Gillespie told his recollection of Monday nights at Mintons, On Monday nights, we used to have a ball. Everybody from the Apollo, on Monday nights, was a guest at Mintons and we had a big jam session. Monday night was the big night, the night off. There was always some food there for you, Teddy Hill treated the guys well. During the Monday Celebrity Nights, many notable guest musicians such as Roy Eldridge, Hot Lips Page, Ben Webster, Don Byas, the trumpet duels between Roy Eldridge and Dizzy Gillespie became legend, with Gillespie eventually surpassing his mentor. but thats the best
14.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
15.
Ben Webster
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Benjamin Francis Ben Webster was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. Webster, born in Kansas City, Missouri, is considered one of the three most important swing tenors along with Coleman Hawkins and Lester Young. Known affectionately as The Brute, or Frog, he had a tough, raspy, stylistically he was indebted to alto star Johnny Hodges, who, he said, taught him to play his instrument. Webster learned to play piano and violin at an age before taking up the saxophone, although he did return to the piano from time to time. Once Budd Johnson showed him some basics on the saxophone, Webster began to play that instrument in the Young Family Band, Kansas City at this point was a melting pot from which emerged some of the biggest names in 1930s jazz. Webster joined Bennie Motens band in 1932, a grouping which also included Count Basie, Oran Hot Lips Page and this era was recreated in Robert Altmans film Kansas City. Ben Webster played with Duke Ellingtons orchestra for the first time in 1935 and he credited Johnny Hodges, Ellingtons alto soloist, as a major influence on his playing. Webster left the band in 1943 after an altercation during which he allegedly cut up one of Ellingtons suits. In an interview with the Newark Star-Ledger in 2003, trumpeter Clark Terry claimed that Webster left Ellington because he slapped Duke, for a few months in 1948, he returned briefly to Ellingtons orchestra. Along with Peterson, trumpeter Harry Sweets Edison and others, he was touring and recording with Granzs Jazz at the Philharmonic package, in 1956, he recorded a classic set with pianist Art Tatum, supported by bassist Red Callender and drummer Bill Douglass. Coleman Hawkins Encounters Ben Webster with fellow tenor saxophonist Coleman Hawkins was recorded on December 16,1957, along with Peterson, Herb Ellis, Ray Brown, and Alvin Stoller. The Hawkins and Webster recording is a classic, the coming together of two giants of the tenor saxophone, who had first met back in Kansas City. In the late 1950s, he formed a quintet with Gerry Mulligan and it was there that the Webster-Mulligan group backed up blues singer Jimmy Witherspoon on an album recorded live. Webster generally worked steadily, but in 1965 he moved permanently to Europe and he played when he pleased during his last decade. He lived in London for one year, followed by four years in Amsterdam, Webster appeared as a sax player in a low-rent cabaret club in the 1970 Danish blue film titled Quiet Days in Clichy. In 1971, Webster reunited with Duke Ellington and his orchestra for a couple of shows at the Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen, in addition and he also recorded or performed with Buck Clayton, Bill Coleman and Teddy Wilson. Webster suffered a hemorrhage in Amsterdam in September 1973, following a performance at the Twee Spieghels in Leiden. His body was cremated in Copenhagen and his ashes were buried in the Assistens Cemetery in the Nørrebro section of the city, after Websters death, Billy Moore Jr. together with the trustee of Websters estate, created the Ben Webster Foundation
16.
Lester Young
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Lester Willis Young, nicknamed Pres or Prez, was an American jazz tenor saxophonist and occasional clarinetist. Coming to prominence while a member of Count Basies orchestra, Young was one of the most influential players on his instrument, known for his hip, introverted style, he invented or popularized much of the hipster jargon which came to be associated with the music. Lester Young was born in Woodville, Mississippi, and grew up in a musical family and his father, Willis Handy Young, was a respected teacher, his brother Lee Young was a drummer, and several other relatives performed music professionally. His family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, when Lester was an infant and later to Minneapolis, although at a very young age Young did not initially know his father, he learned that his father was a musician. Later Willis taught his son to play the trumpet, violin, Lester Young played in his familys band, known as the Young Family Band, in both the vaudeville and carnival circuits. He left the band in 1927 at the age of 18 because he refused to tour in the Southern United States. In 1933 Young settled in Kansas City, where after playing briefly in several bands and his playing in the Basie band was characterized by a relaxed style which contrasted sharply with the more forceful approach of Coleman Hawkins, the dominant tenor sax player of the day. Young left the Basie band to replace Hawkins in Fletcher Hendersons orchestra and he soon left Henderson to play in the Andy Kirk band before returning to Basie. While with Basie, Young made small-group recordings for Milt Gablers Commodore Records, The Kansas City Sessions. Although they were recorded in New York, they are named after the group, the Kansas City Seven, and comprised Buck Clayton, Dicky Wells, Basie, Young, Freddie Green, Rodney Richardson, Young played clarinet as well as tenor in these sessions. Young is described as playing the clarinet in a liquid, nervous style, as well as the Kansas City Sessions, his clarinet work from 1938–39 is documented on recordings with Basie, Billie Holiday, Basie small groups, and the organist Glenn Hardman. Billie and Lester met at a Harlem jam session in the early 30s and worked together in the Count Basie band, at one point Lester moved into the apartment Billie shared with her mother, Sadie Fagan. Holiday always insisted their relationship was strictly platonic and she gave Lester the nickname Prez after President Franklin Roosevelt, the greatest man around in Billies mind. Playing on her name, he would call her Lady Day and their famously empathetic classic recordings with Teddy Wilson date from this era. After Youngs clarinet was stolen in 1939, he abandoned the instrument until about 1957 and that year Norman Granz gave him one and urged him to play it. Young left the Basie band in late 1940 and he subsequently led a number of small groups that often included his brother, drummer Lee Young, for the next couple of years, live and broadcast recordings from this period exist. During this period Young accompanied the singer Billie Holiday in a couple of studio sessions and his studio recordings are relatively sparse during the 1942 to 1943 period, largely due to the recording ban by the American Federation of Musicians. Small record labels not bound by union contracts continued to record, in December 1943 Young returned to the Basie fold for a 10-month stint, cut short by his being drafted into the army during World War II
17.
Bebop
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As bebop was not intended for dancing, it enabled the musicians to play at faster tempos. Bebop musicians explored advanced harmonies, complex syncopation, altered chords, extended chords, chord substitutions, asymmetrical phrasing, Bebop groups used rhythm sections in a way that expanded their role. The term bebop is derived from nonsense syllables used in scat singing and it appears again in a 1936 recording of Ise a Muggin by Jack Teagarden. A variation, rebop, appears in several 1939 recordings, the first, known print appearance also occurred in 1939, but the term was little-used subsequently until applied to the music now associated with it in the mid-1940s. Some researchers speculate that it was a used by Charlie Christian because it sounded like something he hummed along with his playing. Another theory is that it derives from the cry of Arriba, used by Latin American bandleaders of the period to encourage their bands. At times, the bebop and rebop were used interchangeably. By 1945, the use of bebop/rebop as nonsense syllables was widespread in R&B music, ability to play sustained, high energy, and creative solos was highly valued for this newer style and the basis of intense competition. Swing-era jam sessions and cutting contests in Kansas City became legendary, the Kansas City approach to swing was epitomized by the Count Basie Orchestra, which came to national prominence in 1937. One young admirer of the Basie orchestra in Kansas City was an alto saxophone player named Charlie Parker. Young was equally daring with his rhythm and phrasing as with his approach to harmonic structures in his solos and he would frequently repeat simple two or three note figures, with shifting rhythmic accents expressed by volume, articulation, or tone. His phrasing was far removed from the two or four bar phrases that players had used until then. They would often be extended to an odd number of measures and he would take a breath in the middle of a phrase, using the pause, or free space, as a creative device. The overall effect was that his solos were something floating above the rest of the music, Parker played along with the new Basie recordings on a Victrola until he could play Youngs solos note for note. That understatement of harmonically sophisticated chords would soon be used by young musicians exploring the new language of bebop. That solo showed a sophisticated harmonic exploration of the tune, with implied passing chords, Hawkins would eventually go on to lead the first formal recording of the bebop style in early 1944. As the 1930s turned to the 1940s, Parker went to New York as a player in the Jay McShann Orchestra. Guitarist Charlie Christian, who had arrived in New York with the Benny Goodman Orchestra in 1939 was, like Parker, christians major influence was in the realm of rhythmic phrasing
18.
Thelonious Monk
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Thelonious Sphere Monk was an American jazz pianist and composer. Monk is the second most-recorded jazz composer after Duke Ellington, which is remarkable as Ellington composed more than a thousand pieces. He was renowned for his style in suits, hats. Monk is one of five musicians to have been featured on the cover of Time, after Louis Armstrong, Dave Brubeck. Thelonious Sphere Monk was born two years after his sister Marion on October 10,1917, in Rocky Mount, North Carolina and his badly written birth certificate misspelled his first name as Thelious or Thelius. It also did not list his name, taken from his maternal grandfather. A brother, Thomas, was born in January 1920, in 1922, the family moved to 243 West 63rd Street, in Manhattan, New York City. Monk started playing the piano at the age of six, and was largely self-taught and he attended Stuyvesant High School but did not graduate. He toured with an evangelist in his teens, playing the church organ, in the early to mid-1940s, Monk was the house pianist at Mintons Playhouse, a Manhattan nightclub. Much of Monks style was developed during his time at Mintons, Monk is believed to be the pianist featured on recordings Jerry Newman made around 1941 at the club. Monks style at this time was described as hard-swinging, with the addition of runs in the style of Art Tatum. Monks stated influences included Duke Ellington, James P. Johnson, in the documentary Thelonious Monk, Straight, No Chaser, it is stated that Monk lived in the same neighborhood in New York City as Johnson and knew him as a teenager. So, the worked out a music that was hard to steal. Ill say this for the leeches, though, they tried, ive seen them in Mintons busily writing on their shirt cuffs or scribbling on the tablecloth. And even our own guys, Im afraid, did not give Monk the credit he had coming, why, they even stole his idea of the beret and bop glasses. In 1944 Monk made his first studio recordings with the Coleman Hawkins Quartet, Hawkins was one of the earliest established jazz musicians to promote Monk, and the pianist later returned the favor by inviting Hawkins to join him on a 1957 session with John Coltrane. Monk made his first recordings as leader for Blue Note in 1947, Monk married Nellie Smith the same year, and in 1949 the couple had a son, T. S. Monk, who became a jazz drummer. A daughter, Barbara, was born in 1953 and died in 1984 from cancer, in August 1951, New York City police searched a parked car occupied by Monk and friend Bud Powell
19.
Charlie Parker
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Charles Charlie Parker, Jr. also known as Yardbird and Bird, was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Parker was an influential jazz soloist and a leading figure in the development of bebop. Parker was a blazingly fast virtuoso, and he introduced revolutionary harmonic ideas including rapid passing chords, new variants of altered chords and his tone ranged from clean and penetrating to sweet and somber. Parker acquired the nickname Yardbird early in his career, Parker was an icon for the hipster subculture and later the Beat Generation, personifying the jazz musician as an uncompromising artist and intellectual rather than just an entertainer. Charles Parker, Jr. was born in Kansas City, Kansas, and raised in Kansas City, Missouri, the child of Charles Parker and Adelaide Addie. He attended Lincoln High School in September 1934, but withdrew in December 1935, Parker began playing the saxophone at age 11, and at age 14 he joined his schools band using a rented school instrument. His father, Charles, was absent but provided some musical influence, he was a pianist. He later became a Pullman waiter or chef on the railways, Parkers mother Addie worked nights at the local Western Union office. His biggest influence at that time was a trombone player who taught him the basics of improvisation. In the late 1930s Parker began to practice diligently, during this period he mastered improvisation and developed some of the ideas that led to bebop. In an interview with Paul Desmond, he said that he spent three to four years practicing up to 15 hours a day, bands led by Count Basie and Bennie Moten certainly influenced Parker. In 1937, Parker played at a jam session at the Reno Club in Kansas City and his attempt to improvise failed when he lost track of the chord changes. This prompted Jo Jones, the drummer for Count Basies Orchestra, in 1938 Parker joined pianist Jay McShanns territory band. The band toured nightclubs and other venues of the southwest, as well as Chicago, Parker made his professional recording debut with McShanns band. As a teenager, Parker developed a morphine addiction while hospitalized after an automobile accident and he continued using heroin throughout his life, and it ultimately contributed to his death. In 1939 Parker moved to New York City, to pursue a career in music and he held several other jobs as well. He worked for nine dollars a week as a dishwasher at Jimmies Chicken Shack, in 1942 Parker left McShanns band and played for one year with Earl Hines, whose band included Dizzy Gillespie, who later played with Parker as a duo. This period is virtually undocumented, due to the strike of 1942–1943 by the American Federation of Musicians, Parker joined a group of young musicians, and played in after-hours clubs in Harlem, such as [[Clark Monroes Uptown House
20.
Dizzy Gillespie
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John Birks Dizzy Gillespie was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, composer, and singer. AllMusics Scott Yanow wrote, Dizzy Gillespies contributions to jazz were huge, Gillespie was a trumpet virtuoso and improviser, building on the virtuoso style of Roy Eldridge but adding layers of harmonic complexity previously unheard in jazz. His beret and horn-rimmed spectacles, his singing, his bent horn, pouched cheeks. In the 1940s Gillespie, with Charlie Parker, became a figure in the development of bebop. He taught and influenced other musicians, including trumpeters Miles Davis, Jon Faddis, Fats Navarro, Clifford Brown, Arturo Sandoval, Lee Morgan, Chuck Mangione. Gillespie was born in Cheraw, South Carolina, the youngest of nine children of James, James was a local bandleader, so instruments were made available to the children. Gillespie started to play the piano at the age of four, Gillespies father died when he was only ten years old. Gillespie taught himself how to play the trombone as well as the trumpet by the age of twelve, from the night he heard his idol, Roy Eldridge, play on the radio, he dreamed of becoming a jazz musician. He received a scholarship to the Laurinburg Institute in North Carolina which he attended for two years before accompanying his family when they moved to Philadelphia. Teddy Hills band was where Gillespie made his first recording, King Porter Stomp, Willis was not immediately friendly but Gillespie was attracted anyway. The two finally married on May 9,1940 and they remained married until his death in 1993. Gillespie stayed with Teddy Hills band for a year, then left, in 1939, Gillespie joined Cab Calloways orchestra, with which he recorded one of his earliest compositions, the instrumental Pickin the Cabbage, in 1940. After a notorious altercation between the two men, Calloway fired Gillespie in late 1941, the incident is recounted by Gillespie, along with fellow Calloway band members Milt Hinton and Jonah Jones, in Jean Bachs 1997 film, The Spitball Story. Calloway did not approve of Gillespies mischievous humor, nor of his approach to soloing, according to Jones. Finally, their grudge for each other erupted over a thrown spitball, Calloway never thought highly of Gillespie, because he didnt view Gillespie as a good musician. Once during a rehearsal, a member of the band threw a spitball, already in a foul mood, Calloway decided to blame this on Gillespie. In order to clear his name, Gillespie didn’t take the blame, Calloway had minor cuts on the thigh and wrist. After the two men were separated, Calloway fired Gillespie, a few days later, Gillespie tried to apologize to Calloway, but he was dismissed
21.
Descarga
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A descarga is an improvised jam session consisting of variations on Cuban music themes, primarily son montuno, but also guajira, bolero, guaracha and rumba. The genre is strongly influenced by jazz and it was developed in Havana during the 1950s, important figures in the emergence of the genre were Cachao, Julio Gutiérrez, Bebo Valdés, Peruchín and Niño Rivera in Cuba, and Tito Puente in New York. Originally, descargas were promoted by record companies such as Panart, Maype, from the 1960s, the descarga format was usually adapted by large salsa ensembles, most notably the Fania All-Stars. During the 1940s, the term descarga was commonly used in the scenes of Cuba to refer to performances of jazz-influenced boleros in an improvised manner. This was part of the filin movement spearheaded by artists such as José Antonio Méndez, César Portillo de la Luz. This style was inherited by musicians such as Bebo Valdés and Frank Emilio Flynn who explored the combination of jazz, at this time however, the term descarga began to be used in a different way to describe jam sessions based on the son montuno and other Afro-Cuban rhythms. The first series of commercially successful descarga jam sessions were recorded mostly between 1956 and 1958 at the Panart studios in Havana, the Panart descarga sessions were released in three volumes under the title Cuban Jam Session, they would sell over a million copies. Volumes I and II where recorded under the direction of Julio Gutiérrez with Peruchín on piano, the sessions where recorded by engineer Fernando Blanco in Havana and then sent for editing to New York. According to the liner notes of Volume I, the studio doors where opened at 10,30 PM. The jams in Volume I revolve around canción, mambo, chachachá and conga themes, Volume III was directed by tresero Niño Rivera and it comprises three montuno tracks combined with swing, guajira and chachachá, plus a guaguancó-comparsa. The only musicians to participate in all three sessions where Alejandro El Negro Vivar, Emilio Peñalver and Salvador Bol Vivar, another session entitled Cuban Jam Session with Fajardo took place under the direction of flautist José Fajardo in 1957, but only four tracks could be recorded. The album was finished in Miami in 1964 and it was the first descarga album in the charanga format and it features jazz-inspired mambos, chachachás, guajiras and montunos. In 1957, Cachao recorded in the Panart studios his Cuban Jam Sessions in Miniature, the album, credited to Cachao y su ritmo caliente, has been described as a historic recording with a classic rhythm section and the true salsa musicians bible on record. The same year, Chico OFarrill directed two descargas, namely Descarga Número 1 and Descarga Número 2 with his group, All Stars Cubano. OFarrills recordings were released by Gema as a single and later included in the multi-artist LP Los mejores músicos de Cuba. Cachao continued to record descarga sessions as a leader between 1958 and 1960, Jam Session with Feeling, Descarga, Cuban Music in Jam Session, nonetheless, later in his career he would record many of these danzones in an extended, descarga-like format. Simultaneously with the Panart recordings from Havana, Tito Puente recorded a full album in 1956. It is a set of descargas featuring Mongo Santamaría, Willie Bobo
22.
Cuban music
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The music of Cuba, including its instruments, performance and dance, comprises a large set of unique traditions influenced mostly by west African and European music. Due to the nature of most of its genres, Cuban music is often considered one of the richest and most influential regional musics of the world. For instance, the son cubano merges an adapted Spanish guitar, melody, harmony, almost nothing remains of the original native traditions, since the native population was exterminated in the 16th century. Since the 19th century Cuban music has been popular and influential throughout the world. It has been perhaps the most popular form of music since the introduction of recording technology. Cuban music has contributed to the development of a variety of genre and musical styles around the globe, most notably in Latin America. Examples include rhumba, Afro-Cuban jazz, salsa, soukous, many West African re-adaptations of Afro-Cuban music, Spanish fusion genres, large numbers of African slaves and European, mostly Spanish, immigrants came to Cuba and brought their own forms of music to the island. European dances and folk musics included zapateo, fandango, paso doble, later, northern European forms like minuet, gavotte, mazurka, contradanza, and the waltz appeared among urban whites. There was also an immigration of Chinese indentured laborers later in the 19th century, the African slaves and their descendants made many percussion instruments and preserved rhythms they had known in their homeland. The most important instruments were the drums, of which there were originally about fifty different types, today only the bongos, congas, also important are the claves, two short hardwood batons, and the cajón, a wooden box, originally made from crates. Claves are still used often, and wooden boxes were used during periods when the drum was banned. In addition, there are other instruments in use for African-origin religious ceremonies. Chinese immigrants contributed the corneta china, a Chinese reed instrument still played in the comparsas, or carnival groups, the great instrumental contribution of the Spanish was their guitar, but even more important was the tradition of European musical notation and techniques of musical composition. Hernando de la Parras archives give some of our earliest available information on Cuban music and he reported instruments including the clarinet, violin and vihuela. There were few professional musicians at the time, and fewer still of their songs survive, one of the earliest is Ma Teodora, supposed to be related to a freed slave, Teodora Ginés of Santiago de Cuba, who was famous for her compositions. The piece is said to be similar to 16th-, 17th- and 18th-century Spanish popular songs, Cuban music has its principal roots in Spain and West Africa, but over time has been influenced by diverse genres from different countries. Important among these are France, and the United States, Cuban music has been immensely influential in other countries. The African beliefs and practices certainly influenced Cubas music, polyrhythmic percussion is an inherent part of African music, as melody is part of European music
23.
Bolero
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Bolero is a genre of slow-tempo Latin music and its associated dance. There are Spanish and Cuban forms which are significant and which have separate origins. The term is used for some art music. In all its forms, the bolero has been popular for over a century, the original Spanish bolero is a 3/4 dance that originated in Spain in the late 18th century, a combination of the contradanza and the sevillana. In Cuba, the bolero was perhaps the first great Cuban musical and vocal synthesis to win universal recognition, in 2/4 time, this dance music spread to other countries, leaving behind what Ed Morales has called the most popular lyric tradition in Latin America. The Cuban bolero tradition originated in Santiago de Cuba in the last quarter of the 19th century, it does not owe its origin to the Spanish music and song of the same name. In the 19th century there grew up in Santiago de Cuba a group of itinerant musicians who moved around earning their living by singing and playing the guitar, pepe Sanchez is known as the father of the trova style and the creator of the Cuban bolero. Untrained, but with natural talent, he composed numbers in his head. As a result, most of these numbers are now lost and he was the model and teacher for the great trovadores who followed. The Cuban bolero has traveled to Puerto Rico and the rest of Latin America after its conception, some of the boleros leading composers have come from nearby countries, as in the case of the prolific Puerto Rican composer Rafael Hernández and the Mexican Agustín Lara. Some Cuban composers of the bolero are primarily considered trovadores, boleros saw a resurgence in popularity during the 1990s when Mexican singer Luis Miguel was credited for reviving interest in the bolero genre following the release Romance. This adaptability was largely achieved by dispensing with limitations in format or instrumentation, examples would be, Bolero in the danzón, the advent of lyrics in the danzón to produce the danzonete. The bolero-son, long-time favourite dance music in Cuba, captured abroad under the misnomer rumba, the bolero-mambo in which slow and beautiful lyrics were added to the sophisticated big-band arrangements of the mambo. The bolero-cha, many Cha-cha-cha lyrics come from boleros, the lyrics of the bolero can be found throughout popular music, especially Latin dance music. A version of the Cuban bolero is danced throughout the Latin dance world under the misnomer rumba and this came about in the early 1930s when a simple overall term was needed to market Cuban music to audiences unfamiliar with the various Cuban musical terms. The famous Peanut Vendor was so labelled, and the label stuck for other types of Cuban music, in Cuba, the bolero is usually written in 2/4 time, elsewhere often 4/4. The tempo for dance is about 120 beats per minute, the music has a gentle Cuban rhythm related to a slow son, which is the reason it may be best described as a bolero-son. Like some other Cuban dances, there are three steps to four beats, with the first step of a figure on the second beat, the slow is executed with a hip movement over the standing foot, with no foot-flick
24.
Son cubano
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Son cubano is a genre of music and dance that originated in the highlands of eastern Cuba during the late 19th century. It is a genre that amalgamates elements of Spanish and African origin. Among its fundamental Hispanic components are the style, lyrical metre. On the other hand, its characteristic clave rhythm, call and response structure, around 1909 the son reached Havana, where the first recordings were made in 1917. This marked the start of its expansion throughout the island, becoming Cubas most popular, while early groups had between three and five members, during the 1920s the sexteto became the genres primary format. By the 1930s, many bands had incorporated a trumpet, becoming septetos, and in the 1940s a larger type of ensemble featuring congas and piano became the norm, the cojunto. Besides, the son became one of the ingredients in the jam sessions known as descargas that flourished during the 1950s. The international presence of the son can be traced back to the 1930s when many bands toured Europe and North America, similarly, radio broadcasts of son became popular in West Africa and the Congos, leading to the development of hybrid genres such as Congolese rumba. In the 1960s, New Yorks music scene prompted the rapid success of salsa, in Spanish, the word son, from Latin sonus, denotes a pleasant sound, particularly a musical one. In eastern Cuba, the term began to be used to refer to the music of the highlands towards the late 19th century, to distinguish it from similar genres from other countries, the term son cubano is most commonly used. In Cuba, various qualifiers are used to distinguish the variants of the genre. These include son montuno, son oriental, son santiaguero and son habanero, Son singers are generally known as soneros, and the verb sonear describes not only their singing but also their vocal improvisation. The adjective soneado refers to songs and styles which incorporate the tempo and syncopation of the son, generally, there is an explicit diffenrece between styles that incorporate elements of the son partially or totally, as evidenced by the distinction between bolero soneado and bolero-son. The term sonora refers to conjuntos with smoother trumpet sections such as Sonora Matancera and Sonora Ponceña, although the history of Cuban music dates back to the 16th century, the son is a relatively recent musical invention whose precursors emerged in the mid-to-late 19th century. Musicologists agree that the ancestors of the son appeared in Cubas Oriente Province. These forms flourished in the context of rural parties such as guateques, where bungas were known to perform, such early guitars are thought to have given rise to the tres some time around 1890 in Baracoa. The addition of a section composed of percussion instruments such as the bongó. Due to the very little historiographical and ethnomusicological research devoted to the son and this fallacy stemmed from the apocryphal origin story of a folk song known as Son de Má Teodora
25.
Son montuno
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The son montuno is a subgenre of son cubano. The son itself is the most important genre of Cuban popular music, in addition, it is perhaps the most flexible of all forms of Latin-American music, and is the foundation of many Cuban-based dance forms, and salsa. Its great strength is its fusion between European and African musical traditions, the son arose in Oriente, merging the Spanish guitar and lyrical traditions with Afro-Cuban percussion and rhythms. We now know that its history as a form is relatively recent. There is no evidence that it back further than the end of the nineteenth century. It moved from Oriente to Havana in about 1909, carried by members of the Permanent, the first recordings were in 1918. There are many types of son, of which the son montuno is one, the term has been used in several ways. The term was being used in the 1920s, when son sextetos set up in Havana, Arsenio Rodríguez revolutionized the son montuno. For example, he introduced the idea of layered guajeos —an interlocking structure consisting of multiple contrapuntal parts and this aspect of the sons modernization can be thought of as a matter of re-Africanizing the music. Helio Orovio recalls, Arsenio once said his trumpets played figurations the Oriente tres-guitarists played during the part of el son. The Oriente is the given to the eastern end of Cuba. It is common practice for treseros to play a series of variations during their solos. Perhaps it was only then that it was Rodríguez the tres master. The following example is from the section of Rodríguezs Kile. The excerpt consists of four interlocking guajeos, piano, tres, 2nd and 3rd trumpets, 2-3 Clave is shown for reference. Notice that the plays a single celled guajeo, while the other guajeos are two-celled. Its common practice to combine single and double-celled ostinatos in Afro-Cuban music, by adopting polyrhythmic elements from the son, the horns took on a vamp-like role similar to the piano montuno and tres guajeo—Mauleón. The denser rhythmic weave of Rodríguezs music required the addition of more instruments, Rodríguez added a second, and then, third trumpet—the birth the Latin horn section
26.
Cachao
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Israel López Valdés, better known as Cachao, was a Cuban double bassist and composer. He is considered one of the most influential charanga bassists of all-time, the co-creator of the mambo and he has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and won several Grammy Awards from the 1990s. He is ranked number 24 on Bass Player magazines list of The 100 Greatest Bass Players, Cachao was born on September 14,1918 in Belén, a neighbourhood in Old Havana, into a family of musicians, many of them bassists—around 40 or more in his extended family. He was born and raised in the house in which José Martí was born. As an 8-year-old bongo player, he joined a childrens septet that included a famous singer and bandleader. His parents made sure he was trained, first at home. He played with the orchestra from 1930 to 1960 and he played the double bass with his older brother, the multi-instrumentalist/composer Orestes López, who was known as Macho. The brothers, both members of the charanga Arcaño y sus Maravillas, composed literally thousands of danzones together and were an influence on Cuban music from the 1930s to the 1950s. They introduced the nuevo ritmo in the late 1930s, which transformed the danzón by introducing African rhythms into Cuban music and they co-wrote the danzón Mambo which was called the Mother of all Mambos by Cuban writer G. Cabrera Infante. He composed Chanchullo, a danzón on which Oye cómo va is based, Chanchullo was released in 1957 as a single on the Gema label. In 1958, Arcaño y sus Maravillas disbanded, one day in 1957 Cachao gathered a group of musicians in the early hours of the morning, energized from playing gigs at Havanas popular nightclubs, to jam in front of the mics of a recording studio. The resulting descargas, known to music aficionados worldwide as Cuban jam sessions, under Cachaos direction, these masters improvised freely in the manner of jazz, but their vocabulary was Cubas popular music. This was the model that would make live performances of Afro-Cuban based genres, from salsa to Latin jazz and these descargas were released in 1957 by the Panart label under the title Cuban Jam Sessions in Miniature. They have been named by critics as one of the most essential Cuban records of the 1950s. Between 1957 and 1959 he recorded many more descargas at Panart studios and these recordings were released in the following years by Kubaney and Maype, and re-released by EGREM. He also recorded descargas with Tojos orchestra and Chico OFarrills All-Stars Cubano amongst other ensembles and he worked alongside Peruchín, Tata Güines and Alejandro El Negro Vivar. In 1961, Cachao went into exile, while Cachao was performing with Machitos orchestra in New York, Joseph was recording and performing with Cuban conga player Cándido Camero. When Joseph left Cándidos band to work with Charlie Rodríguez and Johnny Pacheco, for a while, he had two distinct musical personae
27.
Salsa music
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Salsa music is a popular dance music that initially arose in New York City during the 1960s. Salsa is the product of various genres including the Cuban son montuno, guaracha, cha cha chá, mambo, and to a certain extent bolero. Latin jazz, which was developed in New York City, has had a significant influence on salsa arrangers, piano guajeos. Salsa is primarily Cuban son, itself a fusion of Spanish canción and guitar and Afro-Cuban percussion, Salsa also occasionally incorporates elements of rock, R&B, and funk. All of these elements are grafted onto the basic Cuban son montuno template when performed within the context of salsa. The first salsa bands were predominantly Cubans and Puerto Ricans who moved to New York since 1930’s, the music eventually spread throughout Colombia and the rest of the Americas. Ultimately, it became a global phenomenon, some of the founding salsa artists were Johnny Pacheco, Celia Cruz, Ray Barretto, Rubén Blades, Willie Colón, Larry Harlow, Roberto Roena, Bobby Valentín, Eddie Palmieri, and Héctor Lavoe. Salsa means sauce in the Spanish language, and carries connotations of the common in Latin. In the 20th century, salsa acquired a meaning in both English and Spanish. In this sense salsa has been described as a word with vivid associations, Cuban immigrants and Puerto Rican in New York have used the term analogously to swing or soul music. In this usage salsa connotes a frenzied, hot and wild musical experience that draws upon or reflects elements of Latin culture, various music writers and historians have traced the use of salsa to different periods of the 20th century. Max Salazar traces the word back to the early 1930s, when Ignacio Piñeiro composed Échale salsita, World music author Sue Steward claims salsa was originally used in music as a cry of appreciation for a particularly piquant or flashy solo. I was using salsa, but the music wasnt defined by that, the music was still defined as Latin music. And that was a very, very broad category, because it even includes mariachi music, so salsa defined this particular type of music. Its a name that everyone could pronounce, Sanabrias Latin New York magazine was an English language publication. Consequently, his promoted events were covered in The New York Times, as well as Time and they reported on this new phenomenon taking New York by storm—salsa. But promotion certainly wasnt the factor in the musics success, as Sanabria makes clear, Musicians were busy creating the music. Johnny Pacheco, the director and producer of Fania Records, molded New York salsa into a tight, polished
28.
Pink Floyd
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Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London. They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music, Pink Floyd were founded in 1965 by students Syd Barrett on guitar and lead vocals, Nick Mason on drums, Roger Waters on bass and vocals, and Richard Wright on keyboards and vocals. Guitarist David Gilmour joined in December 1967, Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health. Waters became the primary lyricist and conceptual leader, devising the concepts behind their albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals, The Wall. The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall became two of the albums of all time. Following creative tensions, Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979, followed by Waters in 1985, Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd, Wright rejoined them as a session musician and, later, a band member. The three produced two more albums—A Momentary Lapse of Reason and The Division Bell —and toured through 1994, Barrett died in 2006, and Wright in 2008. The final Pink Floyd studio album, The Endless River, was recorded without Waters, Pink Floyd were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. By 2013, the band had more than 250 million records worldwide. Roger Waters met Nick Mason while they were both studying architecture at the London Polytechnic at Regent Street and they first played music together in a group formed by Keith Noble and Clive Metcalfe with Nobles sister Sheilagh. Richard Wright, an architecture student, joined later that year. Waters played lead guitar, Mason drums, and Wright rhythm guitar, the band performed at private functions and rehearsed in a tearoom in the basement of the Regent Street Polytechnic. They performed songs by the Searchers and material written by their manager and songwriter, Mason moved out after the 1964 academic year, and guitarist Bob Klose moved in during September 1964, prompting Waters switch to bass. Sigma 6 went through several names, including the Meggadeaths, the Abdabs and the Screaming Abdabs, Leonards Lodgers, in 1964, as Metcalfe and Noble left to form their own band, guitarist Syd Barrett joined Klose and Waters at Stanhope Gardens. Barrett, two younger, had moved to London in 1962 to study at the Camberwell College of Arts. Waters and Barrett were childhood friends, Waters had often visited Barrett, Noble and Metcalfe left the Tea Set in late 1963, and Klose introduced the band to singer Chris Dennis, a technician with the Royal Air Force. In December 1964, they secured their first recording time, at a studio in West Hampstead, through one of Wrights friends, Wright, who was taking a break from his studies, did not participate in the session. When the RAF assigned Dennis a post in Bahrain in early 1965, later that year, they became the resident band at the Countdown Club near Kensington High Street in London, where from late night until early morning they played three sets of 90 minutes each
29.
Cream (band)
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Cream were a 1960s British rock supergroup power trio consisting of bassist/singer Jack Bruce, drummer Ginger Baker, and guitarist/singer Eric Clapton. The groups third album, Wheels of Fire, was the worlds first platinum-selling double album, the band is widely regarded as the worlds first successful supergroup. In their career, they more than 15 million copies of their albums worldwide. The bands biggest hits were I Feel Free, Sunshine of Your Love, White Room, Crossroads, and Badge. The band made a significant impact on the music of the time. They also had an impact on American southern rock leading groups The Allman Brothers Band, the bands live performances influenced progressive rock acts such as Rush. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993 and they were included in both Rolling Stone and VH1s lists of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, at number 67 and 61 respectively. They were also ranked number 16 on VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock, by July 1966, Eric Claptons career with The Yardbirds and John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers had earned him a reputation as the premier blues guitarist in Britain. Clapton, however, found the environment of Mayalls band confining, in 1966, Clapton met Ginger Baker, then the leader of the Graham Bond Organisation, which at one point featured Jack Bruce on bass guitar, harmonica and piano. Baker felt stifled in the Graham Bond Organisation and had tired of Graham Bonds drug addictions. I had always liked Ginger, explained Clapton, Ginger had come to see me play with the Bluesbreakers. After the gig he drove me back to London in his Rover, I was very impressed with his car and driving. He was telling me that he wanted to start a band, each was impressed with the others playing abilities, prompting Baker to ask Clapton to join his new, then-unnamed group. Clapton immediately agreed, on the condition that Baker hire Bruce as the groups bassist, according to Clapton, Clapton had met Bruce when the bassist/vocalist briefly played with the Bluesbreakers in November 1965, the two also had worked together as part of a one-shot band called Powerhouse. Impressed with Bruces vocals and technical prowess, Clapton wanted to work with him on an ongoing basis, in contrast, while Bruce was in Bonds band, he and Baker had been notorious for their quarrelling. Their volatile relationship included on-stage fights and the sabotage of one anothers instruments, after Baker fired Bruce from the band, Bruce continued to arrive for gigs, ultimately, Bruce was driven away from the band after Baker threatened him at knifepoint. Baker and Bruce put aside their differences for the good of Bakers new trio, the band was named Cream, as Clapton, Bruce, and Baker were already considered the cream of the crop amongst blues and jazz musicians in the exploding British music scene. Initially, the group were referred to and billed as The Cream, but starting officially with its first record releases, before deciding upon Cream, the band considered calling themselves Sweet n Sour Rock n Roll
30.
The Jimi Hendrix Experience
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The Jimi Hendrix Experience was an American-English rock band that formed in Westminster, London, in September 1966. Singer, songwriter, and guitarist Jimi Hendrix, bassist and backing vocalist Noel Redding, and drummer Mitch Mitchell comprised the group, during this time, they released three studio albums and became one of the most popular acts in rock. In April 1970, Hendrix, Mitchell, and bassist Billy Cox performed and recorded until Hendrixs death on September 18,1970 and this later trio was sometimes billed as the Jimi Hendrix Experience, but the title was never formalized. Highly influential in the popularization of hard rock and psychedelic rock, the Experience was best known for the skill, style, in 1992, the Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Jimi Hendrix arrived in England on September 24,1966, and with his new manager and former Animals bassist, Chas Chandler, formed a band with bassist Noel Redding. Mitchell was a seasoned London drummer formerly with Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames, Hendrix chose Redding because of his attitude towards music and his hairstyle. Redding had been a player until that time, but played bass in the band. The name The Jimi Hendrix Experience was coined by their business manager Michael Jeffery, the first official appearance of The Jimi Hendrix Experience was at the Novelty in Évreux, France, on October 13,1966. Six days later the band played their first UK gig at a showcase at the Scotch of St James. Though conceived as back-up band for Hendrix, the Experience, as a unit, gained fame and critical acclaim. Following the lead of Cream, the Jimi Hendrix Experience was one of the first groups to popularize the power trio format, which limited a rock bands line-up to guitar, bass and drums. Hendrix combined lead and rhythm guitar styles and used special effects to modify his guitar such as feedback. Mitchell sometimes utilized jazz-influenced grooves, while Redding played simple bass lines that helped to anchor the bands sound, visually, they set the trend in psychedelic clothes and hairstyles. The Whos Pete Townshend admitted, changed the sound of electric guitar. Clapton agreed, after Pete Townshend and I went to see him play, I thought that was it, the group came to prominence in the US after the June 1967 Monterey Pop Festival, one of the first major rock music festivals. The bands performance ended with Hendrix famously setting his psychedelically painted Fender Stratocaster on fire, after the festival they toured with the Monkees, but left the tour two weeks later, reportedly due to lack of audience response. By April 1969, however, Hendrixs deteriorating relations with Redding were coming to a head, the original group held together long enough to fulfill their existing engagements, culminating in the Denver Pop Festival on June 29,1969. After hearing that Hendrix was planning to expand the Experience lineup without first consulting him, Redding quit the group, Hendrix and Mitchell experimented with a larger ensemble that included bassist Billy Cox
31.
Deep Purple
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Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertford in 1968. The band is considered to be among the pioneers of metal and modern hard rock. Originally formed as a rock band, the band shifted to a heavier sound in 1970. Deep Purple, together with Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath, have referred to as the unholy trinity of British hard rock. They were listed in the 1975 Guinness Book of World Records as the globes loudest band for a 1972 concert at Londons Rainbow Theatre, Deep Purple have had several line-up changes and an eight-year hiatus. The 1968–1976 line-ups are commonly labelled Mark I, II, III and their second and most commercially successful line-up featured Ian Gillan, Jon Lord, Roger Glover, Ian Paice, and Ritchie Blackmore. This line-up was active from 1969 to 1973, and was revived from 1984 to 1989, and again from 1992 to 1993. The bands line-up has been more stable in recent years. Deep Purple were ranked number 22 on VH1s Greatest Artists of Hard Rock programme, the band received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards. Deep Purple were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2016, in 1967, former Searchers drummer Chris Curtis contacted London businessman Tony Edwards, in the hope that he would manage a new group he was putting together, to be called Roundabout. Curtis vision was a supergroup where the members would get on and off. Impressed with the plan, Edwards agreed to finance the venture with two partners, John Coletta and Ron Hire, all of Hire-Edwards-Coletta Enterprises. The first recruit to the band was the classically trained Hammond organ player Jon Lord, Lord was currently performing in a backing band for the vocal group The Flower Pot Men, along with bassist Nick Simper and drummer Carlo Little. Simper had previously been in Johnny Kidd and the Pirates and survived the 1966 car crash that killed Kidd, Lord put the two on alert that hed been recruited for the Roundabout project, after which Simper and Little suggested guitarist Ritchie Blackmore, whom Lord had never met. Simper had known Blackmore since the early 1960s when his first band, the Renegades, debuted around the time as one of Blackmores early bands. HEC persuaded Blackmore to return from Hamburg to audition for the new group, Blackmore was making a name for himself as a studio session guitarist, and had also been a member of the Outlaws, Screaming Lord Sutch, and Neil Christian. Curtis erratic behaviour and lifestyle, fueled by LSD use, caused a sudden disinterest in the project he had started, but HEC was now intrigued with the possibilities Lord and Blackmore brought, while Lord and Blackmore were also keen to continue. The two carried on with recruiting members, keeping Tony Edwards as their manager
32.
The Who
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The Who are an English rock band that formed in 1964. Their classic line-up consisted of lead singer Roger Daltrey, guitarist and singer Pete Townshend, bass guitarist John Entwistle, and drummer Keith Moon. They are considered one of the most influential bands of the 20th century, selling over 100 million records worldwide and holding a reputation for their live shows. The Who developed from a group, the Detours, and established themselves as part of the pop art and mod movements, featuring auto-destructive art by destroying guitars. Their first single as the Who, I Cant Explain, reached the UK top ten, followed by a string of singles including My Generation, Substitute and Happy Jack. In 1967, they performed at the Monterey Pop Festival and released the US top ten single I Can See for Miles, the groups fourth album, 1969s rock opera Tommy, included the single Pinball Wizard and was a critical and commercial success. Live appearances at Woodstock and the Isle of Wight Festival, along with the live album Live at Leeds, with their success came increased pressure on lead songwriter and visionary Townshend, and the follow-up to Tommy, Lifehouse, was abandoned. Songs from the project made up 1971s Whos Next, which included the hit Wont Get Fooled Again, the group released the album Quadrophenia in 1973 as a celebration of their mod roots, and oversaw the film adaptation of Tommy in 1975. They continued to tour to large audiences before semi-retiring from live performances at the end of 1976, the release of Who Are You in 1978 was overshadowed by the death of Moon shortly after. Kenney Jones replaced Moon and the group resumed activity, releasing a film adaptation of Quadrophenia, after Townshend became weary of touring, the group split in 1982. The Who occasionally re-formed for live appearances such as Live Aid in 1985, a 25th anniversary tour in 1989 and they resumed regular touring in 1999, with drummer Zak Starkey. After Entwistles death in 2002, plans for a new album were delayed, Townshend and Daltrey continued as the Who, releasing Endless Wire in 2006, and continued to play live regularly. They are cited as an influence by rock, punk rock and mod bands. The founding members of the Who, Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend and John Entwistle, grew up in Acton, London and went to Acton County Grammar School. Townshend and Entwistle became friends in their year of Acton County. Both were interested in rock, and Townshend particularly admired Cliff Richards début single, Entwistle moved to guitar, but struggled with it due to his large fingers, and moved to bass on hearing the guitar work of Duane Eddy. He was unable to afford a bass and built one at home, after Acton County, Townshend attended Ealing Art College, a move he later described as profoundly influential on the course of the Who. Daltrey, who was in the year above, had moved to Acton from Shepherds Bush and he had trouble fitting in at the school, and discovered gangs and rock and roll
33.
Grateful Dead
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The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in Palo Alto, California. Their music, writes Lenny Kaye, touches on ground that most other groups dont even know exists and these various influences were distilled into a diverse and psychedelic whole that made the Grateful Dead the pioneering Godfathers of the jam band world. The band was ranked 57th by Rolling Stone magazine in its The Greatest Artists of All Time issue, the Grateful Dead have sold more than 35 million albums worldwide. The Grateful Dead was founded in the San Francisco Bay Area amid the rise of the counterculture of the 1960s, the founding members were Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, Ron Pigpen McKernan, Phil Lesh, and Bill Kreutzmann. Members of the Grateful Dead had played together in various San Francisco bands, including Mother McCrees Uptown Jug Champions, Lesh was the last member to join the Warlocks before they became the Grateful Dead, he replaced Dana Morgan Jr. who had played bass for a few gigs. Drummer Mickey Hart and nonperforming lyricist Robert Hunter joined in 1967, with the exception of McKernan, who died in 1973, and Hart, who took time off from 1971 to 1974, the core of the band stayed together for its entire 30-year history. The other official members of the band are Tom Constanten, John Perry Barlow, Keith Godchaux, Donna Godchaux, Brent Mydland, pianist Bruce Hornsby was a touring member from 1990 to 1992, as well as guesting with the band on occasion before and after the tours. After the death of Jerry Garcia in 1995, former members of the band, along with musicians, toured as the Other Ones in 1998,2000, and 2002, and the Dead in 2003,2004. In 2015, the four surviving core members marked the bands 50th anniversary in a series of concerts that were billed as their last performances together. There have also been several spin-offs featuring one or more members, such as Dead & Company, Furthur, the Rhythm Devils, Phil Lesh & Friends, RatDog. The Grateful Dead began their career as the Warlocks, a group formed in early 1965 from the remnants of a Palo Alto, the bands first show was at Magoos Pizza located at 639 Santa Cruz Avenue in suburban Menlo Park, California, on May 5,1965. They were initially known as the Warlocks, coincidentally, the Velvet Underground was also using that name on the East Coast, the show was not recorded but the set list has been preserved. Gigging as a bar band, the group changed its name after finding out that another band of the same name had signed a recording contract. The first show under the new name Grateful Dead was in San Jose, California on December 4,1965, at one of Ken Keseys Acid Tests. Earlier demo tapes have survived, but the first of over 2,000 concerts known to have recorded by the bands fans was a show at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco on January 8,1966. Later that month, the Grateful Dead played at the Trips Festival, the name Grateful Dead was chosen from a dictionary. According to Phil Lesh, in his autobiography, picked up an old Britannica World Language Dictionary. In that silvery elf-voice he said to me, Hey, man, the definition there was the soul of a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial
34.
AC/DC
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AC/DC are an Australian rock band, formed in 1973 by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young. A hard rock/blues rock band, they have also considered a heavy metal band, although they have always dubbed their music simply rock. AC/DC underwent several changes before releasing their first album, High Voltage, in 1975, Malcolm. Membership subsequently stabilised until bassist Mark Evans was replaced by Cliff Williams in 1977 for the album Powerage, within months of recording the album Highway to Hell, lead singer and co-songwriter Bon Scott died on 19 February 1980 after a night of heavy alcohol consumption. The group considered disbanding, but buoyed by support from Scotts parents, decided to continue, ex-Geordie singer Brian Johnson was auditioned and selected to replace Scott. Later that year, the released the new album, Back in Black. The album launched them to new heights of success and became their all-time best-seller, the bands next album, For Those About to Rock We Salute You, was their first album to reach number one in the United States. Drummer Phil Rudd was fired in 1983 and replaced by ex-A II Z drummer Simon Wright, the band experienced a resurgence in the early 1990s with the release of The Razors Edge. Phil Rudd returned in 1994 after Chris Slade, who was with the band from 1989 to 1994, was asked to leave in favour of him, Stiff Upper Lip, released in 2000, was well received by critics. The bands line-up remained the same until 2014 with Malcolm Youngs retirement, in 2016, Johnson was advised to stop touring on account of worsening hearing loss and Guns N Roses frontman Axl Rose stepped in as the bands vocalist for the remainder of that years dates. Long-term bass player Cliff Williams subsequently indicated that he would retire from the band on the completion of their current world tour, Back in Black has sold an estimated 50 million units worldwide, making it the second-highest-selling album by any artist – and the highest-selling album by any band. The album has sold 22 million units in the US alone, AC/DC ranked fourth on VH1s list of the 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock and were named the seventh Greatest Heavy Metal Band of All Time by MTV. In 2004, AC/DC ranked No.72 on the Rolling Stone list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Producer Rick Rubin, who wrote an essay on the band for the Rolling Stone list, referred to AC/DC as the greatest rock, in 2010, AC/DC were ranked number 23 in the VH1 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Brothers Malcolm, Angus, and George Young were born in Glasgow, Scotland, George was the first to learn to play the guitar. He became a member of The Easybeats, one of Australias most successful bands of the 1960s, in 1966, they became the first local rock act to have an international hit, with the song Friday on My Mind. Malcolm followed in Georges footsteps by playing with a Newcastle, New South Wales and their oldest brother Alex Young chose to remain in Britain to pursue musical interests. Malcolm and Angus Young developed the idea for the name after their sister, Margaret Young
35.
Led Zeppelin
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Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group consisted of guitarist Jimmy Page, singer Robert Plant, bassist and keyboardist John Paul Jones, after changing their name from the New Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin signed a deal with Atlantic Records that afforded them considerable artistic freedom. Their fourth album, which features the track Stairway to Heaven, is among the most popular and influential works in rock music, Page wrote most of Led Zeppelins music, particularly early in their career, while Plant generally supplied the lyrics. Jones keyboard-based compositions later became central to the catalogue, which featured increasing experimentation. The latter half of their career saw a series of record-breaking tours that earned the group a reputation for excess, in the decades that followed, the surviving members sporadically collaborated and participated in one-off Led Zeppelin reunions. The most successful of these was the 2007 Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert in London, Led Zeppelin are widely considered one of the most successful, innovative, and influential rock groups in history. They are one of the music artists in the history of audio recording. With RIAA-certified sales of 111.5 million units, they are the band in the US. Each of their nine studio albums placed in the top 10 of the Billboard album chart and they achieved eight consecutive UK number-one albums. Rolling Stone magazine described them as the heaviest band of all time, the biggest band of the Seventies, and unquestionably one of the most enduring bands in rock history. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, in 1966, London-based session guitarist Jimmy Page joined the blues-influenced rock band the Yardbirds to replace bassist Paul Samwell-Smith. Page soon switched from bass to guitar, creating a dual lead guitar line-up with Jeff Beck. Following Becks departure in October 1966, the Yardbirds, tired from constant touring and recording, Page wanted to form a supergroup with him and Beck on guitars, and the Whos Keith Moon and John Entwistle on drums and bass, respectively. Vocalists Steve Winwood and Steve Marriott were also considered for the project, the group never formed, although Page, Beck, and Moon did record a song together in 1966, Becks Bolero, in a session that also included bassist-keyboardist John Paul Jones. The Yardbirds played their final gig in July 1968 at Luton College of Technology in Bedfordshire, Page and Dreja began putting a new line-up together. Pages first choice for the singer was Terry Reid, but Reid declined the offer and suggested Robert Plant. Plant eventually accepted the position, recommending former Band of Joy drummer John Bonham, Jones inquired about the vacant position at the suggestion of his wife after Dreja dropped out of the project to become a photographer. Page had known Jones since they were both musicians and agreed to let him join as the final member
36.
Santana (band)
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Santana is an American Latin rock band formed in San Francisco, California in 1966 by Mexican-American guitarist Carlos Santana. The band first came to public attention when their performance of Soul Sacrifice at Woodstock in 1969 provided a contrast to other acts on the bill. This exposure helped propel their first album, also named Santana, into a hit, in the years that followed, lineup changes were common. Carlos Santanas increasing involvement with guru Sri Chinmoy took the band into more esoteric music, though never quite losing its initial Latin influence. In 1998, Santana was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, with Carlos Santana, Jose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Gregg Rolie, Mike Carabello, the band has earned nine Grammy Awards and three Latin Grammy Awards, the latter all in 2000. Carlos also won a Grammy Award as a solo artist in 1988, Santana has sold more than 90 million records worldwide, making them one of the worlds best-selling groups of all time. In 2013, Santana announced a reunion of the classic line-up for a new record, Santana IV and they are tied for having the most won Grammys in one night. The band was formed in 1966 in San Francisco as the Santana Blues Band with the help of Tom Fraser, the first established members were Carlos Santana, Marcus Malone, Rod Harper, Gus Rodriguez and Gregg Rolie. The groups first audition with this line up was at the Avalon Ballroom in the summer of 1967. Ahead of Woodstock, Bill Graham was asked to help with logistics, Bill agreed to lend his help only if a new band he was championing, an unknown band called Santana was added to the bill. Santana was announced as one of the performers at the Woodstock Festival, the band started recording their 1969 debut album Santana in May 1969 and finished it in a month. Later that month, they released their album, which peaked at number 4 on the US Billboard 200 pop chart with the single Evil Ways being a top 10 single in the US. Santana went on tour to promote their debut LP and started work on their next, work began in mid-April 1970 at Wally Heider Studios in San Francisco and was completed in early May 1970. From January to July 1971 Santana worked on Santana III, released in September 1971, the album also reached number 1 on the US Billboard 200. At the peak of the popularity, the album was the last to feature its classic Woodstock era line-up. Before recording their fourth album Caravanserai, there had been multiple line-up changes, bassist David Brown left in 1971 before recording started and was replaced by Doug Rauch and Tom Rutley. Percussionist Michael Carabello left Santana and was replaced with two percussionists, Armando Peraza and Mingo Lewis, keyboardist/vocalist Gregg Rolie was replaced by Tom Coster on a few songs. Caravanserai debuted at number 8 on the pop charts, despite not spawning a hit single,13 months after Caravanserai, Santana released Welcome
37.
King Crimson
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King Crimson are an English rock band formed in London in 1968. Fripp is the only consistent member of the group, and is considered the bands leader, the band has earned a large cult following. King Crimsons debut album, In the Court of the Crimson King, remains its most successful and influential, with its elements of jazz, classical and their success increased following an opening act performance for the Rolling Stones at Hyde Park, London, in 1969. Following the less successful In the Wake of Poseidon, Lizard, and Islands, the reached a new creative peak with Larks Tongues in Aspic, Starless and Bible Black. Fripp disbanded the group in 1974, in 1981, King Crimson reformed with a change in musical direction which lasted for three years, resulting in the trio of albums Discipline, Beat, and Three of a Perfect Pair. Following a decade-long hiatus, Fripp revived the group in 1994, since 1997, several musicians have pursued aspects of the bands work and approaches through a series of related bands collectively referred to as ProjeKCts. In 2000, the band reunited once more and released The Construkction of Light, the bands most recent album is The Power to Believe. In 2009 the band undertook a tour to celebrate their 40th Anniversary, fellow Dorset musician Robert Fripp – a guitarist who did not sing – responded and the trio formed the band Giles, Giles and Fripp. Based on a format of pop songs and complex instrumentals. The band hovered on the edge of success, with several radio sessions and a television appearance, the album was no more of a success than the singles, and was even disparaged by Keith Moon of the Who in a magazine review. Attempting to expand their sound, the three recruited Ian McDonald on keyboards, reeds and woodwinds, McDonald brought along his then-girlfriend, former Fairport Convention singer Judy Dyble, whose brief tenure with the group ended when the two split. Would you like to get together on a couple of songs, Fripp, meanwhile, saw Clouds perform at the Marquee Club in London which inspired him to incorporate classical melodies and jazz-like improvisation in his song writing. No longer interested in pursuing Peter Giles more whimsical pop style, Fripp recommended his friend, singer and guitarist Greg Lake, join, Peter Giles later called it one of Fripps cute political moves. But he had become disillusioned with the lack of success and departed, leaving Lake to become bassist. The first incarnation of King Crimson formed in London on 30 November 1968, the bands name was coined by Sinfield, though it is not meant to be a synonym for Beelzebub, prince of demons. McDonald suggested the purchase a Mellotron, and they began using it to create an orchestral rock sound. Sinfield described Crimson thus, If it sounded at all popular, so it had to be complicated, it had to be more expansive chords, it had to have strange influences. If it sounded, like, too simple, wed make it more complicated, wed play it in 7/8 or 5/8, just to show off
38.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
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Dazed and Confused (song)
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Dazed and Confused is a blues-rock song written and performed by Jake Holmes. The song refers to the potential break-up of a relationship, typical of blues numbers, the song was later covered by the Yardbirds, which inspired a reworking by Led Zeppelin. Singer-songwriter Jake Holmes wrote and recorded Dazed and Confused for his solo album The Above Ground Sound of Jake Holmes. Like the other tracks on the album, the song does not include any drums and it was recorded entirely with the trio of Holmes on guitar, keyboard, and vocals, Ted Irwin on guitar, and Rick Randle on bass. The song has been labelled as a tale about a bad acid trip, however. In 2001, he gave an interview to Shindig, magazine and said this about Dazed and Confused, I never took acid. I smoked grass and tripped on it, but I never took acid, the songs about a girl who hasnt decided whether she wants to stay with me or not. Its pretty much one of love songs. In August 1967, Holmes opened for The Yardbirds at a Greenwich Village gig in New York, according to Holmes, That was the infamous moment of my life when Dazed and Confused fell into the loving arms and hands of Jimmy Page. When Dazed and Confused appeared in Led Zeppelins album in 1969, Holmes was aware of it but didnt follow up on it at that time. He said, In the early 1980s, I did write them a letter and I said basically, I understand its a collaborative effort, in court documents Holmes cited a 1967 copyright registration for Dazed and Confused which was renewed in 1995. This court case was dismissed with prejudice, as the parties settled out of court in January 2012. During a 1967 tour of the United States by English rock group The Yardbirds, according to Jim McCarty of the Yardbirds, they went to a record shop the next day to buy a copy of Holmess album and decided to do a version of Dazed and Confused. They worked on it together with Page, contributing the guitar riffs in the middle and their version featured long instrumental passages of bowed guitar courtesy of Jimmy Page, and dynamic instrumental flourishes. Page has stated that he obtained the idea of using a bow on his guitar from a violinist named David McCallum. At that time, it even had a little Eastern influence, the guitar passages in the breakdown emerged from the solo on Think About It, from the Little Games lineups last single. Dazed and Confused quickly became a staple of The Yardbirds live performance during the last year of their act, notably, it is the only track that has no songwriter credits on the release. Another live version of the song, recorded on the French TV series Bouton Rouge on 9 March 1968, was included on the CD Cumular Limit, when the Yardbirds disbanded in 1968, Page planned to record the song yet again, this time with Led Zeppelin
40.
The Song Remains the Same (film)
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The Song Remains the Same is a concert film featuring the English rock band Led Zeppelin. The filming took place during the summer of 1973, during three nights of concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York City, with footage shot at Shepperton Studios. The film premiered three years later on 20 October 1976 at Cinema I in New York, on 22 October 1976 at Fox Wilshire in Los Angeles and it was accompanied by a soundtrack album of the same name. The DVD of the film was released on 31 December 1999, promotional materials stated that the film was the bands special way of giving their millions of friends what they had been clamouring for – a personal and private tour of Led Zeppelin. For the first time the world has a front row seat on Led Zeppelin, a reissue of the film, including previously unreleased footage as a bonus, was released on DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc on 20 November 2007, by Warner Home Video. Since late 1969, Led Zeppelin had been planning on filming one of their performances for a projected movie documentary of the band. The groups manager, Peter Grant, believed that they would be served by the big screen than by television. The first attempt was the filming of Led Zeppelins Royal Albert Hall performance on 9 January 1970, but the lighting was judged to be mediocre, and the film was shelved. On the morning of 20 July 1973, during the concert tour of the United States. Grant had previously turned down offers by Massot to make a film of the band, as Grant recalled, It all started in the Sheraton Hotel, Boston. Wed talked about a film for years and Jimmy had known Joe Massot was interested — so we called them and it was all very quickly arranged. Massot hurriedly assembled a crew in time for Led Zeppelins last leg of the tour starting on 23 July 1973 and he subsequently filmed the groups three concert performances at Madison Square Garden on the nights of 27,28, and 29 July 1973. The film was financed by the band and shot on 35mm with a 24-track quadraphonic sound recording. The live footage in the US alone cost $85,000, the plans to film the shows at Madison Square Garden were threatened when the local trades union tried to block the British film crew from working. The bands attorneys negotiated with the union and the crew was allowed to film the concerts. Page is seen wearing a different dragon suit in Rock and Roll, in an interview from 1997 Jones said that the reason he didnt wear the same stage clothes was that he asked the crew if they would be filming on those nights and was told no. Id think not to worry, Ill save the shirt I wore the night for the next filming. Then what would happen is that Id get onstage and see the cameras ready to roll, as Led Zeppelins popularity soared throughout the 1970s, Peter Grant became increasingly notorious for being brutally protective of his band and their finances
41.
How the West Was Won (Led Zeppelin album)
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How the West Was Won is a triple live album by the English rock group Led Zeppelin, released by Atlantic Records on compact disc on 27 May 2003, and DVD-Audio on 7 October 2003. These original performances are from the bands 1972 concert tour of the United States, recorded at the L. A. Forum on 25 June 1972 and Long Beach Arena on 27 June 1972. Guitarist Jimmy Page considers Led Zeppelin at this point to have been at their artistic peak, as is mentioned in the albums liner notes. In an interview he gave to The Times newspaper in 2010, how the West was Won – that 1972 gig – is pretty much a testament of how good it was. It would have nice to have had a little more visual recordings. That’s the conundrum of Led Zeppelin, for many years, live recordings of these two shows only circulated in the form of bootlegs, and even then only certain audience recordings were available to fans and collectors. The songs from the two shows underwent some extensive editing and audio engineering by Page at Sarm West Studios in London before being released on the album. Some songs which were played at the concerts, such as Communication Breakdown, Tangerine, Thank You, the album debuted on the Billboard 200 chart for the week ending 14 June 2003 at number 1, with sales of 154,000 copies. It remained on the chart for 16 weeks and it was certified gold and platinum by the RIAA on 30 June 2003. How the West Was Won received a score of 97 by review site Metacritic. Note The DVD-Audio version of the album has tracks 1-11 on disc one with tracks 12-18 on disc two. It features the album in 48Khz/24bit for both 5.1 and Stereo. com How the West Was Won The Garden Tapes – analysis of live tracks edits for the album How the West Was Won at Metacritic
42.
Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs
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Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs is the only studio album by Anglo-American blues rock band Derek and the Dominos. Released in November 1970, the album is best known for its title track, Layla. The other band members were Bobby Whitlock on keyboards and vocals, Jim Gordon on drums, Carl Radle on bass, in the United States, Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Top LPs chart. It returned to the US albums chart again in 1972,1974 and 1977, having failed to chart in Britain originally, it finally debuted on the UK Albums Chart in 2011, peaking at number 68. In 2000, the album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, critic Robert Christgau ranked Layla the third greatest album of the 1970s. In 2012, the Super Deluxe Edition of the record won a Grammy Award for Best Surround Sound Album. Following the latters dissolution, he joined Delaney & Bonnie and Friends, after that band also split up, a Friends alumnus, Bobby Whitlock, joined up with Clapton in Surrey, England. From April 1970, the two spent weeks writing a number of songs just to have something to play, as Whitlock put it and these songs would later make up the bulk of the material on Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs. Having toured with Joe Cocker straight after leaving Delaney & Bonnie, Carl Radle and Jim Gordon reunited with Clapton and Whitlock in England. Clapton attempted to avoid the limelight under cover of the anonymous Derek, the groups name had reportedly resulted from a gaffe made by the announcer at their first concert, who mispronounced the bands provisional name, Eric & The Dynamos. In fact, Clapton chose Derek and the Dominos because he did not want his name, when the tour was over, they headed for Criteria Studios in Miami to record an album. Not even heroin, which Clapton had then begun to use, a serendipitous event brought Clapton and guitarist Duane Allman together shortly after the Dominos had begun recording at Criteria Studios in August 1970. Veteran producer Tom Dowd was working on the Allman Brothers second album, Idlewild South, upon hearing this, Allman indicated that he would love to drop by and watch, if Clapton approved. Allman later called Dowd to let him know that his band was in town to perform a concert on 26 August. When Clapton learned of this from Dowd he insisted on going to see their show, saying, … I want to see him play … lets go. Clapton and company managed to sit in front of the barricade separating the audience from the stage, when they sat down, Allman was playing a solo. As he turned around and opened his eyes and saw Clapton, dickey Betts, the Allmans other lead guitarist, took up where Allman left off, but when he followed Allmans eyes to Clapton, he had to turn his back to keep from freezing, himself. After the show, Allman asked if he could come by the studio to watch some recording sessions, but Clapton invited him there directly, saying, Bring your guitar, you got to play
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Eric Clapton
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Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE, is an English rock and blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is the only inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a solo artist and separately as a member of the Yardbirds. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important, Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time and fourth in Gibsons Top 50 Guitarists of All Time. He was also named number five in Time magazines list of The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players in 2009, in the mid-1960s Clapton left the Yardbirds to play with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. Furthermore, he formed rock band Blind Faith with Baker, Steve Winwood. For most of the 1970s Claptons output bore the influence of the style of J. J. Cale. His version of Marleys I Shot the Sheriff helped reggae reach a mass market, two of his most popular recordings were Layla, recorded with Derek and the Dominos, and Robert Johnsons Crossroads, recorded with Cream. Following the death of his son Conor in 1991, Claptons grief was expressed in the song Tears in Heaven, Clapton has been the recipient of 18 Grammy Awards, and the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. In 2004 he was awarded a CBE at Buckingham Palace for services to music, in 1998, Clapton, a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, founded the Crossroads Centre on Antigua, a medical facility for recovering substance abusers. Clapton was born on 30 March 1945 in Ripley, Surrey, England, to 16-year-old Patricia Molly Clapton and Edward Walter Fryer, Fryer shipped off to war prior to Claptons birth and then returned to Canada. The similarity in surnames gave rise to the belief that Claptons real surname is Clapp. Years later, his mother married another Canadian soldier and moved to Germany, Clapton received an acoustic Hoyer guitar, made in Germany, for his thirteenth birthday, but the inexpensive steel-stringed instrument was difficult to play and he briefly lost interest. Two years later Clapton picked it up again and started playing consistently, Clapton was influenced by the blues from an early age, and practised long hours to learn the chords of blues music by playing along to the records. He preserved his practice sessions using his portable Grundig reel-to-reel tape recorder and his guitar playing was so advanced that, by the age of 16, he was getting noticed. Around this time, Clapton began busking around Kingston, Richmond, in 1962, Clapton started performing as a duo with fellow blues enthusiast David Brock in pubs around Surrey. When he was seventeen years old, Clapton joined his first band, an early British R&B group and he stayed with this band from January until August 1963. In October of that year, Clapton did a stint with Casey Jones & the Engineers. In October 1963, Clapton joined the Yardbirds, a rock and roll band
