1.
James A. Garfield Monument
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The James A. Garfield Monument stands on the grounds of the United States Capitol in the circle at First Street, S. W. and Maryland Avenue, Washington, D. C. It is a memorial to President James A. Garfield, elected in 1880 and assassinated in 1881 after serving four months of his term. It was unveiled on May 12,1887, today it stands as part of a three-part sculptural group near the Capitol Reflecting Pool including the Peace Monument and the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial. The memorial was commissioned in 1884 by the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, the Society raised almost $28,000 to pay the sculptor. Some of the funds were raised by The Garfield Monument Fair, also in that year, Congress appropriated to the Society $7500 in funds from the sale of condemned cannons, in 1884 it appropriated $30,000 for the pedestal. The monument was incorporated into the Capitol Grounds on January 2,1975, NEW YORK Law, Justice, Prosperity J. Q. A. A. C. Ward 6 President James A. Garfield Monument, Wikimapia GARFIELD, James Abram, Memorial west of the U. S. Capitol in Washington, statue of James A. Garfield on the Garfield Monument, Architect of the Capitol
2.
James Garfield Memorial, Philadelphia
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James Garfield Memorial is an outdoor sculpture of James Garfield by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, located in Philadelphias Fairmount Park on Kelly Drive below the Girard Avenue Bridge. It is the monument to be commissioned by the Association for Public Art. The monument was cast in 1895 and dedicated on May 30,1896 by Mayor Charles F. Warwick, the dedication ceremony included a grand river fete with parades and a flotilla along the Schuylkill River. The monument is one of 51 sculptures included in the Association for Public Arts Museum Without Walls, the inscription reads, A. ST GAUDENS95 Cast by the Henry-Bonnard Bronze Co. NY1895 E PLVRIBVS VNVM JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD PRESIDENT OF THE VNITED STATES MDCCC LXXXI MDCCCXXXI MDCCCLXXXI MDCCCXCB signed Founders mark appears, James A. Garfield Monument, Museum Without Walls, AUDIO™, Interactive map accessed March 1,2013
3.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
4.
Lake View Cemetery
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Lake View Cemetery is on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio, along the East Cleveland and Cleveland Heights borders. More than 104,000 people are buried at Lake View, there are 70 acres remaining for future development. Lake View Cemetery was founded in 1869 and sits on 285 acres of land, the cemetery is so named because it is partially located in the heights area of Greater Cleveland, with a view of Lake Erie to the north. It was modeled after the great cemeteries of Victorian-era England. The Italian stonemasons brought in to create the Cemetery founded the Cleveland neighborhood of Little Italy just to its southwest, the James A. Garfield Memorial is the most prominent point of interest at Lake View Cemetery. The ornate interior features a marble statue, stained glass, bas relief. The monument also serves as an observation deck and picnic area. President and Mrs. Garfield are entombed in the lower level crypt, their coffins placed side by side, another prominent structure in the cemetery is the Wade Chapel. Behind the chapel is a large pond, a smaller and very well-known memorial, the Angel of Death Victorious at the gravesite of the Haserot family, was created by sculptor Herman Matzen. The cemetery is among those profiled in the 2005 PBS documentary A Cemetery Special, scenes of the film, Captain America, The Winter Soldier, were filmed at the cemetery. John D. Henry Alden Sherwin was one of the two founders of the Sherwin-Williams Company in 1866, the company was created in part by both Sherwin and Edward Porter Williams. Stokes argued Terry v Ohio Stop and Frisk Carl B, stokes, Mayor of Cleveland, United States ambassador, first African American elected mayor of a major American city Amasa Stone. Official website Lake View Cemetery at Find a Grave
5.
Cleveland
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Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
6.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
George Keller (architect)
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George Keller, was an American architect and engineer. He enjoyed a diverse and successful career, and was sought for his designs of bridges, houses, monuments, Kellers most famous projects, however, are the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Arch in Hartford, Connecticut, and the James A. Garfield Memorial in Cleveland, Ohio. He was born on December 15,1842 in Cork in Ireland to Thomas Keller, Keller emigrated with his family to New York City as a child. Irish immigrants were at the time considered inferior, and during his early years Keller endured a considerable measure of hardship and discrimination. Lacking connections and unable to obtain schooling in Europe like many of his peers, an ambitious nature. As a young man, he accepted employment with an Irish architect in Washington, D. C. and this was the beginning of a lifelong friendship between the two. Keller’s association with Wight introduced him to the philosophy of John Ruskin and to serious architectural study. Though Keller planned to join the Union Army, a dry inkwell prevented him from signing the enlistment papers, choosing to see this as an ill omen, he gladly accepted an engineering position with the Brooklyn Navy Yard instead. Moving to Hartford at the end, he took a job designing monuments. In 1903 Keller became the 3rd architect to work on the Christ Church Cathedral in Hartford and he based his contribution to the design on the York Cathedral, from which Ithiel Town, the original architect, had drawn inspiration. The postwar building boom brought Keller to national prominence, monuments of this type typically consisted of a cylindrical column, or shaft, surmounted by an allegorical female figure, usually Victory, with four sculpted figures surrounding the base. In contrast, Kellers Hartford monument, an eclectic Romanesque construction dedicated in 1886, was “perhaps the first permanent triumphal arch in the United States. ”One of the arch’s most striking elements is a frieze featuring life-size figures carved by Bohemian-born sculptor Caspar Buberl. The north side of the frieze was carved by English-born sculptor Samuel James Kitson, the Memorial Arch was built as a gateway to the pre-existing Park River Bridge, which was renamed the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Bridge. The bridge has since demolished, the river arched over and buried. Kellers involvement with the James A. Garfield Memorial in Cleveland began after he submitted a design to the trustees of the Garfield National Memorial Committee. To this end during the autumn of 1883 the committee sponsored a competition in which Keller took part. The competition promised a prize of $1,000 to the design, thus attracting not only American. To judge the submissions, the committee obtained the assistance of Boston architect Henry van Brunt, both van Brunt and Vaux ultimately chose Kellers design, and he was awarded the commission on June 24,1884
9.
Caspar Buberl
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Caspar Buberl was an American sculptor. C. Born in Königsberg, Bohemia, as a young man Buberl studied art in Prague, Meigs was chosen to design and construct the new Pension Building, now the National Building Museum, in Washington D. C. Meigs based his design on Italian Renaissance precedents, notably Romes Palazzo Farnese, included in his design was a 1, 200-foot -long sculptured frieze executed by Buberl. Because of the way that the 28 sections were modified and intermixed, Meigs insisted that any teamster included in the Quartermaster panel must be a negro, a plantation slave, freed by war. This figure was ultimately to assume a position in the center, over the west entrance to the building and his impressive New York State Monument crowns Cemetery Hill, and a number of individual memorials for specific regiments dot the battlefield. He died in New York City, four relief panels, Cavalry, Artillery, Infantry, The Monitor and the Merrimac A. P. C. Adolph Cluss, architect, Montgomery Meigs, associate architect,1881 Pension Building Frieze, National Building Museum, Washington, Outdoor Sculpture of Ohio, Chagrin Falls, Ohio, West Summit Press,1980. Craven, Wayne, The Sculpture at Gettysburg, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, gaede, Robert C. and Robert Kalin, Guide to Cleveland Architecture, Cleveland, Ohio, Cleveland Chapter of the American Institute of Architects,1990. The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington D. C, hawthorne, Frederick W. Gettysburg, Stories of Men and Monuments, Hanover, Pennsylvania, The Association of Licensed Battlefield Guides,1988. Kuckro, Anne Crofoot, Hartford Architecture, Volume One, Downtown, Hartford, Connecticut, Hartford Architecture Conservatory, kvaran and Lockley, Guide to the Architectural Sculpture of America, unpublished manuscript McDaniel, Joyce L. The Collected Works of Caspar Buberl, An Analysis of a Nineteenth Century American Sculptor, Wellesley, Massachusetts, MA thesis, ovason, David, The Secret Architecture of Our Nations Capital, the Masons and the building of Washington, D. C
10.
James A. Garfield
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James Abram Garfield was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4,1881, until his assassination later that year. He is the only sitting House member to be elected president, Garfield was raised in humble circumstances on an Ohio farm by his widowed mother. He worked at various jobs, including on a canal boat, beginning at age 17, he attended several Ohio schools, then studied at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1856. A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican and he married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and served as a member of the Ohio State Senate. Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh. He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohios 19th District, throughout Garfields extended congressional service after the Civil War, he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction, but later favored an approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen. At the 1880 Republican National Convention, Senator-elect Garfield attended as campaign manager for Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman, and gave the presidential nomination speech for him. When neither Sherman nor his rivals – Ulysses S. Grant and James G. Blaine – could get votes to secure the nomination. In the 1880 presidential election, Garfield conducted a front porch campaign. Garfield made notable diplomatic and judiciary appointments, including a U. S. Supreme Court justice, Garfield advocated agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reform, eventually passed by Congress in 1883 and signed into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur, Presidents due to the short length of his presidency. James Garfield was born the youngest of five children on November 19,1831, in a log cabin in Orange Township, now Moreland Hills, Orange Township was located in the Western Reserve, and like many who settled there, Garfields ancestors were from New England. James father Abram had been born in Worcester, New York and he instead wed her sister Eliza, who had been born in New Hampshire. James was named for a brother, dead in infancy. In early 1833, Abram and Eliza Garfield joined the Church of Christ, Abram Garfield died later that year, his son was raised in poverty in a household led by the strong-willed Eliza. James was her child, and the two remained close for the rest of her life. Eliza Garfield remarried in 1842, but soon left her husband, Warren Belden
Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1906). "Garfield Monument". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
