1.
James A. Garfield Monument
–
The James A. Garfield Monument stands on the grounds of the United States Capitol in the circle at First Street, S. W. and Maryland Avenue, Washington, D. C. It is a memorial to President James A. Garfield, elected in 1880 and assassinated in 1881 after serving four months of his term. It was unveiled on May 12,1887, today it stands as part of a three-part sculptural group near the Capitol Reflecting Pool including the Peace Monument and the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial. The memorial was commissioned in 1884 by the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, the Society raised almost $28,000 to pay the sculptor. Some of the funds were raised by The Garfield Monument Fair, also in that year, Congress appropriated to the Society $7500 in funds from the sale of condemned cannons, in 1884 it appropriated $30,000 for the pedestal. The monument was incorporated into the Capitol Grounds on January 2,1975, NEW YORK Law, Justice, Prosperity J. Q. A. A. C. Ward 6 President James A. Garfield Monument, Wikimapia GARFIELD, James Abram, Memorial west of the U. S. Capitol in Washington, statue of James A. Garfield on the Garfield Monument, Architect of the Capitol
2.
James Garfield Memorial, Philadelphia
–
James Garfield Memorial is an outdoor sculpture of James Garfield by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, located in Philadelphias Fairmount Park on Kelly Drive below the Girard Avenue Bridge. It is the monument to be commissioned by the Association for Public Art. The monument was cast in 1895 and dedicated on May 30,1896 by Mayor Charles F. Warwick, the dedication ceremony included a grand river fete with parades and a flotilla along the Schuylkill River. The monument is one of 51 sculptures included in the Association for Public Arts Museum Without Walls, the inscription reads, A. ST GAUDENS95 Cast by the Henry-Bonnard Bronze Co. NY1895 E PLVRIBVS VNVM JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD PRESIDENT OF THE VNITED STATES MDCCC LXXXI MDCCCXXXI MDCCCLXXXI MDCCCXCB signed Founders mark appears, James A. Garfield Monument, Museum Without Walls, AUDIO™, Interactive map accessed March 1,2013
3.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
4.
Lake View Cemetery
–
Lake View Cemetery is on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio, along the East Cleveland and Cleveland Heights borders. More than 104,000 people are buried at Lake View, there are 70 acres remaining for future development. Lake View Cemetery was founded in 1869 and sits on 285 acres of land, the cemetery is so named because it is partially located in the heights area of Greater Cleveland, with a view of Lake Erie to the north. It was modeled after the great cemeteries of Victorian-era England. The Italian stonemasons brought in to create the Cemetery founded the Cleveland neighborhood of Little Italy just to its southwest, the James A. Garfield Memorial is the most prominent point of interest at Lake View Cemetery. The ornate interior features a marble statue, stained glass, bas relief. The monument also serves as an observation deck and picnic area. President and Mrs. Garfield are entombed in the lower level crypt, their coffins placed side by side, another prominent structure in the cemetery is the Wade Chapel. Behind the chapel is a large pond, a smaller and very well-known memorial, the Angel of Death Victorious at the gravesite of the Haserot family, was created by sculptor Herman Matzen. The cemetery is among those profiled in the 2005 PBS documentary A Cemetery Special, scenes of the film, Captain America, The Winter Soldier, were filmed at the cemetery. John D. Henry Alden Sherwin was one of the two founders of the Sherwin-Williams Company in 1866, the company was created in part by both Sherwin and Edward Porter Williams. Stokes argued Terry v Ohio Stop and Frisk Carl B, stokes, Mayor of Cleveland, United States ambassador, first African American elected mayor of a major American city Amasa Stone. Official website Lake View Cemetery at Find a Grave
5.
Cleveland
–
Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
6.
Ohio
–
Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
7.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
George Keller (architect)
–
George Keller, was an American architect and engineer. He enjoyed a diverse and successful career, and was sought for his designs of bridges, houses, monuments, Kellers most famous projects, however, are the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Arch in Hartford, Connecticut, and the James A. Garfield Memorial in Cleveland, Ohio. He was born on December 15,1842 in Cork in Ireland to Thomas Keller, Keller emigrated with his family to New York City as a child. Irish immigrants were at the time considered inferior, and during his early years Keller endured a considerable measure of hardship and discrimination. Lacking connections and unable to obtain schooling in Europe like many of his peers, an ambitious nature. As a young man, he accepted employment with an Irish architect in Washington, D. C. and this was the beginning of a lifelong friendship between the two. Keller’s association with Wight introduced him to the philosophy of John Ruskin and to serious architectural study. Though Keller planned to join the Union Army, a dry inkwell prevented him from signing the enlistment papers, choosing to see this as an ill omen, he gladly accepted an engineering position with the Brooklyn Navy Yard instead. Moving to Hartford at the end, he took a job designing monuments. In 1903 Keller became the 3rd architect to work on the Christ Church Cathedral in Hartford and he based his contribution to the design on the York Cathedral, from which Ithiel Town, the original architect, had drawn inspiration. The postwar building boom brought Keller to national prominence, monuments of this type typically consisted of a cylindrical column, or shaft, surmounted by an allegorical female figure, usually Victory, with four sculpted figures surrounding the base. In contrast, Kellers Hartford monument, an eclectic Romanesque construction dedicated in 1886, was “perhaps the first permanent triumphal arch in the United States. ”One of the arch’s most striking elements is a frieze featuring life-size figures carved by Bohemian-born sculptor Caspar Buberl. The north side of the frieze was carved by English-born sculptor Samuel James Kitson, the Memorial Arch was built as a gateway to the pre-existing Park River Bridge, which was renamed the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Bridge. The bridge has since demolished, the river arched over and buried. Kellers involvement with the James A. Garfield Memorial in Cleveland began after he submitted a design to the trustees of the Garfield National Memorial Committee. To this end during the autumn of 1883 the committee sponsored a competition in which Keller took part. The competition promised a prize of $1,000 to the design, thus attracting not only American. To judge the submissions, the committee obtained the assistance of Boston architect Henry van Brunt, both van Brunt and Vaux ultimately chose Kellers design, and he was awarded the commission on June 24,1884
9.
Caspar Buberl
–
Caspar Buberl was an American sculptor. C. Born in Königsberg, Bohemia, as a young man Buberl studied art in Prague, Meigs was chosen to design and construct the new Pension Building, now the National Building Museum, in Washington D. C. Meigs based his design on Italian Renaissance precedents, notably Romes Palazzo Farnese, included in his design was a 1, 200-foot -long sculptured frieze executed by Buberl. Because of the way that the 28 sections were modified and intermixed, Meigs insisted that any teamster included in the Quartermaster panel must be a negro, a plantation slave, freed by war. This figure was ultimately to assume a position in the center, over the west entrance to the building and his impressive New York State Monument crowns Cemetery Hill, and a number of individual memorials for specific regiments dot the battlefield. He died in New York City, four relief panels, Cavalry, Artillery, Infantry, The Monitor and the Merrimac A. P. C. Adolph Cluss, architect, Montgomery Meigs, associate architect,1881 Pension Building Frieze, National Building Museum, Washington, Outdoor Sculpture of Ohio, Chagrin Falls, Ohio, West Summit Press,1980. Craven, Wayne, The Sculpture at Gettysburg, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, gaede, Robert C. and Robert Kalin, Guide to Cleveland Architecture, Cleveland, Ohio, Cleveland Chapter of the American Institute of Architects,1990. The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington D. C, hawthorne, Frederick W. Gettysburg, Stories of Men and Monuments, Hanover, Pennsylvania, The Association of Licensed Battlefield Guides,1988. Kuckro, Anne Crofoot, Hartford Architecture, Volume One, Downtown, Hartford, Connecticut, Hartford Architecture Conservatory, kvaran and Lockley, Guide to the Architectural Sculpture of America, unpublished manuscript McDaniel, Joyce L. The Collected Works of Caspar Buberl, An Analysis of a Nineteenth Century American Sculptor, Wellesley, Massachusetts, MA thesis, ovason, David, The Secret Architecture of Our Nations Capital, the Masons and the building of Washington, D. C
10.
James A. Garfield
–
James Abram Garfield was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4,1881, until his assassination later that year. He is the only sitting House member to be elected president, Garfield was raised in humble circumstances on an Ohio farm by his widowed mother. He worked at various jobs, including on a canal boat, beginning at age 17, he attended several Ohio schools, then studied at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1856. A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican and he married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and served as a member of the Ohio State Senate. Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh. He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohios 19th District, throughout Garfields extended congressional service after the Civil War, he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction, but later favored an approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen. At the 1880 Republican National Convention, Senator-elect Garfield attended as campaign manager for Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman, and gave the presidential nomination speech for him. When neither Sherman nor his rivals – Ulysses S. Grant and James G. Blaine – could get votes to secure the nomination. In the 1880 presidential election, Garfield conducted a front porch campaign. Garfield made notable diplomatic and judiciary appointments, including a U. S. Supreme Court justice, Garfield advocated agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reform, eventually passed by Congress in 1883 and signed into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur, Presidents due to the short length of his presidency. James Garfield was born the youngest of five children on November 19,1831, in a log cabin in Orange Township, now Moreland Hills, Orange Township was located in the Western Reserve, and like many who settled there, Garfields ancestors were from New England. James father Abram had been born in Worcester, New York and he instead wed her sister Eliza, who had been born in New Hampshire. James was named for a brother, dead in infancy. In early 1833, Abram and Eliza Garfield joined the Church of Christ, Abram Garfield died later that year, his son was raised in poverty in a household led by the strong-willed Eliza. James was her child, and the two remained close for the rest of her life. Eliza Garfield remarried in 1842, but soon left her husband, Warren Belden
11.
Lucretia Garfield
–
Lucretia Rudolph Garfield, wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881. Her ancestry includes German, Welsh, English and Irish, Lucretia Garfields paternal great-grandfather immigrated to Pennsylvania from Württemberg, the Eclectic Institute believed in the education of women and because of this Lucretia became an educated women of her time. Lucretia studied all of the classics, and learned to speak Greek, Latin, French, additionally, she studied science, biology, math, history, and philosophy. She graduated from Hiram College and then became a teacher and she first met James Garfield in 1849 while she was attending school at Hiram College where James was her teacher in Chester, Ohio. He then went to Williams College while she stayed behind to begin teaching in Cleveland, Ohio and Bayou and they then began correspondence and became engaged shortly after. Garfield was attracted to her intellect and appetite for knowledge. Never a faithful fiancé or husband, James took on several lovers, Lucretia, kept up her studies and her teaching determined to have something to fall back on if ever she found herself unmarried. She didnt want to have to depend on her father to support her, both James and Crete were 26 when they married on November 11,1858 at the home of the brides parents in Hiram. Although both were members of the churches of Christ, the nuptials were performed by Henry Hitchcock, the newlyweds did not take a honeymoon but instead set up housekeeping immediately in Hiram. His service in the Union Army from 1861 to 1863 kept them apart, but after his first winter in Washington as a freshman Representative, the family remained together. With a home in the capital as well as one in Mentor, Ohio, in Washington, D. C. they shared intellectual interests with congenial friends, she went with him to meetings of a locally celebrated literary society. They read together, made social calls together, dined with each other, two died in early childhood, Eliza Arabella Trot Garfield and Edward Garfield. Four sons and a daughter lived to maturity, Harry Augustus Garfield - lawyer, educator, James Rudolph Garfield - lawyer, public official. Educated at private schools in Cleveland and Connecticut, she in 1888 married Joseph Stanley-Brown, presidential secretary during Garfields term and she lived in New York and Pasadena, California. He followed his brothers to Williams College and Columbia Law School. He settled in Boston, where he prospered as partner in the firm of Warren & Garfield, a graduate of Williams College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he settled in Cleveland, where he worked as an architect from offices in the James A. Garfield Building. He served as chairman of the Cleveland Planning Commission 1929-1942 and was active in the American Institute of Architects, James Garfields election to the presidency brought a cheerful family to the White House in 1881. Aside from hosting dinners and receptions, Lucretia advised her husband on who to select as cabinet officers and her choice for Secretary of State, James Blaine, proved to be successful
12.
Stained glass
–
The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works created from it. Throughout its thousand-year history, the term has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches, mosques, although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculpture. Modern vernacular usage has extended the term stained glass to include domestic leadlight. As a material stained glass is glass that has been coloured by adding metallic salts during its manufacture. The coloured glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held together by strips of lead. Painted details and yellow stain are used to enhance the design. The term stained glass is applied to windows in which the colours have been painted onto the glass. Stained glass, as an art and a craft, requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate and workable design, and the engineering skills to assemble the piece. A window must fit snugly into the space for which it is made, must resist wind and rain, Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the late Middle Ages. In Western Europe they constitute the form of pictorial art to have survived. In this context, the purpose of a glass window is not to allow those within a building to see the world outside or even primarily to admit light. For this reason stained glass windows have been described as illuminated wall decorations, Stained glass is still popular today, but often referred to as art glass. It is prevalent in luxury homes, commercial buildings, and places of worship, artists and companies are contracted to create beautiful art glass ranging from domes, windows, backsplashes, etc. During the late Medieval period, glass factories were set up there was a ready supply of silica. Silica requires very high heat to become molten, something not all glass factories were able to achieve, such materials as potash, soda, and lead can be added to lower the melting temperature. Other substances, such as lime, are added to rebuild the weakened network, Glass is coloured by adding metallic oxide powders or finely divided metals while it is in a molten state. Copper oxides produce green or bluish green, cobalt makes deep blue, much modern red glass is produced using copper, which is less expensive than gold and gives a brighter, more vermilion shade of red. Glass coloured while in the pot in the furnace is known as pot metal glass
13.
Mosaic
–
A mosaic is a piece of art or image made from the assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. It is often used in art or as interior decoration. Most mosaics are made of small, flat, roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of different colors, some, especially floor mosaics, are made of small rounded pieces of stone, and called pebble mosaics. Others are made of other materials, mosaics have a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece, mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique, Roman and Byzantine influence led Jews to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics. Mosaic was widely used on buildings and palaces in early Islamic art, including Islams first great religious building, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Mosaic went out of fashion in the Islamic world after the 8th century, modern mosaics are made by professional artists, street artists, and as a popular craft. Many materials other than stone and ceramic tesserae may be employed, including shells, glass. The earliest known examples of made of different materials were found at a temple building in Abra, Mesopotamia. They consist of pieces of colored stones, shells and ivory, excavations at Susa and Chogha Zanbil show evidence of the first glazed tiles, dating from around 1500 BC. However, mosaic patterns were not used until the times of Sassanid Empire, mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders. Pliny the Elder mentions the artist Sosus of Pergamon by name, describing his mosaics of the left on a floor after a feast. Both of these themes were widely copied, most recorded names of Roman mosaic workers are Greek, suggesting they dominated high quality work across the empire, no doubt most ordinary craftsmen were slaves. Splendid mosaic floors are found in Roman villas across North Africa, in such as Carthage. The tiny tesserae allowed very fine detail, and an approach to the illusionism of painting, often small panels called emblemata were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique was opus tessellatum, using larger tesserae, which was laid on site, there was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work. In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea, built 64 AD
14.
Carrara marble
–
Carrara marble is a type of white or blue-grey marble of high quality, popular for use in sculpture and building decor. It is quarried in the city of Carrara located in the province of Massa and Carrara in the Lunigiana, Carrara marble has been used since the time of Ancient Rome. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the quarries were monitored by the Cybo and Malaspina families who ruled over Massa. The family created the Office of Marble in 1564 to regulate the mining industry. The city of Massa, in particular, saw much of its plan redesigned in order to make it worthy of an Italian countrys capital, following the extinction of the Cybo-Malaspina family, the state was ruled by the House of Austria and management of the mines rested with them. The Basilica of Massa is built entirely of Carrara marble and the old Ducal Palace of Massa was used to showcase the precious stone, by the end of the 19th century, Carrara had become a cradle of anarchism in Italy, in particular among the quarry workers. According to a New York Times article of 1894, workers in the quarries were among the most neglected labourers in Italy. Many of them were ex-convicts or fugitives from justice, the work at the quarries was so tough and arduous that almost any aspirant worker with sufficient muscle and endurance was employed, regardless of their background. The quarry workers and stone carvers had radical beliefs that set apart from others. Anarchism and general radicalism became part of the heritage of the stone carvers, many violent revolutionists who had been expelled from Belgium and Switzerland went to Carrara in 1885 and founded the first anarchist group in Italy. In Carrara, the anarchist Galileo Palla remarked, “even the stones are anarchists. ”The quarry workers were the protagonists of the Lunigiana revolt in January 1894. It was unveiled by future UK Prime Minister Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery on 6 April 1882. Marble Arch, London Some sections of the Palace of the Marqués de Dos Aguas, Valencia, Spain Prem Mandir, Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh, India Duomo di Siena, Siena, the Carrara quarries have produced more marble than any other place on earth. Working the quarries has been dangerous and continues so to this day, in September 1911, a collapsing cliff face at the Bettogli Quarry crushed 10 workers who were on lunch break under a precipice. A2014 video made at a Carrara quarry shows workers with missing fingers, the prized yield from Carrara quarries through millennia has been Statuario, a pure white marble. However, by the end of the 20th century, the deposits of Statuario near Carrara are played out. The quarries continue to remove and ship up to a million tons/year of less-esteemed marble, calcite, obtained from an 80 kg sample of Carrara marble, is used as the IAEA-603 isotopic standard in mass spectrometry for the calibration of δ18O and δ13C. List of types of marble Lizza di Piastreta Marmifera di Carrara railway Lardo, the Economy of Renaissance Florence, JHU Press, ISBN0801889820 Newman, Cathy
15.
Alexander Doyle
–
Alexander Doyle was an American sculptor. Doyle was born in Steubenville, Ohio, and spent his youth in Louisville and St. Louis before going to Italy to study sculpture in Bergamo, Rome and Florence. After returning to the United States he settled in New York City and he studied in Italy at the National Academies at Carrara, Rome and Florence and was a member of the Royal Raphael Academy. His work can be throughout the United States including Washington DC, Missouri, Alabama, New York, Ohio, Indiana, Georgia. In New Orleans, where he was active from 1882 to 1883 and these are the city’s iconic figure of General Robert E. Lee at Lee Circle, dedicated in February 1884, the massive bronze equestrian of General P. G. T. Beauregard at the entrance to City Park and the statue of General Albert Sydney Johnston atop the Army of the Tennessee cenotaph in Metairie Cemetery. According to Leonard V. Huber, author of New Orleans Architecture, The Cemeteries, Doyles finest work is Calling the Roll, Calling the Roll stands before the General Johnston bronze monument in Metairie Cemetery
16.
Downtown Cleveland
–
Downtown Cleveland is the central business district of the City of Cleveland and Northeast Ohio, United States. It is the economic and symbolic center of the Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area, as of 2000,100,000 people worked in the district, as of 2012, it contained more than 16 million square feet of rentable office space. Reinvestment in the area in the mid-1990s spurred a rebirth that continues to this day and it had the largest population growth, by percentage, of any Cleveland neighborhood over that time and is Ohios most populous downtown. Between 2010 and 2014, it saw more than $4.5 billion in residential and commercial developments, in 2012, Forbes included Downtown Cleveland in a list of 15 U. S. The heart of downtown and the citys first settled area, Public Square was laid out by city founder Moses Cleaveland in 1796 and has remained largely unchanged and it consists of a large open space, cut into quadrants by Ontario Street and Superior Avenue. Public Square is the heart of the city, and has hosted presidents, vast congregations of people. At one time, Public Square was fenced off and inaccessible to vehicles, in 1860, the Perry Monument, a memorial to Commodore Oliver Hazard Perrys victory in the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812, was dedicated in the center of Public Square. In 1892, it was moved out of the square, which by then had the fences removed after lobbying by commercial interests, Public Square is also home to the Soldiers and Sailors Monument, which commemorates residents of Cuyahoga County who served in the Civil War. Public Square also features a statue of Cleaveland, a statue of Tom L. Johnson, the citys most famous mayor, an amount of shrubbery and other landscaping. The Consulate-General of Slovenia in Cleveland is in the 55 Public Square building, Public Square is also home to the historic Old Stone Church, completed in 1855. The classic Higbees department store building is home to the Jack Cleveland Casino, the Warehouse District is the largest downtown neighborhood by population, and continues to grow with an assortment of shops, clubs, bars, and loft condos/apartments. West Sixth Street is known as the heart of the district, famously, the 17-story Rockefeller Building sits on the corner West Sixth and Superior Ave erected by John D. Rockefeller. The Gateway complex was built on parking lots on the site of a former produce market, the baseball stadium and basketball arena are connected to Tower City Center, and RTAs rail transit system, via an enclosed walkway. The neighborhood includes retail, housing, and a variety of restaurants. East 4th Street is a restaurant and entertainment street near Progressive Field. It is home to Clevelands House of Blues, Iron Chef Michael Symons Lola Bistro, comedy club/restaurant Pickwick and Frolic, as well as a dozen other dining, the neighborhood is home to hundreds of residents who live in the apartments and loft condominiums above the storefronts. The neighborhood also houses the Cleveland Arcade, the first indoor shopping mall in the United States, home to the second-largest performing arts complex in the U. S. Playhouse Square Center in the Cleveland Theater District is downtowns cultural heart. Additionally, the smaller theaters include the 14th Street Theater, Kennedys Theater, Westfield Insurance Studio Theater, Second Stage, residents of the district include Cleveland Playhouse and Cleveland State University performing arts
17.
Lake Erie
–
Lake Erie is the fourth-largest lake of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the thirteenth-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes, at its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet deep. Lake Eries northern shore is bounded by the Canadian province of Ontario, with the U. S. states of Ohio, Pennsylvania and these jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake by water boundaries. The lake was named by the Erie people, a Native Americans people who lived along its southern shore and that Iroquoian tribe called it Erige because of its unpredictable and sometimes violently dangerous nature. It is a matter of whether the lake was named after the tribe. Situated below Lake Huron, Eries primary inlet is the Detroit River, Lake Erie has a mean elevation of 571 feet above sea level. It has an area of 9,990 square miles with a length of 241 statute miles. The warm summer of 1999 caused lake temperatures to come close to the 85 °F limit necessary to keep the plants cool, also because of its shallowness, and in spite of being the warmest lake in the summer, it is also the first to freeze in the winter. The waves build very quickly, according to other accounts, after being trapped for an hour-and-a-half, Baker was back on dry land, exhausted and battered but alive. This area is known as the thunderstorm capital of Canada with breathtaking lightning displays. Lake Erie is primarily fed by the Detroit River and drains via the Niagara River, navigation downstream is provided by the Welland Canal, part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Other major contributors to Lake Erie include the Grand River, the Huron River, the Maumee River, the Sandusky River, the Buffalo River, the drainage basin covers 30,140 square miles. Point Pelee National Park, the southernmost point of the Canadian mainland, is located on a peninsula extending into the lake. Several islands are found in the end of the lake, these belong to Ohio except for Pelee Island and eight neighboring islands. Major cities along Lake Erie include Buffalo, Erie, Pennsylvania, Toledo, Ohio, Islands tend to be located in the western side of the lake and total 31 in number. The island-village of Put-in-Bay on South Bass Island attracts young crowds who sometimes wear red hats and are prone to break off cartwheels in the park. Pelee Island is the largest of Eries islands, accessible by ferry from Leamington, Ontario and Sandusky, songbirds migrate to Pelee in spring, and monarch butterflies stop over during the fall. Lake Erie has a retention time of 2.6 years
18.
National Park Service
–
It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
19.
Case Western Reserve University
–
Case Western Reserve University is a private doctorate-granting university in Cleveland, Ohio. The university was created in 1967 by the federation of Case Institute of Technology, time magazine described the merger as the creation of Clevelands Big-Leaguer university. In U. S. News & World Reports 2015 rankings, in 2016, the inaugural edition of The Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education ranked Case Western Reserve as 32nd among all universities and 29th among private institutions. The University is associated with 16 Nobel laureates and it is also a leading institution for research in electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering. Currently, the Editor for the Journal of the Electrochemical Society is a Case professor, Case Western Reserve is a member of the Association of American Universities. Severance Hall, home of the Cleveland Orchestra, is also on the Case Western Reserve University campus and this experiment proved the non-existence of the luminiferous ether and was later understood as convincing evidence in support of special relativity as proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905. Michelson became the first American to win a Nobel Prize in science, the commemorative Michelson-Morley Memorial Fountain as well as an Ohio Historical Marker are located on campus, near where the actual experiment was performed. Case Western Reserve University was created in 1967, when Western Reserve University and Case Institute of Technology, institutions that had been neighbors for 81 years, formally federated. Western Reserve College was founded in 1826 in Hudson, Ohio, the nearby city of Cleveland, located about 26 miles to its northwest, had only begun to grow. Western Reserve College, or Reserve as it was called, was the first college in northern Ohio. By 1875, a number of schools had been established nearby. In 1882, with funding from Amasa Stone, Western Reserve College moved to Cleveland, in 1877, Leonard Case Jr. began laying the groundwork for the Case School of Applied Science by secretly donating valuable pieces of Cleveland real estate to a trust. He asked his confidential advisor, Henry Gilbert Abbey, to administer the trust, the Case School of Applied Science was issued a charter by the state of Ohio in 1882, four months after Cases death. For the first four years of the existence, it was located in the Case familys home on Rockwell Street in downtown Cleveland. Classes were held in the house, while the chemistry. The school moved to University Circle in 1885, over time, the Case School of Applied Science grew to encompass a broader vision, adopting the name Case Institute of Technology in 1947 to reflect the institutions growing stature. The institutions already shared buildings and staff when necessary and worked together often, One such example was seen in 1887, when Case physicist Albert Michelson and Reserve chemist Edward Morley collaborated on the famous Michelson–Morley experiment. There had been discussion of a merger of the two institutions as early as 1890, but those talks dissolved quickly
20.
Daniel Coit Gilman
–
Daniel Coit Gilman was an American educator and academic. He was also co-founder of the Russell Trust Association, which administers the affairs of Yales Skull. At Yale he was a classmate of Andrew Dickson White, who would serve as first president of Cornell University. The two were members of the Skull and Bones secret society, and traveled to Europe together after graduation, Gilman was also a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity. Gilman would later co-found the Russell Trust Association, the foundation behind Skull, Gilman contemplated going into the ministry, and even took out a license to preach, but later settled on a career in education. From 1856 to 1865 Gilman served as librarian of Yale College, in 1863, Gilman was appointed professor of geography at the Sheffield Scientific School, and became secretary and librarian as well in 1866. His work there was hampered by the legislature, and in 1875 Gilman accepted the offer to establish. Before being formally installed as president in 1876, he spent a year studying university organization and his formal inauguration, on 22 February 1876, has become Hopkins Commemoration Day, the day on which many university presidents have chosen to be installed in office. Gilmans primary interest was in fostering advanced instruction and research, the aim of the modern research university, said Gilman, was to extend, even by minute accretions, the realm of knowledge At his inaugural address at Hopkins, Gilman asked, What are we aiming at. The answer, he said, was the encouragement of research and the advancement of individual scholars, who by their excellence will advance the sciences they pursue, in 1884, Gilman was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. Gilman was also active in founding Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins Medical School and he founded and was for many years president of the Charity Organization of Baltimore, and in 1897 he served on the commission to draft a new charter for Baltimore. From 1896 to 1897, he was a member of the commission to settle the line between Venezuela and British Guiana. Gilman served as a trustee of the John F. Slater and Peabody education funds, in this capacity, he became active in the promotion of education in the southern United States. He retired from Johns Hopkins in 1901, but accepted the presidency of the newly founded Carnegie Institution of Washington and his books include biographies of James Monroe and James Dwight Dana, a collection of addresses entitled University Problems, and The Launching of a University. His first wife was Mary Van Winker Ketcham, daughter of Tredwell Ketcham of New York, Daniel Gilmans brother Dr. Edward Whiting Gilman was married to Julia Silliman, daughter of Yale Professor and chemist Benjamin Silliman. Daniel Coit Gilman died in Norwich, Connecticut, the original academic building on the Homewood campus of the Johns Hopkins University, Gilman Hall, is named in his honor. In 1897, he helped found a school called The Country School for Boys on the Johns Hopkins campus. Upon relocation in 1910, it was renamed in his honor and today, on the University of California, Berkeley campus, Gilman Hall, also named in his honor, is the oldest building of the College of Chemistry and a National Historic Chemical Landmark
21.
New International Encyclopedia
–
The New International Encyclopedia was an American encyclopedia first published in 1902 by Dodd, Mead and Company. It descended from the International Cyclopaedia and was updated in 1906,1914 and 1926, the New International Encyclopedia was the successor of the International Cyclopaedia. Initially, the International Cyclopaedia was largely a reprint of Aldens Library of Universal Knowledge, the local Cyclopaedia was much improved by editors Harry Thurston Peck and Selim Peabody. The title was changed to New International Encyclopedia in 1902, with editors Harry Thurston Peck, Daniel Coit Gilman, in 1906 the New International Encyclopedia was expanded from 17 volumes to 20. The 2nd edition appeared in 1914 in 24 volumes, set up from new type and it was very strong in biography. The 1926 material was printed in Cambridge, Massachusetts, by The University Press, boston Bookbinding Company of Cambridge produced the covers. Thirteen books enclosing twenty-three volumes comprise the encyclopedia, which includes a supplement after Volume 23, each book contains about 1600 pages. A great deal of material is recorded in the New International Encyclopedia. An early description of Adolf Hitler and his activities from 1920 to 1924 is in the supplement to the 1926 edition, many of the names used to describe the scientific identities of plants and animals are now obsolete. Numerous colorful maps which display the nations, states, colonies, the maps are valuable for their depictions of national and colonial borders in Europe, Asia, and Africa at the time of World War I. Drawings, illustrations, and photographs are plentiful, more than 500 men, and some women, submitted and composed the information contained in the New International Encyclopedia. Editors of the First Edition Daniel Coit Gilman, LL. D, President of Johns Hopkins University, President of Carnegie Institution. Frank Moore Colby, M. A. formerly Professor in New York University, editors of the Second Edition Frank Moore Colby, M. A. Talcott Williams, LL. D. Director of the School of Journalism, Columbia University, media related to New International Encyclopedia at Wikimedia Commons 1914 second ed
22.
History of Cleveland
–
This article chronicles the history of Cleveland, Ohio. At the end of the last glacial period, which ended about 15,000 years ago at the edge of Lake Erie. It took about two and a half millennia to turn this wet and cold landscape dryer and warmer, so that caribou, moose, deer, wolves, the oldest human, paleo-Indian traces reach back as far as 10500 BC. There was a settlement in Medina County, dated between 9200 and 8850 BC. Some tools consisted of flint from Indiana, rising temperatures at about 7500 BC led to a stable phase between 7000 and 4500 BC which had similar characteristics to todays climate. Population grew, and these members of the so-called Early Archaic Culture lived in large families along the rivers, during the warm seasons they met for hunting and gathering. The technology of tools improved but flint was still an important resource in that regard, important archaeological sites are old Lake Abraham bog as well as sites on Big Creek, Cahoon, Mill and Tinkers Creek. There was a settlement where Hilliard Boulevard crosses the Rocky River. Population density further increased during the Middle Archaic period, the Late Archaic period coincided with a much warmer climate than today. For the first time evidence for regionally specific territories occurs, as well as limited gardening of squash, a long distance trade of raw materials and finished artifacts with coastal areas, objects which were used in ceremonies and burials. The largest graveyard known is at the junction of the East and West branches of the Rocky River, differences in status are revealed by the objects which accompanied the dead, like zoo- and anthropomorphic objects or atlatls. The following Early Woodland and Middle Woodland is a period of increased ceremonial exchange, crude but elaborately decorated pottery appears. Squash becomes more important, maize occurs for ritual procedures, the first Mounds were erected, buildings for which Ohio is world-famous. The mound at Eagle St. Cemetery belongs to the Adena culture, further mounds were found in the east of Tinkers Creek. Horticulture becomes even more important, the same with maize, the huge mounds concentrate much more in southern Ohio, but they were also found in northern Summit County. Some Hopewellian projectile points, flint-blade knives, and ceramics were found in the area of Cleveland itself, one mound, south of Brecksville, contained a cache of trade goods within a 6-sided stone crypt. A smaller mound between Willowick and Eastlake contained several ceremonial spear points of chert from Illinois - altogether signs of a range of trade. At Clevelands W. 54th St. Division waterworks there was probably a mound, Mounds were built no more, but the number of different groups increased, with winter villages at the Cuyahoga, Rocky and Lower Chagrin Rivers
23.
Timeline of Cleveland history
–
This article contains a timeline of the history of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. 1796 Moses Cleaveland and survey party arrive at the location that would later become Cleveland,1797 Lorenzo Carter, a prominent early settler, arrives. 1800 Trumbull County created, encompassing Cleaveland,1803 Ohio becomes the 17th State admitted to the Union. 1805 Geauga County created, encompassing Cleaveland,1808 Lorenzo Carter builds the Zephyr, the first ship to be launched in Cleaveland. 1810 Cuyahoga County organized, Cleaveland selected as county seat,1813 Oliver Hazard Perry wins the Battle of Lake Erie at Put-in-Bay. 1814 Cleaveland receives its charter as a village,1815 Alfred Kelley is elected the first president of the village of Cleaveland. 1818 The Cleaveland Gazette and Commercial Register, Cleavelands first newspaper is published,1822 A free bridge is opened across the Cuyahoga River. 1831 The Cleveland Advertiser alters the spelling of the name to Cleveland. James A. Garfield, 20th United States President, born in Orange Township,1832 Ohio and Erie Canal completed to the Ohio River. 1836 Cleveland and Ohio City are incorporated as cities, John W. Willey is elected the first mayor of Cleveland. Bridge War between Cleveland and Ohio City takes place,1842 The Plain Dealer begins publication. 1845 City Bank of Cleveland founded, the first telegraph line is completed. 1848 Colored National Convention held in city,1851 Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad completed. 1852 Alienated American newspaper begins publication,1854 Ohio City annexed to Cleveland. 1860 Perry Monument on Public Square dedicated,1861 The American Civil War begins. 1865 The American Civil War ends,1870 Standard Oil Company in business. 1875 Euclid Avenue Opera House opens,1878 Penny Press, predecessor to the Cleveland Press, begins publication. 1880 James A. Garfield, from Cleveland, elected 20th President of the United States,1881 Garfield lies in state on Public Square after being assassinated, July 2
24.
Demographics of Cleveland
–
The city of Cleveland, in the U. S. state of Ohio, was estimated in 2011 by the U. S. Census Bureau to have 393,806 residents. As of the 2010 Census, there were 396,815 people,167,490 households, the population density was 5, 113/sq mi. During the day, incoming commuters increase Clevelands population by over 380,000 people and this makes the citys daytime population rise from about 396,000 to over 776,000. 8,796 Clevelanders were born in Europe,88. 3% spoke English,6. 5% Spanish,0. 5% Polish, and 0. 5% French as their first language. Cleveland, home to 480 Slovene speakers, is the largest of any city in the nation, according to 2010 Census, there were 167,490 households in Cleveland, and 111,904 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,107.2 people per square mile, there were 207,536 housing units at an average density of 2,782.4 per square mile. 53. 6% were family households and 46. 4% were non family households, a total of 25. 2% of households had children under 18 years, and 10. 7% had someone over the age of 65. Females comprised 52. 0% of the population and males accounted for 48. 0%, the median income for a household in the city was $27,349, and the median income for a family was $31,182. The per capita income for the city was $16,302,31. 0% of the population and 22. 9% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the population,37. 6% of those under the age of 18 and 16. 8% of those 65. Of the citys population over the age of 25,13. 1% held a degree or higher. Over the years an increasing percentage of the population has been non-white. In 1990 just over half of Cleveland’s residents were non-whites, during the 1990s that number grew to 61.2 percent with the proportion of African-Americans and Hispanics increasing the most. The segregation of African Americans from whites and of African-Americans from Hispanics exceeds the averages for many large cities, Cleveland’s African-American population is concentrated on the east side of the city and in the near eastern suburbs. Hispanics are concentrated in the city’s west side neighborhoods, at the neighborhood level, increases and decreases in net migration by race varied widely between 1990 and 2000. Some areas, like the Broadway and Collinwood neighborhoods, have seen a significant change in their racial makeup since 1990, Cleveland also has one of the lowest foreign-born populations in the nation. Even within the Cleveland area, many neighboring communities boast of higher population than the city of Cleveland. Many new immigrants, when they enter the country, bypass the central city and move directly to the suburbs
25.
Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority
–
The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority is the public transit agency for Cleveland, Ohio, United States and the surrounding suburbs of Cuyahoga County. RTA is the largest transit agency in Ohio, providing over 44 million trips to residents, RTA owns and operates the RTA Rapid Transit rail system, which consists of one heavy rail line and two interurban light rail lines. The bulk of RTAs service consists of buses, including routes, express or flyer buses, loop. In December 2004, RTA adopted a master plan, Transit 2025, in which several rail extensions, bus line improvements. RTAs major predecessor, the Cleveland Transit System, was the first transit system in the hemisphere to provide direct rapid transit service from a citys downtown to its major airport. In 2007, RTA was named the best public transit system in North America by the American Public Transportation Association, for demonstrating achievement in efficiency, CTS had been formed when the city of Cleveland took over the old Cleveland Railway Company. However, with Clevelands dwindling population over the two decades, its revenue dwindled significantly. The problem really manifested itself with a 17-day strike in July 1970, City and county leaders concluded that a regional approach was the only way to save it. A month after its formation, RTA assumed control over the bus systems operated by Maple Heights, North Olmsted, Brecksville, Garfield Heights. The RTA had to undertake a number of renovations to the rail system and they were largely rebuilt by 1981 and the downtown station at Cleveland Union Terminal was heavily rebuilt by 1987. In 1994, a walkway and skyway was added from the Tower City station to Progressive Field and Quicken Loans Arena, seventy-five Cleveland Transit System PCC streetcars were sold in 1952 to Toronto to be used by the Toronto Transit Commission. The last of the Cleveland models operated for 30 years in Toronto until 1982, RTA has equipped all of its mainline buses with bicycle carriers. Each bus can carry two to three bicycles, bicycles are also allowed on rapid transit trains at all times, although operators have discretion to refuse bicycles if a train is overcrowded. Bicycles are not allowed access to/from the Public Square/Tower City Station through the areas of Tower City Center. However, a connection is permitted between the station lobby and street level, at Prospect Avenue via the south-side doors. Bicycles are also allowed to transfer trains at Tower City Station. There is no charge for taking bicycles on RTA. In 2005, RTA began building a bus transit line along Euclid Avenue from Public Square to University Circle
26.
Sports in Cleveland
–
Clevelands professional sports teams include the Cleveland Indians, Cleveland Browns, Cleveland Cavaliers, Cleveland Monsters, and the Cleveland Gladiators. Local sporting facilities include Progressive Field, FirstEnergy Stadium, Quicken Loans Arena, the curse is seen as having ended in June 2016, when the Cavaliers won the NBA Championship against the defending champion Golden State Warriors. Shortly before the Cavaliers victory, the Monsters also defeated the Hershey Bears to become AHL champions, the Indians last reached the World Series in 2016, and have not won the series since 1948. Between 1995 and 2001, Progressive Field sold out 455 consecutive games, notable Cleveland athletes to win top individual accolades include boxer Johnny Kilbane, U. S. Olympic Hall of Fame inductees Jesse Owens and Harrison Dillard, and mixed martial artist Stipe Miocic. Kilbane had a 12-year reign as World Featherweight Champion and is an International Boxing Hall of Fame inductee, Cleveland native Dillard is another four-time Olympic gold medalist, having won his medals during the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics in various track and field events. In 2016, Cleveland State University alum and area native Miocic won the UFC World Heavyweight Championship at UFC198 with a first round knockout. Cleveland facilities have hosted the Major League Baseball All-Star Game five times, the NBA All-Star Game twice, the city hosted the Gravity Games, an extreme sports series, from 2002 to 2004, and the Dew Action Sports Tour Right Guard Open in 2007. In 2013 the city hosted about 11,000 male and female athletes at the National Senior Games, Cleveland hosted the 2014 Gay Games. The city has been home to several professional sports franchises, including a womens basketball team and multiple soccer teams. Cleveland has also been home to ice hockey franchises, beginning in 1937 with the AHL member Cleveland Barons. The original Barons, although having been the most successful team in AHL history at that point, moved to Jacksonville, Florida, where they subsequently folded after one season. The salient cause of the Barons move came from Nick Miletis short-lived WHA franchise, the Cleveland Crusaders, the new league ultimately created a financial disparity that the Barons could not compete with. Local philanthropist George Gund III facilitated the relocation of the NHLs California Golden Seals to Cleveland in 1976, however, this latest incarnation was short lived, with the team merging with the Minnesota North Stars following the 1977–78 season. In 1992 the Cleveland Lumberjacks, of the also now-defunct IHL, began play, later in 2001, a third incarnation of the Barons was established, this time having returned to the AHL. The Barons moved to Worcester, Massachusetts following the 2006 season, in 1997, Cleveland was awarded one of the original eight franchises in the WNBA, the Cleveland Rockers. Although the Rockers finished first in the WNBA Eastern Conference on two occasions, they never made an appearance in the WNBA Finals, the team folded in 2003 after the league was unable to find a new owner. Previous owner Gordon Gund had dropped the team from operation, citing financial losses, from 1978 to 1988, Cleveland was home to the Cleveland Force of the MISL. After the Force folded in 1988 they were replaced by the Cleveland Crunch of the NPSL and MISL, the Crunch won three league championships in the 1990s, being the first Cleveland sports team to win a championship since the 1964 Cleveland Browns
27.
A Christmas Story House
–
A Christmas Story House is a museum in Cleveland, Ohios Tremont neighborhood. The museum is part of a complex of three buildings devoted to the film, and is open to the public year-round, the screenplay for A Christmas Story is based on material from author Jean Shepherds collection of short stories, In God We Trust, All Others Pay Cash. The house, as it is portrayed in the film, is located in Hohman, Indiana, for the film adaptation of these stories, director Bob Clark reportedly sent scouts to twenty cities before selecting Cleveland for exterior filming. Cleveland was chosen because of Higbees Department Store, which ultimately was featured in three scenes in the film, appropriately, the fictional boyhood home of Ralphie Parker is on Cleveland Street, the name of the actual street where Shepherd grew up. In addition to the exteriors, Cleveland was the location used for the scenes involving Higbees department store. The exterior shots of the house and neighborhood where Ralphie lives were filmed in the Tremont section of Clevelands West Side, in December 2004, Brian Jones, a San Diego entrepreneur and fan of the film since childhood, bought the house on eBay for $150,000. Jones used revenue from his business, the Red Rider Leg Lamp Company, the previous owners had reconfigured the house, installing modern windows and covering the original wood siding with blue vinyl. In addition, the house to the left of the features a gift shop with movie memorabilia. The house and museum opened to the public on November 25,2006, with original cast members attending the opening. Official website Red Rider Leg Lamps A Christmas Story House Photo Gallery A Christmas Story at the Internet Movie Database
28.
Children's Museum of Cleveland
–
The Childrens Museum of Cleveland, once in the University Circle area of Cleveland, Ohio, is now located at 3813 Euclid Avenue in the area known as Midtown off of Chester Avenue. It is dedicated to helping children develop physically, emotionally. It also encourages adults to aid children in their development, splash. is designed to teach children, through interactive displays, about water transportation
29.
Cleveland Botanical Garden
–
The Cleveland Botanical Garden, located in the University Circle neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States, was founded in 1930 as the Garden Center of Greater Cleveland. It was the first such organization in an American city, in 1966, having outgrown its original home, the Garden Center moved to its present location in University Circle, the site of the old Cleveland Zoo. Remnants of the old bear pit still remain in the Ohio Woodland Garden, the expanded and renovated building, designed by Graham Gund Architects of Cambridge, Massachusetts, opened to the public in July 2003. They feature over 350 species of plants and 50 species of animals, pat Patrick Perennial Border, and the public Campsey-Stauffer Gateway Garden. The gardens were featured in a episode of Supernatural, titled Dark Side of the Moon. List of botanical gardens in the United States Cleveland Botanical Garden
30.
Cleveland Cultural Gardens
–
The Cleveland Cultural Gardens are a collection of public gardens located in Rockefeller Park in Cleveland, Ohio. The gardens are situated along East Boulevard & Martin Luther King Jr, drive within the 276 acre of wooded parkland on the citys East Side. In total, there are 31 distinct gardens, each commemorating a different ethnic group whose immigrants have contributed to the heritage of the United States over the centuries, each presents the culture of their respective nation through cultural figures and icons in a variety of materials. Each Gardens landscaping suggests the particular country or nationality for which it is named, conceived in 1916 to feature literary figures and then modified as time went on. The first garden, named in honor of William Shakespeare, was British, leo Weidenthal, a Jew, started a tradition when he planted the first ethnic garden called the Hebrew Garden in 1926. Highly successful from the start, the project had almost universal political, media and this became critical when the original plan to have each nationality group fund its own Garden ran into the Depression’s economic wall. However, the City came to the rescue by channeling Federal money and manpower into building thirteen of the original fifteen Gardens. The number of Gardens continue to increase as new immigrant groups to the region fund their own Garden, a source of great pride
31.
Cleveland Orchestra
–
The Cleveland Orchestra, based in Cleveland, is one of the five American orchestras informally referred to as the Big Five. Founded in 1918 by the pianist and impresario Adella Prentiss Hughes, as of 2016, the incumbent music director is Franz Welser-Möst. In 2012 Gramophone Magazine ranked the Cleveland Orchestra number 7 on its list of 20 of the worlds greatest orchestras, the orchestra was founded in 1918 by Adella Prentiss Hughes, with Nikolai Sokoloff as its principal conductor. From early in its existence, it toured throughout the eastern United States, made radio broadcasts, subsequent principal conductors, with the title of Music Director, were Artur Rodziński, Erich Leinsdorf, George Szell, Pierre Boulez, Lorin Maazel, and Christoph von Dohnányi. Franz Welser-Möst has been Music Director since 2002 and is contracted to remain through the 2021-2022 season, George Szells long reign as Music Director has been largely credited for the orchestras rise to eminence. He reformed the orchestra in the late-1940s, firing a dozen musicians in the process with a dozen more leaving of their own volition, Szell is also credited with giving the orchestra its distinct, European sound. He pushed an ambitious recording schedule with the orchestra, bringing its music to millions worldwide, Szells influence has continued, even decades after his death. Cleveland is the smallest city amongst the traditional Big Five orchestras, the others are based in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. However, musicians in Cleveland are often treated as local celebrities, clevelanders are proud that their city boasts an orchestra that has several times been touted as Americas finest, and compared favorably to many of the great orchestras in Central Europe. In the 1960s fans were known to have airport rallies when the orchestra comes home from tour chant, past assistant conductors of the Cleveland Orchestra include Matthias Bamert, James Levine, Alan Gilbert, James Judd and Michael Stern. Severance Hall is the Cleveland Orchestras home and it was built for the orchestra in 1931. The orchestra performs the majority of its concerts at Severance and also uses the hall for rehearsals, the concert organ there is by Ernest M. Skinner IV-94. During the summer months, the orchestra presents their annual Blossom Festival at the Blossom Music Center in Cuyahoga Falls, until 2005, the Blossom Festival had its own music director. The last person to serve in that capacity was Jahja Ling, after he stepped down from that position, the orchestra eliminated the post, and now has current music director Franz Welser-Möst in charge of the classical music concerts at the Blossom Festival. The orchestra also has long-term performing relationships in Lucerne, Vienna, New York City, a residency in Miami, the Cleveland Orchestra Official website Cleveland Orchestra history at the Wayback Machine from the Telarc website. Cleveland Orchestra Youth Orchestra Cleveland Orchestra Musicians
32.
Severance Hall
–
Severance Hall is a concert hall located in the University Circle neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio. The hall has been the home of the Cleveland Orchestra since its opening on February 5,1931, Severance Hall is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Wade Park District. However, both buildings were used by groups and for a variety of different kinds of presentations. Most famously, the Orchestra twice had to arrange alternative concert locations from Grays Armory on short notice due to a conflict with a poultry exhibition. Despite the economic difficulties of the Great Depression, construction began in 1929, designed by local firm Walker and Weeks, the buildings exterior is transitional between Classical, and the late flowering of Classical style known as Art Moderne or Art Deco. New York sculptor Henry Hering created a sculpture for the pediment. Inside, Severance Hall is one of Americas greatest Art Deco interiors, as was usual with the style, Egyptian Revival mix with inspiration drawn from Greek and Roman themes. The ceiling and pillars of the auditorium glisten with Art Deco motifs in aluminum leaf, some acoustic problems were soon observed in Severance Hall shortly after its opening. In 1958, at the instigation of Music Director George Szell, to make the auditorium more resonant, the original proscenium and blue velvet drapes were removed and the placement of carpet was reduced to a minimum. On the stage a permanent acoustical shell was built, the new shell consisted of thick wooden walls surrounding the orchestra in a series of convex curves. The heavy wood walls were filled with sand to heights of up to nine feet to make them less absorbent. The result was a new, vibrant-sounding space which complemented the refined, visually, however, the severe new Modernist stage clashed with the elegant Art Deco design of the auditorium. In addition, the pipe chambers were effectively sealed off from the auditorium by the new shell. This made the organ all but non-functional, its sound being transferred into the auditorium via microphones, in 1970 the buildings drive-through street-level entrance paved with tile was closed as the use of taxis and chauffeured vehicles had declined. A dining area was set up in the resulting space, later on, one of the access corridors on the ground floor was closed off to create space for a dressing room for women orchestra members. Beginning in 1998, the Hall underwent an extensive two-year, $36 million restoration and expansion, the renovated building reopened in January 2000, winning the National Preservation Honor Award. The project architect was David M. Schwarz, Severance Hall was featured in the 1997 Harrison Ford film Air Force One. The scene during the credits shows a night-time military raid on the presidential palace of the leader of Kazakhstan
33.
Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
–
The Cleveland Metroparks Zoo is a 183-acre zoo in Cleveland, Ohio. The Zoo is divided several areas, Australian Adventure, African Savanna, Northern Trek, The Primate, Cat & Aquatics Building, The RainForest. The Zoo is a part of the Cleveland Metroparks system, the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo was founded in 1882.2 million. The Zoo announced that more than 1.2 million people visited in 2007, the Zoo, originally named the Cleveland Zoological Park, first opened in 1882 at Wade Park where the Cleveland Museum of Art now stands. During its early years, the Zoo only held animals of local origin, in 1907, the city of Cleveland moved the Zoo to its current location in Old Brooklyn, and the Zoo acquired its first elephant. Beginning in 1910, the Zoo constructed Monkey Island, sea lion pools, by 1940, the Zoo was home to three elephants and its first elephant resident since 1924. That same year, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History assumed control of the Zoo, although the Zoo had recovered by 1962, it would not have another permanent reptile collection until the opening of the RainForest thirty years later. The Zoos official website states that it currently has 3,000 animal residents representing more than 600 different species, recipients of Honorary Membership are recognized as the most esteemed and distinguished zoo professionals in North America. Moreno and Kuenzer are included in a list of other notable North American zoo and aquarium professionals. Rabb, PhD, Alan H. Shoemaker, MS, Kurt Benirschke, MD, Gary K. Clarke (Director Emeritus, Topeka Zoo, Roger Conant, Hon ScD and Ted A. Beattie (President/Director Emeritus, Shedd Aquarium. The Cleveland Aquariums animal collection was absorbed by the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo in 1986 after structural elements of the building forced its closing. Until his retirement in 1997, Moreno managed the aquatic animal collections at the Cleveland Zoo under General Curator Don Kuenzer and he supervised animal husbandry programs for the Rainforest and Aquatics exhibits. Moreno was a member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. In 2012, the Greater Cleveland Aquarium opened to the public as the free standing aquarium in the state of Ohio. Don Kuenzer retired after a 40-year career serving in multiple capacities, including senior curator, general curator, in 1961, Kuenzer began his career at the Cleveland Zoos Petting Farm as an attendant animal care technician. After serving as a keeper, he was promoted to Assistant General Curator in 1975 by zoo director Dr. Leonard Goss. Kuenzer was credited with designing The Rainforest, a state-of-the art indoor naturalistic living exhibit dedicated to the display of tropical and subtropical species from multiple continents and he served on the Board of Regents for the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Dr. Goss was a veterinary pathologist and retired from the Cleveland Zoo as its director in 1979, prior to assuming the director position in Cleveland, he was the fourth chief veterinarian at the New York Zoological Societys Bronx Zoo as well as assistant director of the Bronx Zoo
34.
Cleveland Museum of Art
–
The Cleveland Museum of Art is an art museum located in the Wade Park District, in the University Circle neighborhood on Clevelands east side. Internationally renowned for its holdings of Asian and Egyptian art. The museum has remained true to the vision of its founders, keeping general admission free to the public. With about 598,000 visitors annually, it is one of the most visited art museums in the world, for the benefit of all people, forever. The Cleveland Museum of Art was founded as a trust in 1913 with an endowment from prominent Cleveland industrialists Hinman Hurlbut, John Huntington and Horace Kelley. The neoclassical, white Georgian Marble, Beaux-Arts building was constructed on the edge of Wade Park. Wade Park and the museum were designed by the architectural firm, Hubbell & Benes. The 75-acre green space takes its name from philanthropist Jeptha H. Wade, the museum opened its doors to the public on June 6,1916, with Wades grandson, Jeptha H. Wade II, proclaiming it, for the benefit of all people, forever. Wade, like his grandfather, had a great interest in art and served as the museums first vice-president, today, the park, with the museum still as its centerpiece, is on the National Register of Historic Places. In March 1958, the first addition to the building opened and this addition, which was on the north side of the original building, was designed by the Cleveland architectural firm of Hayes and Ruth and consisted of new gallery space and a new art library. The museum again expanded in 1971 with the opening of the North Wing, the museums main entrance now shifted to the North Wing. The auditorium, classrooms, and lecture halls shifted into the North Wing, allowing this space in the Original Building to be turned into gallery space. In 1983, a West Wing, designed by the Cleveland architectural firm of Dalton, van Dijk, Johnson and this provided larger library space, as well as nine new galleries. Between 2001 and 2012, the 1958 and 1983 additions were demolished, designed by Rafael Viñoly, this $350 million project doubled the museums size to 592,000 square feet. Viñoly covered the space created by the demolition of the 1958 and 1983 structures with a glass-roofed atrium, the east wing opened in 2009, and the north wing and atrium in 2012. The West Wing opened on January 2,2014, the museums building and renovation project, Building for the Future, began in 2005 and was originally targeted for completion in 2012 at projected costs of $258 million. The $350 million project—two-thirds of which was earmarked for the renovation of the original 1916 structure—added two new wings, and was the largest cultural project in Ohios history. The new east and west wings, as well as the enclosing of the courtyard under a soaring glass canopy, have brought the museums total floor space to 592,000 square feet
35.
Cleveland Museum of Natural History
–
The museum was established in 1920 by Cyrus S. Eaton to perform research, education and development of collections in the fields of anthropology, archaeology, astronomy, botany, geology, paleontology, wildlife biology, donald Johanson was the curator of the museum when he discovered Lucy, the skeletal remains of the ancient hominid Australopithecus afarensis. The current Curator and Head of the Physical Anthropology Department is Yohannes Haile-Selassie, Museum collections total more than four million specimens and include specimens of paleontology, zoology, archaeology, mineralogy, ornithology, and a variety of other scientific subjects. A beloved full-scale model of a Stegosaurus on the lawn delights Cleveland children, some of the more important specimens include, An extensive collection of Late Devonian fossil fish from the Cleveland Shale, including several mounted skulls of the arthrodire placoderm Dunkleosteus. Nine hundred monkey and ape skeletons, and more than 3,100 human skeletons, the only specimen of the small tyrannosaur Nanotyrannus lancensis. The holotype of the Haplocanthosaurus sauropod, the most complete mount of a Coelophysis bauri. Mounted taxidermy remains of Balto the sled dog, an extensive mineralogy collection that includes a moon rock and the Jeptha Wade gem collection. Replica skeletons of Triceratops and Jane, a juvenile tyrannosaurid, a cast of an Australopithecus afarensis skeleton, an early hominid affectionately dubbed Lucy. A new T-rex skeleton that is now on display, the Museums Allosaurus has been remounted and is on display. A collection of 30,000 plant fossils acquired from the University of Cincinnati by former curator of paleobotany, a Foucault Pendulum underneath in which the Bicentennial Education Time Capsule was buried in 1996 and will be opened in 2046 The museum has made many discoveries over the years. Recently, in Vertebrate Paleontology, both the remains of a Titanicthis in Ohio and a new ceratopsian, Albertaceratops nesmoi, have been made, both are expected to go on display eventually. The Hamann-Todd Collection is a collection of more than 3100 human skeletons, the collection was originally housed at Western Reserve University Medical School in a new medical building that was built for that purpose. The first floor of this contained the Hamann Museum of Comparative Anthropology. However, due to the costs of storing the bones, the collection was transferred to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, in 1893, Carl August Hamann initiated the collection. Its administration was taken over by T. Wingate Todd after Hamann was named dean of Case Westerns medical school in 1912, Todd managed to assemble the great majority of the human skeletons in the collection, over 3000, before his death in 1938. The Ralph Perkins II Wildlife Center and Woods Garden presented by Key Bank, which includes live animals and plants native to Ohio, opened on September 3,2016
36.
Cleveland Play House
–
Cleveland Play House is a professional regional theater company located in Cleveland, Ohio. It was founded in 1915 and built its own noted theater complex in 1927, currently the company performs at the Allen Theatre in Playhouse Square where it has been based since 2011. Cleveland Play House is organized like most American theater companies, with a board of directors, the Board of Directors is chaired by Alec Pendleton. The Artistic Director is Laura Kepley and the Managing Director is Kevin Moore, the theaters national directors are Alan Alda, Austin Pendleton, and Joel Grey. The theatre received the 2015 Regional Theatre Tony Award on June 7,2015 at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, in the early 1900s Cleveland theatre featured mostly vaudeville, melodrama, burlesque and light entertainment. In 1915 a select group of ten Clevelanders met in the home of Charles S. and Minerva Brooks to discuss the formation of an Art Theatre. Those present in addition to the Brooks were Walter and Julia McCune Flory, Raymond ONeil, Ernest and Katherine Angell, Henry and Anna Hohnhorst, George Clisbee, Grace Treat, together, they formed Cleveland Play House and named Raymond ONeil as the Director. Their initial productions were performed in a home donated by Cleveland industrialist Francis Drury located at East 85th, ONeil was a devotee of the artistic ideals of Edward Gordon Craig, and the Play Houses earliest productions reflect this. The founders of the Play House were bohemians and suffragists, and were thus outsiders in conservative Cleveland society, as a result, the Play House in its early years performed for a select group of individuals interested in avant-garde art, rather than the larger community of Cleveland. The Play House was founded midway through a decade of cultural renaissance in Cleveland, the new facility seated 160 and marked a turn toward professionalism. Soon after this, the Play House began to struggle financially, the resulting arguments led to ONeils resignation in 1921. The Board subsequently hired Frederic McConnell as the next Director, along with his associates K. Elmo Lowe, the three transformed CPH into a popular regional theatre, ushering in a long era of growth and prosperity. A new Cleveland Play House facility, built in 1927, housed the Brooks Theatre, with the 1927 buildings, the Sears building and the Johnson buildings taken together, the complex for CPH became the largest regional theatre complex in the country. In 2009, through a collaboration called “The Power of Three, ” CPH partnered with Playhouse Square, in July 2009, CPH sold its building at 86th Street and Euclid Avenue to Cleveland Clinic. In September 2011, CPH kicked off its 96th consecutive season in the transformed Allen Theatre at Playhouse Square, two new venues adjacent to the Allen Theatre came on board in January 2012, the Second Stage and the Helen Rosenfeld Lewis Bialosky Lab Theatre. A new production center is now located along the lakeshore in Cleveland, the list of plays and playwrights that have had premiers at Cleveland Play House is impressive, the most notable being Tennessee Williams’ You Touched Me, and Bertolt Brecht’s Mother Courage. Cleveland Play House continues to have a commitment to new works. The current policy for submission of new plays only permits unsolicited works to be submitted by playwrights who currently reside in the state of Ohio, at least one mainstage production in each season is a new play
37.
Great Lakes Science Center
–
The Great Lakes Science Center is a museum and educational facility in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Many of the document the features of the natural environment in the Great Lakes region of the United States. The facility includes signature and traveling exhibits, meeting space, a cafe, Great Lakes Science Center is funded by the citizens of Cuyahoga County through Cuyahoga Arts and Culture, grants, funds, and corporate and individual gifts. The museum opened in July 1996, the centers exhibits support STEM with exhibits including the BioMedTech Gallery, advanced energy, science phenomena and space. The Science Center is home to the NASA Glenn Visitor Center, also, Science Center staff conduct daily science demonstrations. It also provides educator professional development programming, homeschool workshops and programs are offered October through February. During the summer, the Science Center offers educational and fun camps for preschoolers through 12th graders that occur in locations throughout Northeast Ohio. Year round, the Science Center provides classes, workshops, sleepovers and scout programs, as well as events for families, kids. The Science Center installed a turbine in its front yard in summer 2006. The wind turbine provides approximately 7% of the Science Center’s annual electrical needs, during the course of a year, the solar array produces an average of 100 kWh per day, the equivalent of the average electrical usage of four homes. The Science Center also offers opportunities alternative energy exhibitions for guests to interact with a touch-screen kiosk displaying both real-time and historical data. The Great Lakes Science Center is located between FirstEnergy Stadium and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at North Coast Harbor on the shore of Lake Erie, discounted parking is available for guests in the attached 500-car garage. Previously located at the NASA Glenn Research Center located on Clevelands south side, admittance is included with the Science Centers general admission. The NASA Glenn Visitor Center offers galleries, interactive exhibits, fascinating artifacts, programs are free with paid general admission to the Science Center. The Great Lakes Science Center also holds the IMAX Dome theater, the theater, called The Cleveland Clinic Dome Theater, uses 70mm film, a 15,000 Watt projector light and a six channel sound system. The projector weighs 4200Lb and uses 5.6 feet of film per second, the Theater shows films shot in IMAX, the worlds largest film format. The theater is 79 feet tall and seats 300 people, there is a separate admission fee. The 1925-built Steamship Mather is a restored 618-foot historic Great Lakes freighter, the flagship has huge cargo holds, brass and oak pilot house, guest quarters, and four-story engine room
38.
International Women's Air & Space Museum
–
The museum began as a committee of the Ninety-Nines in order to collect historical artifacts and memorabilia of women pilots. In 1986, the International Womens Air & Space Museum opened in Centerville, bernice Steadman, an aviator and member of the Mercury 13, was one of the museums co-founders. The International Womens Air & Space Museums exhibits are in the lobby at Burke, as well as the west concourse, since the International Womens Air & Space Museum is located throughout the terminal of Burke Lakefront Airport, a public building, admission to this museum is free
39.
Jack Cleveland Casino
–
Jack Cleveland Casino is a casino in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, owned and operated by Jack Entertainment. Jack Cleveland Casino is located in the former Higbee Building at Tower City Center in downtown Cleveland and it has 96,000 sq ft of gaming space. The casino has 1,609 slot machines,119 table games, the casino is accessible from Public Square, but is also accessible from the Terminal Tower and the Tower City Center shopping mall. The casino is open 24 hours a day and is completely smoke-free, since the casino has limited dining options, it has partnered with nearly a dozen downtown Cleveland restaurants. Ohio voters approved a constitutional amendment in November 2009 authorizing casinos in the state’s four largest cities, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Columbus. It was the statewide vote to legalize gambling in Ohio over 20 years. Horseshoe Cleveland opened on May 14,2012 as the first casino in the state of Ohio and it was developed by Rock Ohio Caesars, a joint venture between Caesars Entertainment and Dan Gilberts Rock Gaming, and managed by Caesars. Hollywood Casino Toledo, developed and operated by Penn National Gaming, opened on May 29, followed by Hollywood Columbus, Rock Ohio Caesars also developed Horseshoe Casino Cincinnati, which opened on March 4,2013. Gross casino revenues are taxed at 33 percent, one of the highest rates in the nation for a casino with this level of investment. The bipartisan Ohio Casino Control Commission was created in 2011 to develop rules for casino gaming in Ohio, to operators and to regulate. It is also funded by tax revenue. Rock Gaming announced in February 2016 that the company and its casinos would rebrand under the Jack name, the casino closed for 40 hours in May 2016 to undergo its transition to the Jack name and management. List of Jack Entertainment properties List of Caesars Entertainment properties List of casinos in Ohio Jack Cleveland Casino
40.
Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland
–
The Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland, better known by its acronym, MOCA, is a contemporary art museum located in Cleveland, Ohio. Founded in 1968 by Marjorie Talalay, Agnes Gund, and Nina Castelli Sundell as The New Gallery, in 2002, CCCA changed its name to Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland. On October 8,2012 the new $27.2 million home for MOCA opened to the public at the corner of Mayfield Road, the new building was designed by world-famous Iranian born London architect Farshid Moussavi. Past exhibits have featured art by Andy Warhol, Christo, and Claes Oldenburg, Jim Hodges and Hildur Ásgeirsdóttir Jónsson, the museum places a special focus on artists from Greater Cleveland and the rest of Northeastern Ohio in regional group shows curated every two years
41.
Playhouse Square
–
Playhouse Square is a theater district in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. It is the largest performing arts center in the United States outside of New York, constructed in a span of 19 months in the early 1920s, the theaters were subsequently closed down, but were revived through a grassroots effort. Their renovation and reopening helped usher in a new era of downtown revitalization in Cleveland, laronge and New York City business magnate Marcus Loew, among others, founded a partnership called Loew’s Ohio Theatres to develop the area. The organization’s first two theaters, the Ohio and State, were designed by eminent architect Thomas W. Lamb in the Italianate style, construction began in 1920, and the pair opened in early February 1921. Across Euclid Avenue, Charles A. Platts Hanna Theatre, part of the Hanna Building complex, although the theater faces East 14th Street, it is still part of Playhouse Square. It was named for the prominent Cleveland Senator Mark Hanna, meanwhile, the Bulkley Building housing the C. Howard Crane-designed Allen Theatre was being built next door. Completed in early April 1921, Jules and Jay Allens Pompeiian-style theater was sold to Loews in 1922. The last theater to be constructed was the Palace Theatre, now known as the Connor Palace, opening in November 1922 in the Keith Building, which at the time was the tallest in Cleveland. There was a promotion for the theater’s opening, the largest electric sign in the world was turned on to show that the Palace was open for business. Built by Edward F. Albee in honor of his friend and business partner, B. F. Keith, the Palace was billed as the “Showplace of the World. ”Headlining the opener was America’s favorite mimic, Elsie Janis, who shared billing with Eduardo Cansino, Rita Hayworth’s father. Albee invested over $2 million in the venue, which became known as the “…swankiest theater in the country. ”Designed by the Chicago architectural firm of Rapp and Rapp. The area surrounding the theaters soon became known unofficially as “Playhouse Square. ”The Euclid Square Association, the area is now officially designated as Playhouse Square. The theaters successfully showed a variety of theater, vaudeville shows. However, during the years following World War II, suburbanization, fire broke out in the Ohio in 1964, and the other Playhouse Square theaters were struck by vandalism. Between May 1968 and July 1969, all the theaters closed except the Hanna, plans to reopen and restore the theaters began almost immediately. In 1970, Raymond K. Shepardson, a Cleveland Public Schools employee, formed a group named the “Playhouse Square Association” with the Junior League of Cleveland. The cover of the February 27,1970 issue of Life was a two-page pull-out of James H. Daughertys The Spirit of Cinema America, also in 1973, the musical revue Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris opened in the State Theatre lobby. Expected to run two weeks, the show played for two and a half years
42.
Steamship William G. Mather Maritime Museum
–
The Steamship William G. Mather is a retired Great Lakes bulk freighter now restored as a museum ship in Cleveland, Ohio, one of four in the Great Lakes region. Note, from 1905 till 1925 the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company had another vessel named S. S. William G. Mather in their fleet, also built by Great Lakes Engineering Works. This former SS William G. Mather was renamed SS J. H. Sheadle in 1925, after she had been sold to Gartland Steamship Co. she was renamed SS Nicolet in 1965. William G. Mather remained the Cliffs flagship until Edward B. Greene was built in 1951-52 and she remained an active part of the Cliffs fleet until the end of the 1980 navigation season. This heroic effort was featured in the 28 April 1941 issue of Life and she was one of the first commercial Great Lakes vessels to be equipped with radar in 1946. In 1964, she became the very first American vessel to have a boiler system, manufactured by Bailey Controls of Cleveland. On 10 December 1987, Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc. donated the steamer William G. Mather to the Great Lakes Historical Society to be restored and preserved as a museum ship and floating maritime museum. After she was brought to Cleveland in October 1988 and funding was acquired from local foundations, corporations, fire damage to William G. Mathers galley and after cabin spaces required a major restoration effort. All over the vessel, most of the work was supplied by volunteers who repaired, cleaned, chipped, painted, in October 1990, she was moved to her permanent berth at the East Ninth Street Pier on Clevelands North Coast Harbor. In September 1994 the Great Lakes Historical Society divested itself of the museum, due, in large part, to a groundswell of local support to keep the Mather in Cleveland, the Harbor Heritage Society was created to negotiate a new lease agreement with the city. After 10 years of negotiations, the City Of Cleveland, represented by Mayor Jane L. Campbell signed a 40-year lease on 15 June 2003, on 30 July 1995 the Steamship William G. S. -Flag Great Lakes vessels. She had a ship of the same class, Joseph H. Frantz, but was later converted to diesel. In October 2006, William G. Mather was acquired by the Great Lakes Science Center, today the ship is a focal point for interpreting the relationship between technology, history, commerce, and the environment. The Steamship William G. Mather Museum - Great Lakes Science Center Brief History of the Mather at MHSD HNSA Ship Page, SS William G. Mather Mather history and photos
43.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
–
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fames permanent home.8 billion, the Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia, Memphis, Detroit, Cincinnati, New York City, Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, on May 5,1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland, the hall of fame shouldve been in Memphis, certainly, wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have chosen as the organizations site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, It was $65 million, Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money. During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site, Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was planned to stand 200 ft high. The buildings base is approximately 150,000 square feet, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7,1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1,1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, the following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the documents the entire history of rock and roll. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in an exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees, the formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times, twice in Los Angeles, and four times in the Hall of Fames home in Cleveland
Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1906). "Garfield Monument". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
