1.
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
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Doylestown is a borough and the county seat of Bucks County in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. It is located 27 miles north of Philadelphia and 80 miles southwest of New York City, as of the 2010 census, the borough population was 8,380. Doylestowns origins date to 1745 when William Doyle obtained a license to build a tavern on what is now the northwest corner of Main, the first church was erected in 1815, followed by a succession of congregations throughout the 19th century. As the population of Central and Upper Bucks County grew throughout the 18th and into the 19th century, discontent developed with the county seats location in Newtown, the county seat moved north to the more centrally located Doylestown in 1813. An outgrowth of Doylestowns new courthouse was the development of lawyers row, one positive consequence of early 19th-century investment in the new county seat was organized fire protection, which began in 1825 with the Doylestown Fire Engine Company. In 1838 the Borough of Doylestown was incorporated, an electric telegraph station was built in 1846, and in 1856 the North Pennsylvania Railroad completed a branch to Doylestown. The first gas lights were introduced in 1854, during the mid-19th century, several large tracts located east of the courthouse area were subdivided into neighborhoods. The next significant wave of development occurred after the Civil War, in 1869 Doylestown established a water works. The first telephone arrived in 1878, the same year that a new courthouse was erected. 1897 saw the first of several trolley lines connecting Doylestown with Willow Grove, Newtown, a private sewer system and treatment plant were authorized in 1903. The Borough took over and expanded service to about three-quarters of the town in 1921. In the early 20th century, Doylestown became best known to the world through the Tools of the Nation-Maker museum of the Bucks County Historical Society. Henry Chapman Mercer constructed the concrete building in 1916 to house his collection of mechanical tools and utensils. Upon his death in 1930, Mercer also left his similarly constructed home Fonthill and adjacent Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, the home was left on the condition that his housekeeper be allowed to live there for the rest of her life. She lived there and gave tours until the mid-1970s, in 1916, Doylestown Country Club was established and still operates a private golf course and caddy program. The Great Depression took its toll, as many old houses constructed a century earlier fell into disrepair. During the 1930s, the Borough also expanded its area to the north by admission of the tract known as the Doylestown Annex. In the decade following World War II, Doylestowns business community boomed, during the 1940s, streets were paved for the first time in two decades and parking meters were introduced downtown in 1948
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
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Bucks County Court House
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
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The
Fountain House, at the corner of State and Main Streets, was built in 1758 and is on the
National Register of Historic Places
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
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The Mercer Museum of the Bucks County Historical Society in Doylestown
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
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The County Theater in the
Doylestown Historic District
2.
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Bucks County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 625,249, making it the fourth-most populous county in Pennsylvania, the county is named after the English county of Buckinghamshire. Bucks County is included in the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is located immediately northeast of Philadelphia and forms part of the southern tip of the eastern state border. Bucks County is one of the three counties created by colonial proprietor William Penn in 1682. Penn named the county after Buckinghamshire, the county where he lived in England and he built a country estate called Pennsbury Manor in Falls Township, Bucks County. Bucks County was originally larger than it is today. Northampton County was formed in 1752 from part of Bucks County, general George Washington and his troops camped in Bucks County as they prepared to cross the Delaware River to take Trenton, New Jersey, by surprise on the morning of December 26,1776. Their successful attack on Britains Hessian forces was a point in the American War of Independence. The town of Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania and Washington Crossing Historic Park were named to commemorate the event. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 622 square miles. Bucks County shares a border with Montgomery County, and also borders Philadelphia to the southwest. From north to south, it is linked to Warren, Hunterdon, Mercer, tohickon Creek and Neshaminy Creek are the largest tributaries of the Delaware in Bucks County. Tohickon Creek empties into the river at Point Pleasant and Neshaminy at Croydon, the population density was 1,034.7 people per square mile. 4. 4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, as of the census of 2000, there were 218,725 households, and 160,981 families residing in the county. There were 225,498 housing units at a density of 371 per square mile. 20. 1% were of German,19. 1% Irish,14. 0% Italian,7. 5% English and 5. 9% Polish ancestry, according to Census 2000. 21. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.17. In the county, the population was out with 25. 70% under the age of 18,7. 00% from 18 to 24,30. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 30% from 45 to 64
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Bucks County Courthouse
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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The Mercer Museum in Doylestown Borough
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Levittown, aerial view, circa 1959
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Bucks County is home to a number of
covered bridges, 10 of which are still open to highway traffic and two others (situated in parks) are open to non-vehicular traffic. Shown here is the Schofield Ford Covered Bridge over the Neshaminy Creek in Tyler State Park.
3.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
Pennsylvania
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World's End State Park, Sullivan County
Pennsylvania
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Flag
Pennsylvania
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Autumn in North Branch Township,
Wyoming County, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
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Penn's Treaty with the Indians, by
Edward Hicks
4.
Austin
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Austin is the capital of the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. It is the 11th-most populous city in the U. S. and it is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. As of the U. S. Census Bureaus July 1,2015 estimate and it is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1,2016. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River, in 1839, the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republics first secretary of state. The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into a city and, by the 1980s, it emerged as a center for technology. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including Amazon. com, cisco, eBay, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Texas Instruments, 3M, and Whole Foods Market. Dells worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin, residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to an influx of technology. In the late 1800s, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown because of the glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name, Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars. The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U. S. for the year 2012, U. S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U. S. in 2017. Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9200 BC. When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area, the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, in 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in area for only about seven months
Austin
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Downtown skyline as seen from
Lady Bird Lake
Austin
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An 1873 illustration of Edwin Waller's layout for Austin
Austin
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Statue of the Goddess of Liberty on the
Texas State Capitol Grounds prior to installation on top of the rotunda
Austin
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Bob Bullock Texas History Museum in Austin. Its mission is to "tell The Story of Texas".
5.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
Texas
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Sam Rayburn Reservoir
Texas
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Flag
Texas
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Texas Hill Country
Texas
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Big Bend National Park.
6.
Swarthmore College
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Swarthmore College is a private liberal arts college located in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania,11 miles southwest of Philadelphia. Founded in 1864, Swarthmore was one of the earliest coeducational colleges in the United States, the school was organized by a committee of Quakers from three Hicksite yearly meetings, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York. Swarthmore was established to be a college. under the care of Friends, by 1906, Swarthmore dropped its religious affiliation, becoming officially non-sectarian. Swarthmore is a member of the Tri-College Consortium, a cooperative arrangement among Swarthmore, Bryn Mawr, in addition, the College is affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania through the Quaker Consortium, allowing for students to cross-register for classes at all four institutions. The name Swarthmore has its roots in early Quaker history, in England, Swarthmoor Hall near the town of Ulverston, Cumbria, was the home of Thomas and Margaret Fell in 1652 when George Fox, fresh from his epiphany atop Pendle Hill in 1651, came to visit. The visitation turned into an association, as Fox persuaded Thomas. Swarthmoor was used for the first meetings of what became known as the Religious Society of Friends, the College was founded in 1864 by a committee of Quakers who were members of the Philadelphia, New York and Baltimore Yearly Meetings of the Religious Society of Friends. Edward Parrish, was its first president, lucretia Mott, and Martha Ellicott Tyson, were among those Friends, who insisted that the new college of Swarthmore be coeducational. Edward Hicks Magill, the president, served for 17 years. In the early 1900s, the College had a major collegiate American football program during the period of the soon-to-be nationwide sport. During World War II, Swarthmore was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, wolfgang Köhler, Hans Wallach and Solomon Asch were noted psychologists who became professors at Swarthmore, a center for Gestalt psychology. Both Wallach, who was Jewish, and Köhler, who was not, had left Nazi Germany because of its policies against Jews. Köhler came to Swarthmore in 1935 and served until his retirement in 1958, Wallach came in 1936, first as a researcher, and also teaching from 1942 until 1975. Asch, who was Polish-American and had immigrated as a child to the US in 1920, joined the faculty in 1947 and served until 1966, Swarthmores Oxbridge tutorial-inspired Honors Program allows students to take double-credit seminars from their junior year and often write honors theses. Seminars are usually composed of four to eight students, students in seminars will usually write at least three ten-page papers per seminar, and often one of these papers is expanded into a 20–30 page paper by the end of the seminar. At the end of their year, Honors students take oral. Usually one student in each discipline is awarded Highest Honors, others are either awarded High Honors or Honors, rarely, each department usually has a grade threshold for admission to the Honors program. Uncommon for an arts college, Swarthmore has an engineering program in which at the completion of four years work
Swarthmore College
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Parrish Hall, named in honor of the first president,
Edward Parrish, (1822-1872), contains the admissions, housing, and financial aid offices, along with dormitories on the upper floors.
Swarthmore College
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Parrish Hall, the original building of the College and an unofficial symbol of Swarthmore.
Swarthmore College
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Parrish Hall from Magill Walk.
Swarthmore College
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ΦΣΚ's Phi Chapter, at Swarthmore, circa 1944
7.
University of St Andrews
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The University of St Andrews is a British public research university in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. It is the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland, St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy. St Andrews is made up from a variety of institutions, including three constituent colleges and 18 academic schools organised into four faculties, the university occupies historic and modern buildings located throughout the town. The academic year is divided into two terms, Martinmas and Candlemas, in term time, over one-third of the towns population is either a staff member or student of the university. It is ranked as the third best university in the United Kingdom in national league tables, the Times Higher Education World Universities Ranking names St Andrews among the worlds Top 50 universities for Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. St Andrews has the highest student satisfaction amongst all multi-faculty universities in the United Kingdom, St Andrews has many notable alumni and affiliated faculty, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, theologians, philosophers, and politicians. Six Nobel Laureates are among St Andrews alumni and former staff, a charter of privilege was bestowed upon the society of masters and scholars by the Bishop of St Andrews, Henry Wardlaw, on 28 February 1411. Wardlaw then successfully petitioned the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII to grant the university status by issuing a series of papal bulls. King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432, subsequent kings supported the university with King James V confirming privileges of the university in 1532. A college of theology and arts called St Johns College was founded in 1418 by Robert of Montrose, St Salvators College was established in 1450, by Bishop James Kennedy. St Leonards College was founded in 1511 by Archbishop Alexander Stewart, St Johns College was refounded by Cardinal James Beaton under the name St Marys College in 1538 for the study of divinity and law. Some university buildings that date from this period are still in use today, such as St Salvators Chapel, St Leonards College Chapel, at this time, the majority of the teaching was of a religious nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the cathedral. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the university had mixed fortunes and was beset by civil. He described it as pining in decay and struggling for life, in the second half of the 19th century, pressure was building upon universities to open up higher education to women. In 1876, the University Senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a roughly equal to the Master of Arts degree that men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the L. L. A and it required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level and entitled them to hold a degree from the university. In 1889 the Universities Act made it possible to admit women to St Andrews. Agnes Forbes Blackadder became the first woman to graduate from St Andrews on the level as men in October 1894
University of St Andrews
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College Hall, within the 16th century St Mary's College building
University of St Andrews
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University of St Andrews
shield
University of St Andrews
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St Salvator's Chapel in 1843
University of St Andrews
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The "Gateway" building, built in 2000 and now used for the university's management department
8.
University of Northern Colorado
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The University of Northern Colorado is a public baccalaureate and graduate research university with approximately 12,000 students and six colleges. Founded in 1889, the main campus is located in Greeley, Colorado, about an hour north of Denver, with extended campus locations in Loveland, Denver. Established as the State Normal School of Colorado, the university has a history in teacher education. In addition to awards and rankings, UNC claims nationally ranked programs in business, performing and visual arts, nursing. UNC’s 19 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I athletics, the history of The University of Northern Colorado begins in the late 1880s, when citizens of Greeley petitioned the Colorado government to create a school to educate teachers in their community. In April 1889 Governor Cooper signed a bill establishing the Colorado State Normal School, classes began in October of the next year. The university opened on October 6,1890, as the Colorado State Normal School to train qualified teachers for the public schools. Greeleys citizens raised the money for the first building, the school continues to grow, and in 1957 the name was shortened to Colorado State College to reflect the wider range of programs and degrees. Finally, in 1970 the name was changed to the current University of Northern Colorado, Dr. Zachariah Xenophon Snyder arrived at the fledgling university in 1891. He studied and implemented the principles of American philosopher and psychologist John Dewey by advancing the ideals of a child-centered education and he established Colorado’s first kindergarten, and Laura Tefft, from the famous Foebel-Pestalozzo Kindergarten School in Berlin, organized the innovative school. An early photograph shows young children playing on a playground located on campus, while playgrounds are now an everyday sight at primary schools, they were considered an innovation at the time. One of the Normal School’s first master’s theses explored the national playground movement, in 1913, President Snyder established a graduate school at CSCE. After his death in 1915, President John Grant Crabbe saw the university through World War I and he met financial challenges by contracting with the War Department to initiate the Student Army Training Corps, housing and educating active service men. No lives were lost on campus and he remained at the university until his death in 1924 at the age of 58. George W. Frasier was the president from 1924 to 1948. The Graduate School was created in 1930, Frasier emphasized teachers who are also scholars, which is still a hallmark of the university. During World War II, the university operated an air force clerical training school for more than 4,000 men. Frasier consulted for the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the college conducted an operation to provide meat for students
University of Northern Colorado
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UNC's Guggenheim Hall
University of Northern Colorado
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University of Northern Colorado
University of Northern Colorado
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UNC's Snyder Hall, a dormitory on Central Campus
University of Northern Colorado
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The university's mascot, "Klawz"
9.
Tales of the South Pacific
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Tales of the South Pacific is a Pulitzer Prize-winning collection of sequentially related short stories by James A. Michener about the Pacific campaign in World War II. The stories are based on observations and anecdotes he collected while stationed as a lieutenant commander in the US Navy on the island of Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides Islands. Written in 1946 and published in 1947, the book was adapted in 1949 as the Broadway musical South Pacific, the stories take place in the environs of the Coral Sea and the Solomon Islands. Michener as narrator gives a voice to several of the stories as an unnamed Commander. The stories are interconnected by recurring characters and several plot lines. One plot line in particular is the preparation for and execution of an amphibious invasion. The focus of the stories is, however, the interactions between Americans and a variety of colonial, immigrant, and indigenous characters. Although the stories are primarily about the U. S. Navy, most of the action is shore-based, and none concerns ships larger than an LCI. The highly successful musical play South Pacific by Rodgers and Hammerstein, in particular, the stories used were Fo Dolla, about Bloody Mary, Liat, and Lieutenant Joe Cable, and Our Heroine, about Nellie Forbush and Emile de Becque. Characters from other stories, such as Bill Harbison, Bus Adams, some of the characters from the stories were merged and simplified to serve the format of the musical. For example, the coastwatcher in the musical is an American Marine assisted by an expatriate French plantation owner and he is never seen by the other characters in Micheners short story until a search-and-rescue party finds his head impaled on a stake. The Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific was made into a film in 1958. It was adapted as a television film 2001. American television producer Bob Mann wanted Michener to co-create a weekly anthology series from Tales of the South Pacific. Rodgers and Hammerstein, however, owned all rights to the novel. Michener did lend his name as the creator of a different and unrelated television series, Adventures in Paradise, the series had nothing to do with World War II, but rather followed the fictional adventures of a current-day schooner sailing around the South Pacific. Guadalcanal Campaign Photos of the first edition of Tales of the South Pacific
Tales of the South Pacific
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Hardback 1st edition cover
10.
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
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The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, as the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, it was one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily a total of three, in 31 years under the Novel name, the prize was awarded 27 times, in its first 69 years to 2016 under the Fiction name,62 times. In 11 years, no novel received the award and it has never been shared by two authors. Three writers have won two each in the Fiction category, Booth Tarkington, William Faulkner, and John Updike. Ernest Hemingway was selected by the 1941 and 1953 juries, but the former was overturned and no 1941 award was given
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
11.
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal—the highest civilian award of the United States. The award is not limited to U. S. citizens and, while it is an award, it can also be awarded to military personnel. It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy, President John F. Kennedy established the current decoration in 1963 through Executive Order 11085, with unique and distinctive insignia, vastly expanded purpose, and far higher prestige. It was the first U. S. civilian neck decoration and, in the grade of Awarded With Distinction, is the only U. S. sash and star decoration. The Executive Order calls for the medal to be awarded annually on or around July 4, and at other convenient times as chosen by the president, Recipients are selected by the president, either on his own initiative or based on recommendations. The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a source of such recommendations. The medal may be awarded to a more than once. It may also be awarded posthumously, examples include John F, golden American bald eagles with spread wings stand between the points of the star. It is worn around the neck on a ribbon with white edge stripes. When the medal With Distinction is awarded, the star may be presented descending from a neck ribbon, the sash and medal of the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction has never been worn in public since its inception. Andrew Presidential Medal of Freedom, an article from jfklibrary. org, Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients, a list of recipients from May 5,1993, through August 19,2009, from senate. gov, the U. S. Senates official website. Hosted on georgewbush-whitehouse. archives. gov, a section of the U. S. National Archives, Medal of Freedom Ceremony, a news release, August 12,2009, from the White House Press Secretary at whitehouse. gov, the White Houses official website. War Figures Honored With Medal of Freedom, The New York Times, December 15,2004
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Presidential Medal of Freedom
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Graphical representation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Medal and accoutrements including undress ribbon, miniature, and lapel badge.
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Civil Rights leader
A. Philip Randolph receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from president
Lyndon B. Johnson on September 14, 1964.
12.
Hawaii (novel)
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Hawaii is a novel by James Michener. The novel was published in 1959, the same year Hawaii became the 50th U. S. state, the book has been translated into 32 languages. The historical correctness of the novel is high, although the narrative about the early Polynesian inhabitants is based more on folklore than anthropological and archaeological sources, the story begins with the creation of the islands themselves at the dawn of time and ends in the mid-1950s. Each section explores the experiences of different groups of arrivals, most of the chapters cover the arrivals of different peoples to the islands. Chapter 1, From the Boundless Deep describes the creation of the Hawaiian land from volcanic activity, goes into flavorful detail describing such things as primary succession taking root on the island, to life finally blooming. Chapter 2, From the Sunswept Lagoon follows the creation of the isles which is mentioned in the preceding chapter, tamatoa suggests to his brother and friends that they should migrate to some other place where they might find religious freedom. After finally agreeing to this plan, his brother secretly puts fire to Havaiki to take revenge for the sacrifices they have been demanding from Bora Borans. Later they take the canoe Wait for the West Wind and sail to Hawaii, later some voyage back to Bora Bora to bring back with them some women and children and an idol of the volcano goddess, Pere. Chapter 3, From the Farm of Bitterness follows the journey of the first Christian missionaries to Hawaii in the 1800s and their influence over Hawaiian culture, many of the missionaries become founding families in the islands, including the Hales and Whipples. Micheners character Reverend Abner Hale is a caricature of true-life missionary Hiram Bingham I, chapter 4, From the Starving Village covers the immigration of Chinese to work on the pineapple and sugarcane plantations. The patriarch of the Kee family contracts leprosy and is sent to the colony in Molokai. Chapter 5, From The Inland Sea focuses on Japanese workers brought to the islands to replace Chinese laborers who begin to start their own businesses, also covers the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Chapter 6, The Golden Men summarizes the changes in Hawaiian culture, in 1966, parts of the book were made into the film Hawaii, starring Max von Sydow and Julie Andrews. The film focused on the third chapter, From the Farm of Bitterness. The films ending, however, is inconsistent with the content of the novel, a sequel, The Hawaiians, starring Charlton Heston, covered subsequent chapters of the book, including the arrival of the Chinese and Japanese and the growth of the plantations. Synopsis of publication history and critical reactions
Hawaii (novel)
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First edition
13.
The Drifters (novel)
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The Drifters is a novel by Pulitzer Prize-winning author James A. Michener, published in 1971 by Random House. The novel follows six characters from diverse backgrounds and various countries as their paths meet and they travel together through parts of Spain, Portugal, Morocco. The story is told from the perspective of the narrator, George Fairbanks, Mr. Fairbanks is connected with nearly every character in some way, and they all seem to open up to him throughout the novel in one way or another. In the first chapter, Joe is introduced as a disenfranchised youth who is enrolled at the University of California during the Vietnam War. After Joe realizes that with his grades he is going to get drafted, he hitchhikes to Yale University, after being referred to a woman in Boston named Gretchen, she helps him get into Canada, and he eventually goes to Torremolinos, Spain. While looking for a job and a place to stay, he takes over the ownership of a bar called The Alamo, in keeping with the theme throughout the book, the second chapter is about the character Britta, an 18-year-old girl from Tromsø, Norway. After finishing school, she finds a job in an office at the docks, but eventually becomes curious about the world beyond Tromsø, once in Torremolinos, she loves it and finds a job as a waitress in a bar called The Alamo. Here, a man named Jean-Victor finds her a place to stay and she is introduced as living with her father in the Republic of Vwarda, where Monica becomes rebellious and begins to cause a stir in Vwardas Royal Family. She is forced out of the country and runs away with a pilot to Torremolinos. She meets a man named Jean-Victor, who finds her a place to live with a woman from Norway and a man from the United States. The fourth character of the book is Cato, he is introduced as the son of the Reverend Claypool Jackson, Cato Jackson is a sophomore at University of Pennsylvania, whom the narrator meets at a drugstore where he stumbles upon a shooting of a local drugstore owner. After meeting Mr. Fairbanks, he and Cato talk all night, Cato then runs off to Torremolinos, where he finds shelter in an apartment with a few other runaways of his own age. In the fifth chapter of the book, the character Yigal is introduced as the son of a dean at a college in Haifa, Israel. He is shuffled between Israel and America throughout his youth, and even fights and becomes a hero in the Six-Day War, after a few months he moves back to England with his other grandfather and begins to engage in a lot of reading and in conversations with his grandfather. Eventually his grandfather suggests that he needs to spend time away, and he suggests the south of Spain. Gretchen is introduced as an intelligent girl from Boston who, at the age of 19, has already completed her bachelors degree. After campaigning across the United States for McCarthys nomination in Chicago at the Democratic Convention, during the riots she, during the process she is sexually assaulted, but the policemen who did it deny it, and nothing is ever done about it. Upon enrolling at the University of Besançon and living with her peers for a little while, someone suggests Torremolinos, so she buys a yellow pop-top van and begins to live out of it in Torremolinos
The Drifters (novel)
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First edition cover
14.
Centennial (novel)
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Centennial is a novel by American author James A. Michener, published in 1974. Centennial traces the history of the plains of northeast Colorado from prehistory until the early 1970s, geographic details about the fictional town of Centennial and its surroundings indicate that the region is in modern-day Weld County. Since the novel was written, the Denver suburb of Centennial has been incorporated, much of his book was based on the Weld County city of Greeley. Many episodes in the book are based on actual historical events in eastern Colorado and southeast Wyoming. For example, The Massacre is based on the Sand Creek Massacre which took place in Kiowa County, other parts of the book are loosely based on a family from Sterling in Logan County. Centennial was made into a popular television miniseries, also titled Centennial, that aired on NBC from October 1978 through February 1979. In 2008, NBC Universal began to market a six volume DVD set, the Commission, The fictional preface for the book. The Land, The formation of the Earth, specifically the Rockies, the Inhabitants, A series of stories about animals that supposedly lived near what would become Centennial, from the dinosaur Diplodocus to the arrival of man. The Many Coups of Lame Beaver, A biography of Lame Beaver, the Yellow Apron, The lives of the beaver trappers Pasquinel and Alexander McKeag. The Wagon and the Elephant, Describes Levi Zendts journey out of Pennsylvania in search of a new life in Oregon, the Massacre, Frank Skimmerhorn leads the militia to massacre a group of Arapaho. The Cowboys, Chronicles a cattle drive from Texas to Centennial, the Hunters, Describes three separate Buffalo hunts which led to the near extermination of the Buffalo in the west. A Smell of Sheep, The arrival of sheepmen in Colorado, the Crime, Describes the arrival of the Wendell family in Centennial and the crime that they commit. Central Beet, Describes the establishment of the beet industry. Drylands, The arrival of farming to Colorado from the perspective of the Grebe family. November Elegy, A snapshot of the life of Paul Garrett, a descendant of many of the characters from previous chapters
Centennial (novel)
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First edition cover
15.
The Source (novel)
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The Source is a historical novel by James A. Michener, first published in 1965. It is a survey of the history of the Jewish people, the Source uses, for its central device, a fictional tell in northern Israel called Makor. Prosaically, the name comes from a well just north of Makor. Unlike most Michener novels, this book is not in chronological order. A parallel frame story set in Israel in the 1960s supports the historical timeline, archaeologists digging at the tell at Makor uncover artifacts from each layer, which then serve as the basis for a chapter exploring the lives of the people involved with that artifact. The book follows the story of the Family of Ur from a Stone Age family whose wife begins to believe there is a supernatural force. The descendants are not aware of the ancient antecedents revealed to the reader by the writer as the story progresses through the Davidic kingdom, Hellenistic times, Roman times. The site is continually inhabited until the end of the Crusades when it is destroyed by the victorious Mameluks and is not rebuilt by the Ottomans, the Tell –1963, three archeologists, a Jew, a Catholic, and a Muslim, are at a modern archeological dig. The story moves back and forth between the chapters and the modern dig at the tell at Makor. The Bee-Eater – Introduction to the Ur family in Stone Age times, an Old Man and His God – Bronze Age, an early view of Hebrews as they moved from the desert life into Canaan and brought along the early teachings of El Shaddai. Makor is sacked by the Hebrews in 1491 BCE, Psalm of the Hoopoe Bird – Takes place 1040–970 BCE, during the last years of King David. The Voice of Gomer – Takes place 605 BCE –562 BCE, following the Egyptian defeat at the Battle of Carchemish, Nebuchadnezzar II marches into the Levant and deports the Jews to Babylon. In the Gymnasium – 222–187 BCE, Jewish life under the Seleucid Empire, King of the Jews –74 BCE –4 CE, this chapter is told in epistolary form and describes the rise of the ambitious Herod the Great to his eventual downfall into madness. Yigal and His Three Generals – 12-70 CE, this begins with rule of the mad Caligula. After his death, he was replaced by the madder Nero, who ordered Vespasian to repress Josephus, the Law – This chapter takes place after the Empress Helenas pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Christianity is being forced in Galilee as churches are mass-produced and this chapter is about two Jews who convert to Christianity due to the strictness of the Talmud, but are soon disenfranchised by the Christian Schism. This chapter is also the origin of St. Mark. A Day in the Life of a Desert Rider – This chapter begins with the introduction of Islam to the Holy Land by Muslim conquests, volkmar – This chapter opens with Peter the Hermit as he travels the European countryside in search of participants for the ill-fated Peoples Crusade
The Source (novel)
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First edition
16.
Chesapeake (novel)
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Chesapeake is a novel by James A. Michener, published by Random House in 1978. The story deals with several families living in the Chesapeake Bay area, the storyline, like much of Micheners work, depicts a number of characters over a long time period. Each chapter begins with a voyage which provides the foundation for the chapter plot, the last voyage, a funeral, is in 1978. The religious element of the novel applies to the Steeds, who are Roman Catholic, at one point there is a religious debate between Ralph Steed, a priest, and Ruth Brinton, a matriarch of the Paxmore family. Their disagreement is mainly about slavery, slavery is an overriding theme of the entire book. The Steeds are great landowners and one of the greatest holders of slaves in the colonies, whereas the Paxmores and it is said that the Choptank Quakers Association is the first religious organization to ban slavery. Later in the book, Cudjo Cater is captured in Africa and put to work on the Steed plantation, the Cater family is forever affected by slavery, even after emancipation, as evidenced when Jeb Cater tries to get his son treated for an ear infection. Prior to the American Civil War, the Paxmores form the Maryland link of the Underground Railroad to Pennsylvania, poverty is best shown in the living standards of the Turlocks, who live in a marsh on the riverside. However, by the end of the book, at least some of the Turlocks have risen out of poverty. The head of the Turlock family by 1978 is a real estate broker, selling waterside properties to a well-heeled clientele. The other side of poverty is the place in the township dubbed The Neck in the 20th century, living standards are greatly reduced in The Neck, with the school teacher managing multiple years, and children counting themselves privileged to have either a book or a desk. The Neck is eventually burned down by black activists, one of them Jeb Caters son, industry is seen in how each family builds their life up around them due to need, and eventually flourishes. It starts with Pentaquod, the Indian, who settles on a clifftop which is paradise to him, edmund Steed settles on Devon Island and builds his home, complete with chapel, and founds his great plantation from the ground up with land bought from the Indians. The Steeds eventually own thousands of acres and are extremely wealthy, the Paxmores start with Edward Paxmore, a Quaker carpenter, being banished from Massachusetts and building his house on a cliff overlooking the Choptank. He learns how to build a boat because of necessity and with help from Indians. His boat building business becomes highly successful and thrives in the township, the Caters struggle for a long time, until Big Jimbo Cater becomes a cook for an oyster harvesting skipjack sailing vessel. He eventually earns enough money to buy his own skipjack, which he staffs with his family, the Caveneys, who emigrated from Ireland due to the Great Potato Famine, are easily assimilated into the town, and become central characters in the oyster and duck subplots. As can be seen from each familys success through determination, the message is that they worked hard, most of the events of the novel take place on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, and, more specifically, on and around the Choptank River
Chesapeake (novel)
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First edition cover
17.
Caribbean (novel)
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The author mixes fact and fiction, as he notes in the foreword. For example, the story about the island of All Saints is purely fictional, in researching the book, Michener traveled the Caribbean for three years and consulted over 400 books. A Hedge of Croton, the invasion of the Caribs in the Arawak homelands, death of Greatness, the classic Mayan Period. Christopher Columbus in Hispaniola, the trial of Christopher Columbus after his ruthless rule of Hispaniola, the Spanish Lake, the adventures of Sir Francis Drake. Big Storms in Little England, history of Barbados, the Buccaneer, stories of Henry Morgan and English privateers. The Sugar Interest, a story that revolves around the island St. Johns. A Wedding on Nevis, the accounts of Horatio Nelson, the Creoles, a history of Guadeloupe, a French colony. The Tortured Land, Haiti and the Haitian Revolution, marshal Law, the Morant Bay rebellion and following legal battle between John Stuart Mill and Alfred Tennyson. Letters of Introduction, an account of All Saints Island. The Scholar, a story of a young Trinidadian scholar who leaves the University of West Indies to stay in Miami shortly after the Cuban exile wave of immigration. The Rasta Man, a story of a young Rastafarian whose travels to All Saints Island revolve around the Caribbean obsession over the sport of cricket. Twins, a story of a two Cuban refugees returning to Cuba, which culminates in their meeting with Fidel Castro. The Golden Sea, a character meets descendants and other characters from previous chapters
Caribbean (novel)
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First edition cover
18.
Caravans (novel)
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Caravans, a novel by James A. Michener, was published in 1963. The story is set in Afghanistan immediately following World War II, during his journey through Afghanistan, Miller comes to a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances of contemporary Afghan life. His travels also reveal the similarities of human nature across cultural and social boundaries, the novel was the basis of a 1978 film with the same title starring Anthony Quinn and Jennifer ONeill
Caravans (novel)
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First edition cover
19.
Alaska (novel)
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Alaska is a historical novel by James A. Michener, published in 1988. Like other Michener titles, Alaska spans a considerable amount of time, published in 1988 by Random House, Alaska is 868 pages long. Along with the reading, Michener provides a table of contents, a list of acknowledgements, the third item offers the reader an insight into what occurred in real life and what the author invented. A sweeping description of the formation of the North American continent, the reader follows the development of the Alaskan terrain over millennia. If the movement is two inches a year, which it often is, we can expect Los Angeles to arrive off Anchorage in about seventy-six million years. The plot of this follows the mastodons, sabre-toothed tigers. First, the animals are discussed in general terms, then, in the second half of the chapter, the reader learns about a specific mammoth named Mastodon, and another named Matriarch. The plot follows Matriarch and her family, as they encounter man for the first time, the reader meets some of the early Eskimos, particularly a man named Oogruk and his family. The chapter details the hunting of a whale as well as the beginning of hunting sea otters for fur by the Russians. This chapter tells of the exploration of Alaska along with Russias first encounters with the native peoples, including the brutal slaughter of many native people. The duel referred to in the title is the one between the shamanism of the native people and the Christianity of the Russian settlers. After the men from one tribe are taken away to aid in hunting and they learn to pilot kayaks, something that had been forbidden to them, and ultimately harpoon a small whale to ensure their survival. After the Russians return, a girl named Cidaq is purchased and taken to Kodiak Island, however, she goes through with the wedding and becomes a battered wife. At the end of the chapter, Michener states that Christianity won over shamanism, but in the process and this chapter further details the clashes between the Native people and the Russians, most specifically the Battle of Sitka. The events are shown through the eyes of a Native named Raven-heart and an Arkady Voronov, Arkady Voronov marries a Russian woman who moves to Alaska, and together they navigate the Yukon River. The chapter also explains the death of Alexander Baranov and ends with the purchase of Alaska by the United States of America and this chapter shows the clash between two rival ship captains, Captains Schransky and Michael Healy. Meanwhile, Reverend Sheldon Jackson, a missionary, travels to Alaska to further establish it as a state and he sets about establishing Christian missions of various denominations to further spread Christianity to the native people of Alaska. The eighth chapter tells of the surrounding the Alaskan gold rush using the fictitious Venn family
Alaska (novel)
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1st edition cover
20.
Texas (novel)
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Texas is a novel by American writer James A. Michener based on the history of the Lone Star State. At 1,076 pages, it was the longest Michener novel published by Random House, given the success of his previous novels, the company did a first printing of 750,000 copies, the largest in the companys history. Michener did extensive research on the novel in Texas, receiving support from the state government. Governor Bill Clements offered him access to state archives and research staff at the University of Texas at Austin. Texas Monthly magazine did not like the novel, awarding Michener its Bum Steer of the Year Award for the works hackneyed dialogue, the journal, however, made peace with Michener later. The novel was adapted as a 1994 made-for-TV movie of the name, directed by Richard Lang and featuring actors Stacy Keach, Benjamin Bratt, Rick Schroder. The TV daytime series Texas is not related to the book or film, Texas at the Internet Movie Database
Texas (novel)
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1st edition cover
21.
Poland (novel)
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Poland is a historical novel written by James A. Michener and published in 1983 detailing the times and tribulations of three Polish families across eight centuries, ending in the then-present day. Michener was hired by a company to travel to a foreign country to shoot a documentary. He was offered support to go anywhere in the world and Michener decided to make the trip to Poland, following this, Michener made several trips back to Poland and conducted extensive study of Polands history and culture. He began writing the book in 1979 and it was published four years later, the book, written in an episodic format, tells the story of three families and the many generations of each family throughout the history of Poland. The three families are fictional as are the characters in the book. The plot, however, takes place throughout the history of Poland, the events are largely real events in which the fictional characters interact. The book spans over seven hundred years and this historic meeting draws media attention from the United States, Japan, Russia and Western Europe. From the East, Invasion by Tatars in the years 1240 to 1241 and this chapter tells the story of the historic Mongol invasion of Poland, the battle of Tursko, the Siege of Kraków and the Battle of Legnica. From the West, Occupation by the Teutonic Knights in the fourteenth century. From the North, Invasion by Sweden and the Polish–Swedish wars taking place during the seventeenth century and this chapter describes the downfall of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Deluge. From the South, Invasion by Ottoman Empire and this chapter tells the story of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Battle of Vienna. It takes place in the seventeenth century. The Golden Freedom, This chapter takes place in the eighteenth century and it discusses Polish politics in the late eighteenth century and different political figures from that time. The novel depicts the partitioning of Poland and the subsequent Kościuszko Uprising, mazurka, This chapter, which is set in Vienna at the height of the Habsburg monarchy, discusses the life of Polish exiles during the partition period. It takes place at the end of the 19th century, shattered Dreams, This chapter takes place in the beginning of the twentieth century after the Reconstitution of Poland. The chapter ends with the Russian Communists defeat at the Battle of Komarów, or the Battle of Zamość, the Terror, Invasion and occupation by the Nazis during World War II, including the Holocaust in Poland, and the subsequent Soviet occupation. Much attention is devoted to the Polish resistance movement in World War II, bukowski versus Buk, The novel picks up where it left off in chapter one back in the present day. The chapter title represents the shift in power in the negotiations, “A Pole is a man born with a sword in his right hand, a brick in his left
Poland (novel)
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First edition cover
22.
Iberia (book)
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Iberia, by James A. Michener, is a detailed and illustrated exploration of Spain as it was during the mid-1960s. The author takes a measured, literary view on subjects as the Moorish occupation, Islam, Catholicism, Francisco Franco. Michener shows to be prescient, as in his talk of national cycles of rebirth. And one of days, will be true even of Russia. Though we fight against it and blind our eye and conscience to the fact
Iberia (book)
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First edition
23.
South Pacific (musical)
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South Pacific is a musical composed by Richard Rodgers, with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and book by Hammerstein and Joshua Logan. The work premiered in 1949 on Broadway and was an immediate hit, the plot of the musical is based on James A. Micheners Pulitzer Prize-winning 1947 book Tales of the South Pacific and combines elements of several of those stories. Rodgers and Hammerstein believed they could write a musical based on Micheners work that would be successful and, at the same time. A secondary romance, between a U. S. lieutenant and a young Tonkinese woman, explores his fears of the consequences should he marry his Asian sweetheart. The issue of prejudice is candidly explored throughout the musical, most controversially in the lieutenants song. Supporting characters, including a comic petty officer and the Tonkinese girls mother, the original Broadway production enjoyed immense critical and box-office success, became the second-longest running Broadway musical to that point, and has remained popular ever since. After they signed Ezio Pinza and Mary Martin as the leads, Rodgers, the piece won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1950. Especially in the Southern U. S. its racial theme provoked controversy, the production won ten Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Score, and Best Libretto, and it is the only musical production to win Tony Awards in all four acting categories. Its original cast album was the record of the 1940s. The show has enjoyed many revivals and tours, spawning a 1958 film. The 2008 Broadway revival, a success, ran for 996 performances and won seven Tonys. Although book editor and university instructor James Michener could have avoided military service in World War II as a birthright Quaker, he enlisted in the U. S. Navy in October 1942. He was not sent to the South Pacific theater until April 1944 and he survived a plane crash in New Caledonia, the near-death experience motivated him to write fiction, and he began listening to the stories told by soldiers. One journey took him to the Treasury Islands, where he discovered an unpleasant village, called Bali-hai, populated by scrawny residents, struck by the name, Michener wrote it down and soon began to record, on a battered typewriter, his version of the tales. On a plantation on the island of Espiritu Santo, he met a woman named Bloody Mary, she was small, almost toothless and she told him also of her plans to oppose colonialism in French Indochina. These stories, collected into Tales of the South Pacific, won Michener the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for fiction, Tales of the South Pacific comprises nineteen stories. Each stands independently but revolves around the preparation for an American military operation to dislodge the Japanese from a nearby island and this operation, dubbed Alligator, occurs in the penultimate story, The Landing at Kuralei. Many of the die in that battle, and the last story is titled The Cemetery at Huga Point
South Pacific (musical)
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Original Broadway poster (1949)
South Pacific (musical)
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Rodgers (left) and Hammerstein
South Pacific (musical)
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Ezio Pinza
South Pacific (musical)
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Mary Martin
24.
Richard Rodgers
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Richard Charles Rodgers was an American composer of music for more than 900 songs and for 43 Broadway musicals. He also composed music for films and television and he is best known for his songwriting partnerships with the lyricists Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II. His compositions have had a significant impact on popular music up to the present day and he has also won a Pulitzer Prize, making him one of two people to receive each award. Richard began playing the piano at age six,10, Townsend Harris Hall and DeWitt Clinton High School. Rodgers spent his teenage summers in Camp Wigwam where he composed some of his first songs. Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, and later collaborator Oscar Hammerstein II all attended Columbia University, at Columbia, Rodgers joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. In 1921, Rodgers shifted his studies to the Institute of Musical Art, Rodgers was influenced by composers such as Victor Herbert and Jerome Kern, as well as by the operettas his parents took him to see on Broadway when he was a child. In 1919, Richard met Lorenz Hart, thanks to Phillip Leavitt, Rodgers and Hart struggled for years in the field of musical comedy, writing several amateur shows. They made their debut with the song Any Old Place With You. Their first professional production was the 1920 Poor Little Ritz Girl and their next professional show, The Melody Man, did not premiere until 1924. When he was just out of college Rodgers worked as director for Lew Fields. Among the stars he accompanied were Nora Bayes and Fred Allen, Rodgers was considering quitting show business altogether to sell childrens underwear, when he and Hart finally broke through in 1925. They wrote the songs for a show presented by the prestigious Theatre Guild, called The Garrick Gaieties. Only meant to run one day, the Guild knew they had a success, the shows biggest hit — the song that Rodgers believed made Rodgers and Hart — was Manhattan. The two were now a Broadway songwriting force, throughout the rest of the decade, the duo wrote several hit shows for both Broadway and London, including Dearest Enemy, The Girl Friend, Peggy-Ann, A Connecticut Yankee, and Present Arms. Their 1920s shows produced standards such as Here in My Arms, Mountain Greenery, Blue Room, My Heart Stood Still, with the Depression in full swing during the first half of the 1930s, the team sought greener pastures in Hollywood. Rodgers also wrote a melody for which Hart wrote three consecutive lyrics which either were cut, not recorded or not a hit, the fourth lyric resulted in one of their most famous songs, Blue Moon. In 1935, they returned to Broadway and wrote an almost unbroken string of hit shows that only with Harts death in 1943
Richard Rodgers
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Richard Rodgers
Richard Rodgers
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Richard Rodgers (seated) with
Lorenz Hart in 1936.
Richard Rodgers
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Rodgers was the subject of a two-part special on
Ed Sullivan 's Toast of the Town television show in 1952.
25.
Oscar Hammerstein II
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Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein II was an American librettist, theatrical producer, and theatre director of musicals for almost forty years. Hammerstein won eight Tony Awards and two Academy Awards for Best Original Song, many of his songs are standard repertoire for singers and jazz musicians. Hammerstein was the lyricist and playwright in his partnerships, his collaborators wrote the music, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music. Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein II was born in New York City and his grandfather was the German theatre impresario Oscar Hammerstein I. His father was from a Jewish family, and his mother was the daughter of Scottish and English parents, although Hammersteins father managed the Victoria Theatre for his father and was a producer of vaudeville shows, he was opposed to his sons desire to participate in the arts. Hammerstein attended Columbia University and studied at Columbia Law School until 1917, as a student, he maintained high grades and engaged in numerous extracurricular activities. These included playing first base on the team, performing in the Varsity Show and becoming an active member of Pi Lambda Phi. When he was 19, and still a student at Columbia, his father died of Brights disease, June 10,1914, symptoms of which doctors originally attributed to scarlet fever. On the train trip to the funeral with his brother, he read the headlines in the New York Herald, the New York Times wrote, Hammerstein, the Barnum of Vaudeville, Dead at Forty. Two hours later, taps was sounded over Broadway, writes biographer Hugh Fordin, after his fathers death, he participated in his first play with the Varsity Show, entitled On Your Way. Throughout the rest of his career, Hammerstein wrote and performed in several Varsity Shows. After quitting law school to pursue theatre, Hammerstein began his first professional collaboration, with Herbert Stothart, Otto Harbach and he began as an apprentice and went on to form a 20-year collaboration with Harbach. Out of this came his first musical, Always You, for which he wrote the book. It opened on Broadway in 1920, in 1927, Kern and Hammerstein had their biggest hit, Show Boat, which is often revived and is still considered one of the masterpieces of the American musical theatre. Here we come to a new genre — the musical play as distinguished from musical comedy. The play was the thing, and everything else was subservient to that play, came complete integration of song, humor and production numbers into a single and inextricable artistic entity. Many years later, Hammersteins wife Dorothy bristled when she heard a remark that Jerome Kern had written Ol Man River, Jerome Kern wrote dum, dum, dum-dum. My husband wrote Ol Man River, other Kern-Hammerstein musicals include Sweet Adeline, Music in the Air, Three Sisters, and Very Warm for May
Oscar Hammerstein II
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Hammerstein about 1940
Oscar Hammerstein II
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Hammerstein watching audition at the
St. James Theatre
Oscar Hammerstein II
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Hammerstein with his first wife, Myra Finn, photographed aboard a ship.
26.
South Pacific (1958 film)
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South Pacific is a 1958 American romantic musical film adaptation of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific, and based on James A. Micheners Tales of the South Pacific. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Sound for Fred Hynes. Cutting as Admiral Kester Joe Bailey as U. S. commander Buck Class and Richard Kiser as Fighter pilots Note, the producers decided to tackle a big-screen adaptation of South Pacific as their next project. 20th Century Fox partially invested in the production in exchange for distribution rights. Additionally, all the departments and department heads were Foxs, the producers original plan was to have Ezio Pinza and Mary Martin, the two leads of the original Broadway cast, reprise their roles for the film, but Pinza died. Had he survived long enough to perform in the film, the producers would have cast Martin. Instead, Doris Day was offered the part of Nellie, but passed, Elizabeth Taylor tested for the same role, logan later heard her sing but was unable to persuade Rodgers to change his mind. Ultimately, Mitzi Gaynor, who had work in musical films. Rossano Brazzi was cast as Emile, a role that was first offered to established stars as Charles Boyer, Vittorio De Sica. Walston, a noted Broadway musical actor, played the part of Seabee Luther Billis, the film includes the use of colored filters during many of the song sequences, which has been a source of criticism for the film. All of the songs from the production were retained for the film. A song entitled My Girl Back Home, sung by Lt. Cable and Nellie, Emile is not shown in the film until about thirty minutes into it, in the film, Nellie first appears during the scene with the Seabees. Juanita Hall sang in the production and took part in the recording of the stage production cast album. However, she had her singing dubbed for the version by Muriel Smith. Metropolitan Opera star Giorgio Tozzi provided the voice for the role of Emile de Becque in the film. John Kerr starred as 2nd Lt. Joseph Cable, USMC, ken Clark, who played Stewpot, was dubbed by Thurl Ravenscroft. Gaynor and Walston were the principal cast members whose own singing voices were used. Criticism of the color filters did not prevent the film topping the box office of 1958
South Pacific (1958 film)
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Theatrical release poster
27.
South Pacific (2001 film)
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Rodgers & Hammersteins South Pacific is a 2001 made-for-television movie, based on the musical South Pacific. This ABC production was directed by Richard Pearce, and starred Glenn Close, Harry Connick, Jr. and it was also released on DVD. South Pacific was filmed primarily in Australia, with scenes shot in Moorea. Sixteen songs from the musical are featured in the movie, which omitted the well-known song Happy Talk and cut the even more popular song Bali Hai in half. Several new scenes, such as Nellie and Emiles very first meeting at the club, were added. The sex scenes between Liat and Lt. Cable were also dealt with more frankly in the film than in the 1949 musical. Glenn Close - Nellie Forbush Harry Connick, Jr. - Lt. Close, lean and more mature, Im stuck like a dope with a thing like hope means one thing when you are in your 20s, something else when you are not. He also noted that the movie is produced, better than the stagy 1958 film. The other cast members, including Ms. Close, also sing well, theres a heightened sense of drama and tension in the remake because the war is closer at hand. Also removed, whether easily or not, is My Girl Back Home, and yet there are musical highlights that all but leap from the screen, probably the highest being Closes infectious Wonderful Guy. Cuts made in Im Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair for the 58 movie have been restored, and she also tears merrily into Nellies numbers. Has less resonance with audiences today and it was cut, in the 2008 Oxford Companion to the American Musical, Thomas Hischak wrote, South Pacific was an odd mixture of faithful Rodgers and Hammerstein and some headstrong changes that give one pause. Glenn Closes Nellie was neither young nor a hick, exuding more sophistication than an Empress, Rade Serbedzija was a short, scruffy, beach bum of an Emile who sang with a tenor voice. Whether this was foolhardy casting or an interpretation is a matter of opinion. A DVD was released on August 28,2001, special features include deleted scenes and behind-the-scenes look at the making of the movie. In 2013, the film was reissued on DVD by Mill Creek Entertainment in a double-feature DVD set that includes the 1993 TV remake of Gypsy, a soundtrack from the TV production was released on March 20,2001. This Nearly Was Mine Honey Bun - Glenn Close, Ilene Graff Finale Ultimo - Glenn Close My Girl Back Home - Glenn Close, list of television films produced for American Broadcasting Company South Pacific at the Internet Movie Database South Pacific at AllMovie
South Pacific (2001 film)
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DVD cover
South Pacific (2001 film)
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South Pacific: Original TV Soundtrack
28.
Electoral College (United States)
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Citizens of the United States vote in each state at a general election to choose a slate of electors pledged to vote for a partys candidate. The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president, each state chooses electors, amounting in number to that states combined total of senators and representatives. There are a total of 538 electors, corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators, the Constitution bars any federal official, elected or appointed, from being an elector. The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College, all states except Maine and Nebraska and California before 1913 have chosen electors on a winner-take-all basis since the 1880s. Under the winner-take-all system, the electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state. Maine and Nebraska use the congressional district method, selecting one elector within each district by popular vote. Although no elector is required by law to honor their pledge. If no person receives a majority of votes for vice president, then the Senate will select the vice president. The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions, the Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president. Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election, however once the Electoral College had been decided on, several delegates openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal, corruption, intrigue, and faction. Some delegates, including James Wilson and James Madison, preferred popular election of the executive, the right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States, and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes. The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections, the Convention approved the Committees Electoral College proposal, with minor modifications, on September 6,1787. Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut, New Jersey, in The Federalist Papers, James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution. 39, Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state-based and population-based government, Congress would have two houses, the state-based Senate and the population-based House of Representatives. Meanwhile, the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes, alexander Hamilton in Federalist No.68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College. The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only and this avoided a party-run legislature, or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election. Hamilton explained the election was to place among all the states. The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College, Hamilton argued, electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public
Electoral College (United States)
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Certificate for the electoral vote for
Rutherford B. Hayes and
William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana
Electoral College (United States)
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Electoral College map showing the results of the
2012 U.S. presidential election. President
Barack Obama (
D -
IL) won the popular vote in 26 states and the
District of Columbia (denoted in blue) to capture 332 electoral votes. Former Governor
Mitt Romney (
R -
MA) won the popular vote in 24 states (denoted in red) to capture 206 electoral votes.
29.
Religious Society of Friends
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Quakers are members of a historically Christian group of religious movements generally known as the Religious Society of Friends. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity, to differing extents, the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures. In 2007, there were about 359,000 adult Quakers, in 2012, there were 377,055 adult Quakers. Some meetings of both types have Recorded Ministers in their meetings—Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry, the first Quakers lived in mid-17th century England. The movement arose from the Legatine-Arians and other dissenting Protestant groups, some of these early Quaker ministers were women. They emphasized a personal and direct experience of Christ, acquired through both direct religious experience and the reading and studying of the Bible. Quakers focused their private life on developing behaviour and speech reflecting emotional purity, in the past, Quakers were known for their use of thee as an ordinary pronoun, refusal to participate in war, plain dress, refusal to swear oaths, opposition to slavery, and teetotalism. & J. Clark and the big three British confectionery makers Cadbury, Rowntree and Frys, and philanthropic efforts, including abolition of slavery, prison reform, during and after the English Civil War many dissenting Christian groups emerged, including the Seekers and others. A young man named George Fox was dissatisfied with the teachings of the Church of England and he had a vision on Pendle Hill in Lancashire, England, in which he believed that the Lord let me see in what places he had a great people to be gathered. Following this he travelled around England, the Netherlands, and Barbados preaching and teaching with the aim of converting new adherents to his faith, the central theme of his Gospel message was that Christ has come to teach his people himself. His followers considered themselves to be the restoration of the true Christian church, in 1650, Fox was brought before the magistrates Gervase Bennet and Nathaniel Barton, on a charge of religious blasphemy. According to George Foxs autobiography, Bennet was the first that called us Quakers and it is thought that George Fox was referring to Isaiah 66,2 or Ezra 9,4. Thus, the name Quaker began as a way of ridiculing George Foxs admonition, Quakerism gained a considerable following in England and Wales, and the numbers increased to a peak of 60,000 in England and Wales by 1680. This was relaxed after the Declaration of Indulgence and stopped under the Act of Toleration 1689, with the restructuring of the family and household came new roles for women, Fox and Fell viewed the Quaker mother as essential to developing holy conversation in her children and husband. Quaker women were responsible for the spirituality of the larger community, coming together in meetings that regulated marriage. The persecution of Quakers in North America began in 1656 when English Quaker missionaries Mary Fisher and they were considered heretics because of their insistence on individual obedience to the Inner Light. They were imprisoned and banished by the Massachusetts Bay Colony and their books were burned, and most of their property was confiscated. They were imprisoned in terrible conditions, then deported, in 1660, English Quaker Mary Dyer was hanged on Boston Common for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony
Religious Society of Friends
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Heritage-listed Quaker meeting house,
Sydney,
Australia
Religious Society of Friends
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Symbol used by Friends' service organizations since the late 19th century
Religious Society of Friends
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James Nayler, a prominent Quaker leader, being pilloried and whipped
Religious Society of Friends
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William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, as a young man
30.
Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
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Swarthmore is a borough in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. Swarthmore was originally named Westdale in honor of noted painter Benjamin West, the name was changed to Swarthmore after the establishment of Swarthmore College. Swarthmore can be pronounced with the first r either vocalized or dropped due to differences in rhotic and non-rhotic accents, the borough population was 6,194 as of the 2010 census. The borough was part of Springfield Township, and grew up around Swarthmore College. The advent of rail service from Philadelphia in the 1880s greatly enhanced the desirability of the borough as a commuter suburb. The Ogden House and Benjamin West Birthplace are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Swarthmore is located in east-central Delaware County at 39°54′6″N 75°20′49″W. It is bordered to the north, east, and southwest by Springfield Township, to the southeast by Ridley Township, crum Creek, a south-flowing tributary of the Delaware River, forms the western boundary of the borough. According to the United States Census Bureau, Swarthmore borough has an area of 1.40 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,170 people,1,993 households, the population density was 4,460.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,064 housing units at a density of 1,492.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 85. 87% White,5. 49% Asian,4. 72% African American,0. 24% Native American,0. 05% Pacific Islander,1. 07% from other races, and 2. 56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 37% of the population,27. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the family size was 3.04. In the borough the population was out, with 20. 5% under the age of 18,24. 4% from 18 to 24,18. 9% from 25 to 44,22. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 89.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $138,653, and the median income for a family was $187,874. Males had an income of $71,750 versus $51,117 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $40,482, about 0. 5% of families and 2. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 1. 7% of those age 65 or over
Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
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Parrish Hall at Swarthmore College
Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
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The Ogden House
31.
Phi Delta Theta
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Phi Delta Theta, also known as Phi Delts, is an international social fraternity founded at Miami University in 1848 and headquartered in Oxford, Ohio. Phi Delta Theta, along with Beta Theta Pi and Sigma Chi form the Miami Triad, the fraternity has about 185 active chapters and colonies in over 43 U. S. states and five Canadian provinces and has initiated more than 251,000 men between 1848 and 2014. There are over 142,000 living alumni, Phi Delta Theta chartered house corporations own more than 135 houses valued at over $141 million as of summer 2015. There are nearly 100 recognized alumni clubs across the U. S. and these cardinal principles are contained in The Bond of Phi Delta Theta, the document to which each member pledges on his initiation into the fraternity. McCain Sr. U. S. Navy Admiral and grandfather of John McCain, in 1839, Beta Theta Pi was founded at Miami University in Ohio. After the president expelled most of the involved in the uprising. These men are known today as The Immortal Six, the first meeting was held in Wilsons room at Old North Hall, now called Elliott Hall. During the early meetings, the Founders wrote The Bond of Phi Delta Theta and it has remained unchanged ever since, and it is believed to be the only document of any fraternity of such a nature. Morrison designed the shield form of the badge, with the eye as an emblem, the first branch of Phi Delta Theta was founded at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio in 1848. Fearing punishment from the university, the activities of the fraternity were sub rosa for its first three years of existence, eventually, as the organization attracted new individuals into their membership including prominent university officials, members began to openly wear their badges indicating their affiliation. Phi Delta Theta held its first convention in 1851 in Cincinnati, the event was attended by seven members. Despite the limited number, positive steps were taken for the establishment of new chapters by forming an expansion committee and it was also during the first convention where the chapter at Miami University was designated as the Grand Chapter whose duties were to oversee the overall fraternity operations. Subsequent conventions were held again in Cincinnati five years later, Bloomington, Indiana in 1858, another convention was held in 1864 in Bloomington during the American Civil War. The Civil War was difficult for all fraternities, battles put fraternity brother against fraternity brother. Fifty Phis fought on the side of the Confederacy while 231 Phis fought for the Union Army and it was not until the 1868 Indianapolis convention that the first steps in the creation of an overall administration took place. The convention was regarded as the first National Convention as permanent convention rules were adopted during this time, twelve years later, the most important of all Phi Delta Theta conventions took place. The Indianapolis Convention of 1880 established new ritual, insignia, moreover, the convention saw the creation of the General Council, the governing body of the fraternity, with Walter B. Palmer, Emory-Vanderbilt 1877, and George Banta, Franklin-Indiana 1876, becoming the president and historian, the convention also called for the organization of groups of chapters into provinces, which were to be headed by province presidents
Phi Delta Theta
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Room where Phi Delta Theta was founded. It is used by undergraduates of the parent chapter in recognition of achievement.
Phi Delta Theta
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Phi Delta Theta
Phi Delta Theta
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50th Anniversary of Phi Delta Theta with Founders Morrison and Lindley in the fore front. From the 1898 Convention.
Phi Delta Theta
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Members of Phi Delta Theta at
West Point in 1917, before their deployment in the First World War
32.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
Bachelor of Arts
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A certificate or diploma evidencing the granting of a bachelor's degree
33.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
Scotland
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Edinburgh Castle. Human habitation of the site is dated back as far as the 9th century BC, although the nature of this early settlement is unclear.
Scotland
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Flag
Scotland
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The class I
Pictish stone at
Aberlemno known as Aberlemno 1 or the Serpent Stone.
Scotland
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The
Wallace Monument commemorates
William Wallace, the 13th-century Scottish hero.
34.
St. Andrews
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St Andrews is a town on the east coast of Fife in Scotland,10 miles southeast of Dundee and 30 miles northeast of Edinburgh. The town is home to the University of St Andrews, the third oldest university in the English-speaking world, according to some rankings, it is ranked as the third best university in the United Kingdom, behind Oxbridge. The University is an part of the burgh and during term time students make up approximately one third of the towns population. St Andrews has a population of 16,800, the town is named after Saint Andrew the Apostle. There has been an important church in St Andrews since at least the 8th century, the settlement grew to the west of St Andrews cathedral with the southern side of the Scores to the north and the Kinness burn to the south. The burgh soon became the capital of Scotland, a position which was held until the Scottish Reformation. The famous cathedral, the largest in Scotland, now lies in ruins, St Andrews is also known worldwide as the home of golf. Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches. The Martyrs Memorial, erected to the honour of Patrick Hamilton, George Wishart, the civil parish has a population of 18,421. The earliest recorded name the area is Muckross, after the founding of a religious settlement in Muckross in around 370 AD, the name changed to Cennrígmonaid. This is Old Gaelic and composed of the elements cenn, ríg and this became Cell Rígmonaid and was anglicised Kilrymont. The modern Gaelic spelling is Cill Rìmhinn, the name St Andrews derives from the towns claim to be the resting place of bones of the apostle Andrew. According to legend, St Regulus brought the relics to Kilrymont and this is the origin of a third name for the town Kilrule. The first inhabitants who settled on the fringes of the rivers Tay. This was followed by the people who settled around the modern town around 4,500 BC as farmers clearing the area of woodland. In AD877, king Causantín mac Cináeda built a new church for the Culdees at St Andrews and later the same year was captured and executed after defending against Viking raiders. In AD906, the became the seat of the bishop of Alba. In 940 Constantine III abdicated and took the position of abbot of the monastery of St Andrews, the establishment of the present town began around 1140 by Bishop Robert on an L-shaped vill, possibly on the site of the ruined St Andrews Castle
St. Andrews
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St Andrews, seen from the top of St Rule's Tower
St. Andrews
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St Andrews Cathedral in 1845
St. Andrews
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The Martyrs Memorial
St. Andrews
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St Andrews Town Hall
35.
Fife
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Fife is a council area and historic county of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with boundaries to Perth and Kinross. By custom it is held to have been one of the major Pictish kingdoms, known as Fib. It is an area, and was a county of Scotland until 1975. It was very occasionally known by the anglicisation Fifeshire in old documents, a person from Fife is known as a Fifer. Fife was a government region divided into three districts, Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy and North-East Fife. Since 1996 the functions of the councils have been exercised by the unitary Fife Council. Fife is Scotlands third largest local authority area by population and it has a resident population of just under 367,000, over a third of whom live in the three principal towns of Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy and Glenrothes. The historic town of St Andrews is located on the northeast coast of Fife and it is well known for the University of St Andrews, one of the most ancient universities in the world and is renowned as the home of golf. Fife, bounded to the north by the Firth of Tay, the earliest known reference to the common epithet The Kingdom of Fife dates from only 1678, in a proposition that the term derives from the quasi-regal privileges of the Earl of Fife. The notion of a kingdom may derive from a misintrepretation of an extract from Wyntoun, the name is recorded as Fib in A. D.1150 and Fif in 1165. It was often associated with Fothriff, the hill-fort of Clatchard Craig, near Newburgh, was occupied as an important Pictish stronghold between the sixth and eighth centuries AD. Fife was an important royal and political centre from the reign of King Malcolm III onwards, Malcolm had his principal home in Dunfermline and his wife Margaret was the main benefactor of Dunfermline Abbey. The Abbey replaced Iona as the resting place of Scotlands royal elite. The Earl of Fife was until the 15th century considered the principal peer of the Scottish realm, wool, linen, coal and salt were all traded. Salt pans heated by local coal were a feature of the Fife coast in the past, the distinctive red clay pan tiles seen on many old buildings in Fife arrived as ballast on trading boats and replaced the previously thatched roofs. This endeavour lasted until 1609 when the colonists, having been opposed by the population, were bought out by Kenneth Mackenzie. Fife became a centre of industry in the 19th century
Fife
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Coat of arms
Fife
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Fife Fife Fìobha
Fife
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Fife House, seat of Fife Council
Fife
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Fifeshire & Kinross-shire Civil Parish map. http://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee01wils#page/n778/mode/1up Parishes outlined in red
36.
North Sea
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The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and it is more than 970 kilometres long and 580 kilometres wide, with an area of around 570,000 square kilometres. The North Sea has long been the site of important European shipping lanes as well as a major fishery, the North Sea was the centre of the Vikings rise. Subsequently, the Hanseatic League, the Netherlands, and the British each sought to dominate the North Sea and thus the access to the markets, as Germanys only outlet to the ocean, the North Sea continued to be strategically important through both World Wars. The coast of the North Sea presents a diversity of geological and geographical features, in the north, deep fjords and sheer cliffs mark the Norwegian and Scottish coastlines, whereas in the south it consists primarily of sandy beaches and wide mudflats. Due to the population, heavy industrialization, and intense use of the sea and area surrounding it. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean, in the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, the North Sea is more than 970 kilometres long and 580 kilometres wide, with an area of 570,000 square kilometres and a volume of 54,000 cubic kilometres. Around the edges of the North Sea are sizeable islands and archipelagos, including Shetland, Orkney, the North Sea receives freshwater from a number of European continental watersheds, as well as the British Isles. A large part of the European drainage basin empties into the North Sea including water from the Baltic Sea, the largest and most important rivers flowing into the North Sea are the Elbe and the Rhine – Meuse watershed. Around 185 million people live in the catchment area of the rivers discharging into the North Sea encompassing some highly industrialized areas, for the most part, the sea lies on the European continental shelf with a mean depth of 90 metres. The only exception is the Norwegian trench, which extends parallel to the Norwegian shoreline from Oslo to a north of Bergen. It is between 20 and 30 kilometres wide and has a depth of 725 metres. The Dogger Bank, a vast moraine, or accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris and this feature has produced the finest fishing location of the North Sea. The Long Forties and the Broad Fourteens are large areas with uniform depth in fathoms. These great banks and others make the North Sea particularly hazardous to navigate, the Devils Hole lies 200 miles east of Dundee, Scotland. The feature is a series of trenches between 20 and 30 kilometres long,1 and 2 kilometres wide and up to 230 metres deep. Other areas which are less deep are Cleaver Bank, Fisher Bank, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the North Sea as follows, On the Southwest
North Sea
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North Sea
North Sea
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The German North Sea coast
North Sea
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The
Afsluitdijk (Closure-dike) is a major dam in the Netherlands
North Sea
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Zuid-Beveland,
North Sea flood of 1953
37.
The Hill School
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The Hill School is a coeducational preparatory boarding school located in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, about 35 miles northwest of Philadelphia. The Hill is part of the Ten Schools Admissions Organization, the School opened on May 1,1851, enrolling 25 boys for the first year. According to Paul Chancellor’s The History of The Hill School, 1851-1976, “He wanted to stress that he was not founding still another academy, there is a tendency to think that the boys’ boarding school as we know it existed as long as there have been private schools. Most of the 12 to 15 schools generally considered the group were established in the last half of the nineteenth century. Of this whole group of schools, The Hill was the first to be founded as a boarding school. In the thirty-five years of John Meigs administration The Hill, as it is known to all its boys, has one of the great secondary schools of the country. It might be said to bear the same relation to the English public schools of Rugby and Eton and it has the traditions of scholarship, good breeding, and moral ideals characteristic of the English-speaking race, and with them it has the spirit of American democracy. With the admission of 88 girls In 1918, faculty created an air school for children which has become the The Wyndcroft School. In 1910, several teachers purchased the Rust family farm in Wolfeboro and it also offered water sports, and other outdoor activities, and hired teachers from other prominent schools, and attracted students from both the US and abroad. The camp is currently run by the Wolfeboro Camp School. Areas of the school are included under the High Street Historic District Each grade at The Hill is known as a form, ninth grade is called third form, tenth grade is called fourth form, and so forth. The School’s academic year is divided into trimesters, casual academic dress and casual dress codes apply at other times. Two required nondenominational Chapel services are held during the school week, voluntary worship services are offered each weekend during the school year. The pipe club used to be an club for 5th and 6th formers for the purpose of smoking tobacco during leisure time and it operated by charging a membership fee, as well as from the sale of cigarettes. Playing cards was permitted in the Pipe club on Tuesdays and Thursdays only at the club. Indoor smoking with a lit flame is also grounds for immediate dismissal The Hill is one of the private schools in the United States to have a DECA club. Unlike at other schools, this is an independent activity, as The Hill does not offer courses in marketing. Despite this, several students make it to the international level
The Hill School
–
Aerial View of the Quad
The Hill School
–
Whatsoever things are true.
38.
Pottstown, Pennsylvania
–
Pottstown is a borough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States about 40 miles northwest of Philadelphia and 20 miles southeast of Reading, on the Schuylkill River. Pottstown was laid out in 1752–53 and named Pottsgrove in honor of its founder, the old name was abandoned at the time of the incorporation as a borough in 1815. In 1888, the limits of the borough were considerably extended, Pottstown is the center of a productive farming and dairying region. In the past, its iron and steel interests were very extensive, in 1900,13,696 people lived there, in 1910,15,599, in 1920,17,431, and in 1940,20,194 people lived there. The population was 22,377 at the 2010 census, Pottstown is not to be confused with Pottsville, a city in Schuylkill County well known for being the home of the Yuengling brewery. Modern-day Pottstown is established on land deeded to William Penn. Germans, Swedes and English were among the first European settlers in the area, after establishment of the first iron forge in 1714, Pottstowns fortunes became tied to the iron industry. Eventually, blast furnaces for production of iron and later opened in the area. Iron and steel production brought the Potts family, iron masters by trade and they established a forge in the area and built a large home just west of the Manatawny Creek. John Potts founded a town in 1761 on part of the 995 acres that he owned and it is the home of the nations oldest mills, Pottstown Roller Mill. Over time, Pottsgrove grew and in 1815, was incorporated under the name Pottstown becoming the borough in Pennsylvania after Norristown. The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad mainline between Reading and Philadelphia reached Pottstown in 1838, the extension of the railroad to Mount Carbon in 1842 facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods which helped Pottstowns economy to grow. In the few years following the extension of the railroad, the population grew from 600 to 1,850 residents, Pottstowns metal production grew and notably, steel from the borough was used in the Panama Canal and Golden Gate Bridge. In 1944, the adopted a city manager form of government. By 1964, the saw the need to re-organize the municipal government. At the time, it had one of the largest borough councils in the state and this was reduced to seven members in redrawn wards. Pottstown has a city form of government with a mayor. The mayor is Sharon Thomas and the manager is Mark Flanders, the borough is part of the Sixth Congressional District, the 146th State House District and the 44th State Senate District
Pottstown, Pennsylvania
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High Street, east of North Hanover Street, looking north.
Pottstown, Pennsylvania
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Pottsgrove Manor, located on the west end of town, was the home of John Potts.
39.
George School
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George School is a private Quaker boarding and day high school located on a rural campus near Newtown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was founded at its present site in 1893, and has grown from a building to over 20 academic, athletic. Besides the usual college preparatory courses, including an International Baccalaureate program and these include service learning trips and community service requirements, an emphasis on social justice and environmental concerns, required arts courses, and community-based decision making. George School was founded in 1891 and opened in 1893 and it is named for John M. George who donated much of the money for the school. It was intended as a school for Hicksite members of the Religious Society of Friends who wanted an alternative to Orthodox Westtown School, the two schools have remained friendly rivals in athletics, although the sectarian rift between them was resolved in the 1950s. The Patterson Cup is awarded each year to the school which has won the most varsity, an alumni fundraising competition between the schools, the Machemer Cup also exists. The campus was built on 227 acres of the Worth Farm, the owners retained 60 acres, including the 1756 Tate House and 1804 Worth House. The bulk of the property was given over in the early years to a farm managed for the benefit of the school. The schools milk and much of the meat was produced there until the farm was closed in 1967, the remaining property including the two historic houses was purchased in 1945. Parts of the campus were leased or given over to Newtown Friends School in 1947, the first headmaster, George Maris, had been a strong voice in favor of guarded education, separated from worldly vices, for Hicksite Friends. He was one of the group of Hicksites who courted George, the new headmaster, Joseph Walton, had been a leading candidate for the presidency of Swarthmore College, the Hicksite-sponsored Friends college, in 1898. During his tenure as head of George School, the school overcame what had been a balance sheet by expanding. A new dormitory, Drayton Hall, was built in 1903, unlike Maris, he was an opponent of the idea of guarded education, and encouraged arts education. He died of an ulcer, aged 57. George Walton, the son of Joseph Walton, served as headmaster from 1912 to 1948, there was little new construction during his term, but considerable social change. The enrollment nearly doubled, from 226 to 425, while the number of Quakers attending remained about the same, the first black student was accepted in the 1940s, and social dancing and football were introduced. Outside of the school, he was a prominent voice within the Friends community, after retiring from George School, he was an instrumental figure in reconciling the Hicksite and Orthodox Philadelphia Yearly Meetings in 1955. In 1950, the first of almost twenty years of German workcamps began, in the late 1960s, these affiliations and work camps began to spread, to Russia, Africa, and Latin America, and came to include work projects domestically
George School
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Bensalem Township
40.
Newtown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Newtown is a borough in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,248 at the 2010 census and it is located just west of the Trenton, New Jersey metropolitan area, and is part of the larger Philadelphia metropolitan area. It is entirely surrounded by Newtown Township, from which it separated in 1838, State Street is the main commercial thoroughfare with wide sidewalks, shops, taverns, and restaurants. Travel ranked Newtown Borough seventh in their annual 10 Coolest Small Towns in America list, there is a thriving Amish Market in Newtown Township, and perhaps this could explain the confusion. While there are small pockets of Amish communities in Bucks County, this is much more characteristic of Central Pennsylvania. Newtown was founded by William Penn in 1684, Newtown was one of several towns that Penn had organized around Philadelphia to provide country homes for city residents and to support farming communities. It was the county seat of Bucks County from 1726 until 1813, after his December 26,1776 morning march to Trenton, and before the Battle of Princeton, General George Washington made his headquarters in Newtown. Newtown was incorporated on April 16,1838 and has been enlarged three times since, in 1969 Newtowns entire central business district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. This designation was due to Newtowns historic clock tower. Newtown is enhanced by unique boutiques, colleges, cuisine, a climate for industry, Pennsylvania’s most popular state park, the Law School Admission Council is headquartered in Newtown Township. As a result, many American lawyers have heard of Newtown, the oldest operating movie theater in America is Newtown Theatre at 120 North State Street. Newtown is known for its wealth of history, one of the most noted former residents of Newtown was painter Edward Hicks. He lived in Newtown for over forty years with his family, Newtown has an established historical society called the Newtown Historic Association. The Newtown Hardware House has been in operation for over 130 years. Newtown is located at 40°13′42″N 74°55′56″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.6 square miles, all of it land. The Newtown Creek, a tributary of the Neshaminy Creek, runs North to South and is the boundary between the borough and the township of Newtown. State Street runs through Newtowns main commercial area and intersects with Washington Avenue at the boroughs infrastructural center, Pennsylvania routes 532,332, and 413 converge in and around Newtown. The Newtown Bypass runs to the west and south of the borough, on April 22,2014, by act of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, it was renamed Brian S. Gregg Memorial Highway
Newtown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Borough of Newtown
Newtown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Keystone Marker in Newtown
Newtown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Reading passenger train in Newtown, circa 1948.
41.
Greeley, Colorado
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The City of Greeley is the Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Weld County, Colorado, United States. Greeley is in northern Colorado and is situated 49 miles north-northeast of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. According to a July 2015 estimate by the U. S. Census Bureau, the population of the city is 100,883, Greeley is a major city of the Front Range Urban Corridor. The town was named after Horace Greeley, editor of the New-York Tribune and it was founded as the Union Colony in 1869, an experimental utopian society, but the name was later changed in honor of Horace Greeley. Governor Benjamin Harrison Eaton declared Greeley an official city on April 6,1886, Greeley was built on farming and agriculture but kept up with most modern technologies as they grew. Telephones were in town by 1883 with electric lights downtown by 1886, automobiles were on the roads alongside horse drawn buggies by 1910. KFKA became one of the first radio stations to broadcast in the USA in 1922, Greeley housed two POW camps in 1943, during World War II. One was for German POWs and the other was for Italian POWs, a vote to allow the sale of alcohol passed by a mere 477 votes in 1969, thus ending Temperance in the city. The Greeley Philharmonic Orchestra was started in 1911, in 1958, Greeley became the first city to have a Department of Culture. Greeley is still growing and changing today, its population has more than doubled since 1970, Greeley is located in the area previously occupied by the Overland Trail station of Latham. The Latham station was built in 1862 and named in honor of Milton S. Latham, the stagecoach station was at the confluence of the South Platte River and the Cache la Poudre River. It is believed that here occurred the birth of the first white child born in Colorado, fort Latham was the headquarters of the government troops during the Indian conflicts of 1860-64 and the county seat. Greeley began as the Union Colony, which was founded in 1869 as a utopian community based on temperance, religion, agriculture, education. Meeker, a reporter from New York City. The name Union Colony was later changed to Greeley in honor of Horace Greeley, who was Meekers editor at the New York Tribune, Greeley is located at 40°24′54″N 104°43′26″W. Elevation above sea level is 4,658 feet, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 30.0 square miles, of which 29.9 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles is water. Greeley is bordered on the south by the towns of Evans and Garden City, the Greeley/Evans area is bounded on the south by the South Platte River, and the Cache la Poudre River flows through north Greeley. Highways 85 and 34 is often cited as the location of Greeley, Greeley contains the western terminus of State Highway 257 and borders State Highway 392 on the north
Greeley, Colorado
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The Weld County Courthouse in Greeley
Greeley, Colorado
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City Hall.
Greeley, Colorado
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The Union Colony Civic Center, a performing arts facility in Greeley.
Greeley, Colorado
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Guggenheim Hall, University of Northern Colorado.
42.
Macmillan Publishers
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Macmillan Publishers Ltd is an international publishing company owned by Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. It has offices in 41 countries worldwide and operates in more than thirty others, Macmillan was founded in 1843 by Daniel and Alexander Macmillan, two brothers from the Isle of Arran, Scotland. Alfred Tennyson joined the list in 1884, Thomas Hardy in 1886, other major writers published by Macmillan included W. B. Chaudhuri, Seán OCasey, John Maynard Keynes, Charles Morgan, Hugh Walpole, Margaret Mitchell, C. P. Snow, Rumer Godden and Ram Sharan Sharma. Beyond literature, the company created such enduring titles as Nature, Macmillan established an office in New York City. It sold its American division in 1896, which published as the Macmillan Company, Macmillan Publishers re-entered the American market in 1954 under the name St. Martins Press. After retiring from politics in 1964, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan became chairman of the company and he had been with the family firm as a junior partner from 1920 to 1940, and from 1945 to 1951 while he was in the opposition in Parliament. The company was one of the oldest independent publishing houses until 1995, Holtzbrinck purchased the remaining shares in 1999, ending the Macmillan familys ownership of the company. Even with the split of the American company from its parent company in England, George Brett, Jr. and he came to the United States with his family in the service of Macmillans of England and built up a business of approximately $50,000 before he died. By my father, who eventually incorporated The Macmillan Company of New York, I succeeded my father, and we currently doing a business of approximately $12,000,000. So then, the name of Brett and the name of Macmillan have been and are synonymous in the United States, pearson acquired the Macmillan name in America in 1998, following its purchase of the Simon & Schuster educational and professional group. Holtzbrinck purchased it from them in 2001, mcGraw-Hill continues to market its pre-kindergarten through elementary school titles under its Macmillan/McGraw-Hill brand. The US operations of Georg von Holtzbrinck are now known as Macmillan, one of the leading companies is Macmillan, that started by selling British English dictionaries and textbooks that were adapted for Russian readers. Their site website provides Russian teachers and students with an access for tests, competitions, contests and information on scheduled online seminars. By some estimates, as of 2009 e-books account for three to five per cent of total sales, and are the fastest growing segment of the market. Following the announcement of the Apple iPad on 27 January 2010—a product that comes with access to the iBookstore—Macmillan gave Amazon, in the latter case, Amazon. com would receive a 30 per cent commission. Amazon responded by pulling all Macmillan books, both electronic and physical, from their website, on 31 January 2010, Amazon chose the agency model preferred by Macmillan. In April 2012, the United States Department of Justice filed United States v. Apple Inc. naming Apple, Macmillan, the suit alleged that they conspired to fix prices for e-books, and weaken Amazon. coms position in the market, in violation of antitrust law
Macmillan Publishers
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2008 conference booth
Macmillan Publishers
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This logo appeared in
Leslie Stephen's biography of
Alexander Pope, published by Macmillan & Co in 1880.
43.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
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Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
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The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
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Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
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Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
44.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
United States Navy
United States Navy
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United States Navy portal
United States Navy
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USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente during the
Quasi-War
United States Navy
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USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere during the
War of 1812
45.
South Pacific Ocean
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The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the Earths oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, the Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres. Both the center of the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean, the oceans current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521, as he encountered favourable winds on reaching the ocean. He called it Mar Pacífico, which in both Portuguese and Spanish means peaceful sea, important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times. Long-distance trade developed all along the coast from Mozambique to Japan, trade, and therefore knowledge, extended to the Indonesian islands but apparently not Australia. By at least 878 when there was a significant Islamic settlement in Canton much of trade was controlled by Arabs or Muslims. In 219 BC Xu Fu sailed out into the Pacific searching for the elixir of immortality, from 1404 to 1433 Zheng He led expeditions into the Indian Ocean. The east side of the ocean was discovered by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 after his expedition crossed the Isthmus of Panama and he named it Mar del Sur because the ocean was to the south of the coast of the isthmus where he first observed the Pacific. Later, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed the Pacific East to West on a Castilian expedition of world circumnavigation starting in 1519, Magellan called the ocean Pacífico because, after sailing through the stormy seas off Cape Horn, the expedition found calm waters. The ocean was often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century, sailing around and east of the Moluccas, between 1525 and 1527, Portuguese expeditions discovered the Caroline Islands, the Aru Islands, and Papua New Guinea. In 1542–43 the Portuguese also reached Japan, in 1564, five Spanish ships consisting of 379 explorers crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi and sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands. The Manila galleons operated for two and a half centuries linking Manila and Acapulco, in one of the longest trade routes in history, Spanish expeditions also discovered Tuvalu, the Marquesas, the Cook Islands, the Solomon Islands, and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific. In the 16th and 17th century Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a Mare clausum—a sea closed to other naval powers, as the only known entrance from the Atlantic the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships. On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines, Spain also sent expeditions to the Pacific Northwest reaching Vancouver Island in southern Canada, and Alaska. The French explored and settled Polynesia, and the British made three voyages with James Cook to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii, and the North American Pacific Northwest, one of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the Malaspina Expedition of 1789–1794. It sailed vast areas of the Pacific, from Cape Horn to Alaska, Guam and the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Pacific. Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by other European powers, and later, Japan, in Oceania, France got a leading position as imperial power after making Tahiti and New Caledonia protectorates in 1842 and 1853 respectively. After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888, by occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations
South Pacific Ocean
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Maris Pacifici by
Ortelius (1589). One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean; see also
Waldseemüller map (1507).
South Pacific Ocean
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The Pacific Ocean
South Pacific Ocean
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USS
Lexington under air attack on 8 May 1942 during the
Battle of the Coral Sea
South Pacific Ocean
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Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1702–1707.
46.
Marc Mitscher
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Mitscher was born in Hillsboro, Wisconsin on January 26,1887, the son of Oscar and Myrta Mitscher. Mitschers grandfather, Andreas Mitscher, was a German immigrant from Traben-Trarbach and his other grandfather, Thomas J. Shear, was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. During the western land boom of 1889, when Marc was two old, his family resettled in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, where his father. His uncle, Byron D. Shear, would become mayor. Mitscher attended elementary and secondary schools in Washington, D. C and he received an appointment to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland in 1904 through Bird Segle McGuire, then U. S. An indifferent student with a sense of military deportment, Mitschers career at the naval academy did not portend the accomplishments he would achieve later in life. Nicknamed after Annapoliss first midshipman from Oklahoma, Peter Cassius Marcellus Cade, soon he was referred to as Oklahoma Pete, with the nickname shortened to just Pete by the winter of his youngster year. Having amassed 159 demerits and showing poorly in his class work, at the insistence of his father, Mitscher re-applied and was granted reappointment, though he had to re-enter the academy as a first year plebe. This time the stoic Mitscher worked straight through, and on June 3,1910, following graduation he served two years at sea aboard USS Colorado, and was commissioned ensign on March 7,1912. In August 1913, he served aboard USS California on the West Coast, during that time Mexico was experiencing a political disturbance, and California was sent to protect U. S. interests and citizens. Mitscher took an early interest in aviation, requesting a transfer to aeronautics while aboard Colorado in his last year as a midshipman, after graduating he continued to make requests for transfer to aviation while serving on the destroyers USS Whipple and USS Stewart. Mitscher was in charge of the room on USS Stewart when orders to transfer to the Naval Aeronautic Station in Pensacola. Mitscher was assigned to the armored cruiser USS North Carolina, which was being used to experiment as a platform for aircraft. The ship had been fitted with a catapult over her fantail, Mitscher trained as a pilot, earning his wings and the designation Naval Aviator. Mitscher was one of the first naval aviators, receiving No.33 on June 2,1916, almost a year later, on April 6,1917, he reported to the renamed armored cruiser USS West Virginia for duty in connection with aircraft catapult experiments. At this early date the Navy was interested in using aircraft for scouting purposes, lieutenant Mitscher was placed in command of NAS Dinner Key in Coconut Grove, Florida. Dinner Key was the second largest naval air facility in the U. S. and was used to train seaplane pilots, on July 18,1918, he was promoted to lieutenant commander. In February 1919, he transferred from NAS Dinner Key to the Aviation Section in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, on May 10,1919, Mitscher was among a group of naval aviators attempting the first transatlantic crossing by air
Marc Mitscher
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Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher during World War II
Marc Mitscher
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Naval aviator Marc A. Mitscher, circa 1916. Mitscher was among the first
naval aviators.
Marc Mitscher
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NC-4 prior to the transatlantic crossing.
Marc Mitscher
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Lt. Colonel
James Doolittle and Captain Marc Mitscher on board USS Hornet.
47.
United States presidential election, 1960
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The United States presidential election of 1960 was the 44th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8,1960. The Republican Party nominated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, while the Democratic Party nominated John F. Kennedy, the incumbent President, Republican Dwight D. This was the first presidential election in which voters in Alaska and Hawaii were able to participate, Kennedy received 112,827 more votes than Nixon nationwide and although Nixon won the popular vote contest in more individual states, Kennedy won a 303 to 219 Electoral College victory. The 1960 presidential election was the closest election since 1916, which can be explained by a number of factors. Kennedy benefited from the recession of 1957–58, which hurt the standing of the incumbent Republican Party. Furthermore, the new votes that Kennedy, the first Roman Catholic president, Kennedys campaigning skills decisively outmatched Nixons. In the end, Nixons emphasis on his experience carried little weight, Kennedy used his large, well-funded campaign organization to win the nomination, secure endorsements, and, with the aid of the last of the big-city bosses, get out the vote in the big cities. Kennedy relied on running mate Lyndon B. Johnson to hold the South, following the election, Nixon unsuccessfully ran for governor of California in 1962, before making a successful campaign for the presidency in 1968, winning re-election by a landslide in 1972. He was later the first United States President to resign, following the Watergate Scandal and this election also features the last time the state of Ohio was on the losing end of the presidential election. From 1964 onward, the candidate who won Ohio won the election nationwide, several other candidates sought support in their home state or region as favorite son candidates without any realistic chance of winning the nomination. Symington, Stevenson, and Johnson all declined to campaign in the presidential primaries, realizing that this was a strategy touted by his opponents to keep the public from taking him seriously, Kennedy stated frankly, Im not running for vice-president, Im running for president. The next step was the primaries, Kennedys Roman Catholic religion was an issue. Kennedy first challenged Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey in the Wisconsin primary, Kennedys attractive sisters, brothers, and wife Jacqueline combed the state looking for votes, leading Humphrey to complain that he felt like an independent merchant competing against a chain store. The first televised debate of 1960 was held in West Virginia, humphreys campaign was low on funds and could not compete for advertising and other get-out-the-vote drives with Kennedys well-financed and well-organized campaign. In the end, Kennedy defeated Humphrey with over 60% of the vote, West Virginia showed that Kennedy, a Catholic, could win in a heavily Protestant state. Although Kennedy had only competed in nine primaries, Kennedys rivals, Johnson and Symington. Following the primaries, Kennedy traveled around the nation speaking to state delegations, as the Democratic Convention opened, Kennedy was far in the lead, but was still seen as being just short of the delegate total he needed to win. The 1960 Democratic National Convention was held in Los Angeles, California, in the week before the convention opened, Kennedy received two new challengers when Lyndon B
United States presidential election, 1960
–
All 537 electoral votes of the
Electoral College 269 electoral votes needed to win
United States presidential election, 1960
United States presidential election, 1960
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Senator John F. Kennedy from
Massachusetts
United States presidential election, 1960
–
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson from
Texas (later selected as vice presidential candidate)
