1.
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
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Doylestown is a borough and the county seat of Bucks County in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. It is located 27 miles north of Philadelphia and 80 miles southwest of New York City, as of the 2010 census, the borough population was 8,380. Doylestowns origins date to 1745 when William Doyle obtained a license to build a tavern on what is now the northwest corner of Main, the first church was erected in 1815, followed by a succession of congregations throughout the 19th century. As the population of Central and Upper Bucks County grew throughout the 18th and into the 19th century, discontent developed with the county seats location in Newtown, the county seat moved north to the more centrally located Doylestown in 1813. An outgrowth of Doylestowns new courthouse was the development of lawyers row, one positive consequence of early 19th-century investment in the new county seat was organized fire protection, which began in 1825 with the Doylestown Fire Engine Company. In 1838 the Borough of Doylestown was incorporated, an electric telegraph station was built in 1846, and in 1856 the North Pennsylvania Railroad completed a branch to Doylestown. The first gas lights were introduced in 1854, during the mid-19th century, several large tracts located east of the courthouse area were subdivided into neighborhoods. The next significant wave of development occurred after the Civil War, in 1869 Doylestown established a water works. The first telephone arrived in 1878, the same year that a new courthouse was erected. 1897 saw the first of several trolley lines connecting Doylestown with Willow Grove, Newtown, a private sewer system and treatment plant were authorized in 1903. The Borough took over and expanded service to about three-quarters of the town in 1921. In the early 20th century, Doylestown became best known to the world through the Tools of the Nation-Maker museum of the Bucks County Historical Society. Henry Chapman Mercer constructed the concrete building in 1916 to house his collection of mechanical tools and utensils. Upon his death in 1930, Mercer also left his similarly constructed home Fonthill and adjacent Moravian Pottery and Tile Works, the home was left on the condition that his housekeeper be allowed to live there for the rest of her life. She lived there and gave tours until the mid-1970s, in 1916, Doylestown Country Club was established and still operates a private golf course and caddy program. The Great Depression took its toll, as many old houses constructed a century earlier fell into disrepair. During the 1930s, the Borough also expanded its area to the north by admission of the tract known as the Doylestown Annex. In the decade following World War II, Doylestowns business community boomed, during the 1940s, streets were paved for the first time in two decades and parking meters were introduced downtown in 1948
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
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Bucks County Court House
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
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The
Fountain House, at the corner of State and Main Streets, was built in 1758 and is on the
National Register of Historic Places
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
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The Mercer Museum of the Bucks County Historical Society in Doylestown
Doylestown, Pennsylvania
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The County Theater in the
Doylestown Historic District
2.
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Bucks County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 625,249, making it the fourth-most populous county in Pennsylvania, the county is named after the English county of Buckinghamshire. Bucks County is included in the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is located immediately northeast of Philadelphia and forms part of the southern tip of the eastern state border. Bucks County is one of the three counties created by colonial proprietor William Penn in 1682. Penn named the county after Buckinghamshire, the county where he lived in England and he built a country estate called Pennsbury Manor in Falls Township, Bucks County. Bucks County was originally larger than it is today. Northampton County was formed in 1752 from part of Bucks County, general George Washington and his troops camped in Bucks County as they prepared to cross the Delaware River to take Trenton, New Jersey, by surprise on the morning of December 26,1776. Their successful attack on Britains Hessian forces was a point in the American War of Independence. The town of Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania and Washington Crossing Historic Park were named to commemorate the event. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 622 square miles. Bucks County shares a border with Montgomery County, and also borders Philadelphia to the southwest. From north to south, it is linked to Warren, Hunterdon, Mercer, tohickon Creek and Neshaminy Creek are the largest tributaries of the Delaware in Bucks County. Tohickon Creek empties into the river at Point Pleasant and Neshaminy at Croydon, the population density was 1,034.7 people per square mile. 4. 4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, as of the census of 2000, there were 218,725 households, and 160,981 families residing in the county. There were 225,498 housing units at a density of 371 per square mile. 20. 1% were of German,19. 1% Irish,14. 0% Italian,7. 5% English and 5. 9% Polish ancestry, according to Census 2000. 21. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.17. In the county, the population was out with 25. 70% under the age of 18,7. 00% from 18 to 24,30. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 30% from 45 to 64
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Bucks County Courthouse
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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The Mercer Museum in Doylestown Borough
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Levittown, aerial view, circa 1959
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
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Bucks County is home to a number of
covered bridges, 10 of which are still open to highway traffic and two others (situated in parks) are open to non-vehicular traffic. Shown here is the Schofield Ford Covered Bridge over the Neshaminy Creek in Tyler State Park.
3.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
Pennsylvania
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World's End State Park, Sullivan County
Pennsylvania
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Flag
Pennsylvania
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Autumn in North Branch Township,
Wyoming County, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
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Penn's Treaty with the Indians, by
Edward Hicks
4.
Austin
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Austin is the capital of the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. It is the 11th-most populous city in the U. S. and it is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. As of the U. S. Census Bureaus July 1,2015 estimate and it is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1,2016. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River, in 1839, the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republics first secretary of state. The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into a city and, by the 1980s, it emerged as a center for technology. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including Amazon. com, cisco, eBay, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Texas Instruments, 3M, and Whole Foods Market. Dells worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin, residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to an influx of technology. In the late 1800s, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown because of the glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name, Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars. The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U. S. for the year 2012, U. S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U. S. in 2017. Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9200 BC. When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area, the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, in 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in area for only about seven months
Austin
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Downtown skyline as seen from
Lady Bird Lake
Austin
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An 1873 illustration of Edwin Waller's layout for Austin
Austin
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Statue of the Goddess of Liberty on the
Texas State Capitol Grounds prior to installation on top of the rotunda
Austin
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Bob Bullock Texas History Museum in Austin. Its mission is to "tell The Story of Texas".
5.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
Texas
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Sam Rayburn Reservoir
Texas
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Flag
Texas
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Texas Hill Country
Texas
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Big Bend National Park.
6.
Swarthmore College
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Swarthmore College is a private liberal arts college located in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania,11 miles southwest of Philadelphia. Founded in 1864, Swarthmore was one of the earliest coeducational colleges in the United States, the school was organized by a committee of Quakers from three Hicksite yearly meetings, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York. Swarthmore was established to be a college. under the care of Friends, by 1906, Swarthmore dropped its religious affiliation, becoming officially non-sectarian. Swarthmore is a member of the Tri-College Consortium, a cooperative arrangement among Swarthmore, Bryn Mawr, in addition, the College is affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania through the Quaker Consortium, allowing for students to cross-register for classes at all four institutions. The name Swarthmore has its roots in early Quaker history, in England, Swarthmoor Hall near the town of Ulverston, Cumbria, was the home of Thomas and Margaret Fell in 1652 when George Fox, fresh from his epiphany atop Pendle Hill in 1651, came to visit. The visitation turned into an association, as Fox persuaded Thomas. Swarthmoor was used for the first meetings of what became known as the Religious Society of Friends, the College was founded in 1864 by a committee of Quakers who were members of the Philadelphia, New York and Baltimore Yearly Meetings of the Religious Society of Friends. Edward Parrish, was its first president, lucretia Mott, and Martha Ellicott Tyson, were among those Friends, who insisted that the new college of Swarthmore be coeducational. Edward Hicks Magill, the president, served for 17 years. In the early 1900s, the College had a major collegiate American football program during the period of the soon-to-be nationwide sport. During World War II, Swarthmore was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, wolfgang Köhler, Hans Wallach and Solomon Asch were noted psychologists who became professors at Swarthmore, a center for Gestalt psychology. Both Wallach, who was Jewish, and Köhler, who was not, had left Nazi Germany because of its policies against Jews. Köhler came to Swarthmore in 1935 and served until his retirement in 1958, Wallach came in 1936, first as a researcher, and also teaching from 1942 until 1975. Asch, who was Polish-American and had immigrated as a child to the US in 1920, joined the faculty in 1947 and served until 1966, Swarthmores Oxbridge tutorial-inspired Honors Program allows students to take double-credit seminars from their junior year and often write honors theses. Seminars are usually composed of four to eight students, students in seminars will usually write at least three ten-page papers per seminar, and often one of these papers is expanded into a 20–30 page paper by the end of the seminar. At the end of their year, Honors students take oral. Usually one student in each discipline is awarded Highest Honors, others are either awarded High Honors or Honors, rarely, each department usually has a grade threshold for admission to the Honors program. Uncommon for an arts college, Swarthmore has an engineering program in which at the completion of four years work
Swarthmore College
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Parrish Hall, named in honor of the first president,
Edward Parrish, (1822-1872), contains the admissions, housing, and financial aid offices, along with dormitories on the upper floors.
Swarthmore College
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Parrish Hall, the original building of the College and an unofficial symbol of Swarthmore.
Swarthmore College
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Parrish Hall from Magill Walk.
Swarthmore College
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ΦΣΚ's Phi Chapter, at Swarthmore, circa 1944
7.
University of St Andrews
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The University of St Andrews is a British public research university in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. It is the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland, St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy. St Andrews is made up from a variety of institutions, including three constituent colleges and 18 academic schools organised into four faculties, the university occupies historic and modern buildings located throughout the town. The academic year is divided into two terms, Martinmas and Candlemas, in term time, over one-third of the towns population is either a staff member or student of the university. It is ranked as the third best university in the United Kingdom in national league tables, the Times Higher Education World Universities Ranking names St Andrews among the worlds Top 50 universities for Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. St Andrews has the highest student satisfaction amongst all multi-faculty universities in the United Kingdom, St Andrews has many notable alumni and affiliated faculty, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, theologians, philosophers, and politicians. Six Nobel Laureates are among St Andrews alumni and former staff, a charter of privilege was bestowed upon the society of masters and scholars by the Bishop of St Andrews, Henry Wardlaw, on 28 February 1411. Wardlaw then successfully petitioned the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII to grant the university status by issuing a series of papal bulls. King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432, subsequent kings supported the university with King James V confirming privileges of the university in 1532. A college of theology and arts called St Johns College was founded in 1418 by Robert of Montrose, St Salvators College was established in 1450, by Bishop James Kennedy. St Leonards College was founded in 1511 by Archbishop Alexander Stewart, St Johns College was refounded by Cardinal James Beaton under the name St Marys College in 1538 for the study of divinity and law. Some university buildings that date from this period are still in use today, such as St Salvators Chapel, St Leonards College Chapel, at this time, the majority of the teaching was of a religious nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the cathedral. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the university had mixed fortunes and was beset by civil. He described it as pining in decay and struggling for life, in the second half of the 19th century, pressure was building upon universities to open up higher education to women. In 1876, the University Senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a roughly equal to the Master of Arts degree that men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the L. L. A and it required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level and entitled them to hold a degree from the university. In 1889 the Universities Act made it possible to admit women to St Andrews. Agnes Forbes Blackadder became the first woman to graduate from St Andrews on the level as men in October 1894
University of St Andrews
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College Hall, within the 16th century St Mary's College building
University of St Andrews
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University of St Andrews
shield
University of St Andrews
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St Salvator's Chapel in 1843
University of St Andrews
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The "Gateway" building, built in 2000 and now used for the university's management department
8.
University of Northern Colorado
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The University of Northern Colorado is a public baccalaureate and graduate research university with approximately 12,000 students and six colleges. Founded in 1889, the main campus is located in Greeley, Colorado, about an hour north of Denver, with extended campus locations in Loveland, Denver. Established as the State Normal School of Colorado, the university has a history in teacher education. In addition to awards and rankings, UNC claims nationally ranked programs in business, performing and visual arts, nursing. UNC’s 19 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I athletics, the history of The University of Northern Colorado begins in the late 1880s, when citizens of Greeley petitioned the Colorado government to create a school to educate teachers in their community. In April 1889 Governor Cooper signed a bill establishing the Colorado State Normal School, classes began in October of the next year. The university opened on October 6,1890, as the Colorado State Normal School to train qualified teachers for the public schools. Greeleys citizens raised the money for the first building, the school continues to grow, and in 1957 the name was shortened to Colorado State College to reflect the wider range of programs and degrees. Finally, in 1970 the name was changed to the current University of Northern Colorado, Dr. Zachariah Xenophon Snyder arrived at the fledgling university in 1891. He studied and implemented the principles of American philosopher and psychologist John Dewey by advancing the ideals of a child-centered education and he established Colorado’s first kindergarten, and Laura Tefft, from the famous Foebel-Pestalozzo Kindergarten School in Berlin, organized the innovative school. An early photograph shows young children playing on a playground located on campus, while playgrounds are now an everyday sight at primary schools, they were considered an innovation at the time. One of the Normal School’s first master’s theses explored the national playground movement, in 1913, President Snyder established a graduate school at CSCE. After his death in 1915, President John Grant Crabbe saw the university through World War I and he met financial challenges by contracting with the War Department to initiate the Student Army Training Corps, housing and educating active service men. No lives were lost on campus and he remained at the university until his death in 1924 at the age of 58. George W. Frasier was the president from 1924 to 1948. The Graduate School was created in 1930, Frasier emphasized teachers who are also scholars, which is still a hallmark of the university. During World War II, the university operated an air force clerical training school for more than 4,000 men. Frasier consulted for the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the college conducted an operation to provide meat for students
University of Northern Colorado
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UNC's Guggenheim Hall
University of Northern Colorado
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University of Northern Colorado
University of Northern Colorado
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UNC's Snyder Hall, a dormitory on Central Campus
University of Northern Colorado
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The university's mascot, "Klawz"
9.
Tales of the South Pacific
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Tales of the South Pacific is a Pulitzer Prize-winning collection of sequentially related short stories by James A. Michener about the Pacific campaign in World War II. The stories are based on observations and anecdotes he collected while stationed as a lieutenant commander in the US Navy on the island of Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides Islands. Written in 1946 and published in 1947, the book was adapted in 1949 as the Broadway musical South Pacific, the stories take place in the environs of the Coral Sea and the Solomon Islands. Michener as narrator gives a voice to several of the stories as an unnamed Commander. The stories are interconnected by recurring characters and several plot lines. One plot line in particular is the preparation for and execution of an amphibious invasion. The focus of the stories is, however, the interactions between Americans and a variety of colonial, immigrant, and indigenous characters. Although the stories are primarily about the U. S. Navy, most of the action is shore-based, and none concerns ships larger than an LCI. The highly successful musical play South Pacific by Rodgers and Hammerstein, in particular, the stories used were Fo Dolla, about Bloody Mary, Liat, and Lieutenant Joe Cable, and Our Heroine, about Nellie Forbush and Emile de Becque. Characters from other stories, such as Bill Harbison, Bus Adams, some of the characters from the stories were merged and simplified to serve the format of the musical. For example, the coastwatcher in the musical is an American Marine assisted by an expatriate French plantation owner and he is never seen by the other characters in Micheners short story until a search-and-rescue party finds his head impaled on a stake. The Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific was made into a film in 1958. It was adapted as a television film 2001. American television producer Bob Mann wanted Michener to co-create a weekly anthology series from Tales of the South Pacific. Rodgers and Hammerstein, however, owned all rights to the novel. Michener did lend his name as the creator of a different and unrelated television series, Adventures in Paradise, the series had nothing to do with World War II, but rather followed the fictional adventures of a current-day schooner sailing around the South Pacific. Guadalcanal Campaign Photos of the first edition of Tales of the South Pacific
Tales of the South Pacific
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Hardback 1st edition cover
10.
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
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The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, as the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, it was one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily a total of three, in 31 years under the Novel name, the prize was awarded 27 times, in its first 69 years to 2016 under the Fiction name,62 times. In 11 years, no novel received the award and it has never been shared by two authors. Three writers have won two each in the Fiction category, Booth Tarkington, William Faulkner, and John Updike. Ernest Hemingway was selected by the 1941 and 1953 juries, but the former was overturned and no 1941 award was given
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
11.
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal—the highest civilian award of the United States. The award is not limited to U. S. citizens and, while it is an award, it can also be awarded to military personnel. It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy, President John F. Kennedy established the current decoration in 1963 through Executive Order 11085, with unique and distinctive insignia, vastly expanded purpose, and far higher prestige. It was the first U. S. civilian neck decoration and, in the grade of Awarded With Distinction, is the only U. S. sash and star decoration. The Executive Order calls for the medal to be awarded annually on or around July 4, and at other convenient times as chosen by the president, Recipients are selected by the president, either on his own initiative or based on recommendations. The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a source of such recommendations. The medal may be awarded to a more than once. It may also be awarded posthumously, examples include John F, golden American bald eagles with spread wings stand between the points of the star. It is worn around the neck on a ribbon with white edge stripes. When the medal With Distinction is awarded, the star may be presented descending from a neck ribbon, the sash and medal of the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction has never been worn in public since its inception. Andrew Presidential Medal of Freedom, an article from jfklibrary. org, Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients, a list of recipients from May 5,1993, through August 19,2009, from senate. gov, the U. S. Senates official website. Hosted on georgewbush-whitehouse. archives. gov, a section of the U. S. National Archives, Medal of Freedom Ceremony, a news release, August 12,2009, from the White House Press Secretary at whitehouse. gov, the White Houses official website. War Figures Honored With Medal of Freedom, The New York Times, December 15,2004
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Presidential Medal of Freedom
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Graphical representation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Medal and accoutrements including undress ribbon, miniature, and lapel badge.
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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Civil Rights leader
A. Philip Randolph receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from president
Lyndon B. Johnson on September 14, 1964.
12.
Hawaii (novel)
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Hawaii is a novel by James Michener. The novel was published in 1959, the same year Hawaii became the 50th U. S. state, the book has been translated into 32 languages. The historical correctness of the novel is high, although the narrative about the early Polynesian inhabitants is based more on folklore than anthropological and archaeological sources, the story begins with the creation of the islands themselves at the dawn of time and ends in the mid-1950s. Each section explores the experiences of different groups of arrivals, most of the chapters cover the arrivals of different peoples to the islands. Chapter 1, From the Boundless Deep describes the creation of the Hawaiian land from volcanic activity, goes into flavorful detail describing such things as primary succession taking root on the island, to life finally blooming. Chapter 2, From the Sunswept Lagoon follows the creation of the isles which is mentioned in the preceding chapter, tamatoa suggests to his brother and friends that they should migrate to some other place where they might find religious freedom. After finally agreeing to this plan, his brother secretly puts fire to Havaiki to take revenge for the sacrifices they have been demanding from Bora Borans. Later they take the canoe Wait for the West Wind and sail to Hawaii, later some voyage back to Bora Bora to bring back with them some women and children and an idol of the volcano goddess, Pere. Chapter 3, From the Farm of Bitterness follows the journey of the first Christian missionaries to Hawaii in the 1800s and their influence over Hawaiian culture, many of the missionaries become founding families in the islands, including the Hales and Whipples. Micheners character Reverend Abner Hale is a caricature of true-life missionary Hiram Bingham I, chapter 4, From the Starving Village covers the immigration of Chinese to work on the pineapple and sugarcane plantations. The patriarch of the Kee family contracts leprosy and is sent to the colony in Molokai. Chapter 5, From The Inland Sea focuses on Japanese workers brought to the islands to replace Chinese laborers who begin to start their own businesses, also covers the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Chapter 6, The Golden Men summarizes the changes in Hawaiian culture, in 1966, parts of the book were made into the film Hawaii, starring Max von Sydow and Julie Andrews. The film focused on the third chapter, From the Farm of Bitterness. The films ending, however, is inconsistent with the content of the novel, a sequel, The Hawaiians, starring Charlton Heston, covered subsequent chapters of the book, including the arrival of the Chinese and Japanese and the growth of the plantations. Synopsis of publication history and critical reactions
Hawaii (novel)
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First edition
13.
The Drifters (novel)
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The Drifters is a novel by Pulitzer Prize-winning author James A. Michener, published in 1971 by Random House. The novel follows six characters from diverse backgrounds and various countries as their paths meet and they travel together through parts of Spain, Portugal, Morocco. The story is told from the perspective of the narrator, George Fairbanks, Mr. Fairbanks is connected with nearly every character in some way, and they all seem to open up to him throughout the novel in one way or another. In the first chapter, Joe is introduced as a disenfranchised youth who is enrolled at the University of California during the Vietnam War. After Joe realizes that with his grades he is going to get drafted, he hitchhikes to Yale University, after being referred to a woman in Boston named Gretchen, she helps him get into Canada, and he eventually goes to Torremolinos, Spain. While looking for a job and a place to stay, he takes over the ownership of a bar called The Alamo, in keeping with the theme throughout the book, the second chapter is about the character Britta, an 18-year-old girl from Tromsø, Norway. After finishing school, she finds a job in an office at the docks, but eventually becomes curious about the world beyond Tromsø, once in Torremolinos, she loves it and finds a job as a waitress in a bar called The Alamo. Here, a man named Jean-Victor finds her a place to stay and she is introduced as living with her father in the Republic of Vwarda, where Monica becomes rebellious and begins to cause a stir in Vwardas Royal Family. She is forced out of the country and runs away with a pilot to Torremolinos. She meets a man named Jean-Victor, who finds her a place to live with a woman from Norway and a man from the United States. The fourth character of the book is Cato, he is introduced as the son of the Reverend Claypool Jackson, Cato Jackson is a sophomore at University of Pennsylvania, whom the narrator meets at a drugstore where he stumbles upon a shooting of a local drugstore owner. After meeting Mr. Fairbanks, he and Cato talk all night, Cato then runs off to Torremolinos, where he finds shelter in an apartment with a few other runaways of his own age. In the fifth chapter of the book, the character Yigal is introduced as the son of a dean at a college in Haifa, Israel. He is shuffled between Israel and America throughout his youth, and even fights and becomes a hero in the Six-Day War, after a few months he moves back to England with his other grandfather and begins to engage in a lot of reading and in conversations with his grandfather. Eventually his grandfather suggests that he needs to spend time away, and he suggests the south of Spain. Gretchen is introduced as an intelligent girl from Boston who, at the age of 19, has already completed her bachelors degree. After campaigning across the United States for McCarthys nomination in Chicago at the Democratic Convention, during the riots she, during the process she is sexually assaulted, but the policemen who did it deny it, and nothing is ever done about it. Upon enrolling at the University of Besançon and living with her peers for a little while, someone suggests Torremolinos, so she buys a yellow pop-top van and begins to live out of it in Torremolinos
The Drifters (novel)
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First edition cover
14.
Centennial (novel)
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Centennial is a novel by American author James A. Michener, published in 1974. Centennial traces the history of the plains of northeast Colorado from prehistory until the early 1970s, geographic details about the fictional town of Centennial and its surroundings indicate that the region is in modern-day Weld County. Since the novel was written, the Denver suburb of Centennial has been incorporated, much of his book was based on the Weld County city of Greeley. Many episodes in the book are based on actual historical events in eastern Colorado and southeast Wyoming. For example, The Massacre is based on the Sand Creek Massacre which took place in Kiowa County, other parts of the book are loosely based on a family from Sterling in Logan County. Centennial was made into a popular television miniseries, also titled Centennial, that aired on NBC from October 1978 through February 1979. In 2008, NBC Universal began to market a six volume DVD set, the Commission, The fictional preface for the book. The Land, The formation of the Earth, specifically the Rockies, the Inhabitants, A series of stories about animals that supposedly lived near what would become Centennial, from the dinosaur Diplodocus to the arrival of man. The Many Coups of Lame Beaver, A biography of Lame Beaver, the Yellow Apron, The lives of the beaver trappers Pasquinel and Alexander McKeag. The Wagon and the Elephant, Describes Levi Zendts journey out of Pennsylvania in search of a new life in Oregon, the Massacre, Frank Skimmerhorn leads the militia to massacre a group of Arapaho. The Cowboys, Chronicles a cattle drive from Texas to Centennial, the Hunters, Describes three separate Buffalo hunts which led to the near extermination of the Buffalo in the west. A Smell of Sheep, The arrival of sheepmen in Colorado, the Crime, Describes the arrival of the Wendell family in Centennial and the crime that they commit. Central Beet, Describes the establishment of the beet industry. Drylands, The arrival of farming to Colorado from the perspective of the Grebe family. November Elegy, A snapshot of the life of Paul Garrett, a descendant of many of the characters from previous chapters
Centennial (novel)
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First edition cover
15.
The Source (novel)
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The Source is a historical novel by James A. Michener, first published in 1965. It is a survey of the history of the Jewish people, the Source uses, for its central device, a fictional tell in northern Israel called Makor. Prosaically, the name comes from a well just north of Makor. Unlike most Michener novels, this book is not in chronological order. A parallel frame story set in Israel in the 1960s supports the historical timeline, archaeologists digging at the tell at Makor uncover artifacts from each layer, which then serve as the basis for a chapter exploring the lives of the people involved with that artifact. The book follows the story of the Family of Ur from a Stone Age family whose wife begins to believe there is a supernatural force. The descendants are not aware of the ancient antecedents revealed to the reader by the writer as the story progresses through the Davidic kingdom, Hellenistic times, Roman times. The site is continually inhabited until the end of the Crusades when it is destroyed by the victorious Mameluks and is not rebuilt by the Ottomans, the Tell –1963, three archeologists, a Jew, a Catholic, and a Muslim, are at a modern archeological dig. The story moves back and forth between the chapters and the modern dig at the tell at Makor. The Bee-Eater – Introduction to the Ur family in Stone Age times, an Old Man and His God – Bronze Age, an early view of Hebrews as they moved from the desert life into Canaan and brought along the early teachings of El Shaddai. Makor is sacked by the Hebrews in 1491 BCE, Psalm of the Hoopoe Bird – Takes place 1040–970 BCE, during the last years of King David. The Voice of Gomer – Takes place 605 BCE –562 BCE, following the Egyptian defeat at the Battle of Carchemish, Nebuchadnezzar II marches into the Levant and deports the Jews to Babylon. In the Gymnasium – 222–187 BCE, Jewish life under the Seleucid Empire, King of the Jews –74 BCE –4 CE, this chapter is told in epistolary form and describes the rise of the ambitious Herod the Great to his eventual downfall into madness. Yigal and His Three Generals – 12-70 CE, this begins with rule of the mad Caligula. After his death, he was replaced by the madder Nero, who ordered Vespasian to repress Josephus, the Law – This chapter takes place after the Empress Helenas pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Christianity is being forced in Galilee as churches are mass-produced and this chapter is about two Jews who convert to Christianity due to the strictness of the Talmud, but are soon disenfranchised by the Christian Schism. This chapter is also the origin of St. Mark. A Day in the Life of a Desert Rider – This chapter begins with the introduction of Islam to the Holy Land by Muslim conquests, volkmar – This chapter opens with Peter the Hermit as he travels the European countryside in search of participants for the ill-fated Peoples Crusade
The Source (novel)
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First edition
16.
Chesapeake (novel)
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Chesapeake is a novel by James A. Michener, published by Random House in 1978. The story deals with several families living in the Chesapeake Bay area, the storyline, like much of Micheners work, depicts a number of characters over a long time period. Each chapter begins with a voyage which provides the foundation for the chapter plot, the last voyage, a funeral, is in 1978. The religious element of the novel applies to the Steeds, who are Roman Catholic, at one point there is a religious debate between Ralph Steed, a priest, and Ruth Brinton, a matriarch of the Paxmore family. Their disagreement is mainly about slavery, slavery is an overriding theme of the entire book. The Steeds are great landowners and one of the greatest holders of slaves in the colonies, whereas the Paxmores and it is said that the Choptank Quakers Association is the first religious organization to ban slavery. Later in the book, Cudjo Cater is captured in Africa and put to work on the Steed plantation, the Cater family is forever affected by slavery, even after emancipation, as evidenced when Jeb Cater tries to get his son treated for an ear infection. Prior to the American Civil War, the Paxmores form the Maryland link of the Underground Railroad to Pennsylvania, poverty is best shown in the living standards of the Turlocks, who live in a marsh on the riverside. However, by the end of the book, at least some of the Turlocks have risen out of poverty. The head of the Turlock family by 1978 is a real estate broker, selling waterside properties to a well-heeled clientele. The other side of poverty is the place in the township dubbed The Neck in the 20th century, living standards are greatly reduced in The Neck, with the school teacher managing multiple years, and children counting themselves privileged to have either a book or a desk. The Neck is eventually burned down by black activists, one of them Jeb Caters son, industry is seen in how each family builds their life up around them due to need, and eventually flourishes. It starts with Pentaquod, the Indian, who settles on a clifftop which is paradise to him, edmund Steed settles on Devon Island and builds his home, complete with chapel, and founds his great plantation from the ground up with land bought from the Indians. The Steeds eventually own thousands of acres and are extremely wealthy, the Paxmores start with Edward Paxmore, a Quaker carpenter, being banished from Massachusetts and building his house on a cliff overlooking the Choptank. He learns how to build a boat because of necessity and with help from Indians. His boat building business becomes highly successful and thrives in the township, the Caters struggle for a long time, until Big Jimbo Cater becomes a cook for an oyster harvesting skipjack sailing vessel. He eventually earns enough money to buy his own skipjack, which he staffs with his family, the Caveneys, who emigrated from Ireland due to the Great Potato Famine, are easily assimilated into the town, and become central characters in the oyster and duck subplots. As can be seen from each familys success through determination, the message is that they worked hard, most of the events of the novel take place on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, and, more specifically, on and around the Choptank River
Chesapeake (novel)
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First edition cover
17.
Caribbean (novel)
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The author mixes fact and fiction, as he notes in the foreword. For example, the story about the island of All Saints is purely fictional, in researching the book, Michener traveled the Caribbean for three years and consulted over 400 books. A Hedge of Croton, the invasion of the Caribs in the Arawak homelands, death of Greatness, the classic Mayan Period. Christopher Columbus in Hispaniola, the trial of Christopher Columbus after his ruthless rule of Hispaniola, the Spanish Lake, the adventures of Sir Francis Drake. Big Storms in Little England, history of Barbados, the Buccaneer, stories of Henry Morgan and English privateers. The Sugar Interest, a story that revolves around the island St. Johns. A Wedding on Nevis, the accounts of Horatio Nelson, the Creoles, a history of Guadeloupe, a French colony. The Tortured Land, Haiti and the Haitian Revolution, marshal Law, the Morant Bay rebellion and following legal battle between John Stuart Mill and Alfred Tennyson. Letters of Introduction, an account of All Saints Island. The Scholar, a story of a young Trinidadian scholar who leaves the University of West Indies to stay in Miami shortly after the Cuban exile wave of immigration. The Rasta Man, a story of a young Rastafarian whose travels to All Saints Island revolve around the Caribbean obsession over the sport of cricket. Twins, a story of a two Cuban refugees returning to Cuba, which culminates in their meeting with Fidel Castro. The Golden Sea, a character meets descendants and other characters from previous chapters
Caribbean (novel)
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First edition cover
18.
Caravans (novel)
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Caravans, a novel by James A. Michener, was published in 1963. The story is set in Afghanistan immediately following World War II, during his journey through Afghanistan, Miller comes to a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances of contemporary Afghan life. His travels also reveal the similarities of human nature across cultural and social boundaries, the novel was the basis of a 1978 film with the same title starring Anthony Quinn and Jennifer ONeill
Caravans (novel)
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First edition cover
19.
Alaska (novel)
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Alaska is a historical novel by James A. Michener, published in 1988. Like other Michener titles, Alaska spans a considerable amount of time, published in 1988 by Random House, Alaska is 868 pages long. Along with the reading, Michener provides a table of contents, a list of acknowledgements, the third item offers the reader an insight into what occurred in real life and what the author invented. A sweeping description of the formation of the North American continent, the reader follows the development of the Alaskan terrain over millennia. If the movement is two inches a year, which it often is, we can expect Los Angeles to arrive off Anchorage in about seventy-six million years. The plot of this follows the mastodons, sabre-toothed tigers. First, the animals are discussed in general terms, then, in the second half of the chapter, the reader learns about a specific mammoth named Mastodon, and another named Matriarch. The plot follows Matriarch and her family, as they encounter man for the first time, the reader meets some of the early Eskimos, particularly a man named Oogruk and his family. The chapter details the hunting of a whale as well as the beginning of hunting sea otters for fur by the Russians. This chapter tells of the exploration of Alaska along with Russias first encounters with the native peoples, including the brutal slaughter of many native people. The duel referred to in the title is the one between the shamanism of the native people and the Christianity of the Russian settlers. After the men from one tribe are taken away to aid in hunting and they learn to pilot kayaks, something that had been forbidden to them, and ultimately harpoon a small whale to ensure their survival. After the Russians return, a girl named Cidaq is purchased and taken to Kodiak Island, however, she goes through with the wedding and becomes a battered wife. At the end of the chapter, Michener states that Christianity won over shamanism, but in the process and this chapter further details the clashes between the Native people and the Russians, most specifically the Battle of Sitka. The events are shown through the eyes of a Native named Raven-heart and an Arkady Voronov, Arkady Voronov marries a Russian woman who moves to Alaska, and together they navigate the Yukon River. The chapter also explains the death of Alexander Baranov and ends with the purchase of Alaska by the United States of America and this chapter shows the clash between two rival ship captains, Captains Schransky and Michael Healy. Meanwhile, Reverend Sheldon Jackson, a missionary, travels to Alaska to further establish it as a state and he sets about establishing Christian missions of various denominations to further spread Christianity to the native people of Alaska. The eighth chapter tells of the surrounding the Alaskan gold rush using the fictitious Venn family
Alaska (novel)
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1st edition cover
20.
Texas (novel)
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Texas is a novel by American writer James A. Michener based on the history of the Lone Star State. At 1,076 pages, it was the longest Michener novel published by Random House, given the success of his previous novels, the company did a first printing of 750,000 copies, the largest in the companys history. Michener did extensive research on the novel in Texas, receiving support from the state government. Governor Bill Clements offered him access to state archives and research staff at the University of Texas at Austin. Texas Monthly magazine did not like the novel, awarding Michener its Bum Steer of the Year Award for the works hackneyed dialogue, the journal, however, made peace with Michener later. The novel was adapted as a 1994 made-for-TV movie of the name, directed by Richard Lang and featuring actors Stacy Keach, Benjamin Bratt, Rick Schroder. The TV daytime series Texas is not related to the book or film, Texas at the Internet Movie Database
Texas (novel)
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1st edition cover
21.
Poland (novel)
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Poland is a historical novel written by James A. Michener and published in 1983 detailing the times and tribulations of three Polish families across eight centuries, ending in the then-present day. Michener was hired by a company to travel to a foreign country to shoot a documentary. He was offered support to go anywhere in the world and Michener decided to make the trip to Poland, following this, Michener made several trips back to Poland and conducted extensive study of Polands history and culture. He began writing the book in 1979 and it was published four years later, the book, written in an episodic format, tells the story of three families and the many generations of each family throughout the history of Poland. The three families are fictional as are the characters in the book. The plot, however, takes place throughout the history of Poland, the events are largely real events in which the fictional characters interact. The book spans over seven hundred years and this historic meeting draws media attention from the United States, Japan, Russia and Western Europe. From the East, Invasion by Tatars in the years 1240 to 1241 and this chapter tells the story of the historic Mongol invasion of Poland, the battle of Tursko, the Siege of Kraków and the Battle of Legnica. From the West, Occupation by the Teutonic Knights in the fourteenth century. From the North, Invasion by Sweden and the Polish–Swedish wars taking place during the seventeenth century and this chapter describes the downfall of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Deluge. From the South, Invasion by Ottoman Empire and this chapter tells the story of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Battle of Vienna. It takes place in the seventeenth century. The Golden Freedom, This chapter takes place in the eighteenth century and it discusses Polish politics in the late eighteenth century and different political figures from that time. The novel depicts the partitioning of Poland and the subsequent Kościuszko Uprising, mazurka, This chapter, which is set in Vienna at the height of the Habsburg monarchy, discusses the life of Polish exiles during the partition period. It takes place at the end of the 19th century, shattered Dreams, This chapter takes place in the beginning of the twentieth century after the Reconstitution of Poland. The chapter ends with the Russian Communists defeat at the Battle of Komarów, or the Battle of Zamość, the Terror, Invasion and occupation by the Nazis during World War II, including the Holocaust in Poland, and the subsequent Soviet occupation. Much attention is devoted to the Polish resistance movement in World War II, bukowski versus Buk, The novel picks up where it left off in chapter one back in the present day. The chapter title represents the shift in power in the negotiations, “A Pole is a man born with a sword in his right hand, a brick in his left
Poland (novel)
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First edition cover
22.
Iberia (book)
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Iberia, by James A. Michener, is a detailed and illustrated exploration of Spain as it was during the mid-1960s. The author takes a measured, literary view on subjects as the Moorish occupation, Islam, Catholicism, Francisco Franco. Michener shows to be prescient, as in his talk of national cycles of rebirth. And one of days, will be true even of Russia. Though we fight against it and blind our eye and conscience to the fact
Iberia (book)
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First edition
23.
South Pacific (musical)
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South Pacific is a musical composed by Richard Rodgers, with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and book by Hammerstein and Joshua Logan. The work premiered in 1949 on Broadway and was an immediate hit, the plot of the musical is based on James A. Micheners Pulitzer Prize-winning 1947 book Tales of the South Pacific and combines elements of several of those stories. Rodgers and Hammerstein believed they could write a musical based on Micheners work that would be successful and, at the same time. A secondary romance, between a U. S. lieutenant and a young Tonkinese woman, explores his fears of the consequences should he marry his Asian sweetheart. The issue of prejudice is candidly explored throughout the musical, most controversially in the lieutenants song. Supporting characters, including a comic petty officer and the Tonkinese girls mother, the original Broadway production enjoyed immense critical and box-office success, became the second-longest running Broadway musical to that point, and has remained popular ever since. After they signed Ezio Pinza and Mary Martin as the leads, Rodgers, the piece won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1950. Especially in the Southern U. S. its racial theme provoked controversy, the production won ten Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Score, and Best Libretto, and it is the only musical production to win Tony Awards in all four acting categories. Its original cast album was the record of the 1940s. The show has enjoyed many revivals and tours, spawning a 1958 film. The 2008 Broadway revival, a success, ran for 996 performances and won seven Tonys. Although book editor and university instructor James Michener could have avoided military service in World War II as a birthright Quaker, he enlisted in the U. S. Navy in October 1942. He was not sent to the South Pacific theater until April 1944 and he survived a plane crash in New Caledonia, the near-death experience motivated him to write fiction, and he began listening to the stories told by soldiers. One journey took him to the Treasury Islands, where he discovered an unpleasant village, called Bali-hai, populated by scrawny residents, struck by the name, Michener wrote it down and soon began to record, on a battered typewriter, his version of the tales. On a plantation on the island of Espiritu Santo, he met a woman named Bloody Mary, she was small, almost toothless and she told him also of her plans to oppose colonialism in French Indochina. These stories, collected into Tales of the South Pacific, won Michener the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for fiction, Tales of the South Pacific comprises nineteen stories. Each stands independently but revolves around the preparation for an American military operation to dislodge the Japanese from a nearby island and this operation, dubbed Alligator, occurs in the penultimate story, The Landing at Kuralei. Many of the die in that battle, and the last story is titled The Cemetery at Huga Point
South Pacific (musical)
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Original Broadway poster (1949)
South Pacific (musical)
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Rodgers (left) and Hammerstein
South Pacific (musical)
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Ezio Pinza
South Pacific (musical)
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Mary Martin
24.
Richard Rodgers
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Richard Charles Rodgers was an American composer of music for more than 900 songs and for 43 Broadway musicals. He also composed music for films and television and he is best known for his songwriting partnerships with the lyricists Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II. His compositions have had a significant impact on popular music up to the present day and he has also won a Pulitzer Prize, making him one of two people to receive each award. Richard began playing the piano at age six,10, Townsend Harris Hall and DeWitt Clinton High School. Rodgers spent his teenage summers in Camp Wigwam where he composed some of his first songs. Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, and later collaborator Oscar Hammerstein II all attended Columbia University, at Columbia, Rodgers joined the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. In 1921, Rodgers shifted his studies to the Institute of Musical Art, Rodgers was influenced by composers such as Victor Herbert and Jerome Kern, as well as by the operettas his parents took him to see on Broadway when he was a child. In 1919, Richard met Lorenz Hart, thanks to Phillip Leavitt, Rodgers and Hart struggled for years in the field of musical comedy, writing several amateur shows. They made their debut with the song Any Old Place With You. Their first professional production was the 1920 Poor Little Ritz Girl and their next professional show, The Melody Man, did not premiere until 1924. When he was just out of college Rodgers worked as director for Lew Fields. Among the stars he accompanied were Nora Bayes and Fred Allen, Rodgers was considering quitting show business altogether to sell childrens underwear, when he and Hart finally broke through in 1925. They wrote the songs for a show presented by the prestigious Theatre Guild, called The Garrick Gaieties. Only meant to run one day, the Guild knew they had a success, the shows biggest hit — the song that Rodgers believed made Rodgers and Hart — was Manhattan. The two were now a Broadway songwriting force, throughout the rest of the decade, the duo wrote several hit shows for both Broadway and London, including Dearest Enemy, The Girl Friend, Peggy-Ann, A Connecticut Yankee, and Present Arms. Their 1920s shows produced standards such as Here in My Arms, Mountain Greenery, Blue Room, My Heart Stood Still, with the Depression in full swing during the first half of the 1930s, the team sought greener pastures in Hollywood. Rodgers also wrote a melody for which Hart wrote three consecutive lyrics which either were cut, not recorded or not a hit, the fourth lyric resulted in one of their most famous songs, Blue Moon. In 1935, they returned to Broadway and wrote an almost unbroken string of hit shows that only with Harts death in 1943
Richard Rodgers
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Richard Rodgers
Richard Rodgers
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Richard Rodgers (seated) with
Lorenz Hart in 1936.
Richard Rodgers
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Rodgers was the subject of a two-part special on
Ed Sullivan 's Toast of the Town television show in 1952.
25.
Oscar Hammerstein II
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Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein II was an American librettist, theatrical producer, and theatre director of musicals for almost forty years. Hammerstein won eight Tony Awards and two Academy Awards for Best Original Song, many of his songs are standard repertoire for singers and jazz musicians. Hammerstein was the lyricist and playwright in his partnerships, his collaborators wrote the music, Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I, and The Sound of Music. Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein II was born in New York City and his grandfather was the German theatre impresario Oscar Hammerstein I. His father was from a Jewish family, and his mother was the daughter of Scottish and English parents, although Hammersteins father managed the Victoria Theatre for his father and was a producer of vaudeville shows, he was opposed to his sons desire to participate in the arts. Hammerstein attended Columbia University and studied at Columbia Law School until 1917, as a student, he maintained high grades and engaged in numerous extracurricular activities. These included playing first base on the team, performing in the Varsity Show and becoming an active member of Pi Lambda Phi. When he was 19, and still a student at Columbia, his father died of Brights disease, June 10,1914, symptoms of which doctors originally attributed to scarlet fever. On the train trip to the funeral with his brother, he read the headlines in the New York Herald, the New York Times wrote, Hammerstein, the Barnum of Vaudeville, Dead at Forty. Two hours later, taps was sounded over Broadway, writes biographer Hugh Fordin, after his fathers death, he participated in his first play with the Varsity Show, entitled On Your Way. Throughout the rest of his career, Hammerstein wrote and performed in several Varsity Shows. After quitting law school to pursue theatre, Hammerstein began his first professional collaboration, with Herbert Stothart, Otto Harbach and he began as an apprentice and went on to form a 20-year collaboration with Harbach. Out of this came his first musical, Always You, for which he wrote the book. It opened on Broadway in 1920, in 1927, Kern and Hammerstein had their biggest hit, Show Boat, which is often revived and is still considered one of the masterpieces of the American musical theatre. Here we come to a new genre — the musical play as distinguished from musical comedy. The play was the thing, and everything else was subservient to that play, came complete integration of song, humor and production numbers into a single and inextricable artistic entity. Many years later, Hammersteins wife Dorothy bristled when she heard a remark that Jerome Kern had written Ol Man River, Jerome Kern wrote dum, dum, dum-dum. My husband wrote Ol Man River, other Kern-Hammerstein musicals include Sweet Adeline, Music in the Air, Three Sisters, and Very Warm for May
Oscar Hammerstein II
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Hammerstein about 1940
Oscar Hammerstein II
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Hammerstein watching audition at the
St. James Theatre
Oscar Hammerstein II
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Hammerstein with his first wife, Myra Finn, photographed aboard a ship.
26.
South Pacific (1958 film)
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South Pacific is a 1958 American romantic musical film adaptation of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific, and based on James A. Micheners Tales of the South Pacific. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Sound for Fred Hynes. Cutting as Admiral Kester Joe Bailey as U. S. commander Buck Class and Richard Kiser as Fighter pilots Note, the producers decided to tackle a big-screen adaptation of South Pacific as their next project. 20th Century Fox partially invested in the production in exchange for distribution rights. Additionally, all the departments and department heads were Foxs, the producers original plan was to have Ezio Pinza and Mary Martin, the two leads of the original Broadway cast, reprise their roles for the film, but Pinza died. Had he survived long enough to perform in the film, the producers would have cast Martin. Instead, Doris Day was offered the part of Nellie, but passed, Elizabeth Taylor tested for the same role, logan later heard her sing but was unable to persuade Rodgers to change his mind. Ultimately, Mitzi Gaynor, who had work in musical films. Rossano Brazzi was cast as Emile, a role that was first offered to established stars as Charles Boyer, Vittorio De Sica. Walston, a noted Broadway musical actor, played the part of Seabee Luther Billis, the film includes the use of colored filters during many of the song sequences, which has been a source of criticism for the film. All of the songs from the production were retained for the film. A song entitled My Girl Back Home, sung by Lt. Cable and Nellie, Emile is not shown in the film until about thirty minutes into it, in the film, Nellie first appears during the scene with the Seabees. Juanita Hall sang in the production and took part in the recording of the stage production cast album. However, she had her singing dubbed for the version by Muriel Smith. Metropolitan Opera star Giorgio Tozzi provided the voice for the role of Emile de Becque in the film. John Kerr starred as 2nd Lt. Joseph Cable, USMC, ken Clark, who played Stewpot, was dubbed by Thurl Ravenscroft. Gaynor and Walston were the principal cast members whose own singing voices were used. Criticism of the color filters did not prevent the film topping the box office of 1958
South Pacific (1958 film)
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Theatrical release poster
27.
South Pacific (2001 film)
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Rodgers & Hammersteins South Pacific is a 2001 made-for-television movie, based on the musical South Pacific. This ABC production was directed by Richard Pearce, and starred Glenn Close, Harry Connick, Jr. and it was also released on DVD. South Pacific was filmed primarily in Australia, with scenes shot in Moorea. Sixteen songs from the musical are featured in the movie, which omitted the well-known song Happy Talk and cut the even more popular song Bali Hai in half. Several new scenes, such as Nellie and Emiles very first meeting at the club, were added. The sex scenes between Liat and Lt. Cable were also dealt with more frankly in the film than in the 1949 musical. Glenn Close - Nellie Forbush Harry Connick, Jr. - Lt. Close, lean and more mature, Im stuck like a dope with a thing like hope means one thing when you are in your 20s, something else when you are not. He also noted that the movie is produced, better than the stagy 1958 film. The other cast members, including Ms. Close, also sing well, theres a heightened sense of drama and tension in the remake because the war is closer at hand. Also removed, whether easily or not, is My Girl Back Home, and yet there are musical highlights that all but leap from the screen, probably the highest being Closes infectious Wonderful Guy. Cuts made in Im Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair for the 58 movie have been restored, and she also tears merrily into Nellies numbers. Has less resonance with audiences today and it was cut, in the 2008 Oxford Companion to the American Musical, Thomas Hischak wrote, South Pacific was an odd mixture of faithful Rodgers and Hammerstein and some headstrong changes that give one pause. Glenn Closes Nellie was neither young nor a hick, exuding more sophistication than an Empress, Rade Serbedzija was a short, scruffy, beach bum of an Emile who sang with a tenor voice. Whether this was foolhardy casting or an interpretation is a matter of opinion. A DVD was released on August 28,2001, special features include deleted scenes and behind-the-scenes look at the making of the movie. In 2013, the film was reissued on DVD by Mill Creek Entertainment in a double-feature DVD set that includes the 1993 TV remake of Gypsy, a soundtrack from the TV production was released on March 20,2001. This Nearly Was Mine Honey Bun - Glenn Close, Ilene Graff Finale Ultimo - Glenn Close My Girl Back Home - Glenn Close, list of television films produced for American Broadcasting Company South Pacific at the Internet Movie Database South Pacific at AllMovie
South Pacific (2001 film)
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DVD cover
South Pacific (2001 film)
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South Pacific: Original TV Soundtrack
