1.
Wax
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Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are hydrophobic, malleable solids near ambient temperatures. They include higher alkanes and lipids, typically with melting points above about 40 °C, waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in organic, nonpolar solvents. Natural waxes of different types are produced by plants and animals, waxes are organic compounds that characteristically consist of long alkyl chains. They may also include various groups such as fatty acids, primary and secondary long chain alcohols, unsaturated bonds, aromatics, amides, ketones. They frequently contain fatty acid esters as well, synthetic waxes are often long-chain hydrocarbons that lack functional groups. Waxes are synthesized by plants and animals. Those of animal origin typically consist of wax esters derived from a variety of carboxylic acids, in waxes of plant origin characteristic mixtures of unesterified hydrocarbons may predominate over esters. The composition depends not only on species, but also on location of the organism. The most commonly known animal wax is beeswax, but other insects secrete waxes, a major component of the beeswax used in constructing honeycombs is the ester myricyl palmitate which is an ester of triacontanol and palmitic acid. Its melting point is 62-65 °C, spermaceti occurs in large amounts in the head oil of the sperm whale. One of its constituents is cetyl palmitate, another ester of a fatty acid. Lanolin is a wax obtained from wool, consisting of esters of sterols, plants secrete waxes into and on the surface of their cuticles as a way to control evaporation, wettability and hydration. From the commercial perspective, the most important plant wax is carnauba wax, containing the ester myricyl cerotate, it has many applications, such as confectionery and other food coatings, car and furniture polish, floss coating, and surfboard wax. Other more specialized vegetable waxes include candelilla wax and ouricury wax, plant and animal based waxes or oils can undergo selective chemical modifications to produce waxes with more desirable properties than are available in the unmodified starting material. This approach has relied on green chemistry approaches including olefin metathesis and enzymatic reactions, although many natural waxes contain esters, paraffin waxes are hydrocarbons, mixtures of alkanes usually in a homologous series of chain lengths. These materials represent a significant fraction of petroleum and they are refined by vacuum distillation. Paraffin waxes are mixtures of saturated n- and iso- alkanes, naphthenes, a typical alkane paraffin wax chemical composition comprises hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, such as Hentriacontane, C31H64. The degree of branching has an important influence on the properties, millions of tons of paraffin waxes are produced annually
2.
Relief
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Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise, to create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane. What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a surface of stone or wood is a lowering of the field. The technique involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster stucco, ceramics or papier-mâché the form can be just added to or raised up from the background, and monumental bronze reliefs are made by casting. There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the form from the field. There is also sunk relief, which was restricted to Ancient Egypt. However the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important, and these two are generally the only used to discuss most work. Hyphens may or may not be used in all these terms, works in the technique are described as in relief, and, especially in monumental sculpture, the work itself is a relief. Reliefs are common throughout the world on the walls of buildings and a variety of settings. Relief is more suitable for depicting complicated subjects with figures and very active poses, such as battles. Most ancient architectural reliefs were painted, which helped to define forms in low relief. Rock reliefs are carved into solid rock in the open air. This type is found in cultures, in particular those of the Ancient Near East and Buddhist countries. A stele is a standing stone, many of these carry reliefs. The distinction between high and low relief is somewhat subjective, and the two are often combined in a single work. In particular, most later high reliefs contain sections in low relief, a low relief or bas-relief is a projecting image with a shallow overall depth, for example used on coins, on which all images are in low relief. Other versions distort depth much less and it is a technique which requires less work, and is therefore cheaper to produce, as less of the background needs to be removed in a carving, or less modelling is required
3.
Irish people
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The Irish people are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies, for most of Irelands recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland, the people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities, including Irish, Northern Irish, British, or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine, although Irish was their main language in the past, today the huge majority of Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, there have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Irelands conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, the 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the fathers of Europe, followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the father of chemistry, famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker and James Joyce, notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Robert McClure, Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides, many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.3 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are mainly in English-speaking countries, especially the United Kingdom. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand, the United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country. Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears, in its summary of their article Who were the Celts. The National Museum Wales notes It is possible that genetic studies of ancient. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics, nineteenth century anthropology studied the physical characteristics of Irish people in minute detail. During the past 10,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores, the ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived, as late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael
4.
Architect
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An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief
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White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
6.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
7.
Earl of Desart
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Earl of Desart was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1793 for Otway Cuffe, 1st Viscount Desart and he had already succeeded his elder brother as third Baron Desart in 1767 and been created Viscount Desart, in the County of Kilkenny, in the Peerage of Ireland in 1781. He was also made Viscount Castlecuffe in the Peerage of Ireland at the time as he was granted the earldom. He later sat in the House of Lords between 1800 and 1804 as one of the 28 original Irish Representative Peers, lord Desart was the younger son of John Cuffe, who represented Thomastown in the Irish House of Commons between 1715 and 1727. In 1733 he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Desart, the first Earl was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He sat as Member of Parliament for Bossiney between 1809 and 1817, on his early death the titles passed to his son, the third Earl. He served as Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies between March and December 1852 in the Earl of Derbys first administration, in 1909 he was created Baron Desart, of Desart in the County of Kilkenny, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Lord Desart had no sons and on his death in 1934 all his titles became extinct and his daughter Lady Sybil Cuffe was the mother of the writer Iris Origo through her first husband William Bayard Cutting. The family seat was Desart Court, County Kilkenny, in the Republic of Ireland, the manor house itself was burnt down in the early 1920s as a result of an IRA attack. The title should not be confused with the title Earl of Dysart, created in the Peerage of Scotland
8.
Thomas Ivory (Irish architect)
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Thomas Ivory was an Irish architect, one of the significant figures in the building of Georgian Dublin. He is often called Thomas Ivory of Cork, and is to be distinguished from his contemporary Thomas Ivory of Norwich, said to have been a carpenters apprentice self-educated, and from Cork, Ivory worked in Dublin under the gunsmith Thomas Trulock. He then studied under the draughtsman Jonas Blaymire, Ivory practised in Dublin, and was appointed master of architectural drawing in the schools of the Royal Dublin Society in 1759. He held the post till his death, and among his pupils were Henry Aaron Baker, James Hoban, Thomas Roberts was articled to him. Ivory died in Dublin in December 1786, in 1765 Ivory prepared designs and an estimate for additional buildings to the Royal Dublin Society premises in Shaws Court, but these were not executed. Ivorys major work was the Kings Hospital in Blackhall Place, in the classic style, the first stone was laid on 16 June 1773, but from want of money the central cupola was not finished. Ivory designed Lord Newcomens bank, built in 1781, at the corner of Castle Street and Cork Street, the Hibernian Marine School, often attributed to him, was more probably the work of Thomas Cooley. He made a drawing of the Casino at Marino, near Dublin, in the board-room of the Kings Hospital was a picture said to represent Ivory and eight others sitting at or standing round a table on which are spread plans of the new building. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Lee, Sidney, ed. Ivory
9.
Duke of Leinster
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Duke of Leinster is a title in the Peerage of Ireland and the premier dukedom in that peerage. The viscounty of Leinster is in the Peerage of Great Britain, the barony of Kildare in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the courtesy title of the eldest son and heir of the Duke of Leinster is Marquess of Kildare. The family seat now is Oakley Park, near Abingdon, Oxfordshire and this branch of the Welsh-Norman FitzGerald dynasty, which came to Ireland in 1169, were initially created Earls of Kildare. The earldom was created in 1316 for John FitzGerald, Two senior FitzGeralds, Garret Mór FitzGerald and his son, Garret Óg FitzGerald served as Lords Deputy of Ireland. The tenth Earl, Thomas FitzGerald, known as Silken Thomas, was attainted, in 1554, Thomass half-brother and only male heir, Gerald FitzGerald, was created Earl of Kildare in the Peerage of Ireland. He was subsequently restored to the original Patent in 1569, as 11th earl, the second earldom became extinct in 1599, although the original earldom survived. The family was based in Maynooth Castle in Maynooth in County Kildare. In later centuries the family owned estates in Waterford with their country residence being a Georgian house called Carton House which had replaced the castle in County Kildare, in Dublin, the Earl built a large townhouse residence on the southside of Dublin called Kildare House. When the Earl was awarded a dukedom and became Duke of Leinster, one of its occupants was Lord Edward FitzGerald, who became an icon for Irish nationalism through his involvement with the Irish Rebellion of 1798, which ultimately cost him his life. Leinster House was sold by the Leinsters in 1815, in 1924 it bought the building for parliamentary use. It has remained the parliament house of the Irish state, the Dukes of Leinster had by the early 20th century lost all their property and wealth. Their Carton House seat was sold, as later on was their residence in Waterford. The family now live in a property in Ramsden, Oxfordshire. A controversial claim by the descendants of the 5th Duke was made and failed. Paul FitzGerald and his supporters claimed that Lord Desmond faked his death, instead, it was passed down through her fathers brothers family. It was alleged that an archivist had acknowledged the package had once existed, the Baron Falconer of Thoroton, Lord Chancellor, and Harriet Harman, Minister of State in the Department for Constitutional Affairs, gave due consideration to this claim. The claim was dismissed by Lord Falconer despite a 30-year campaign by Paul FitzGeralds family reputedly costing £1.3 million, the Lord Chancellor adjudicated that the title was to remain with the existing holder, the 9th Duke, Maurice FitzGerald. Paul FitzGerald has a right of appeal against the Lord Chancellors verdict by petitioning Her Majesty The Queen, in 2010, however, DNA evidence was presented that indicates that Paul FitzGerald is related to the wife of the 5th Duke, the former Lady Hermione Duncombe
10.
American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
11.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
12.
Charleston County Courthouse
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Charleston County Courthouse is a Neoclassical building in Charleston, South Carolina, designed by Irish architect James Hoban. It was a model for Hobans most famous building, the U. S. White House. President George Washington visited Charleston on his Southern Tour in May 1791, may have met with Hoban, the following month, Hoban was named the winner of the design competition for the presidential mansion in Washington, D. C. He later altered his design under Washingtons influence, in 1883–1884, the courthouse underwent a large renovation performed by Kerrigan & Grant. The Courthouse itself is still in use, located in the district near the park at Washington Square. It was built on the site of and incorporated the ruins of the South Carolina Statehouse, Hoban also designed a new statehouse building nearby, which was burned down during the Civil War. Court House Square Charleston Historic District South Carolina Provincial Congress Charleston County Courthouse from National Park Service
13.
South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
14.
United States Capitol
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The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol Building or Capitol Hill, is the home of the United States Congress, and the seat of the legislative branch of the U. S. federal government. It sits atop Capitol Hill at the end of the National Mall in Washington. Though not at the center of the Federal District, the Capitol forms the origin point for the Districts street-numbering system. The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded, like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior. Both its east and west elevations are referred to as fronts, though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors. In 2014, scaffolding was erected around the dome for a project scheduled to be completed by early 2017. All exterior scaffolding was removed by the end of summer 2016, prior to establishing the nations capital in Washington, D. C. the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia, New York City, and a number of other locations. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21,1783, and met in Annapolis, Maryland, the United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4,1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790, when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a capital for ten years, until the nations capital in Washington. Pierre Charles LEnfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city, in reviewing LEnfants plan, Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the Capitol rather than Congress House. The word Capitol comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill, the connection between the two is not, however, crystal clear. In spring 1792, United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the Presidents House. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City, the most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet, a trained French architect. However, Hallets designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, a late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31,1793, to much praise for its Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty by Washington, along with praise from Thomas Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre, as well as the Paris Pantheon for the portion of the design
15.
William Thornton
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Dr. William Thornton was a British-American physician, inventor, painter and architect who designed the United States Capitol, an authentic polymath. He also served as the first Architect of the Capitol and first Superintendent of the United States Patent Office, from an early age William Thornton displayed interest and discernible talent in the arts of design, to employ an 18th-century term that is particularly useful in assessing his career. Thornton was born on Jost Van Dyke in the British Virgin Islands, West Indies, where he was heir to sugar plantations. He was sent to England at age five to be educated, frary Thornton was brought up strictly by his fathers relations, Quakers and merchants, in and near the ancient castle town of Lancaster, in northern Lancashire, England. There was never any question of his pursuing the fine arts professionally—he was to be trained for a useful life, according to the Quaker ways. Thus, despite the fact that he had an income, young Thornton was apprenticed for a term of four years, to a practical physician and apothecary in Ulverston. The earliest of Thorntons known writings, a journal he began during his apprenticeship, records almost as many entries for drawing and sketching as notes on medical treatments and this pattern continued when he enrolled as a medical student in the University of Edinburgh in 1781. He interned at St. Bartholomew Hospital, the architecture of Edinburgh, especially that of the New Town that was being built, surely exerted considerable influence. More direct evidence of his interest in architecture is found in the landscapes and sketches of castles he drew while travelling about Scotland, notably in the Highlands, during these years. In 1783, Thornton went to London to continue his studies, characteristically. The following year he was off to the Continent, carrying a letter of introduction to Benjamin Franklin, written by his mentor, in the summer of 1784, he explored the Highlands with Faujas de St. Fond. He received his degree in 1784 at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. Thornton then spent time in Paris, before returning to Tortola in 1786, eager to achieve fame in the cause of anti-slavery, he emigrated to the United States of America in the fall of 1786, moving to Philadelphia. Some leaders of the new republic—notably James Madison, with whom he lodged at Mrs. Mary Houses prominent boarding establishment in 1787, however, after moving to the City of Washington, he took advantage of slavery. According to a diary his wife kept in 1800, he frequently shopped for slaves and bought, in 1788, he became an American citizen. Thornton married Anna Maria Brodeau, daughter of a school teacher, in 1789, after briefly practicing medicine and pursuing an interest in steamboats, Thornton submitted a design to the architectural competition for the Library Company of Philadelphias new hall. His design won but was somewhat departed from during actual construction, Library Hall was described as the first building in the modern style to be erected in the new nations leading city. Because a design for the Capitol had not been chosen, he was allowed to compete upon his return to Philadelphia, between July and November 1792, the Washington administration examined closely the designs submitted by the French émigré architect Etienne Sulpice Hallet, and Judge George Turner
16.
The Octagon House
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The Octagon House, also known as the Colonel John Tayloe III House, is located at 1799 New York Avenue, Northwest in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D. C. C. in Richmond County, Virginia. He was educated in at Eton College and Cambridge University in London, England, served in the Virginia state legislature, and ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 1800. John Tayloe III married Ann Ogle, daughter of Benjamin Ogle and grand daughter to Samuel Ogle of Ogle Hall Annapolis, Maryland, Ann was only a year younger than her husband. The Octagon was originally constructed to be a residence for the Tayloe family. The Octagon property originally included a number of outbuildings, including a smokehouse, laundry, stables, carriage house, slave quarters, the Tayloes were involved in shipbuilding, horse breeding and racing, and owned several iron foundries—they were fairly diversified for a plantation family. The Tayloes owned hundreds of slaves, and had between 12 and 18 who worked at the Octagon, John and Anne Tayloe were considering Philadelphia as a place to build a town house, since Baltimore and Philadelphia were the nearest metropolitan centers to Mount Airy. George Washington - whose half-brother Augustine Washington, Jr, the plan was to establish a node of development to stimulate fill-in growth. Col. William Thornton, the man who designed the new first architect of the United States Capitol, Col. Tayloe went with the wishes of George Washington. On April 191797 Tayloe paid $1,000 to Gustavus W. Scott for lot 8 in Square 170, at the corner of New York Avenue, pierre Charles LEnfant and surveyed by Andrew Ellicott. Scott was one of the 1st purchasers of lots in the newly platted capital, the lot was in open country west of the partly built Presidents House, about 1 mi. from Georgetown, and about.5 mi. NE of Hamburgh, which was absorbed into the new city plan. On April 191799 Dr. William Thornton wrote to George Washington, Mr. J. Tayloe, thoronton was a self-trained architect who had won the United States Capitol competition. His first problem was to plan a house that would fit the lot, if the house were built to face either of the bordering streets, it would be at an ungainly angle in relation to the other street, and outbuildings and wells had to be fitted in also. He dealt with the problem by relating the house equally to both streets, which put the two walls at a 70 degree angle from each other, the house actually has 6 sides, but was called The Octagon by the Tayloes. It had closets on every floor, a feature for its time. The house is built of brick trimmed with Aquia Creek sandstone. The lot is triangular and fenced in by a brick wall. The kitchen, stable and outhouses are built of brick and accommodated a number of both servants and horses
17.
County Kilkenny
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County Kilkenny is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the South-East Region and it is named after the city of Kilkenny. The county was based on the historic Gaelic kingdom of Ossory, Kilkenny County Council is the local authority for the county. According to the 2011 census the population of the county is 95,419, Kilkenny is the 16th largest of the traditional 32 Counties of Ireland in area and the 21st largest in terms of population. It is the third largest country in the province Leinster and seventh largest in terms of population, the county is subdivided into called nine baronies which are in turn divided into civil parishes and townlands. There are about 800 townlands in Kilkenny, each barony was made up of a number of parishes or parts of parishes. Both civil parishes and baronies are now obsolete and are no longer used for local government purposes. Every parish had at least one church, the barony boundaries and the parish boundaries were not connected. From the 17th to mid-19th centuries, civil parishes were based on early Christian and medieval monastic, the civil parishes are divided into townlands. As the population grew, new parishes were created and the parish covered the same area as the established Church of Ireland. The Roman Catholic Church adapted to a new structure based on towns, there 2,508 civil parishes in Ireland, which often break both barony and county boundaries. Brandon Hill is the highest point with an elevation of 515 m, most of the county has a hilly surface of moderate elevation with uplands in the north-east, the north-west and the South of the county, the middle is lower by comparison. The county is located at 52°35′N 7°15′W and has an area of 512,222 acres which contains a population of 87,558. The county extends from 52 degrees 14 minutes to 52 degrees 52 minutes north latitude, Kilkenny extends southward from Laois to the valley of the Suir and eastward from the Munster–Leinster border to the River Barrow. The River Nore bisects the county and the River Barrow and River Suir are natural boundaries to the east, County Kilkenny is bordered by Laois, Carlow, Wexford, Waterford and Tipperary. The geology of Kilkenny includes the Kiltorcan Formation which is early Carboniferous in age, the Formation is located around Kiltoncan Hill near Ballyhale in the Callan and Knocktopher areas. It forms the uppermost part of the Old Red Sandstone and is the distinctive Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous unit in southern Ireland and it contains non-red lithologies, green mudstones, siltstones, fine sandstones and yellow sandstones. There is a fossil assemblage containing Cyclostigma and Archaeopteris and Archaeopteris hibernica, most of the county is principally limestone of the upper and lower group, corresponding with the rest of Ireland
18.
Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
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Georgetown is a historic neighborhood, commercial, and entertainment district located in northwest Washington, D. C. situated along the Potomac River. Founded in 1751 in the Province of Maryland, the port of Georgetown predated the establishment of the federal district, Georgetown remained a separate municipality until 1871, when the United States Congress created a new consolidated government for the whole District of Columbia. A separate act passed in 1895 specifically repealed Georgetowns remaining local ordinances, Georgetown is home to the main campus of Georgetown University and numerous other landmarks, such as the Volta Bureau and the Old Stone House, the oldest unchanged building in Washington. The embassies of Cameroon, France, Kosovo, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine, situated on the fall line, Georgetown was the farthest point upstream that oceangoing boats could navigate the Potomac River. In 1632, English fur trader Henry Fleet documented a Native American village of the Nacotchtank people called Tohoga on the site of present-day Georgetown, the area was then part of the Province of Maryland, an English colony. George Gordon constructed a tobacco inspection house along the Potomac in approximately 1745, the site was already a tobacco trading post when the inspection house was built. Warehouses, wharves, and other buildings were constructed around the inspection house. It did not take long before Georgetown grew into a port, facilitating trade. In 1751, the legislature of the Province of Maryland authorized the purchase of 60 acres of land from Gordon, a survey of the town was completed in February 1752. Since Georgetown was founded during the reign of George II of Great Britain, another theory is that the town was named after its founders, George Gordon and George Beall. The Maryland Legislature formally issued a charter and incorporated the town in 1789, robert Peter, an early area merchant in the tobacco trade, became Georgetowns first mayor in 1790. Col. John Beatty established the first church in Georgetown, a Lutheran church on High Street, Stephen Bloomer Balch established a Presbyterian Church in 1784. In 1795, the Trinity Catholic Church was built, along with a parish school-house, construction of St. Johns Episcopal Church began in 1797, but paused for financial reasons until 1803, and the church was finally consecrated in 1809. Banks in Georgetown included the Farmers and Mechanics Bank, which was established in 1814, other banks included the Bank of Washington, Patriotic Bank, Bank of the Metropolis, and the Union and Central Banks of Georgetown. Newspapers in Georgetown included the Republican Weekly Ledger, which was the first paper, the Sentinel was first published in 1796 by Green, English & Co. Charles C. Fulton began publishing the Potomac Advocate, which was started by Thomas Turner. Other newspapers in Georgetown included the Georgetown Courier and the Federal Republican, magruder, the first postmaster, was appointed on February 16,1790, and in 1795, a custom house was established on Water Street. General James M. Lingan served as the first collector of the port, in the 1790s, City Tavern, the Union Tavern, and the Columbian Inn opened and were popular throughout the 19th century. Of these taverns, only the City Tavern remains today, as a social club located near the corner of Wisconsin Avenue
19.
District of Columbia home rule
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District of Columbia home rule is the ability of residents of the District of Columbia to govern their local affairs. As the federal capital, the grants the United States Congress exclusive jurisdiction over the District in all cases whatsoever. At certain times, and presently since 1973, Congress has allowed certain powers of government to be carried out by locally elected officials, however, Congress maintains the power to overturn local laws and exercises greater oversight of the city than exists for any U. S. state. Furthermore, the Districts elected government exists at the pleasure of Congress, a separate yet related controversy is the Districts lack of voting representation in Congress. The citys unique status creates a situation where D. C. residents do not have control over their local government nor do they have voting representation in the body that has full control. James Madison explained the need for a district on January 23,1788. 43, arguing that the capital needed to be distinct from the states, in order to provide for its own maintenance. An attack on the Congress at Philadelphia by a mob of angry soldiers, however, the Founding Fathers envisioned that Congress would devolve some of this power to the local level. For example, Madison stated in the Federalist No.43 that a legislature for local purposes, derived from their own suffrages. On July 16,1790, the Residence Act provided for a new permanent capital to be located on the Potomac River, the exact area to be selected by President Washington. As permitted by the U. S. Constitution, the shape of the federal district was a square, measuring 10 miles on each side. The Residence Act also provided for the selection of a board of commissioners, appointed by the President. A new federal city called the City of Washington was then constructed on the bank of the Potomac. In 1802, the board of commissioners was disbanded and the City of Washington was officially incorporated, the citys incorporation allowed for a local municipal government consisting of a mayor appointed by the President and an elected six-member council. The local governments of Georgetown and Alexandria were also left intact, as such, the citizens of Georgetown retained their locally elected mayor. In 1812, the council was given the power to elect the mayor, in 1820, the Congress granted the City of Washington a new charter, which allowed for a mayor elected by voters. During these first few years of the development, the federal government maintained a laissez faire approach to the citys affairs. Most of the disputes between the federal and municipal governments involved financing for projects in the city
20.
Georgetown University
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Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D. C. the capital of the United States. Georgetowns main campus is located on a hill above the Potomac River, the campus is identifiable by its flagship Healy Hall, which is a National Historic Landmark. Georgetown offers degree programs in disciplines, enrolling an average of 7,500 undergraduate and 10,000 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries. The university is known for preparing leaders for careers in government. As of 2015, Georgetown produced more diplomats for the U. S, Foreign Service than any other school in the country, and has ranked second in the U. S. by the average number of graduates serving in the U. S. Congress. Georgetown is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit-affiliated institution of education in the United States. The Jesuits have participated in the academic life, both as scholars and as administrators, since 1805, however, the university has always been governed independently of the church. At present, the majority of Georgetown students are not Catholic, Georgetown is home to the countrys largest student-run business, as well as the largest student-run financial institution. Jesuit settlers from England founded the Province of Maryland in 1634, during most of the remainder of Marylands colonial period, Jesuits conducted Catholic schools clandestinely. It was not until after the end of the American Revolution that plans to establish a permanent Catholic institution for education in the United States were realized, Carroll began meetings of local clergy in 1783 near Annapolis, Maryland, where they orchestrated the development of a new university. On January 23,1789, Carroll finalized the purchase of the property in Georgetown on which Dahlgren Quadrangle was later built, future Congressman William Gaston was enrolled as the schools first student on November 22,1791, and instruction began on January 2,1792. During its early years, Georgetown College suffered from financial strain. The Maryland Society of Jesus began its restoration in 1805, and Jesuit affiliation, in the form of teachers and administrators, the school relied on private sources of funding and the limited profits from local lands which had been donated to the Jesuits. To raise money for Georgetown and other schools in 1838, Maryland Jesuits conducted a sale of some 272 slaves to two Deep South plantations from their six in Maryland, ending their slaveholding. In 1844, the received a corporate charter, under the name The President and Directors of Georgetown College. In response to the demand for an option for Roman Catholic students. The U. S. Civil War greatly affected Georgetown as 1,141 students and alumni enlisted in one army or the other, by the time of President Abraham Lincolns May 1861 visit to campus,1,400 troops were living in temporary quarters there. Due to the number of lives lost in the war, enrollment levels remained low until well after the war, only seven students graduated in 1869, down from over 300 in the previous decade
21.
Society of Jesus
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The Society of Jesus Latin, Societas Iesu, S. J. SJ or SI) is a religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in Spain. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents, Jesuits work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice, Ignatius of Loyola founded the society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion. He composed the Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ, ignatiuss plan of the orders organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by a bull containing the Formula of the Institute. Ignatius was a nobleman who had a background, and the members of the society were supposed to accept orders anywhere in the world. The Society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council, the Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General. The Society of Jesus on October 3,2016 announced that Superior General Adolfo Nicolás resignation was officially accepted, on October 14, the 36th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus elected Father Arturo Sosa as its thirty-first Superior General. The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome, the historic curia of St. Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit Mother Church. In 2013, Jorge Mario Bergoglio became the first Jesuit Pope, the Jesuits today form the largest single religious order of priests and brothers in the Catholic Church. As of 1 January 2015, Jesuits numbered 16,740,11,986 clerics regular,2,733 scholastics,1,268 brothers and 753 novices. In 2012, Mark Raper S. J. wrote, Our numbers have been in decline for the last 40 years—from over 30,000 in the 1960s to fewer than 18,000 today. The steep declines in Europe and North America and consistent decline in Latin America have not been offset by the significant increase in South Asia, the Society is divided into 83 Provinces with six Independent Regions and ten Dependent Regions. On 1 January 2007, members served in 112 nations on six continents with the largest number in India and their average age was 57.3 years,63.4 years for priests,29.9 years for scholastics, and 65.5 years for brothers. The current Superior General of the Jesuits is Arturo Sosa, the Society is characterized by its ministries in the fields of missionary work, human rights, social justice and, most notably, higher education. It operates colleges and universities in countries around the world and is particularly active in the Philippines. In the United States it maintains 28 colleges and universities and 58 high schools and he ensured that his formula was contained in two papal bulls signed by Pope Paul III in 1540 and by Pope Julius III in 1550. The formula expressed the nature, spirituality, community life and apostolate of the new religious order, the meeting is now commemorated in the Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre
22.
Ballyragget
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Ballyragget is a small town in County Kilkenny in Ireland. It is situated along the river Nore in the north of the county and it is located in the province of Leinster in the south-east of the island of Ireland. Ballyragget situated on the N7718 km north of Kilkenny and has a population of 1,451 people, the name Ragget is Anglo-Norman in origin, and denotes a once-prominent Norman landowner Richard le Ragget who held these lands in the early part of the 13th century. Older names of the settlement include Donoughmore and a more ancient Tullabarry - the name of a Celtic or possibly pre-Celtic tribe which held their seat in the vicinity. There is some debate as to the meaning of Donoughmore, the very first Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society Old Kilkenny Review, Number 1. The River Nore flows beside the town, which nestles in an alluvial valley between the Attanagh Plateau and several hills to the east, including Knockmannon and The Balla boys. The Nore passes by one of the most significant ancient sites in North Kilkenny 5 kilometres south of Ballyragget at Rathbeagh, the statistical Ballyragget Geographical Area is recorded by the CSO as containing 26.67 square kilometres. To the north lies the town of Durrow in County Laois, the town itself is dominated by a large medieval keep, fallen into disrepair, and its adjoining walls. This tower dates roughly from the time of Queen Elizabeth I, a large Catholic Church also sits on a rise overlooking the towns central square. Statistics available from the Central Statistics Office of Ireland show that Ballyraggets population had reached 1,451 persons in the 2006 census, the figures show that there was a 14. 1% increase in population from 2002 to 2006. The Ballyragget Electoral Area contained 15,417 people in 2006 and these figures correspond to a section of North Kilkenny, including Castlecomer, Freshford and Urlingford. The majority of residents in Ballyragget are nominally Roman Catholic, although there are minority Protestant, agriculture and the Agri-Food industry are the largest employers, with the large Glanbia factory across the river dominating the towns industry for the past forty years. The plant at Ballyragget is the largest multi-purpose integrated dairy plant in Europe, a large percentage of the towns residents are employed in the services sector in nearby Kilkenny City and in Carlow, with some also commuting to Dublin. Ballyragget is the birthplace of Mabel Esmonde Cahill, a tennis player who in the nineteenth century won the U. S. Open and held the singles, doubles. Ballyragget is the birthplace of Mother Teresa Lalor of the Georgetown Nuns of the Visitation, patrick Neary, who resigned as Chief Executive of the Financial Regulator, following the collapse of Anglo Irish Bank, was brought up in the village. Mark Bannon, an explorer was raised in the town in the fashionable castle gardens estate. Local politics is dominated by Fine Gael and the Labour Party, at national level, Ballyragget, as part of the Carlow–Kilkenny constituency, is represented by five Teachtaí Dála in Dáil Éireann. List of towns and villages in Ireland
23.
Mount Olivet Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
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Mount Olivet Cemetery is an historic cemetery located at 1300 Bladensburg Road, NE in Washington, D. C. It is maintained by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington, the largest Catholic burial ground in the District of Columbia, it was one of the first in the city to be racially integrated. Existing Catholic cemeteries at St. Matthews Church, St. Patrick Catholic Church, a number of new cemeteries were therefore established in the rural areas in and around Washington, Columbian Harmony Cemetery in D. C. Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Silver Spring, Maryland, Glenwood Cemetery in D. C. white, the 51-year-old priest who had led St. St. Matthews Roman Catholic Church since 1857, was the individual most responsible for the creation of Mt. Olivet. The cemetery was created in 1858, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore, which then covered the District of Columbia, purchased 40 acres of Fenwick Farm for the cemetery. A gray stone lodge was built to mark the entrance, Mount Auburn Cemetery, a rural cemetery near Boston, Massachusetts, was the model for Mount Olivet. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mount Olivet was known as one of the big five cemeteries in Washington, from the start, Mount Olivet was racially integrated. Most cemeteries in the city were not, more than 7,700 African Americans were buried at Mount Olivet between 1800 and 1919. In comparison,24,000 Caucasians were buried there during the same period, Mount Olivet remains the only racially integrated cemetery from the 19th century to remain active as of 1989. Robert Emmet Odlum, first person to jump from Brooklyn Bridge Francisco Pizarro Martínez, thomas Devin Reilly, Irish nationalist involved in Young Ireland Movement Charlie Ross, Harry S. Bergheim, Laura. The Washington Historical Atlas, Who Did What, When and Where in the Nations Capital, the Memory of the Community, A Photographic Album of Congressional Cemetery. Footnote Washington, Tracking the Engaging, Humorous, and Surprising Bypaths of Capital History, the Burial Grounds of Black Washington, 1880–1919. Records of the Columbia Historical Society, a Guide to the Nations Capital. Catholic Cemeteries of the Archdiocese of Washington, Mount Olivet
24.
James Monroe
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James Monroe was an American statesman who served from 1817 to 1825 as the fifth President of the United States. Monroe was the last president among the Founding Fathers of the United States as well as the Virginian dynasty, born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe was of the planter class and fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was wounded in the Battle of Trenton with a ball to his shoulder. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress. He took a part in the new government, and in 1790 he was elected to the Senate of the first United States Congress. He gained experience as an executive as the Governor of Virginia and rose to prominence as a diplomat in France. During the War of 1812, Monroe served in roles as Secretary of State. As president, he sought to ease tensions, embarking on a tour of the country that was well received. As nationalism surged, partisan fury subsided, and the Era of Good Feelings ensued, until the Panic of 1819 struck, and a dispute over the admission of Missouri embroiled the country in 1820. Monroe supported the founding of colonies in Africa for freed slaves that would form the nation of Liberia, whose capital. His presidency concluded the first period of American presidential history before the beginning of Jacksonian democracy, following his retirement in 1825, Monroe was plagued by financial difficulties. He died in New York City on July 4,1831 and he has been ranked in the aggregate by scholars as the 16th most successful president. James Monroe was born on April 28,1758, in his parents house located in a area of Westmoreland County. The marked site is one mile from the community known today as Monroe Hall. The James Monroe Family Home Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and his father Spence Monroe was a moderately prosperous planter who also practiced carpentry. His mother Elizabeth Jones married Spence Monroe in 1752 and they had several children and his paternal great-grandfather Patrick Andrew Monroe emigrated to America from Scotland in the mid-17th century. In 1650 he patented a large tract of land in Washington Parish, Westmoreland County, also among James Monroes ancestors were French Huguenot immigrants, who came to Virginia in 1700. First tutored at home by his mother Elizabeth, between the ages of 11 and 16, the young Monroe studied at Campbelltown Academy, a run by Reverend Archibald Campbell of Washington Parish
25.
Andrew Jackson
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Andrew Jackson was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson served in Congress, as president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the common man against what he saw as a corrupt aristocracy and to preserve the Union. Jackson was born in 1767 somewhere near the border between North and South Carolina, into a recently immigrated Scots-Irish farming family. During the American Revolutionary War, Jackson acted as a courier, at age 13, he was captured and mistreated by the British. He moved to Tennessee and practiced as a lawyer, in 1791, he married Rachel Donelson Robards. The couple later learned that Rachels previous husband had failed to finalize their divorce, Jackson served briefly in the U. S. House of Representatives and the U. S. Senate. Upon returning to Tennessee, he was appointed a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court, in 1801, Jackson was appointed colonel in the Tennessee militia, and was elected its commander the following year. He built the Hermitage plantation in 1804, in 1806, he killed a man in a duel over a matter of honor regarding his wife. He led Tennessee militia and U. S. Army regulars during the Creek War of 1813-1814, Jackson won a decisive victory in the War of 1812 over the British army at the Battle of New Orleans, making him into a national hero. Because Spanish Florida was a refuge for blacks escaping slavery, who allied with the Seminole Indians, Jackson invaded the territory in 1816 to destroy the Negro Fort. He led an invasion in 1818, as part of the First Seminole War, resulting in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. Jackson briefly served as Floridas first Territorial Governor in 1821, Jackson was nominated by several state legislatures to be a candidate for president in 1824. Although he earned a plurality in both the electoral and popular vote against three major candidates, Jackson failed to get a majority and lost in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams, Jacksons supporters founded what became the Democratic Party. He ran again for president in 1828 against Adams, building and expanding upon his base of support in the West and South, he won in a landslide. He blamed the death of his wife, Rachel, which occurred after the election, on the Adams campaigners, as president, Jackson faced a threat of secession by South Carolina over the Tariff of Abominations, which Congress had enacted under Adams. In contrast to several of his successors, he denied the right of a state to secede from the union or to nullify federal law. The Nullification Crisis was defused when the tariff was amended and Jackson threatened the use of force if South Carolina attempted to secede. Jackson believed strongly in majority rule and he supported direct election of senators and abolition of the Electoral College, believing that these reforms would provide average citizens with greater power
26.
Edisto Island
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Edisto Island is one of South Carolinas Sea Islands, the larger part of which lies in Charleston County, with its southern tip in Colleton County. The town of Edisto Beach is in Colleton County, while the Charleston County part of the island is unincorporated. The island, town, and Edisto River are named after the historic Edistow people, a Native American sub-tribe of the Cusabo Indians, indigenous peoples often had fishing camps on the islands, using them seasonally. The historic Edisto people are known to have occupied the island as well as mainland areas, the sub-tribe became extinct during the colonial period. In 2005 they gained recognition as an Indian group, one of six tribes to do so. The first tracts of land, called plantations, were granted on Edisto Island before 1700, landowners first harvested timber and deerskins, planted indigo and some rice, and kept herds of free-ranging cattle to produce hides for the European market and salt beef for Caribbean plantations. Cotton gradually became the crop, and after the American Revolution, Edisto Island planters became wealthy. The labor done by hundreds of enslaved Africans who developed the creole Gullah language and culture on the islands and in the Lowcountry, since the twentieth century, the island has been redeveloped for use as a tourist destination and resorts, although some private plantations remain. The Alexander Bache U. S. Edisto Island is located 42 miles southwest of Charleston, Edisto Island is home to Edisto Beach and Wyndham Oceanridge resort. Edisto Island State Park is also located on the island, the park is open to day visitors as well as rent and RV camping. The park has a station, bathrooms with running water and showers, a playground. The campsites are unique in that there are many that are on the beachfront, hanging moss trees shade the park. Each site is equipped with electricity and water hook ups, a pit. There are some restaurants in walking distance from the campground. The only grocery store near the beach is a BI-LO out on Jungle Road, there are three gas stations and about a dozen independently owned restaurants, most of which specialize in local seafood. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,301 people,1,030 households, the population density was about 34 people per square mile. There were 1,193 housing units at a density of 34ppl/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 59. 6% White,39. 1% African American,0. 20% Native American,0. 0% Asian,0. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 4% of the population
27.
First Bank of the United States
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It followed the Bank of North America, the nations first de facto central bank. In 1791, The First Bank of the United States was one of the four major financial innovations proposed and supported by Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. In addition to the bank, the other measures were assumption of the state war debts by the U. S. Government, establishment of a mint. The goals of Hamiltons three measures were to, Establish financial order, clarity and precedence in and of the newly formed United States, Establish credit—both in country and overseas—for the new nation. Resolve the issue of the currency, issued by the Continental Congress immediately prior to. The remaining $8 million of stock would be available to the public, there were other, nonnegotiable conditions for the establishment of the First Bank of the United States. Among these were, That the bank was to be a private company and that the bank, to avoid any appearance of impropriety, would, be forbidden to buy government bonds. Have a mandatory rotation of directors, neither issue notes nor incur debts beyond its actual capitalization. That foreigners, whether overseas or residing in the United States, would be allowed to be First Bank of the United States stockholders, but would not be allowed to vote. To achieve this, Hamilton repeated a suggestion he had nearly a year before—increase the duty on imported spirits, plus raise the excise tax on domestically distilled whiskey. Local opposition to the tax led to the Whiskey Rebellion, Hamiltons bank proposal faced widespread resistance from opponents of increased federal power. Like most of the Southern members of Congress, Jefferson and Madison also opposed a second of the three proposals of Hamilton, establishing an official government Mint. Furthermore, they contended that the creation of such a bank violated the Constitution, the Senate version of the bill did likewise, with considerably fewer, and milder, objections. It was when the two bills changed houses, complications set in, in the Senate, Hamiltons supporters objected to the Houses alteration of the plans for the excise tax. The establishment of the also raised early questions of constitutionality in the new government. Hamilton, then Secretary of the Treasury, argued that the bank was a means to utilize the authorized powers of the government implied under the law of the Constitution. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson argued that the bank violated traditional property laws, another argument came from James Madison, who believed Congress had not received the power to incorporate a bank, or any other governmental agency. His argument rested primarily on the Tenth Amendment, that all powers not endowed to Congress are retained by the States, additionally, his belief was that if the Constitutions writers had wanted Congress to have such power, they would have made it explicit
28.
William Seabrook House
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The William Seabrook House, also known as the Seabrook is a plantation house built about 1810 on Edisto Island, South Carolina, United States, southwest of Charleston. It is located off Steamboat Landing Road Extension close to Steamboat Creek about 0.7 mi from Steam Boat Landing and it was named to the National Register of Historic Places on May 6,1971. William Seabrook was a Sea Island cotton planter and part-owner of the Edisto Island Ferry, the house was built around 1810. His initials are on the ironwork of the front stairs, tradition indicates that James Hoban, the architect of the White House, was the designer. William Seabrook died in about 1837 and his widow lived in the house until 1854 or 1855. The house was purchased by J. Evans Eddings, at the end of the Civil War, the Sea Islands below Charleston were abandoned to the Union Army forces. The house was used for staff headquarters and provost, after the war ended, freed slaves temporarily took refuge in the house. At some point, Judge Smith purchased the house, later, the house was bought and restored by Donald D. Dodge. This house has been described as a plan for houses on Edisto. It is an Early Republic or Federal style, 2 1⁄2-story frame house on a raised basement and it has a gabled roof with dormers. It has a portico with pediment with a semielliptical fanlight, columns. Double stairways rise to the first floor portico, the main door has sidelights and a semielliptical fanlight. The windows on the main and second floors are nine over nine lights, the house originally had four rooms on the main floor divided by a central hall that extends to the smaller garden portico. Double stairway to the second floor go up a landing over the garden portico door, a floor plan and photographs taken before its restoration are also available. Slaves in the Estate of William Seabrook, Edisto Island, SC,1860 Historic American Buildings Survey No, sC-124, William Seabrook House, County Road 768, Edisto Island, Charleston County, SC,30 photos,3 data pages,2 photo caption pages
29.
Taft Museum of Art
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The Taft Museum of Art is a historic house museum holding a fine art collection in Cincinnati. It is on the National Register of Historic Places listings in downtown Cincinnati, the Taft house was first built for Martin Baum and then was the residence of Nicholas Longworth. David Sinton lived in the house with his daughter Anna, who married Charles Phelps Taft, the Tafts lived in the house from 1873 until 1929. William H. Taft accepted his presidential nomination there from its portico in 1908, the Tafts were avid art collectors. They turned their home into a museum, and donated their Greek Revival house, the Taft Museum opened to the public on November 29,1932. The galleries in the house also include Chinese porcelains, European decorative arts, Limoges enamels, watches, sculptures. Collection highlights include, Joaquin Sorolla, Portrait of Mr. Taft, frank Duveneck, The Cobblers Apprentice,1877. Henry Farny, Song of the Talking Wire,1904, rembrandt van Rijn, Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair,1633. J. M. W. Turner, Europa and the Bull, james Abbott McNeill Whistler, At the Piano, 1858–59. Anonymous author of the 13th century, Virgin and Child, from Paris, Abbey of Saint-Denis, olivuccio di Ciccarello, Madonna nursing the Child with Saints. Frans Hals, Portrait of Seated Man Holding Hat, jeronymus Van Diest, Sailboats On River with Fisherman. An appreciable collection of Limoges enamel paintings, the museum reopened in May 2004 after an extensive renovation. The expansion includes a shop, the Carl H. Lindner Family Café. William Howard Taft National Historic Site Taft Museum of Art online Postcard Taft Home
30.
Cincinnati
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Cincinnati is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio that serves as county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located on the side of the confluence of the Licking with the Ohio River. With a population of 298,550, Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and its metropolitan statistical area is the 28th-largest in the United States and the largest centered in Ohio. The city is part of the larger Cincinnati–Middletown–Wilmington combined statistical area. In the 19th century, Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the heart of the country, it rivaled the larger cities in size. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was listed among the top 10 U. S and it was by far the largest city in the west. By the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping, trade patterns had altered and Cincinnatis growth slowed considerably. Cincinnati is home to two sports teams, the Cincinnati Reds, the oldest franchise in Major League Baseball. The University of Cincinnati, founded in 1819, is one of the 50 largest in the United States, Cincinnati is known for its historic architecture. In the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as Paris of America, due mainly to such ambitious projects as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it Losantiville, in 1790, Arthur St. Ethnic Germans were among the early settlers, migrating from Pennsylvania and the backcountry of Virginia and Tennessee. General David Ziegler succeeded General St. Clair in command at Fort Washington, after the conclusion of the Northwest Indian Wars and removal of Native Americans to the west, he was elected as the mayor of Cincinnati in 1802. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city in 1819, exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830 its population tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831. Completion of the Miami and Erie Canal in 1827 to Middletown, Ohio further stimulated businesses, the city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the two decades, reaching 115,000 persons by 1850. Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21,1825, the first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827. In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown, by 1840, during this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the Queen City
31.
Oak Hill (James Monroe House)
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Oak Hill is a mansion and plantation located in Aldie, Virginia that was for 22 years a home of James Monroe, the fifth U. S. President. It is located approximately 9 miles south of Leesburg on U. S. Route 15, in an area of Loudoun County. Its entrance is 10,300 feet north of Gilberts Corner and it is a National Historic Landmark, but privately owned and not open to the public. Oak Hill was Monroes only residence for three years, from 1827 to 1830, and it was one of his residences during 22 years, the mansion was built in 1820, during Monroes presidency. Before that, Monroes residence at the estate was the building known in recent years as the Monroe Cottage. The architecture is distinctive for its unusual pentastyle portico and it is suggested that Thomas Jefferson, his close friend, may well have drawn plans for Oak Hill, the construction was supervised by James Hoban, designer and builder of the White House. The estate is a designated U. S. National Historic Landmark, Monroe and his uncle Joseph Jones jointly purchased 4,400 acres of land in Loudoun County in 1794. When Jones died without heirs in 1805, Monroe gained sole possession of the property. The tract contains nearly 2000 acres, and possesses many advantages which entitle it to the attention of those who may wish to reside, two merchant mills are in the neighbourhood, one on the adjoining estate, and the other within two miles. It is 10 miles from Leesburg,35 from Alexandria and 40 from Georgetown, the new, Turn-pike from Alexandria crosses a corner of the land, and terminates at the nearest merchant mill. The whole tract is remarkably well watered, Little river passing through the middle of it, about 50 or 60 acres are already well set with timothy, and at least 300 acres are capable of being made excellent meadow. It will be divided into tracts of different dimensions to suit the convenience of purchasers, a credit of one, two and three years will be allowed. Bonds with approved security, and a trust on the land will be required, the negroes are supposed to be very valuable, some of them being good house servants, and the others, principally, young men and women. For them the terms of credit will be allowed. He also attempted to sell the land in 1825, but failed to receive an acceptable bid both times, in 1822, Monroe began construction on the main house, a two-story brick mansion in the Federal style. He hired James Hoban, the designer of the White House, monroe’s longtime friend and political mentor Thomas Jefferson offered many design suggestions. Monroe and his wife, Elizabeth Kortright Monroe, retired to Oak Hill after he finished his term as President in 1825. In August 1825, the Marquis de Lafayette and President John Quincy Adams were guests of the Monroes there, Elizabeth Monroe died at Oak Hill on September 23,1830
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Aldie, Virginia
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Aldie is an unincorporated community located between Chantilly and Middleburg in Loudoun County, Virginia. Aldies beginnings were laid in 1765 when James and George Mercer established a mill at the location of the present historic edifice. The location was a choice, as the gap contained the intersection of the Belhaven road between Winchester and Alexandria and the Mountain road which ran northwest to Snickers Gap. By 1809 the Little River Turnpike was completed from Alexandria to the Mercer Mill, with the opening of the road, James Mercers son, Charles Fenton Mercer, in a partnership with William Cooke, set out to develop a village on 30 acres at the turnpikes western terminus. Mercer named the village for Castle Aldie, his Scottish clans ancestral home, by 1811 a post office had been established in the village. Two years later, the Ashbys Gap Turnpike was completed from Aldie to Middleburg, by the census of 1820, Aldie had a population of 248 residents, making it the fourth largest town in the county. The population peaked in 1830 at 260—notably more than half,132, were slaves, with the incorporation of Middleburg the following year, Aldie began a slow decline. During the American Civil War, the village itself and lands immediately to the west and northwest were the site of the Battle of Aldie during the Gettysburg Campaign. In addition, the Confederate partisan John Singleton Mosby was active in the village, aldies most famous resident was President James Monroe who constructed his private residence at Oak Hill in 1822. The Aldie Mill Historic District, Furr Farm, Loudoun Agricultural and Mechanical Institute, the town hosts two annual festivals, in May, the Treasures on the Turnpike, and in October, the Harvest Festival. Aldie has three sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places, gilberts Corner Regional Park is also located in Aldie next to Mount Zion Old School Baptist Church and offers trails and a picturesque view of the Bull Run Mountains and Blue Ridge Mountains ranges. Aldies population is served by Aldie Elementary School, Aldie was the birthplace of Julia Beckwith Neale, mother of Confederate Lieutenant General Stonewall Jackson. Aldie Mill Historic District Village of Aldie
33.
Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he was elected the second Vice President of the United States, Jefferson was primarily of English ancestry, born and educated in colonial Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary and briefly practiced law and he became the United States Minister to France in May 1785, and subsequently the nations first Secretary of State in 1790–1793 under President George Washington. Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System, as President, Jefferson pursued the nations shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. He also organized the Louisiana Purchase, almost doubling the countrys territory, as a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced military forces. Jeffersons second term was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former Vice President Aaron Burr, American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807, responding to British threats to U. S. shipping. In 1803, Jefferson began a process of Indian tribe removal to the newly organized Louisiana Territory. Jefferson mastered many disciplines, which ranged from surveying and mathematics to horticulture and he was a proven architect in the classical tradition. Jeffersons keen interest in religion and philosophy earned him the presidency of the American Philosophical Society and he shunned organized religion, but was influenced by both Christianity and deism. He was well versed in linguistics and spoke several languages and he founded the University of Virginia after retiring from public office. He was a letter writer and corresponded with many prominent and important people throughout his adult life. His only full-length book is Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson owned several plantations which were worked by hundreds of slaves. Most historians now believe that, after the death of his wife in 1782, he had a relationship with his slave Sally Hemings and fathered at least one of her children. Various modern scholars are more critical of Jeffersons private life, pointing out the discrepancy between his ownership of slaves and his political principles, for example. Presidential scholars, however, consistently rank Jefferson among the greatest presidents, Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13,1743, at the family home in Shadwell in the Colony of Virginia, the third of ten children. He was of English and possibly Welsh descent and was born a British subject and his father Peter Jefferson was a planter and surveyor who died when Jefferson was fourteen, his mother was Jane Randolph. Peter Jefferson moved his family to Tuckahoe Plantation in 1745 upon the death of a friend who had named him guardian of his children, the Jeffersons returned to Shadwell in 1752, where Peter died in 1757, his estate was divided between his sons Thomas and Randolph. Thomas inherited approximately 5,000 acres of land, including Monticello and he assumed full authority over his property at age 21
34.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
35.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
36.
South Carolina State House
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The South Carolina State House is the building housing the government of the U. S. state of South Carolina. The building houses the South Carolina General Assembly and the offices of the Governor, until 1971, it also housed the Supreme Court. It is located in the city of Columbia near the corner of Gervais. The State House is in the Greek Revival style, it is approximately 180 feet tall,300 feet long,100 feet wide and it weighs more than 70,000 short tons and has 130,673 square feet of space. The South Carolina State House was designed first by architect P. H. Hammarskold, construction began in 1851, but the original architect was dismissed for fraud and dereliction of duty. Soon thereafter, the structure was dismantled because of defective materials. John Niernsee redesigned the structure and work began on it in 1855, slowed during the Civil War, several public buildings were put to the torch when United States troops entered the city. The capitol building was damaged by shells and set afire by U. S. Army troops under Shermans command. Building work was completed in 1907. The reconstruction era poverty slowed progress, the buildings main structure was finally completed in 1875. From 1888 to 1891, Niernsee’s son, Frank McHenry Niernsee, served as architect, in 1900 Frank Pierce Milburn began as architect, but was replaced in 1905 by Charles Coker Wilson who finally finished the exterior in 1907. Additional renovations were made in 1959 and 1998, the State House was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its significance in the post-Civil War Reconstruction Era. The buildings grounds are home to several monuments, the monument was established after a controversy during the states 2000 presidential primary about the Confederate flag flying over the dome of the State House. It was then removed from the grounds on July 10,2015 by order of Republican governor Nimrata Haley, on the east side is the African-American History Monument, authorized by Act 457 of the General Assembly and unveiled on March 26,2001. S. Senators James F. Byrnes, Strom Thurmond and Benjamin Tillman, Dr. J. Marion Sims, christopher Werner, maker of the Iron Palmetto List of National Historic Landmarks in South Carolina South Carolina State House virtual tour Historic American Buildings Survey No. SC-319, South Carolina State House, Capitol Square, Columbia, Richland County, State Senators debated whether to remove the Confederate flag from the Capitol building. They voted ultimately to move it from the Capitol dome to the Capitol grounds. South Carolina State Senate Debate on the Confederate Flag, the resolution was passed by voice vote. The South Carolina House of Representatives had passed a similar motion, as called for by Governor Nikki Haley
37.
White House Visitors Office
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The themes of the six permanent exhibits are First Families, Symbols and Images, White House Architecture, White House Interiors, Working White House, and Ceremonies and Celebrations. Other exhibits change throughout the year and it houses a small bookstore operated by the White House Historical Association. The office is located in the East Wing of the White House and its role has been unique in that, up to 2001, the White House was the only home of a head of state that was regularly open to the public at no cost. Since January 2009, the Director of the White House Visitors Office has been Ellie Schafer, historically, the White House has offered tours to the general public. During the Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and Franklin D. Roosevelt administrations, the public could see the ground floor hallways. The White House was closed during U. S. participation in World War II, upon reopening in November 1946, the Truman administration decided to open all the aforementioned areas to all tour visitors, no Senator needed. But as would always be the case, the working areas of the White House, such as the Oval Office, were not included on tours. A schedule was established, tours took place between 10,00 and noon, Tuesday through Saturday, with desiring visitors lining up outside the East Gate. About a half million people a year visited, until the operation was shut down in November 1948 for a renovation of the entire structure. Tours were restarted in April 1952, in charge of them at that time was the Chief Usher of the White House. Tours were suspended following the November 22,1963, assassination of John F. Kennedy, the system was put in place for good beginning in May 1977. White House tours were often in high demand, by 1981, a Director of the White House Visitor Center was in charge of the operation. During the early 1980s, as many as 6,000 visitors were accommodated each day, special pleas for tours coming from Washington officials had to be dealt with frequently. In 1981, there was a dispute between First Lady Nancy Reagan and New York U. S, representative Thomas Downey over his free tickets privileges having been suspended. White House Visitors Office personnel are constantly caught between trying to satisfy demands and expectations for tours and events, and preserving the dignity of the presidential office and setting. Carol McCain, Director of the White House Visitors Office from 1981 to 1987, added participatory activities, later, director Ellie Schafer and First Lady Michelle Obama changed the Egg Roll procedure to have a lottery system for gaining access and to allow more people to participate. In April 1995 the current White House Visitor Center facility was opened in the Herbert C. Hoover Building, the daily tour ticket distribution place was moved there, with exhibits meant to spend the time until ones tour slot had come about. The yearly run rate for visitors was now at 1.25 million, by 1997, ticket scalping was a persistent problem, with scalpers getting from $5 to $50 a throw
38.
Solas (group)
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Solas is an American musical group officially formed in 1996, playing Irish traditional music as well as original compositions that dabble in the country, rock, and americana genres. Their name comes from an Irish word meaning light and their first performance was in Georgetown Universitys Gaston Hall in Washington, D. C. in 1995. Solas received national exposure on WV Public Radio/American Public Radios Mountain Stage in August,1995 and that same year, they recorded their first album and, in October, toured the U. S. A second album followed in 1997 and several members of Solas appeared on Karans debut solo album as session musicians, following their second album, John Williams left Solas to pursue a solo career to be replaced by Mick McAuley. In 1999, between the releases of The Words That Remain and The Hour Before Dawn, Karan left for a purpose and was replaced by Deirdre Scanlan. John Doyle left after the release of The Hour Before Dawn, Clancy left after the release of The Edge of Silence, and was replaced by Éamon McElholm. In June 2008 the band announced Mairead Phelan had joined the group as their new singer, in September 2010, Niamh Varian-Barry from Cork replaced Mairead Phelan as lead singer of Solas. On July 11,2013, they announced on their Facebook page that Niamh was leaving the band and that Noriana Kennedy would be replacing her. In 2015, Solas toured with Moira Smiley as the singer and Johnny Connolly on the accordion in place of Mick McAuley. Mick returned for the Spring 2016 tour. com Solas discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs
39.
John Henry Devereux
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John Henry Devereux, also called John Delorey before 1860, was an American architect and builder best known for his designs in Charleston, South Carolina. According to the National Park Service, he was the most prolific architect of the post-Civil War era in the Charleston area. His works are listed on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places and he blended and mixed architectural influences and styles. Devereux was born on 26 July 1840 in County Wexford in Ireland and his family immigrated to the United States in 1843 when he was 3 years old. The 1860 Census shows Devereaux was the son of Nicholas and Dorothy Delorey and he had two brothers, one older brother James and one younger brother Nicholas Jr. Devereux married Agatha Eulalie Brandt, a woman from France, in 1863. The 1870 Census shows Dorothy Devereux, age 70, living with him in Charleston and that Census also shows John H. D. Devereux as 5 years old. It also shows Eulalie as being 3 years old, making her birth 1867, the 1880 Census of Moultrieville shows Dorothy Dolly Deveraux, his mother, living in Johns household. In the 1880 Census it shows John Henry as a Builder in the Charleston area, the 1900 Census of Moultrieville, Charleston, South Carolina, shows him to be divorced. The 1910 Census of Moultrieville shows he was widowed, as does the 1880 Census, devereuxs death certificate shows he was a widower. An Irish immigrant, he started as a plasterer, after studying architecture under Edward C. Jones, a well-known Charleston architect and builder, he became an architect of South Carolinas Lowcountry public edifices and churches. He designed and built St. Matthews Lutheran church in the period 1867–1872, as a bonus he received from the church a sterling silver tea set. In 1872, he built St. Matthews German Evangelical Lutheran Church, Devereux became Superintendent of Construction and Repairs of the U. S. Treasury Department in 1885, and during that employment he designed the U. S. His choice of Second Renaissance Revival architecture expressed the nobility popularly “associated with public architecture” during that epoch, the building was a lengthy project, continuing unabated until 1896 and costing $500,000. Much of his work in Charleston is proximate to the corner of Meeting and Broad Streets, the federal post office and courthouse exemplifies the importance of federal influence. Church and local government are additional components of the metaphor, Post Office and Courthouse was the site of the gallows for public executions. The 1887 Congress authorized funds for construction of the Post Office, Devereux, as the architect, started the design in 1890 and finished designing the building in 1896. Devereux was commissioned a captain in the Confederate Army in 1864 and was taken prisoner on 25 February 1865
40.
Dictionary of National Biography
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The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and he approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine, owned by Smith, to become editor. Stephen persuaded Smith that the work should focus on subjects from the UK and its present, an early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the name of an earlier eighteenth-century reference work. The first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885, in May 1891 Leslie Stephen resigned and Sidney Lee, Stephens assistant editor from the beginning of the project, succeeded him as editor. While much of the dictionary was written in-house, the DNB also relied on external contributors, by 1900, more than 700 individuals had contributed to the work. Successive volumes appeared quarterly with complete punctuality until midsummer 1900, when the series closed with volume 63, the year of publication, the editor and the range of names in each volume is given below. The supplements brought the work up to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co. to Oxford University Press in 1917, until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century. The supplements published between 1912 and 1996 added about 6,000 lives of people who died in the century to the 29,120 in the 63 volumes of the original DNB. In 1993 a volume containing missing biographies was published and this had an additional 1,000 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions. Consequently, the dictionary was becoming less and less useful as a reference work, in 1966, the University of London published a volume of corrections, cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. There were various versions of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography, the last edition, in three volumes, covered everyone who died before 1986. In the early 1990s Oxford University Press committed itself to overhauling the DNB, the new dictionary would cover British history, broadly defined, up to 31 December 2000. The research project was conceived as a one, with in-house staff co-ordinating the work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. Following Matthews death in October 1999, he was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Professor Brian Harrison, in January 2000. The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7500, most UK holders of a current library card can access it online free of charge. In subsequent years, the print edition has been able to be obtained new for a lower price. At publication, the 2004 edition had 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives, a small permanent staff remain in Oxford to update and extend the coverage of the online edition
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