1.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
2.
Robert A. Frosch
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Robert Alan Frosch FREng, is an American scientist who was the fifth administrator of NASA from 1977 to 1981 during the Carter administration. Born in New York City, Frosch was educated in the school system in The Bronx. He earned undergraduate and graduate degrees in physics at Columbia University. Until 1953, he worked on problems in sound, sonar, oceanography, marine geology. During this period he was also Technical Director of Project Artemis, in September 1963, Frosch went to Washington, DC to work with the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the U. S. From January 1973 to July 1975, Frosch served as Assistant Executive Director of the United Nations Environmental Program, while at NASA, Frosch was responsible for overseeing the continuation of the development effort on the Space Shuttle program. During his tenure, the project underwent testing of the first orbiter, Enterprise and he was appointed an International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1989. Frosch left NASA with the change of administrations in January 1981 to become president for research at the General Motors Research Laboratories. In 1985, he was the recipient of the Maurice Holland Award from the Industrial Research Institute for a paper published in IRIs journal, in 1996, his leadership at GM was recognized once more by IRI with the presentation of their official Medal. Portions of this article are based on public domain text from NASA
3.
James C. Fletcher
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As such, he was responsible for the early planning of the Space Shuttle program, and later for its recovery and return to flight after the Space Shuttle Challenger accident. Prior to this, he was president of the University of Utah from 1964 to 1971, Fletcher was born in Millburn, New Jersey to Harvey Fletcher and Lorena Chipman. His father, Harvey is known as the Father of Stereophonic sound, Fletcher earned a bachelors degree in physics from Columbia College of Columbia University and a Ph. D in physics from the California Institute of Technology. In 1958, Fletcher co-founded the Space Electronics Corporation in Glendale, California and he was later named systems vice president of the Aerojet General Corporation in Sacramento, California. In 1964, he became president of the University of Utah, during his first administration at NASA, Fletcher was responsible for beginning the Space Shuttle effort, as well as the Viking program that sent landers to Mars. He oversaw the Skylab missions and approved the Voyager space probes, when he left NASA in 1977, Fletcher became an independent consultant in McLean, Virginia, and served on the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh. For nine years, he was active as an advisor to key national leaders involved in planning space policy, among other activities, he served on an advisory board involved in developing the Strategic Defense Initiative. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan selected Fletcher to administer NASA for a second time and he oversaw a complete reworking of the components of the Shuttle to enhance its safety, including a redesign of the solid rocket boosters, and added an egress method for the astronauts. The Space Shuttle returned to flight on September 29,1988, Fletcher also approved the Hubble Space Telescope program. He served as Administrator until April 8,1989, into the term of Reagans successor, Fletcher died in December 1991 of lung cancer at his home in suburban Washington, DC. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery, portions of this article are based on public domain text from NASA
4.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
5.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
6.
United States Naval Academy
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The United States Naval Academy is a four-year coeducational federal service academy in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. The entire campus is a National Historic Landmark and home to historic sites, buildings. It replaced Philadelphia Naval Asylum, in Philadelphia, that served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845 when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis. Candidates for admission generally must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a Member of Congress, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as midshipmen. Tuition for midshipmen is fully funded by the Navy in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,200 plebes enter the Academy each summer for the rigorous Plebe Summer, but only about 1,000 midshipmen graduate. The United States Naval Academy has some of the highest paid graduates in the according to starting salary. Midshipmen are required to adhere to the academys Honor Concept, the United States Naval Academys campus is located in Annapolis, Maryland, at the confluence of the Severn River and the Chesapeake Bay. In its 2016 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as the No.1 public liberal arts college and tied for the 9th best overall liberal arts college in the U. S. In the category of High School Counselor Rankings of National Liberal Arts Colleges, Military Academy and the U. S. Air Force Academy, and is tied for the No.5 spot for Best Undergraduate Engineering program at schools where doctorates not offered. In 2016, Forbes ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as No.24 overall in its report Americas Top Colleges, nominations may be made by members of and delegates to Congress, the President or Vice-President, the Secretary of the Navy or certain other sources. Candidates must also pass a fitness test and a thorough medical exam as part of the application process. In the 21st century, there have been about 1,200 students in each new class of plebes, the U. S. government pays for tuition, room, and board. Midshipmen receive monthly pay of $1,017.00, as of 2015, from this amount, pay is automatically deducted for the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, services, and other miscellaneous expenses. Midshipmen only receive a portion of their pay in cash while the rest is released during firstie year. Midshipmen fourth-class to midshipmen second-class receive monthly stipends of $100, $200, $300, Midshipmen first-class receive the difference between pay and outstanding expenses. Students at the academy are addressed as Midshipman, an official military rank. The same term comprises both males and females, upon graduation, most naval academy midshipmen are commissioned as ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps and serve a minimum of five years after their commissioning. If they are selected to serve as a pilot, they will serve 8–11 years minimum from their date of winging, Foreign midshipmen are commissioned into the armed forces of their native countries
7.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
8.
NASA
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29,1958, disestablishing NASAs predecessor, the new agency became operational on October 1,1958. Since that time, most US space exploration efforts have led by NASA, including the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches. NASA shares data with various national and international such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite. Since 2011, NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency, from 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch a satellite for the International Geophysical Year. An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard, after the Soviet launch of the worlds first artificial satellite on October 4,1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency based on NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was created in February 1958 to develop technology for military application. On July 29,1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, a NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA, earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and many of ARPAs early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter, the experimental rocket-powered aircraft programs started by NACA were extended by NASA as support for manned spaceflight. This was followed by a space capsule program, and in turn by a two-man capsule program. This goal was met in 1969 by the Apollo program, however, reduction of the perceived threat and changing political priorities almost immediately caused the termination of most of these plans. NASA turned its attention to an Apollo-derived temporary space laboratory, to date, NASA has launched a total of 166 manned space missions on rockets, and thirteen X-15 rocket flights above the USAF definition of spaceflight altitude,260,000 feet. The X-15 was an NACA experimental rocket-powered hypersonic research aircraft, developed in conjunction with the US Air Force, the design featured a slender fuselage with fairings along the side containing fuel and early computerized control systems
9.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
10.
General Dynamics
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General Dynamics Corporation is an American aerospace and defense multinational corporation. Formed by mergers and divestitures, it is the worlds fifth-largest defense contractor based on 2012 revenues, General Dynamics is headquartered in West Falls Church, Fairfax County, Virginia. The company has changed markedly in the post–Cold War era of defense consolidation and it has four main business segments, Marine Systems, Combat Systems, Information Systems Technology, and Aerospace. General Dynamics former Fort Worth Division manufactured one of the Western worlds most-produced jet fighters, the F-16 Fighting Falcon—until 1993, in 1999, the company re-entered the airframe business with its purchase of Gulfstream Aerospace. General Dynamics traces its ancestry to John Philip Hollands Holland Torpedo Boat Company and this company was responsible for developing the U. S. Navys first submarines built at Lewis Nixons Crescent Shipyard, located in Elizabethport, New Jersey. The revolutionary submarine boat Holland VI was built there, its keel being laid down in 1896, crescents superintendent and naval architect, Arthur Leopold Busch, supervised the construction of this submarine. After being launched on 17 May 1897, it was purchased by the Navy. The Holland was officially commissioned on 12 October 1900 and became the United States Navys first submarine, the Navy placed an order for more submarines, which were developed in rapid succession and were assembled at two different locations on both coasts. These submarines were known as the A-Class or Adder Class, Holland effectively lost control of the company and found himself earning a salary of $90 a week as chief engineer, while the company that he founded was selling submarines for $300,000 each. Holland resigned from the company effective April 1904, rice became Electric Boats first President, remaining there from that time until 1915 when he stepped down just prior to his death on 2 November 1915. Electric Boat gained a reputation for unscrupulous arms dealing in 1904-05, when it sold submarines to Japans Imperial Japanese Navy and Russias Imperial Russian Navy, who were then at war. Holland submarines were sold to the British Royal Navy through the English armaments company Vickers. The new pioneering craft originally developed by the company was now legitimized as genuine naval weapons by the worlds most powerful navies. In the post-World War II wind-down, Electric Boat was cash-flush but lacking in work, hoping to diversify, president and chief executive officer John Jay Hopkins started looking for companies that would fit into Electric Boats market. Hopkins quickly found that Canadair, owned by the Canadian government, was suffering from similar post-war malaise and was up for sale, Hopkins bought the company for $10 million in 1946. Even by the Canadian governments calculations, the factory alone was more than $22 million. When Electric Boat purchased Canadair, its line and inventory systems were in disorder. Hopkins hired Canadian-born mass-production specialist H. Oliver West to take over the presidents role, as defense spending increased with the onset of the Cold War, Canadair went on to win many Canadian military contracts for the Royal Canadian Air Force, and became a major aerospace company
11.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
12.
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
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The Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company. It was founded on January 8,1886, as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by inventor, George Westinghouse had previously founded the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. The corporation purchased CBS broadcasting company in 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997, Westinghouse Electric was founded by George Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1886. The firm became active in developing electric infrastructure throughout the United States, in addition to George Westinghouse, early engineers working for the company included Frank Conrad, Benjamin Garver Lamme, Oliver B. Shallenberger, William Stanley, Nikola Tesla, Stephen Timoshenko and Vladimir Zworykin, early on Westinghouse was a rival to Thomas Edisons electric company. In 1892 Edison was merged with Westinghouses chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, making even bigger competitor, Westinghouse changed its name to Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1945. Westinghouse purchased CBS in 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997, in 1998, CBS established a brand licensing subsidiary Westinghouse Licensing Corporation. In 1997/1998 the Power Generation Business Unit, headquartered in Orlando, FL, was sold to Siemens AG, a year later, CBS sold all of its nuclear power businesses to British Nuclear Fuels Limited. Soon after, BNFL gained license rights on the Westinghouse trademarks and that company was sold to Toshiba in 2007. The first commercial Westinghouse steam turbine generator, a 1,500 kW unit. The machine, nicknamed Mary-Ann, was the first steam turbine generator to be installed by a utility to generate electricity in the US. George Westinghouse had based his original steam turbine design on designs licensed from the English inventor Charles Parsons. or were built overseas under Westinghouse license. Major Westinghouse licensees or joint venture partners included Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan and Harbin Turbine Co. Westinghouse boasted 50,000 employees by 1900, and established a formal research and development department in 1906. While the company was expanding, it would experience internal financial difficulties, during the Panic of 1907, the Board of Directors forced George Westinghouse to take a six-month leave of absence. Westinghouse officially retired in 1909 and died years later in 1914. Under new leadership, Westinghouse Electric diversified its business activities in electrical technology and it acquired the Copeman Electric Stove Company in 1914 and Pittsburgh High Voltage Insulator Company in 1921. Westinghouse also moved into broadcasting by establishing Pittsburghs KDKA, the first commercial radio station. Westinghouse expanded into the business, establishing the Westinghouse Elevator Company in 1928
13.
Sharon, Pennsylvania
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Sharon is a city in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, in the United States,75 miles northwest of Pittsburgh. It is part of the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, Sharon was settled in 1795, incorporated as a borough on October 6,1841, and incorporated as a city on December 17,1918. The founding families of Sharon first settled on a plain bordering the Shenango River. According to local legend, the community received its name from a Bible-reading settler who likened the location to the Plain of Sharon in Israel. Following the extensive national deindustrialization of the 1970s and 80s, the economy diversified and is now based primarily on light industry, education, health care. The Frank H. Buhl Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, Sharon is the home of Quaker Steak & Lube and The Vocal Group Hall of Fame. Other local attractions are The Winner off-price fashion store, Reyers shoes, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.8 square miles, all land. However, the Shenango River runs through the city and provides drinking water to Sharon, as of the census of 2000, there were 16,328 people,6,791 households, and 4,189 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,342.6 people per square mile, there were 7,388 housing units at an average density of 1,964.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 86. 44% White,10. 85% African American,0. 18% Native American,0. 21% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 23% from other races, and 2. 08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 88% of the population, sharons Jewish community is served by the Reform Jewish Temple Beth Israel. 33. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.97. In the city, the population was distributed with 24. 4% under the age of 18,8. 0% from 18 to 24,27. 2% from 25 to 44,22. 0% from 45 to 64, the median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 88.3 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $26,945, males had a median income of $30,072 versus $20,988 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,913, about 14. 0% of families and 17. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25. 8% of those under age 18 and 8. 8% of those age 65 or over. The Sharon City School District comprises three K-6 elementary schools and the 7-12 Sharon Middle/High School, City website Sharon, PA/city-data Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Sharon
14.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
15.
United States Department of Justice
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The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration. In its early years, the DOJ vigorously prosecuted Ku Klux Klan members, the Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug Enforcement Administration. The department has responsibility to investigate instances of fraud, to represent the United States in legal matters such as in the Supreme Court. The department also has responsibilities to review actions of law enforcement conduct by the Violent Crime Control. The Department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President, the current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions. The U. S. Attorney General was initially a one-person and it was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, but this grew with the bureaucracy. At one time the Attorney General gave legal advice to the U. S. Congress as well as the President, until March 3,1853, the salary of the Attorney General was set by statute at less than the amount paid to other Cabinet members. Early Attorneys General supplemented their salary by engaging in private practice of law. Following unsuccessful efforts to put the Attorney Generals Office on a footing, in 1869. On February 19,1868, Lawrence introduced a bill in Congress to create the Department of Justice, President Ulysses S. Grant then signed the bill into law on June 22,1870. The Department of Justice officially began operations on July 1,1870, just prior to the Civil War, in February 1861, the Confederate States of America established a Department of Justice. Grant appointed Amos T. Akerman as Attorney General and Benjamin H. Bristow as Americas first Solicitor General, both Akerman and Bristow used the Department of Justice to vigorously prosecute Ku Klux Klan members in the early 1870s. In the first few years of Grants first term in there were 1000 indictments against Klan members with over 550 convictions from the Department of Justice. The result was a decrease in violence in the South. Akerman gave credit to Grant and told a friend that no one was better or stronger then Grant when it came to prosecuting terrorists. Akermans successor, George H. Williams, in December 1871, the law did create a new office, that of Solicitor General, to supervise and conduct government litigation in the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1884, control of federal prisons was transferred to the new department, new facilities were built, including the penitentiary at Leavenworth in 1895, and a facility for women located in West Virginia, at Alderson was established in 1924. The U. S. Department of Justice building was completed in 1935 from a design by Milton Bennett Medary, upon Medarys death in 1929, the other partners of his Philadelphia firm Zantzinger, Borie and Medary took over the project
16.
United States Department of Defense
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The Department is the largest employer in the world, with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016. Adding to its employees are over 801,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services and it is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside of Washington, D. C. The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense, Military operations are managed by nine regional or functional Unified Combatant Commands. The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools, including the National Defense University, the history of the defense of the United States started with the Continental Congress in 1775. The creation of the United States Army was enacted on 14 June 1775 and this coincides with the American holiday Flag Day. The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy, on 13 October 1775, today, both the Navy and the Marine Corps are separate military services subordinate to the Department of the Navy. The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to federal government, to defend its citizens and this first Congress had a huge agenda, that of creating legislation to build a government for the ages. Legislation to create a military defense force stagnated, two separate times, President George Washington went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military. In a special message to Congress on 19 December 1945, the President cited both wasteful military spending and inter-departmental conflicts, deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive. The act placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single Secretary of Defense, the National Military Establishment formally began operations on 18 September, the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense. The National Military Establishment was renamed the Department of Defense on 10 August 1949, under the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958, channels of authority within the department were streamlined, while still maintaining the authority of the Military Departments. Also provided in this legislation was a centralized authority, the Advanced Research Projects Agency. The Act moved decision-making authority from the Military Departments to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and it also strengthened the command channel of the military over U. S. forces from the President to the Secretary of Defense. Written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration, it was signed into law 6 August 1958, because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the Office of the Secretary of Defense is the Secretary and Deputy Secretarys civilian staff. S. Government departments and agencies, foreign governments, and international organizations, OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities. OSD also supervises the following Defense Agencies, Several defense agencies are members of the United States Intelligence Community and these are national-level intelligence services that operate under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the Director of National Intelligence
17.
United States Attorney General
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The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U. S. C. §503, concerned with affairs, and is the chief law enforcement officer. The 84th and current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions, who assumed the office on February 9,2017, the attorney general serves as a member of the Cabinet of the President of the United States and is the only cabinet officer who does not have the title Secretary of. The Attorney General is appointed by the President and takes office after confirmation by the United States Senate, the office of Attorney General was established by Congress by the Judiciary Act of 1789. In 1870, the Department of Justice was established to support the general in the discharge of their responsibilities. Parties No party Federalist Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican Status As of April 2017, there are eleven, living former US Attorneys General, the most recent Attorney General to die was Janet Reno on November 7,2016. Barr served as acting general in their capacity as deputy attorney general. 2 Richard L. Thornburgh and Eric Holder served as acting general in their capacity as deputy attorney general. Both subsequently served as general, Thornburgh 1988–1991 and Holder 2009–2015. 4 Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division Stuart M. Gerson was acting general from January 20,1993. Gerson was fourth in the line of succession at the Justice Department, during his time as Acting AG, Gerson supported the Brady bill and was in office in the beginnings of the Waco siege. Janet Reno, President Clintons nominee for attorney general, was confirmed on March 12, Acting Attorney General Gersons last day at the Justice Department was March 19. 5 On August 27,2007, President Bush named Solicitor General Paul Clement as the acting attorney general, to take office upon the resignation of Alberto Gonzales. According to administration officials, Clement took that office at 12,01 am September 17,2007, keisler served as acting attorney general until the nomination of Michael Mukasey on November 9,2007. 6 Deputy Attorney General Mark Filip was asked to assume the position of acting attorney general by then President-elect Obama, Filip led the Department while President Obamas nominee, then Attorney-General Designate Eric Holder, awaited confirmation by the United States Senate. Holder was confirmed on February 2,2009, and sworn in the next day, thus ending Filips tenure as the acting attorney general
18.
William Robert Graham
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William Robert Graham is a U. S. He then served as an executive in national security-related companies, born in San Antonio, Texas, Graham received a B. S. degree in Physics from the California Institute of Technology with Honors in 1959. In addition, he earned an M. S. degree in Engineering Science in 1961, Graham later spent six years with the Rand Corporation in Santa Monica, California, and jointly founded R&D Associates in 1971. In 1980, Graham served as an adviser to presidential candidate Ronald Reagan and was a member of the President-elects Transition Team. From 1982 to 1985, he served as Chairman of the General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament, having been nominated by the President, on September 12,1985, Graham was nominated by President Reagan for the position of Deputy Administrator of NASA. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 18, for a period from December 4,1985 to May 11,1986, Graham served as Acting Administrator of NASA following the resignation of James M. Beggs. It was on his watch as Acting Administrator that the Space Shuttle Challenger was launched in frigid weather, causing o-rings to fail, Graham left NASA on October 1,1986 to become Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. He later served as the Chairman and CEO of National Security Research, joint Working Group on Atomic Weapons, the Defense Nuclear Agency Scientific Advisory Group on Effects, and the Defense Science Board System Vulnerability Task Force and Associated Task Forces
19.
Bethesda, Maryland
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Bethesda is a census-designated place in southern Montgomery County, Maryland, United States, located just northwest of the U. S. capital of Washington, D. C. It takes its name from a church, the Bethesda Meeting House. In Aramaic, ܒܝܬ ܚܣܕܐ beth ḥesda means House of Mercy and in Hebrew, the National Institutes of Health main campus and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center are in Bethesda, as are a number of corporate and government headquarters. In 2014 it placed first in Forbes list of Americas most educated small towns, as an unincorporated area, Bethesda has no official boundaries. The United States Census Bureau defines a place named Bethesda whose center is located at 38°59′N 77°7′W. The United States Geological Survey has defined Bethesda as an area whose center is at 38°58′50″N 77°6′2″W, other definitions are used by the Bethesda Urban Planning District, the United States Postal Service, and other organizations. According to estimates released by the U. S. Census Bureau in 2013, Most of Bethesdas residents are in Maryland Legislative District 16. Bethesda is situated along a thoroughfare that was originally the route of an ancient Native American trail. Henry Fleet, an English fur trader, was the first European to travel to the area, Most early settlers in Maryland were tenant farmers who paid their rent in tobacco. A small settlement grew around a store and tollhouse along the turnpike, by 1862, the community was known as Darcys Store after the owner of a local establishment, William E. Darcy. The church burned in 1849 and was rebuilt the same year about 100 yards south at its present site. Throughout most of the 19th century, Bethesda never developed beyond a small village, consisting of a post office, a blacksmith shop, a church and school. It was not until the installation of a line in 1890. Until that time, dependence on proximity to rail lines insulated Bethesda from growth, the arrival of the personal automobile ended this dependency, and Bethesda planners grew the community with the newest transportation revolution in mind. Subdivisions began to appear on old farmland, becoming the neighborhoods of Drummond, Woodmont, Edgemoor, further north, several wealthy men made Rockville Pike famous for its mansions. These included Brainard W. Parker, James Oyster, George E. Hamilton, wilson, Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, and George Freeland Peter. In 1930, Dr Armistead Peters pioneering manor house Winona became the clubhouse of the original Woodmont Country Club, merle Thorpes mansion, Pooks Hill —on the site of the current neighborhood of the same name—became the home-in-exile of the Norwegian Royal Family during World War II. That war, and the expansion of government that it created, both the National Naval Medical Center and the NIH complex were built just to the north of the developing downtown
20.
Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
21.
NASA Administrator
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The Administrator and Deputy Administrator of NASA are the highest-ranked officials of NASA, the space agency of the United States Federal Government. The Administrator serves as the space science advisor to the President of the United States. According to NASA, the role of the Administrator is to lead the NASA team, the Deputy Administrator of NASA serves as the agency’s second in command and is responsible to the administrator for providing overall leadership, planning, and policy direction for the agency. They also oversee the day to day work of NASA’s functional offices, such as the Office of the Chief Financial Officer, Office of General Counsel and Strategic Communications, according to NASA. The first Administrator of NASA was Dr. T. Keith Glennan, Daniel Goldin held the post for the longest term, and is best known for pioneering the faster, better, cheaper approach to space programs. The only person to hold the post twice is James C, fletcher, who returned to NASA following the Challenger disaster. The longest-running Deputy Administrator was John R. Dailey, who held the post following his retirement from the United States Marine Corps, the longest-running full Deputy Administrator was Hugh Latimer Dryden, who was the first Deputy Administrator. William R. Graham has held the post of Deputy Administrator twice, Dr. Daniel Mulville served as the acting Deputy Administrator twice, and was acting Administrator in between. The current Acting Administrator of NASA is Robert M. Lightfoot, until January 20,2017, the Administrator of NASA was Charles Bolden. His nomination was announced on May 24,2009 by President Barack Obama and he started his position on July 17,2009. Also until January 20,2017, Dava Newman was the Deputy Administrator and her nomination was announced on October 17,2014. Chairmen of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics NASA Chief Scientist
22.
T. Keith Glennan
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Thomas Keith Glennan was the first Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, serving from August 19,1958 to January 20,1961. During his career he was manager of Paramount Pictures, and Samuel Goldwyn Studios. At the end of the war, Glennan became an executive of the Ansco Corp. in Binghamton, from this position he was called to the presidency of the Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio. During his administration, Case rose from a local institution to rank with the top engineering schools in the United States. From October 1950 to November 1952, concurrent with his Case presidency and he brought in part of the Naval Research Laboratory in NASA and created for its use the Goddard Space Flight Center. In December 1958 Glennan also acquired control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in 1960, Glennan obtained the transfer to NASA of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, located at Huntsville, Alabama, and renamed it the Marshall Space Flight Center. By mid-1960, Glennan had secured for NASA primacy in the U. S, upon leaving NASA in January 1961, Glennan returned to the Case Institute of Technology, where he continued to serve as president until 1966. During this period he helped to negotiate the merger of Case with Western Reserve University, after his retirement in 1966, Glennan spent two years as president of Associated Universities, Inc. a Washington-based advocate for institutions of higher education. A resident of Reston, Virginia for twenty years after his retirement, he moved to Mitchellville and he died at Collington Life Care Community in Mitchellville in April 1995, after a stroke. He was survived by his wife, Ruth Glennan, portions of this article are based on public domain biographical text from NASA. Diary of T. Keith Glennan, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library New York Times Article
23.
James E. Webb
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James Edwin Webb was an American government official who served as the second administrator of NASA from February 14,1961 to October 7,1968. He also dealt with the Apollo 1 fire, in 2002, a planned space telescope, originally called the Next Generation Space Telescope, was renamed the James Webb Space Telescope as a tribute to Webb. Webb was born in the hamlet of Tally Ho in Granville County and his father was superintendent of the Granville County public schools. He completed his education at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was a member of the Acacia Fraternity, Webb became a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps, and he served as a Marine Corps pilot on active duty in 1930–32. Webb then studied law at The George Washington University Law School where he received a J. D. degree in 1936, in the same year he was admitted to the Bar of the District of Columbia. Webb began his career in public service in Washington, D. C. by serving as secretary to US Rep. Edward W. Pou of North Carolina in 1932–34. Pou was chairman of the Rules Committee and Dean of the House, with Webbs assistance, Pou was influential in pushing through the first legislation of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal during the first hundred days of Roosevelts term. In addition to his duties, Webb provided physical assistance to the aging and ailing Pou. He next served as an assistant in the office of O. Max Gardner, Gardner supported Webb in finishing his law degree. During the Air Mail scandal of 1934, the government halted the carrying of airmail by private airline companies, a group of airline executives led by the Thomas Morgan, the President of the Sperry Gyroscope Company in Brooklyn, New York, hired Gardners firm to represent them. The successful resolution resulted in the resumption of contracts to private airlines, as a result of their interactions, Morgan hired Webb as the personnel director and assistant to the President of Sperry. Between 1936 and 1944, Webb became the secretary-treasurer and later the president of Sperry. During his tenure, Sperry expanded from 800 employees to more than 33,000 and became a supplier of navigation equipment. Although he wished to re-enlist in the Marines at the start of the war and he was put in charge of a radar program for the invasion of the Japanese mainland. He had orders to leave for Japan on August 14,1945, but his orders were delayed, and the Surrender of Japan on September 2,1945 meant that he did not see combat. After World War II, Webb returned to Washington and served as assistant to O. Webb was recommended for the appointment to Truman by Gardner. During the appointment announcement, Truman forgot Webbs name and had to look it up, because of Webbs association with the Treasury Department, his appointment was seen as subordinating the BoB to the Treasury
24.
Thomas O. Paine
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Thomas Otten Paine, an American scientist and advocate of Space exploration, was the third Administrator of NASA, serving from March 21,1969 to September 15,1970. During his administration at NASA, the first seven Apollo manned missions were flown, Paine was also deeply involved in preparing plans for the post-Apollo era at NASA. Born in Berkeley, California, Paine attended public schools in various cities, in World War II, he served as a submarine officer in the Pacific and in the subsequent Japanese occupation. He qualified as a Navy deep-sea diver and was awarded the Commendation Medal, from 1946-49, Paine attended Stanford University, receiving an M. S. degree in 1947 and Ph. D. in physical metallurgy. Paine was married to Barbara Helen Taunton Pearse of Perth, Western Australia and they had four children, Marguerite Ada, George Thomas, Judith Janet, and Frank Taunton. He joined the General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady, New York, in 1949 as a research associate, where he started research programs on magnetic and composite materials. In 1951, Paine transferred to the Meter and Instrument Department of G. E. in Lynn, Massachusetts, as the manager of materials development, and later as a laboratory manager. From 1958 through 1962, Dr. Paine was an associate and manager of Engineering Applications at the Research and Development Center of the General Electric Company in Schenectady. From 1963 to 1968, Paine was manager of TEMPO, the Center for Advanced Studies of General Electric located in Santa Barbara, Dr. Paine was appointed Deputy Administrator of NASA on January 31,1968. Upon the retirement of James E. Webb on October 8,1968 and he was nominated as NASAs third Administrator on March 5,1969, and confirmed by the Senate on March 20,1969. Dr. Paine was recruited to succeed Mr. Webb by President Lyndon Johnson, during his administration at NASA, the first seven Apollo manned missions were flown, highlighted by the first ever manned lunar landing by Apollo 11. In all,20 astronauts orbited Earth,14 traveled to the Moon, many automated scientific and applications spacecraft were also flown in U. S. and cooperative international programs. Paine was also involved in preparing plans for the post-Apollo era at NASA. President Richard Nixon rejected these plans, however, Paine was instrumental in acquiring the Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages which rest on the lunar surface today. He personally corresponded with world leaders and coordinated the efforts to enshrine the messages on a tiny silicon disc manufactured by the Sprague Electric Company of North Adams, paines name is also etched onto the disc. Paine discussed the idea of the messages with the State Departments U, Paine left GE in 1976 to become the President and Chief Operating Officer of Northrop Corporation, where he also served as a Director. Paine retired as President of Northrop in 1982, in 1982, Paine established Thomas Paine Associates - High Technology Enterprises in Westwood, CA, and relocated it in Santa Monica, CA, in 1986. TPA also housed Paine’s 3400-volume Submarine Warfare Library, which was donated to the Nimitz Library
25.
Richard H. Truly
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He was the first former astronaut to head the space agency. After his departure from NASA, he led the Georgia Tech Research Institute from 1992 to 1997, born November 12,1937, in Fayette, Mississippi, Truly attended segregated schools in Fayette and Meridian, Mississippi. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1959 and he was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order. Being a member of the Navy ROTC at Georgia Tech, Truly entered the U. S. Navy and his initial tour of duty was in Fighter Squadron 33 where he flew F-8 Crusaders aboard USS Intrepid and USS Enterprise. He made more than 300 carrier landings, from 1963 to 1965, Truly was first a student and later an instructor at the U. S. Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California. In 1965, Truly was among the first military astronauts selected to the United States Air Forces Manned Orbiting Laboratory program in Los Angeles and he joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in August 1969 after the cancellation of the MOL program. At NASA, he was a member of the support crew. Truly served as commander of STS-8 in 1983, after STS-8, Truly left NASA to become the first commander of the Naval Space Command. Three weeks after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, Truly returned to NASA to become NASAs Associate Administrator for Space Flight on February 20,1986 and his primary task was to watch over the Space Shuttles return to flight status. While it only took a few days to determine the reason for the accident. In the end, it took Truly and NASAs Return to Flight program 31 months before the Space Shuttle Discovery successfully flew on September 29,1988 with STS-26. In March 1986, Truly noted in a memo that there were several actions NASA needed to accomplish before launching another Shuttle flight and they included Solid Rocket Motor joint redesign, Critical Items review, and Operations and Maintenance Instructions review. Truly was named to head NASA as its eighth Administrator in May 1989 and he held this position until May 1992. He was credited by Carl Sagan with interceding in a dispute regarding whether Voyager 1 should be commanded to take one last photograph of Earth before completing its primary mission. The resulting photograph has become known as the Pale Blue Dot photograph. He retired from the Navy as a Vice Admiral shortly before becoming NASA Administrator, after leaving NASA, Truly became Vice President and Director of the Georgia Tech Research Institute, part of the Georgia Institute of Technology, in Atlanta, Georgia. He served in this role from 1992 to 1997, then he served as Director of the Department of Energys National Renewable Energy Laboratory and as Executive Vice President of the MRIGlobal from 1997–2005. In 2010, Truly was appointed to the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines by Governor Bill Ritter and he is currently the Vice Chairman of this board
26.
Daniel Goldin
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Daniel Saul Goldin served as the 9th and longest-tenured Administrator of NASA from April 1,1992, to November 17,2001. He was appointed by President George H. W. Bush and also served under Presidents Bill Clinton, born in New York City, Goldin earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from the City College of New York in 1962. He began his career at NASAs Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio that year, Goldin left NASA a few years later to work at the TRW Space and Technology Group in Redondo Beach, California. When Goldin returned to NASA as administrator, he pioneered the faster, better, cheaper approach that proposed NASA could cut costs while still delivering a variety of aerospace programs. The approach ultimately proved controversial with the loss of several missions to Mars due to project management failures, during his administration, Goldin supervised projects such as the Mars Pathfinder, Hubble Space Telescope servicing missions, and the International Space Station. A criticism of Goldins administration is that he failed to provide a focus for NASA other than inherited projects. However, in mid-1999 he and senior Agency leadership quietly created the Decadal Planning Team and its successors, additional controversy related to Goldin are found in the documentary film, Orphans of Apollo. In 1992, Goldin brought back the traditional NASA blue meatball logo and it had been replaced in 1975 by the NASA red worm logo. By 1997, Goldin had started a successful campaign within NASA to eradicate the worm. He would become irate whenever he would see a worm logo that was not replaced, on November 17,2001, President George W. Bush accepted Mr. Goldins resignation as NASA administrator. Goldin was replaced first by Dr. Daniel S. Mulville, since leaving NASA, Daniel Goldin has been engaged in robotics research at the Neurosciences Institute in La Jolla, California. He is the President and CEO of KnuEdge, a company he founded in 2005 that produces neural computing hardware. In 2003, Goldin was selected to be the president of Boston University. My eyeball kept getting distorted more and more, so I became more and more nearsighted, at that time, if you had a detached retina due to the buildup of pressure on the eye you could go blind. In the Bronx, you played stickball and baseball and basketball in the school yard, I wasnt allowed to do that and I became different than my friends. I wanted to be them but I was forced by health reasons to be different. The only thing I wanted to work on in my life was space, I would do it any way I could. Go with imagination, ingenuity, and audacity, explore, discover, change the world, and have fun while youre doing it
27.
Sean O'Keefe
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He is a former member of the board of directors of DuPont. OKeefe was born in Monterey, California, to Patricia and Patrick Gordon OKeefe, Patrick OKeefe became a United States Navy engineer and over the years worked on nuclear submarines. The family lived on several naval bases during OKeefes childhood, in 1973, he graduated from Wheeler High School in North Stonington, Connecticut. He attended Loyola University New Orleans, graduating with his Bachelor of Arts in 1977 and he subsequently acquired his Master of Public Administration degree in 1978 from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University. After receiving his masters degree, he began his career as Presidential Management Intern and he served on the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations staff for eight years, and was Staff Director of the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee. In 1989, OKeefe became Comptroller for the Department of Defense, dubbed by some the Grim Reaper, he led efforts to cut defense programs the Pentagons senior leadership saw as unnecessary or wasteful. He was lauded for his handling of the aspects of the Gulf War. On July 7,1992 President George H. W. Bush named him Acting Secretary of the Navy and he subsequently became permanent Secretary of the Navy and held that position until Bush left office on January 20,1993. Although his time in office was less than seven months, it was eventful. From the Sea, after Bush left office, OKeefe was Professor of Business Administration, Assistant to the Senior Vice President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School at Pennsylvania State University. He next became the Louis A. Bantle Professor of Business and Government Policy, from January to December 2001, OKeefe served as Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget in the George W. Bush administration, a job that strengthened his reputation as a bean counter. OKeefe became NASA administrator on December 21,2001 after the United States Senate confirmed his nomination and he came to NASA without formal training in science or engineering. In 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia accident and its aftermath, from January 2004 through February 2005, OKeefe re-organized NASA to start working on President George W. Bushs newly announced Vision for Space Exploration to send humans to the Moon and Mars. One of OKeefes most controversial decisions occurred in January 2004, when he cancelled an upcoming Space Shuttle mission to service the aging Hubble Space Telescope. While members of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board supported this decision numerous astronomers felt that the Hubble telescope was valuable enough to merit the risk, in the buildup to the 2004 presidential election, a dispute in the press occurred between OKeefe and NASA climatologist James Hansen. In 2003, it was claimed, OKeefe warned Hansen not to discuss humanitys role in global warming, the administrator interrupted me, Dr. OKeefes spokesperson said OKeefe had not meant to admonish Hansen or suggest that research efforts should be cut. Dr. Einaudi confirmed that Mr. OKeefe had interrupted the presentation to say that these were delicate issues, but, he added, Whether it is obvious to take that as an order or not is a question of judgment. Personally, I did not take it as an order, NASA started over with the Exploration Systems Architecture Study, sixteen months after Bushs Vision for Space Exploration announcement. This led to the Ares I and Ares V launch vehicles, OKeefe announced his resignation from NASA on December 13,2004
28.
Michael D. Griffin
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For other people with the same name, see Michael Griffin. Michael Douglas Mike Griffin is an American physicist and aerospace engineer and he served as Administrator of NASA, the U. S. space agency, from April 13,2005, to January 20,2009. As NASA Administrator Griffin oversaw such areas as the future of human spaceflight, in April 2009 Griffin, who has an academic background, was named eminent scholar and a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Griffin had worked at NASA prior to serving as NASA Administrator, when he was nominated as NASA chief, he was head of the Space Department at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. While he describes himself modestly as an aerospace engineer from a small town. In 2007 he was included in the TIME100, the magazines list of the 100 most influential people, Griffins appointment as Administrator was associated with a significant shift in the direction of the agency. He began signaling intended changes at his Senate confirmation hearing, Griffin was born November 1,1949, in Aberdeen, Maryland. He currently holds seven academic degrees, Griffin was also working toward a Master of Science degree in Computer Science at Johns Hopkins University before being appointed as NASA chief. He has worked at the Jet Propulsion Lab and APL and he is the lead author of more than two dozen technical papers, and is co-author with James R. French of the graduate astronautical engineering textbook, Space Vehicle Design. ISBN 1-56347-539-1 Griffin is also an aviation flight instructor and pilot, and owner of a small airplane. I can think of no lesser purpose sufficient to justify the difficulty of the enterprise, Griffin was one of the original signatories of the Mars Society, which is dedicated to human settlement of Mars. On September 28,2007, Griffin said that NASA aims to put a man on Mars by 2037, the short answer is we would have been on Mars 15 or 20 years ago, instead of circling endlessly in low Earth orbit. Griffin has been criticized by space research organizations such as NASA Ames Research Center life sciences group for shifting portions of NASAs budget from science to manned spaceflight, the logic was that funding Project Constellation, a presidentially mandated program, was the top priority of the space agency. Griffin attributed these cuts, along with cuts in the human spaceflight budget, the National Research Council also concluded that NASAs total funding has not been enough to fulfill all its mandates and remain strong in science. However, during Griffins term, science budgets were, as a percentage of NASAs total budget, inline with those during Project Apollo. The Vision for Space Exploration, announced by President Bush in 2004, by June 2006, due to ongoing concerns with the safety of the Shuttle in the wake of the Columbia disaster, only one flight had been performed. Per the Presidential mandate of the Vision for Space Exploration, Griffin mandated that 18 more shuttle flights be performed in the remaining four and a half years. Griffin approved the launch of the space shuttle Discovery for July 2006 to perform the second mission, overriding the NASA Chief Safety and Mission Assurance Officer
29.
Charles Bolden
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Charles Frank Bolden, Jr. is a former Administrator of NASA, a retired United States Marine Corps Major General, and a former NASA astronaut. A1968 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, he became a Marine Aviator, after his service as an astronaut, he became Deputy Commandant of Midshipmen at the Naval Academy. On May 23,2009, President Barack Obama announced the nomination of Bolden as NASA Administrator, Bolden was confirmed by the Senate on July 15,2009. He is the first African American to head the agency on a permanent basis, on Jan 12,2017, Bolden announced his resignation from NASA during a town hall meeting at NASA Headquarters in Washington D. C. His last day would be January 19, and Robert M. Lightfoot Jr. was announced as acting NASA Administrator, Bolden graduated from C. A. Johnson High School in Columbia, South Carolina, in 1964. He is a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity, Bolden was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps following graduation from the United States Naval Academy in 1968. He was president of his class and he underwent flight training at Pensacola, Florida, Meridian, Mississippi, and Kingsville, Texas, before being designated a Naval Aviator in May 1970. He flew more than 100 sorties into North and South Vietnam, Laos, while there, he served as an ordnance test pilot and flew numerous test projects in the A-6E, EA-6B, and A-7C/E airplanes. He logged more than 6,000 hours flying time, Bolden was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in 1980. He was a member of the NASA Astronaut Corps until 1994 when he returned to assignments in the Marine Corps, first as the Deputy Commandant of Midshipmen at the Naval Academy, in July 1997, he was assigned as the Deputy Commanding General of I Marine Expeditionary Force. From February to June 1998, he served as Commanding General, in July 1998, he was promoted to his final rank of major general and assumed his duties as the Deputy Commander, United States Forces Japan. He then served as the Commanding General, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing and he retired from the military in August 2004. Selected by NASA in May 1980, Bolden became an astronaut in August 1981, a veteran of four space flights, he has logged over 680 hours in space. Bolden served as pilot on STS-61-C and STS-31, and was the commander on STS-45. Bolden was the first person to ride the Launch Complex 39 slidewire baskets which enable rapid escape from a Space Shuttle on the launch pad. The need for a human test was determined following a launch abort on STS-41-D where controllers were afraid to order the crew to use the escape system. On Jan 12,2017, Bolden announced his resignation from NASA during a Town Hall meeting at NASA Headquarters in Washington D. C and his last day would be January 19, and Robert M. Lightfoot Jr. was announced as acting NASA Administrator. On STS-61-C, Bolden piloted Space Shuttle Columbia, during the six-day flight, crew members deployed the SATCOM Ku band satellite, and conducted experiments in astrophysics and materials processing
30.
Jim Bridenstine
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James Frederick Jim Bridenstine is an American politician who has been the United States Representative for Oklahomas 1st congressional district, based in Tulsa, since 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party, Bridenstine was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan and is a Jenks High School graduate, a graduate of Rice University with three majors, and has an MBA from Cornell University. Bridenstine is an Eagle Scout and received military awards, including the Air Medal. As of 2016 Bridenstine is a State of Oklahoma record holder in 200 meter swimming, in the Republican primary election on June 26,2012, Bridenstine defeated five-term incumbent U. S. Congressman John Sullivan 54% to 46%, although he identified with the tea party and was perceived as running to Sullivans right, Bridenstines actual policy statements differed little from those of Sullivan. In the November 2012 general election, he defeated Democratic nominee John Olson 63%–32%, Bridenstine had effectively clinched a seat in Congress by ousting Sullivan in the Republican primary. The 1st is a heavily Republican district with a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+16, Bridenstine retained his seat in the U. S. House of Representatives in the 2016 election. It has been suggested that he may be a candidate for either NASA administrator, or Secretary of the Air Force, under the incoming Trump presidency. ”Recognizing his efforts, in 2015 SpaceNews named Bridenstine as one of five game changers in the world in space. In the 114th Congress, he has served as the Chairman of the Environment Subcommittee of the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee. In that role, he has pushed the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration “…to integrate commercial data into its weather forecasting models. ”In September 2016, NOAA awarded two contracts to private weather satellite firms to provide data for its use. This came after a visit to Baku upon invitation of the State Oil Company of the Azerbaijan Republic for 10 members of Congress and 32 Staff members that became the subject of an ethics investigation. Of ten members of Congress, he was the one who disclosed the value of the trip. According to a story published in 2016, Bridenstine turned over gifts received during the trip to the House Clerk. He received $29,000 from donors associated with the Turquoise Council of Americans and Eurasians, Bridenstine was one of three co-chairs of the Veterans Coalition supporting Ted Cruz for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential campaign. He was joined in Vets for Ted by former U. S, Senator Bob Smith of New Hampshire and Texas State Senator Brian Birdwell. Bill Connor was national director of the coalition
31.
Hugh Latimer Dryden
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Hugh Latimer Dryden was an American aeronautical scientist and civil servant. He served as NASA Deputy Administrator from August 19,1958 until his death, Dryden was born in Pocomoke City, Maryland, the son of Samuel Isaac and Nova Hill Culver Dryden, and was named after a popular local Methodist clergyman. During the financial panic of 1907, his father lost his job, as a student, Dryden excelled in mathematics. He graduated from Baltimore City College, a school, at the age of 14. He was awarded the Peabody Prize for excellence in mathematics, with a scholarship, he was admitted to Johns Hopkins University and graduated with honors after only three years. He earned a M. S. in physics in 1916 and his thesis was titled, Airplanes, An Introduction to the Physical Principles Embodied in their Use. In 1918, Dryden joined the National Bureau of Standards, becoming an inspector of gauges. With the help and influence of Dr. Joseph S. Ames, he obtained a transfer to the bureaus Wind Tunnel division, and began taking graduate courses in fluid dynamics to complete his Ph. D. In 1919 at the age of 20, he was awarded his degree in physics and mathematics from Johns Hopkins University and his thesis was on the Air Forces on Circular Cylinders. In 1920 Dryden was appointed the director of the Aerodynamics Division of the National Bureau of Standards, collaborating with Dr. Lyman J. Briggs, he performed studies of airfoils near the speed of sound. He also performed pioneering research on the problems of airflow, turbulence. His work contributed to the design of the wings for the P-51 Mustang, by 1934, Dryden was appointed the bureaus Chief of the Mechanics and Sound Division, and in 1939 he became a member of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. With the start of World War II, Dryden served in a capacity to the Air Force. He led the development of the Bat, a guided bomb program that was successfully employed in combat in April,1945 to sink a Japanese destroyer. After the war, Dryden became the Director of Aeronautical Research for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in 1946, while at the NACA he supervised the development of the North American X-15, a rocket plane used for research and testing. He also established programs for V/STOL aircraft, and studied the problem of atmospheric reentry and he held the position of Director of NACA, NASAs predecessor, from 1947 until October 1958. In addition he served on government advisory committees, including the Scientific Advisory Committee to the President. From 1941 until 1956 he was editor of the Journal of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences, after NACA became NASA, he became the Deputy Director of that organization, serving until his death
32.
Dale D. Myers
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Dale Dehaven Myers was an American aerospace engineer who was Deputy Administrator of NASA, serving between October 6,1986 and May 13,1989. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Aeronautical Engineering from the University of Washington in Seattle in 1943, Myers was born in Kansas City, Missouri, on January 8,1922, to a physician. His boyhood hero was Charles Lindbergh, an aviator who became famous after crossing the Atlantic by aircraft, aged 5, Myers met Lindbergh and shook his hand, in a 2008 interview, Myers recalled that did it. Between 1939 and 1940 Myers attended Kansas City Junior College, then in 1943 he graduated from the University of Washington with a Bachelor of Science in Aeronautical Engineering. In the mid-1940s he was involved in the development of aircraft for Project Aerodynamicist. From 1946 until 1957 he began working in development, until he was selected as vice-president. By this time he had lost his eye in an automobile accident. In 1963 Myers migrated to Rockwell International, and the year he began contract work for NASAs space program. From 1964 he was the manager of the Apollo programs Command/Service Module Program. After a fire destroyed Apollo 1 and killed three astronauts in January 1967, much of the management was purged, Myers, however, was retained. He migrated to the Space Shuttle program in 1969, soon after Apollo 11s historic moon landing, Myers later described his work with Apollo as a highlight of his career. In 1970 Myers was promoted to Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight at NASA, in this position he stayed at mission control when Apollo 13 experienced a crippling explosion, later he promoted the selection of Harrison Schmitt as geologist for Apollo 17. During this time he earned three NASA Distinguished Service Medals, one in 1971 for his work on the Apollo program, in 1970 he also received an honorary doctorate from Whitworth College. Myers was a president of the National Academy of Engineering, Myers was Under Secretary at the Department of Energy. On October 6,1986, eleven months after the Challenger disaster, Myers was initially unwilling to accept the position, but after a telephone call from the persuasive president Ronald Reagan, Myers accepted the position. He resigned effective May 13,1989, having served as acting administrator in place of James C, NASA historian Roger Launius credits Myers with bringing a sense of optimism to the agency following the disaster. After leaving NASA Myers returned to consulting, later becoming involved in the failed Kistler Aerospace program. Myers and his wife retired in La Costa, California and he continued to speak publicly about the space program, including giving testimonial before Congress in 2003
33.
Daniel Mulville
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Daniel R. Mulville is an American engineer who served briefly as Acting Administrator of NASA in 2001. Daniel R. Mulville was born in 1939 and he also attended the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in 1986. Mulville served as the Structures Technology Manager at the Naval Air Systems Command from 1979 to 1986, from 1986 to 1990, Mulville was Deputy Director of the Materials and Structures Division in the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology, NASA Headquarters. Mulville also directed NASAs participation in the joint NASA/FAA Aging Aircraft Program, from 1990 to 1994, Mulville was Director of the Engineering and Quality Management Division in the Office of Safety and Mission Assurance, NASA Headquarters. In that position, he was responsible for development of NASAs engineering and quality standards and procedures related to design and development of spacecraft. Mulville served as NASAs Chief Engineer from 1995 to 1999 and he was responsible for overall review of the technical readiness and execution of all NASA programs. He provided a focus for Agency-wide engineering policies, standards. From 1994 to 1995, Mulville was NASAs Deputy Chief Engineer and was responsible for ensuring that development efforts, from January 1,2000 to February 3,2003, Mulville was the Associate Deputy Administrator, serving as the Administrators most senior adviser. He reported directly to the Administrator and was responsible for planning, directing and he served briefly as acting Administrator of NASA, starting on November 19,2001, as the result of the resignation of Daniel Goldin. As an Associate Deputy Administrator, Mulville was the highest ranking NASA official at the time and he oversaw NASAs daily operations until the new administrator, Sean OKeefe was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 21,2001
34.
Frederick D. Gregory
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Frederick Drew Gregory, is a former United States Air Force pilot, military engineer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut as well as former NASA Deputy Administrator. He also served briefly as NASA Acting Administrator in early 2005, Gregory was born on January 7,1941, in Washington, D. C. His father was Francis A. Gregory, an educator who was assistant superintendent for DC Public Schools as well as the first black president of the DC Public Library Board of Trustees. His father has a library named after him in the Ward 7 Hillcrest neighborhood of Washington. His mother was Nora Drew Gregory, an educator as well as public library advocate. Gregorys great-grandfather was educator James Monroe Gregory, frederick Drew Gregory, Colonel, USAF is a former test pilot, NASA astronaut, and NASA Deputy Administrator. He was born and raised in Washington D. C. graduating from Anacostia High School and he attended the United States Air Force Academy where he received his undergraduate degree in Military Engineering. He received a degree from the George Washington University in Information Systems. During his time in the Air Force, Gregory logged approximately 7,000 hours in more than 50 types of aircraft as a helicopter, fighter and he flew 550 combat rescue missions in Vietnam. In 1978, Gregory applied for and was chosen as a member of the first class of Space Shuttle astronauts, Gregory became the first American with an African lineage to pilot a space craft, the orbiter Challenger on mission STS-51B. This flight was the flight for the laboratory developed by the European Space Agency for scientific experiments on the space shuttle. The crew also deployed the Northern Utah Satellite before landing at Edwards Air Force Base and he was then the first person ever of African lineage to command any space mission with the launch of STS-33 in 1989 on the orbiter Discovery, which carried a classified payload. Married to the former Barbara Archer of Washington, D. C. until her death in 2008, frederick, D. Jr. a Civil Servant working in the office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and a graduate of Stanford University and the University of Florida. Heather Lynn is a worker and graduate of Sweet Briar College. He is now married to the former Annette Becke of Washington, D. C. recreational interests include reading, boating, hiking, diving, biking and traveling. 1958, Graduated from Anacostia High School, Washington, D. C, Drew University of Medicine and Science President’s Medal Gregory was selected as an astronaut in January 1978. C. Chief, Astronaut Training, and a member of the Orbiter Configuration Control Board, a veteran of three Shuttle missions he has logged about 456 hours in space. He served as pilot on STS-51B, and was the commander on STS-33
35.
Robert M. Lightfoot Jr.
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Robert M. Lightfoot Jr. is an engineer and the Acting Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. He is also the incumbent Associate Administrator of NASA, succeeding Charles Bolden, Lightfoot became the space agencys acting Associate Administrator on March 5,2012. That job became permanent on September 25,2012 and he had previously served as the eleventh Director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, from March 2009 until his promotion in March 2012. Lightfoot is acting NASA Administrator effective 20 January 2017 at noon ET. Lightfoot joined NASA in 1989 as a test engineer, in 1998, he was named deputy division chief of Marshalls propulsion test division. Lightfoot moved to NASAs John C. Stennis Space Center in 1999 as chief of propulsion test operations, in 2001, he was named deputy director of the Propulsion Test Directorate at Stennis and in March 2002 he was promoted to director. From 2003 to 2005, Lightfoot served as assistant associate administrator for the Space Shuttle Program in the Office of Space Operations at NASA Headquarters in Washington and he returned to Marshall in 2005 as manager of the Space Shuttle Propulsion Office. In 2007, Lightfoot was named deputy director of Marshall where he shared responsibility for managing the center and he served in that capacity until becoming acting director on March 26,2009, after the retirement of the previous director, David A. King. Lightfoot was formally named as the director of the Marshall Space Flight Center on August 24,2009. He led Marshall through the transition from the Shuttle era to the Space Launch System, in February 2012, NASA announced that Lightfoot would become the space agencys acting Associate Administrator as of March 5,2012. The position opened when Chris Scolese was named the new director of the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, lightfoots successor at Marshall was Arthur E. Gene Goldman, named as acting director in March 2012. He shifted from acting to permanent Associate Administrator on September 25,2012, Lightfoot has a bachelors degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Alabama. Lightfoot serves on the University of Alabama Mechanical Engineering Advisory Board
36.
Robert Seamans
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Robert Channing Seamans Jr. was a NASA Deputy Administrator and MIT professor. He was born in Salem, Massachusetts, to Pauline and Robert Seamans, from 1941 to 1955 he held teaching and project positions at MIT during which time he worked on aeronautical problems, including instrumentation and control of airplanes and missiles. Seamans joined the Radio Corporation of America in 1955 as Manager of the Airborne Systems Laboratory, in 1958, he became Chief Engineer of the Missile Electronics and Controls Division at RCA in Burlington, Massachusetts. From 1948 to 1958, Seamans also served on committees of NASAs predecessor organization. He served as a consultant to the Scientific Advisory Board of the United States Air Force from 1957 to 1959, as a Member of the Board from 1959 to 1962 and he was a National Delegate, Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development from 1966 to 1969. In 1960, Seamans joined NASA as Associate Administrator, in 1965, he became Deputy Administrator, retaining many of the general management-type responsibilities of the Associate Administrator and also serving as Acting Administrator. During his years at NASA he worked closely with the Department of Defense in research and engineering programs, during this period with MIT, he was also a consultant to the Administrator of NASA. In 1969 he became Secretary of the United States Air Force, Seamans was also president of the National Academy of Engineering from May 1973 to December 1974, when he became the first administrator of the new Energy Research and Development Administration. He returned to MIT in 1977, becoming dean of its School of Engineering in 1978, in 1981 he was elected chair of the board of trustees of Aerospace Corp. He died on June 28,2008 in Beverly, Massachusetts, Seamans married Eugenia Merrill on June 13th,1942 in Beverly Farms, Massachusetts. He had three sons and two daughters, in 2001, the Sea Education Association named their new sailing research ship SSV Robert C. Seamans, in honor of their former Chairman and Trustee, in the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, Seamans was played by Dann Florek. Seamans Jr. Project Apollo, The Tough Decisions, monographs in Aerospace History Number 37. Seamans, Aiming At Targets, The Autobiography Of Robert C, Air Force History Page on Dr. Robert C
37.
Hans Mark
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Hans Michael Mark is a former Secretary of the Air Force and a former Deputy Administrator of NASA. He is an expert and consultant in design and national defense policy. Mark retired from the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at the University of Texas at Austins Cockrell School of Engineering in July 2014, Mark was born in Mannheim, Germany. He lived in Vienna for a time before escaping the Nazi anschluss via Switzerland, before the collapse of France the Mark family moved to London. Marks father, Herman Francis Mark, a prominent polymer chemist, secured a position with a Canadian paper company, finally, in late 1939, his family joined him in Hawkesbury. About a year later the moved to the United States. D. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1954. After completion of his doctorate, Mark stayed on at MIT as a research associate and he returned to UC Berkeley in 1955 and remained there until 1958 as a research physicist at the Universitys Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Livermore. Dr. Mark then returned to MIT as an assistant professor of physics, in 1960, he again returned to the University of Californias Livermore Radiation Laboratorys Experimental Physics Division. He remained there until 1964, when he became chairman of the universitys Department of Nuclear Engineering, Mark has also taught undergraduate and graduate courses in physics and engineering at Boston University and the University of California, Davis. In February 1969, he director of NASAs Ames Research Center, located in Mountain View. In this role, he managed the research and applications efforts in aeronautics, space science. He subsequently served as Under Secretary of the Air Force from 1977 until July 1979, concurrently, he served as Director of the National Reconnaissance Office, from August 1977 to October 1979. He remained at this position until 1981, when he was appointed Deputy Administrator of NASA by President Reagan, upon leaving NASA in 1984, Mark served as Chancellor of The University of Texas system until 1992. He moved on to become a professor of aerospace engineering at The University of Texas at Austin. In July 1998, he work at The Pentagon upon President Clintons nomination of him as Director of Defense Research. In 2001, he returned to The University of Texas at Austin and he was voted by the Regents of the University as a Professor Emeritus of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics. Hans Mark is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and he is also an Honorary Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He has received the 1999 Joe J. King Engineering Achievement Award, dr. Mark was recently honored for his contributions to the US military space program at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Astronautical Society
38.
James R. Thompson Jr.
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James Robert Thompson, Jr. known as J. R. Thompson, was the fifth Director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center located in Huntsville, Alabama. He served as Director from September 29,1986 to July 6,1989, Thompson also served as NASAs deputy director from July 6,1989 to November 8,1991. Born in Greenville, South Carolina, Mr. Thompson graduated from Druid Hills High School in Atlanta in 1954 and he has completed all course work at the University of Alabama toward a Ph. D. in fluid mechanics. Thompson served as a lieutenant in the U. S. Navy from 1958 to 1960 and was stationed at Green Cove Springs, Florida, Thompson began his professional career in 1960 as a development engineer with Pratt and Whitney Aircraft in West Palm Beach, Florida. In 1966 he joined the Space Engine Section in the former Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory at Marshall, in 1969, Mr. Thompson transferred to Marshalls Astronautics Laboratory where he served as chief of the Man/Systems Integration Branch from 1969 to 1974. In September 1974, he was named manager of the Main Engine Projects Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, in that position he was responsible for the development and operation of the most advanced liquid propulsion rocket engine ever developed. He served in that position almost from the beginning of development testing on the Shuttle main engine through the initial Shuttle flights. In February 1982, Mr. Thompson was named director for engineering in the Marshall Science. He served three years as deputy director for operations at Princeton Universitys Plasma Physics Laboratory in Princeton. From March to June 1986, he was vice-chair of the NASA task force inquiring into the cause of the Space Shuttle Challenger accident, Thompson became Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center on September 29,1986. He became Deputy Administrator of NASA in 1989, upon leaving NASA is 1991, Mr. Thompson entered private business. President Ronald Reagan conferred on Mr. Thompson the rank of Meritorious Senior Government Executive twice, in 1982 and he was one of five members of NASAs Return to Flight Team awarded the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy for 1989. NASA MSFC biography NASA HQ biography Appearances on C-SPAN
39.
Shana Dale
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Shana L. Dale is an American politician and lawyer. She served as the Deputy Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the George W. Bush administration from 2005 to 2009. Before coming to NASA, Dale was deputy director for Homeland and National Security for the Office of Science and she co-chaired the National Science and Technology Council’s Committee on Homeland and National Security and supervised work of the subcommittees. Dale previously served as the chief of staff and general counsel at OSTP, earlier in her career, Dale served as the assistant vice chancellor for federal relations at the University of Texas System, Federal Relations Office in Washington, D. C. In addition, Dale had more than ten years of service on Capitol Hill including her tenure as director to the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Space. Dale also served on the board of directors for Women in Aerospace for four years, prior to serving as staff director, Dale was the Republican assistant legislative director and counsel on the space subcommittee. She was appointed to the Committee on Science, Space and Technology in March 1991, Dale also served on the House Public Works & Transportation Committee. Before moving to Washington, Dale was employed in law practice in San Diego. She received her bachelor’s with honors in management information systems from the University of Tulsa and she is a member of the bars of California and the District of Columbia, and is admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court. Her nomination was announced by the White House on September 9,2005, also on September 13, NASA Administrator Michael Griffin issued a press release saying he was delighted with the nomination and she would make a valuable addition to NASAs team. He added later that it was he who recommended her for the position and she replaced Frederick D. Gregory as Deputy Administrator. She was the first woman to hold position and thus the highest-ranked female official in NASA up to that point. Her nomination also drew praise from the National Space Society and the American Astronautical Society, Dale was confirmed as Deputy Administrator on November 4,2005, and sworn in on November 29,2005. Dale had applied to work at NASA just after graduating law school but was not hired. After being sworn in as deputy administrator, she joked that she could finally put NASA on her résumé, in her blog on the NASA website, she declared that she was preparing to transition out of NASA in January 2009. She resigned her NASA post effective 17 January 2009, Dale was succeeded as Deputy Administrator of NASA by fellow Women in Aerospace board member Lori Garver. Findlaw attorney profile of Shana Dale
40.
Lori Garver
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Lori Beth Garver is the former Deputy Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. She was nominated on May 24,2009, by President Barack Obama and she was confirmed by the United States Senate by unanimous consent on July 15,2009. She left the position in September 2013 to become General Manager of the Air Line Pilots Association, Garver was the lead civil space policy advisor for Obamas 2008 presidential campaign and led the agency review team for NASA during the post-election transition. Lori Garver was born in Lansing, Michigan on May 22,1961, in 1983, she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and economics from Colorado College. During her career, Lori Garver worked in the nonprofit, government and she was awarded both the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, and the NASA Distinguished Service Medal. Garver served as the second Executive Director of the National Space Society, from 1998–2001, she served as the Associate Administrator of the Office of Policy and Plans for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Prior to this appointment, Garver served as a Senior Policy Analyst for the Office of Policy and Plans, in 2001–2002, Garver initiated a project to increase the visibility and viability of commercial spaceflight. She worked to secure sponsorship funding as she began the medical certification and training in Star City. The effort ended because of a bid from another prospective space tourist. Garver was the President of Capital Space, LLC, and served as a Senior Advisor for Space at the Avascent Group, based in Washington and she served as Vice President of DFI Corporate Services from 2001–2003. In these roles, Garver provided strategic planning, technology feasibility research and she also gave merger, acquisition, and strategic alliance support to financial institutions and Fortune 500 companies in many industries. Garver served as a space policy advisor for the Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton. In November 2008, she was named to lead the Obama Presidential Transition Agency Review Team for NASA, garvers confirmation as deputy administrator marks the second time she has worked for NASA. Her first period of service to the agency was from 1996 to 2001, reporting to the NASA administrator, she oversaw the analysis, development and integration of policies and long-range plans, the NASA Strategic Management System, and the NASA Advisory Council. In June 2010, she addressed the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and she has participated in several NASA launch Tweetups. In May 2011, she joined NASA scientists to participate in a field campaign studying how dust affects the cover in the Colorado River Basin. The team visited dust emission sites in the deserts of Utah and then snowpits in the Colorado mountains to learn how dust layers might help predict snow melt
41.
Aaron Cohen (Deputy NASA administrator)
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For other people with the same name, see Aaron Cohen. Aaron Cohen was the Acting Deputy Administrator of NASA between 19 February 1992 and 1 November 1992, Cohen joined NASA in 1962 and served in key leadership roles critical to the success of the flights and lunar landings of the Apollo Program. From 1969 to 1972, Cohen was the manager for the Apollo Command and he oversaw the design, development, production and test flights of the space shuttles as manager of NASAs Space Shuttle Orbiter Project Office from 1972 to 1982. After serving as Director of Engineering at Johnson for several years, he was named director of the center in 1986, in 1984 he was awarded the ASME Medal. After his retirement from NASA, Cohen taught mechanical engineering design at Texas A&M University, in 2000, he was appointed Professor Emeritus, and in 2010, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters. Archived from the original on 8 July 2008, archived from the original on 4 May 2010
42.
John R. Dailey
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His career in the Marine Corps spanned thirty-six years and included a wide variety of operational and staff assignments. He is a pilot with over 7000 hours in fixed and rotary wing aircraft and he has extensive command experience including the Marine Corps Systems Command and the Armed Forces Staff College. He flew 450 missions during two tours in Vietnam and has numerous personal decorations which he received for combat operations, John Dailey was born on February 17,1934 in Quantico, Virginia. He earned a bachelor of degree from the University of California. Upon graduation from UCLA, Dailey was commissioned a lieutenant in June 1956. He completed The Basic School prior to training and was designated a Naval Aviator in July 1958. His operational experience includes over 7,500 flying hours in fighters, light attack, reconnaissance, and electronic warfare aircraft, transports, and helicopters. In 1972, Dailey served as Commanding Officer, Marine Composite Reconnaissance Squadron-l, during two tours in Vietnam, he flew 450 combat missions. Returning from overseas in May 1973, Dailey was assigned to the Aviation Weapons Requirements Branch, Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, in 1975 he entered the National War College and, after graduation, returned to the Aviation Plans and Programs Branch at Headquarters Marine Corps. Dailey took command of Marine Aircraft Group-ll, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, Marine Corps Air Station, then in July 1980 he assumed new duties as Chief of Staff, 3d Marine Aircraft Wing. He returned to Headquarters Marine Corps in July 1981 and was assigned as Head, Aviation Plans, Programs, Budget, after promotion to brigadier general in May 1982, General Dailey assumed the position of Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Aviation. In May 1985 he took command of the 1st Marine Amphibious Brigade, Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Dailey was promoted to general on June 12,1986. He was assigned duty as the Commandant, Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia and he was appointed to the grade of general and assumed the post as Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps on August 1,1990. After retirement from the Marine Corps, Dailey served as Associate Deputy Administrator, National Aeronautics, Dailey serves as the Director of the National Air and Space Museum. Since assuming his position in 2000, Dailey has led efforts to expand the size and scope of the museum, in 2003, in conjunction with the Centennial of Flight, the museum opened a second building, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Va. More than 300 aircraft and space artifacts are housed in its two hangars, the Boeing Aviation Hangar and James S, in 2011, construction was completed on the center’s second and final component, a section devoted to preservation and restoration of the museum’s collection. Daileys personal decorations include, Though Gen and this article incorporates text in the public domain from the United States Marine Corps and NASA, which are part of the United States Government
43.
Lesa Roe
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Roe is an American aerospace engineer who is currently serving as the Acting Deputy Administrator of NASA. Roe is also the Deputy Associate Administrator of NASA, being in role since May 2014, roe has also served as the Director of NASA Langley Research Center from 2005 to 2014. She previously served as the centers Deputy Director from June 2004 until being named Director in October 2005 and she received her bachelors degree in electrical engineering from the University of Florida, and her masters degree in electrical engineering from the University of Central Florida. Roe is the first female Director of NASA’s Langley Research Center and she has worked for NASA since 1987
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