1.
Glasgow
–
Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
Glasgow
–
Clockwise from top-left: View of
Glasgow Science Centre, Duke of Wellington statue outside
Gallery of Modern Art,
Royal Exchange Square, cityscape view from
The Lighthouse, Gilbert Scott Building of
University of Glasgow,
Finnieston Crane,
Glasgow City Chambers
Glasgow
–
The
seal or signet of
Jocelin,
Bishop of Glasgow, founder of the burgh of Glasgow.
Glasgow
–
Shipping on the Clyde,
Atkinson Grimshaw, 1881.
Glasgow
–
Glasgow University in the 1890s
2.
Scotland
–
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
Scotland
–
Edinburgh Castle. Human habitation of the site is dated back as far as the 9th century BC, although the nature of this early settlement is unclear.
Scotland
–
Flag
Scotland
–
The class I
Pictish stone at
Aberlemno known as Aberlemno 1 or the Serpent Stone.
Scotland
–
The
Wallace Monument commemorates
William Wallace, the 13th-century Scottish hero.
3.
Kingdom of Great Britain
–
The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially Great Britain, was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800. It did not include Ireland, which remained a separate realm, the unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster. Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714, the early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746. On 1 January 1801, the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom, the name Britain descends from the Latin name for the island of Great Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, the land of the Britons via the Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The term Great Britain was first used officially in 1474, in the instrument drawing up the proposal for a marriage between Edward IV of Englands daughter Cecily and James III of Scotlands son James. The Treaty of Union and the subsequent Acts of Union state that England and Scotland were to be United into one Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain. However, both the Acts and the Treaty also refer numerous times to the United Kingdom and the longer form, other publications refer to the country as the United Kingdom after 1707 as well. The websites of the UK parliament, the Scottish Parliament, the BBC, additionally, the term United Kingdom was found in informal use during the 18th century to describe the state. The new state created in 1707 included the island of Great Britain, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, both in existence from the 9th century, were separate states until 1707. However, they had come into a union in 1603. Each of the three kingdoms maintained its own parliament and laws and this disposition changed dramatically when the Acts of Union 1707 came into force, with a single unified Crown of Great Britain and a single unified parliament. Ireland remained formally separate, with its own parliament, until the Acts of Union 1800, legislative power was vested in the Parliament of Great Britain, which replaced both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. In practice it was a continuation of the English parliament, sitting at the location in Westminster. Newly created peers in the Peerage of Great Britain were given the right to sit in the Lords. Despite the end of a parliament for Scotland, it retained its own laws. As a result of Poynings Law of 1495, the Parliament of Ireland was subordinate to the Parliament of England, the Act was repealed by the Repeal of Act for Securing Dependence of Ireland Act 1782. The same year, the Irish constitution of 1782 produced a period of legislative freedom, the 18th century saw England, and after 1707 Great Britain, rise to become the worlds dominant colonial power, with France its main rival on the imperial stage
Kingdom of Great Britain
–
Lord Clive meeting
Mir Jafar after the
Battle of Plassey, by
Francis Hayman (c. 1762)
Kingdom of Great Britain
–
Flag
Kingdom of Great Britain
–
Pitt addressing the
Commons in 1793
4.
Montreal
–
Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
Montreal
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Montreal as seen from the
Champlain Bridge;
McGill University;
Saint Joseph's Oratory; the
Old Montreal featuring the
Montreal Clock Tower and the
Jacques Cartier Bridge during the
Montreal Fireworks Festival; a view of the
Notre-Dame Basilica from
Place d'Armes; and the
Olympic Stadium.
Montreal
–
The Montreal Harbour in 1889.
Montreal
–
Saint Jacques Street (formerly St. James Street), in 1910
Montreal
–
Bonsecours Market in autumn.
5.
Lower Canada
–
The Province of Lower Canada was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It covered the portion of the modern-day Province of Quebec, Canada. Other parts of New France ceded to Britain became the Colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, the prefix lower in its name refers to its geographic position farther downriver from the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River than its contemporary Upper Canada, present-day southern Ontario. The colony/province was abolished in 1841, when it and the adjacent Upper Canada were united into the Province of Canada, like Upper Canada, there was significant political unrest. Twenty-two years after the invasion by the Americans in the War of 1812, an abortive attempt by revolutionary Robert Nelson to declare a Republic of Lower Canada was quickly thwarted. The provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were combined as the United Province of Canada in 1841 and their separate legislatures were combined into a single parliament with equal representation for both constituent parts, even though Lower Canada had a greater population. Traveling around Lower Canada was made mainly by water along the St. Lawrence River, on land the only main route was the Chemin du Roy or Kings Highway, built in the 1730s by New France. The Kings Highway remained as a means of travel until the challenge of steamboats. A History of the Late Province of Lower Canada, Quebec City, T. Cary/R
Lower Canada
–
Flag
6.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
7.
University of Glasgow
–
The University of Glasgow is the fourth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotlands four ancient universities. Along with the University of Edinburgh, the University was part of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century and it is currently a member of Universitas 21, the international network of research universities, and the Russell Group. Glasgow University served all of students by preparing them for professions, the law, medicine, civil service, teaching. It also trained smaller but growing numbers for careers in science, originally located in the citys High Street, since 1870 the main University campus has been located at Gilmorehill in the West End of the city. Additionally, a number of university buildings are located elsewhere, such as the Veterinary School in Bearsden, and it is the second-oldest university in Scotland after St Andrews and the fourth-oldest in the English-speaking world. The universities of St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen were ecclesiastical foundations, as one of the Ancient Universities of the United Kingdom, Glasgow University is one of only eight institutions to award undergraduate masters degrees in certain disciplines. The University has been without its original Bull since the mid-sixteenth century, in 1560, during the political unrest accompanying the Scottish Reformation, the then chancellor, Archbishop James Beaton, a supporter of the Marian cause, fled to France. He took with him, for safe-keeping, many of the archives and valuables of the Cathedral and the University, including the Mace, although the Mace was sent back in 1590, the archives were not. If they had not been lost by time, they certainly went astray during the French Revolution when the Scots College was under threat. Its records and valuables were moved for safe-keeping out of the city of Paris, the Bull remains the authority by which the University awards degrees. Teaching at the University began in the chapterhouse of Glasgow Cathedral, subsequently moving to nearby Rottenrow, the University was given 13 acres of land belonging to the Black Friars on High Street by Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1563. The Lion and Unicorn Staircase was also transferred from the old site and is now attached to the Main Building. To continue this work in his will he founded Andersons College, in 1973, Delphine Parrott became its first woman professor, as Gardiner Professor of Immunology. In October 2014, the university court voted for the University to become the first academic institution in Europe to divest from the fuel industry. The University is currently spread over a number of different campuses, the main one is the Gilmorehill campus, in Hillhead. The University has also established joint departments with the Glasgow School of Art, the Universitys initial accommodation including Glasgow University Library was part of the complex of religious buildings in the precincts of Glasgow Cathedral. In the mid-seventeenth century, the Hamilton Building was replaced with a very grand two-court building with a decorated west front facing the High Street, called the Nova Erectio, over the following centuries, the Universitys size and scope continued to expand. In 1757 it built the Macfarlane Observatory and later Scotlands first public museum and it was a centre of the Scottish Enlightenment and subsequently of the Industrial Revolution, and its expansion in the High Street was constrained
University of Glasgow
–
The East Quadrangle of the Main Building.
University of Glasgow
–
Coat of arms of the University of Glasgow
University of Glasgow
–
A model of the old High Street Building, in the
Hunterian Museum.
University of Glasgow
–
The University of Glasgow in 1650.
8.
McGill University
–
McGill University is a public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1821 by royal charter, issued by King George IV of Great Britain, the University bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Scotland whose bequest in 1813 formed the universitys precursor, McGill College. Its academic units are organized into 11 main Faculties and Schools, McGill offers degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, with the highest average admission requirements of any Canadian university. Most students are enrolled in the five largest faculties, namely Arts, Science, Medicine, Engineering, tuition fees vary significantly between in-province, out-of-province, and international students, as well as between faculties. Scholarships are generous, yet highly competitive and relatively difficult to attain, throughout its long history, McGill alumni were instrumental in inventing or initially organizing football, basketball, and ice hockey. In 1816 the RIAL was authorized to operate two new Royal Grammar Schools, in Quebec City and in Montreal and this was an important first step in the creation of nondenominational schools. When James McGill died in 1813 his bequest was administered by the RIAL, the original two Royal Grammar Schools closed in 1846 and by the mid-19th century the RIAL lost control of the other 82 grammar schools it had administered. Its sole remaining purpose was to administer the McGill bequest on behalf of the private college, since the revised Royal Charter of 1852, The Trustees of the RIAL comprise the Board of Governors of McGill University. James McGill, born in Glasgow, Scotland on 6 October 1744, was a merchant in Quebec. Between 1811 and 1813, he drew up a will leaving his Burnside estate, a 19-hectare tract of rural land and 10,000 pounds to the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning. As a condition of the bequest, the land and funds had to be used for the establishment of a University or College, for the purposes of Education and the Advancement of Learning in the said Province. On March 31,1821, after protracted battles with the Desrivières family. The Charter provided that the College should be deemed and taken as a University, the Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833, this was also the first medical degree to be awarded in Canada. The Faculty of Medicine remained the only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building. The university also historically has strong linkage with The Canadian Grenadier Guards and this title is marked upon the stone that stands before the Arts building, from where the Guards step off annually to commemorate Remembrance Day. The Faculty of Law was founded in 1848 which is also the oldest of its kind in the nation,48 years later, the school of architecture at McGill University was founded. Sir John William Dawson, McGills principal from 1855 to 1893, is credited with transforming the school into a modern university. He recruited the aid of Montreals wealthiest citizens, many of whom donated property and their names adorn many of the campuss prominent buildings
McGill University
–
James McGill, the original
benefactor of McGill University.
McGill University
–
McGill University
McGill University
–
Sir John William Dawson, Principal of McGill University 1855-1893.
McGill University
–
The Arts Building, completed in 1843 and designed by
John Ostell, is the oldest standing building on campus.
9.
The Canadian Grenadier Guards
–
The Canadian Grenadier Guards is a reserve infantry regiment in the 34 Canadian Brigade Group, 2nd Canadian Division of the Canadian Army. The regiment is the second most senior and oldest infantry regiment in the Primary Reserve of the Canadian Army, located in Montreal, its primary role is the provision of combat-ready troops in support of Canadian regular infantry. The Canadian Grenadier Guards is a regiment to the British Grenadier Guards. The Canadian Grenadier Guards originated in Montreal, Quebec on 17 November 1859 as the First Battalion Volunteer Militia Rifles of Canada and it was redesignated as The First Regiment of Volunteer Rifles of Canadian Militia on 7 September 1860. On 2 May 1898 it amalgamated with the 6th Battalion Fusiliers and was redesignated the 1st Battalion Prince of Wales Regiment Fusiliers, the 6th Battalion Fusiliers originated in Montreal, Quebec on 31 January 1862 as the 6th Battalion Volunteer Militia Rifles, Canada. The Sixth Battalion Volunteer Militia, Canada was called out on service from 8 to 31 March and from 1 to 22 June 1866. The Sixth Battalion Volunteer Militia, Canada was called out on service on 24 May 1870. The regiment contributed volunteers for the Canadian Contingents during the Second Boer War, details of the regiment were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties. Following conventional army practice the whole regiment was not sent, some 350 men were drafted to join the 14th Battalion CEF. While other contingents were recruited for France and Flanders, the 87th Battalion, CEF was authorized on 22 December 1915. It disembarked in France on 12 August 1916, where it fought as part of the 11th Infantry Brigade, 4th Canadian Division in France, the battalion was subsequently disbanded on 30 August 1920. The system of temporary battalion formations was quite disruptive for the regulars of the permanent regimental establishment, the battalion was subsequently disbanded on 17 July 1917. The recruitment drive in 1939 was entirely different to that deployed during the Great War, the regiment mobilized The Canadian Grenadier Guards, CASF on 24 May 1940. It was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, The Canadian Grenadier Guards and it was converted to armour and redesignated as the 22nd Armoured Regiment, CAC, CASF on 26 January 1942. It embarked for Britain on 25 September 1942, less than two years later they sailed with the D-Day landings in June 1944. On 26 July 1944, it landed in France as part of the 4th Armoured Brigade, 4th Canadian Armoured Division, the regimental casualties were 97 killed, and 230 wounded. It was reconfigured as the 22nd Armoured Regiment, RCAC, CASF on 2 August 1945, the overseas regiment was disbanded on 15 February 1946. Their uniform was similar to that of the British Grenadiers, except for the regimental buttons, on 1 June 1945, a second Active Force component of the regiment was mobilized for service in the Pacific theatre of operations as the 22nd Canadian Tank Battalion, CAC, CASF
The Canadian Grenadier Guards
–
The camp flag of The Canadian Grenadier Guards.
The Canadian Grenadier Guards
–
Cap badge of The Canadian Grenadier Guards
The Canadian Grenadier Guards
–
Members of the Canadian Grenadier Guards on parade in
Ottawa,
Ontario
The Canadian Grenadier Guards
–
Canadian Grenadier Guards on memorial duty in
Ottawa,
Ontario
10.
Beaver Club
–
The Beaver Club was a gentlemans dining club founded in 1785 by the mostly English speaking fur-trading barons of Montreal. Only fragmentary records remain of their meetings, but from these it is clear that the Beaver Club was an expression of the esprit de corps of the North West Company. The men of the Beaver Club were the predecessors of Montreals Square Milers, in 18th century North America, the fur barons of Montreal might only have been compared to the tobacco lords of Virginia for their wealth and grand style of living. A first-rate Indian trader is no ordinary man and he is a soldier-merchant, and unites the gallantry of the one with the shrewdness of the other. Montreal was then the best place for seeing this class of persons, the Indian Trader is a bold, square-chested, gaunt man, sun-burnt, with extraordinary long hair as a defence against mosquitoes. Often he has not only to contend with the Indians, and to himself on the spot with other traders. Kindness, vigour, and sagacity, usually render but one such affair necessary and that year they exported furs to the value of £203,378,116,623 beaver skins and 473,534 other pelts. As profits continued to soar, the partners of the North West Company retired from their expeditions into the wilderness to conduct their business with London. At Lachine, the Montreal partners boarded their immense canoes manned by voyageurs and hunters in Buckskins with bright silk bands around their heads, the partners took their seats conspicuously dressed in ruffles and gold braid, with brass-handled pistols and daggers at their belts. In 1894, Brian Hughes recalled his grandfather recounting his memories of these partners journeying into the wilds, They traversed the rivers in great state, like sovereigns making a progress. They were wrapped in furs, their huge canoes freighted with every convenience and luxury and manned by Canadian voyageurs as loyal. They carried with them cooks and bakers, together with delicacies of every kind, the men of the Beaver Club had a great reputation for hospitality and generosity, which led to many of them frittering away their fortunes. One such example was The Hon. Nicholas Montour, who retired as a partner of the North West Company in 1792 with a fortune of £20,000. In 1808, John Lambert recalled in reference to Montour, This too often happens with the gentlemen of the North-west company who retire from the concern, hence they are frequently led into error and extravagance, which ultimately despoil them of their hard-earned property. At the regular gatherings an opportunity was offered of introducing into society such traders as might from time to return from the Indian country. Potential members were selected by ballot on the basis of their standing and character, following the dinner, a vote was taken and only if approved of unanimously would they then be invited to join the Club. The vast majority of them were Highland Scots, but they were joined by French Canadians, Englishmen, Irishmen and Loyalists, all thoroughly cosmopolitan by taste, the first dinner of their season was held on the first Wednesday in December. Following that fortnightly meetings were held until April between private houses and at hotels and taverns in Montreal
Beaver Club
–
North West Company -
Coat of Arms
Beaver Club
–
A Canadian fur trader in 1777
Beaver Club
–
A
canoe of the rival
Hudson's Bay Company in the 1890s, carrying a fur trader and his wife in similar style as to the partners of the
North West Company
Beaver Club
–
Alexander Henry (1739–1824), vice-chairman of the Beaver Club, published his account of living with the
Ojibwa and subsequent explorations (1760-76) before becoming a partner of the
North West Company. He introduced
John Jacob Astor to the Club and the fur trade at
Montreal
11.
Golden Square Mile
–
During that period, those who lived there, and Montrealers alike, referred to the area as Uptown or New Town. It was only from the 1930s that Montrealers began to refer to it as the Square Mile, the addition of Golden was coined by Montreal journalist Charlie Lazarus and has connections to more contemporary real-estate developments. They developed the farmland of the slopes of Mount Royal north of Sherbrooke Street, the mansions they built there came to represent a period of prosperity when Canada was at its economic peak and Montreal was its unrivalled cultural and financial capital. From about 1870 to 1900, 70% of all wealth in Canada was held by small group. By 1900, the Bank of Montreals assets and transactions were equal to any of its counterparts on the New York Stock Exchange, the Square Mile was a neighbourhood of architectural audacity never before seen in Canada. During the Quiet Revolution, the businesses created in Montreal, on whose fortunes the Square Mile had been built, in this period, demolition of the former grand houses reached its peak. The face of the Square Mile was changed irreversibly, catalyzing the formation of Heritage Montreal to preserve architecture in the city, vestiges remain, but the neighbourhoods life, grandeur and elegance have long since disappeared. By 1983, only 30% of the mansions in the half of the Square Mile had survived demolition. Those remaining, which were framed by tree-lined streets and avenues, are today mostly owned by McGill University. These structures are found interspersed on tree-less streets, dwarfed by concrete tower blocks, in effect, however, the Square Mile was contained within a far smaller area, between Sherbrooke Street and Pine Avenue, and Guy and University, covering scarcely nine streets on the north-south axis. West, McGregor Street and Pine Avenue, the architects of the Square Mile included Robert Findlay, Bruce Price, Sir Andrew Taylor, William Thomas, John Hopkins and the brothers Edward and William Maxwell. By World War I, the trend had moved towards more simple houses, more British houses, Maison Cormier was one of only a few examples of Art deco. Scottish sandstone and local granite were used materials, and most homes had substantial grounds, atria. A great many of the Square Milers were keen horticulturalists and aside from their gardens, the streets of the Square Mile were lined with elm, spruce and maple trees, but an outbreak of Dutch elm disease in the 1970s destroyed those that had once lined Sherbrooke Street. In the 1760s, following the British Conquest of New France, in 1794, after a splendid dinner given at John Forsyths, Jacob Mountain observed that people here are fond of good living and take care to want no luxury. But I may be pardoned, for I had seen in the capital of another great colony considerable primitiveness of manners, at an evening party at Mr Richardsons the appointments and service were admirable, the dress, manners, and conversation of the guests, in excellent taste. Most of the persons there, though country-born, had been educated in England, some of the show-shops rival those of London in their plate-glass windows, and its inns are as remarkable for their palatial exterior as they are for their excellent accommodation within. Montreal is a stirring and opulent town, few places have so advanced in all the luxuries and comforts of high civilisation as Montreal
Golden Square Mile
–
Ravenscrag, built for
Sir Hugh Allan in 1863
Golden Square Mile
–
Herbert Molson House. Designed by architect
Robert Findlay in 1912.
Golden Square Mile
–
Surrender of
Montreal to the British, 1760
Golden Square Mile
–
The
Montreal townhouse of David Ross on the
Champ de Mars, circa 1812
12.
Ayrshire
–
Ayrshire is a historic county in south-west Scotland, located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde. It is also, under the name the County of Ayr and its principal towns include Ayr, Kilmarnock and Irvine. Like the other counties of Scotland, it currently has no function, instead being sub-divided into the council areas of North Ayrshire, South Ayrshire. It has a population of approximately 366,800, the three islands were part of the County of Bute until 1975 and are not always included when the term Ayrshire is applied to the region. The same area is known as Ayrshire and Arran in other contexts, Ayrshire is one of the most agriculturally fertile regions of Scotland. Ayrshire shares with Dumfries and Galloway some rugged hills country known as the Galloway Hills and these hill lie to the west of the A713 and they run south from the Loch Doon area almost to the Solway Firth. To the east of this route through the hills lie the Carsphairn and Scaur Hills which lie to the south east of Dalmellington, glen Afton runs deep into these hills. Glasgow Prestwick International Airport, serving Glasgow and the West of Scotland more generally, is located more than 30 miles away from Glasgow in Ayrshire. Moreover it has a niche in history as the only place in Britain visited by Elvis Presley. The area that today forms Ayrshire was part of the south of the Antonine Wall which was briefly occupied by the Romans during the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius. It was inhabited by the Damnonii, who are presumed to have been Britons, later, it formed part of the British Kingdom of Strathclyde, which was incorporated into the Kingdom of Scotland during the 11th century. In 1263, the Scots successfully drove off of the Norwegian leidang-army in a known as the Battle of Largs. A notable historic building in Ayrshire is Turnberry Castle, which dates from the 13th century or earlier, the historic shire or sheriffdom of Ayr was divided into three districts or bailieries which later made up the county of Ayrshire. The three districts were, Carrick in the south and it was situated between the Doon and the wild district of Galloway in the adjoining Stewartries, an area that was little else than a vast tract of hills and mosses. Cunninghame in the north included the royal burgh of Irvine was that part of the county which lay north of the Irvine water. The area used to be heavily industrialised, with making, coal mining and in Kilmarnock numerous examples of production-line manufacturing. In more recent history, Digital Equipment had a manufacturing plant near Ayr from about 1976 until the company was taken over by Compaq in 1998. Some supplier companies grew up to service this site and the more distant IBM plant at Greenock in Renfrewshire, however, unemployment in the region is above the national average
Ayrshire
–
Ayrshire, with rivers and several towns.
Ayrshire
–
Ayrshire
13.
Metalworker
–
Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large-scale structures. The term covers a range of work from large ships and bridges to precise engine parts. It therefore includes a wide range of skills, processes. Metalworking is a science, art, hobby, industry and trade and its historical roots span cultures, civilizations, and millennia. Metalworking has evolved from the discovery of smelting various ores, producing malleable and ductile metal useful for tools, modern metalworking processes, though diverse and specialized, can be categorized as forming, cutting, or joining processes. Todays machine shop includes a number of machine tools capable of creating a precise, the oldest archaeological evidence of copper mining and working was the discovery of a copper pendant in northern Iraq from 8,700 BCE. The earliest substantiated and dated evidence of metalworking in the Americas was the processing of copper in Wisconsin, Copper was hammered until brittle then heated so it could be worked some more. This technology is dated to about 4000-5000 BCE, the oldest gold artifacts in the world come from the Bulgarian Varna Necropolis and date from 4450 BCE. Not all metal required fire to obtain it or work it, isaac Asimov speculated that gold was the first metal. His reasoning is that by its chemistry it is found in nature as nuggets of pure gold, in other words, gold, as rare as it is, is sometimes found in nature as the metal that it is. There are a few metals that sometimes occur natively. Almost all other metals are found in ores, a mineral-bearing rock, another feature of gold is that it is workable as it is found, meaning that no technology beyond a stone hammer and anvil to work the metal is needed. This is a result of properties of malleability and ductility. The earliest tools were stone, bone, wood, and sinew, at some unknown point the connection between heat and the liberation of metals from rock became clear, rocks rich in copper, tin, and lead came into demand. These ores were mined wherever they were recognized, remnants of such ancient mines have been found all over Southwestern Asia. Metalworking was being carried out by the South Asian inhabitants of Mehrgarh between 7000–3300 BCE, the end of the beginning of metalworking occurs sometime around 6000 BCE when copper smelting became common in Southwestern Asia. Ancient civilisations knew of seven metals. Here they are arranged in order of their potential, Iron +0.44 V
Metalworker
–
Turning a bar of metal on a
lathe
Metalworker
–
A turret lathe operator machining parts for transport planes at the Consolidated Aircraft Corporation plant, Fort Worth, Texas, USA in the 1940s
Metalworker
–
A
combination square used for transferring designs.
Metalworker
–
A caliper is used to precisely measure a short length.
14.
Guild
–
A guild /ɡɪld/ is an association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town. The earliest types of guild were formed as confraternities of tradesmen and they were organized in a manner something between a professional association, trade union, a cartel, and a secret society. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as meeting places, an important result of the guild framework was the emergence of universities at Bologna, Oxford and Paris, they originated as guilds of students as at Bologna, or of masters as at Paris. Usually the founders were free independent master craftsmen who hired apprentices, there were several types of guilds, including the two main categories of merchant guilds and craft guilds but also the frith guild and religious guild. In many cases became the governing body of a town. The Freedom of the City, effective from the Middle Ages until 1835, gave the right to trade, Trade guilds arose in the 14th century as craftsmen united to protect their common interest. The occasion for these oaths were drunken banquets held on December 26, gregory of Tours tells a miraculous tale of a builder whose art and techniques suddenly left him, but were restored by an apparition of the Virgin Mary in a dream. Michel Rouche remarks that the story speaks for the importance of practically transmitted journeymanship, in France, guilds were called corps de métiers. According to Viktor Ivanovich Rutenburg, Within the guild itself there was little division of labour. Thus, according to Étienne Boileaus Book of Handicrafts, by the century there were no less than 100 guilds in Paris. In Catalan towns, specially at Barcelona, guilds or gremis were a basic agent in the society, a shoemakers guild is recorded in 1208. In England, specifically in the City of London Corporation, more than 110 guilds, referred to as companies, survive today. Other groups, such as the Worshipful Company of Tax Advisers, have been formed far more recently, membership in a livery company is expected for individuals participating in the governance of The City, as the Lord Mayor and the Remembrancer. The guild system reached a state in Germany circa 1300 and held on in German cities into the 19th century. In the 15th century, Hamburg had 100 guilds, Cologne 80, the latest guilds to develop in Western Europe were the gremios of Spain, e. g. Valencia or Toledo. Not all city economies were controlled by guilds, some cities were free, in order to become a Master, a Journeyman would have to go on a three-year voyage called Journeyman years. The practice of the Journeyman years still exists in Germany and France, in Ghent, as in Florence, the woolen textile industry developed as a congeries of specialized guilds. The appearance of the European guilds was tied to the emergent money economy, before this time it was not possible to run a money-driven organization, as commodity money was the normal way of doing business
Guild
–
One of the legacies of the guilds, the elevated
Windsor Guildhall was originally a meeting place for guilds, as well as magistrates' seat and
town hall.
Guild
–
Traditional
wrought-iron guild sign of a
glazier — in
Germany. These signs can be found in many old European towns where guild members marked their places of business. Many survived through time or staged a comeback in industrial times. Today they are newly created or even restored, especially in old town areas.
Guild
–
The Syndics of the Drapers' Guild by
Rembrandt, 1662.
Guild
–
A center of urban government: the
Guildhall, London (engraving, ca 1805)
15.
Deacon
–
Deacon is a ministry in Christian Churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. In many traditions the diaconate, the term for an office, is a clerical office. The word deacon is derived from the Greek word diákonos, which is a standard ancient Greek word meaning servant, waiting-man, minister, or messenger. One commonly promulgated speculation as to its etymology is that it literally means through the dust, female deacons are mentioned by Pliny the Younger in a letter to the emperor Trajan dated c. The title deaconess is not found in the Bible, however, a woman, Phoebe, is mentioned at Romans 16, 1–2 as a deacon of the church in Cenchreae. Nothing more specific is said about her duties or authority, the exact relationship between male and female deacons varies. A biblical description of the qualities required of a deacon, and of his household, can be found in 1 Timothy 3, prominent historical figures who played major roles as deacons and went on to higher office include Saint Athanasius of Alexandria, Thomas Becket and Reginald Pole. On June 8, A. D.536 a serving Roman deacon was raised to Pope and his father, Pope Agapetus, had died and the office had been vacant for over a month. The title is used for the president, chairperson, or head of a trades guild in Scotland. The diaconate is one of the orders in the Catholic, Anglican, Eastern Orthodox. The other major orders are those of bishop and presbyter, the diaconate continued in a vestigial form as a temporary, final step along the course toward ordination to priesthood. In Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican churches, deacons assist priests in their pastoral and administrative duties and they have a distinctive role in the liturgy of the Eastern and Western Churches. In the Eastern Church, deacons have a profound presence in the Divine Liturgy. In the Western Church, Pope St. Today, deacons are also granted permission to preach, beginning around the fifth century, there was a gradual decline in the permanent diaconate in the Latin church. It has however remained a part of the Eastern Catholic Churches. These men are known as permanent deacons in contrast to those continuing their formation, there is no sacramental or canonical difference between the two, however, as there is only one order of deacons. The permanent diaconate formation period in the Roman Catholic Church varies from diocese to diocese as it is determined by the local ordinary, although they are assigned to work in a parish by the diocesan bishop, once assigned, deacons are under the supervision of the parish pastor. Unlike most clerics, permanent deacons who also have a profession have no right to receive a salary for their ministry
Deacon
–
Saint Stephen, one of the first seven deacons in the Christian Church, holding a
Gospel Book. Painting by
Giacomo Cavedone in 1601.
Deacon
–
Saint Peter
Deacon
–
In Poland, a
Catholic deacon chants the
Exsultet at the
Easter Vigil.
Deacon
–
Ornately embroidered dalmatic, the proper vestment of the deacon (shown from the back with an appareled
amice)
16.
North America
–
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
North America
–
Map of North America, from 1621.
North America
–
North America
North America
–
The
El Castillo pyramid, at
Chichén Itzá, Mexico.
North America
–
Benjamin West 's
The Death of General Wolfe (1771) depicting the
Battle of the Plains of Abraham.
17.
British Conquest of New France
–
Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
British Conquest of New France
–
The arrival of
Samuel de Champlain, the father of
New France, on the site of
Quebec City.
British Conquest of New France
–
Flag
British Conquest of New France
–
Michel's falls on
Ashuapmushuan River in
Saint-Félicien,
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean.
British Conquest of New France
–
View of
Jacques-Cartier River from Andante mountain.
18.
Fur trade
–
The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur. Since the establishment of a world fur market in the modern period, furs of boreal, polar. Historically the trade stimulated the exploration and colonization of Siberia, northern North America, today the importance of the fur trade has diminished, it is based on pelts produced at fur farms and regulated fur-bearer trapping, but has become controversial. Animal rights organizations oppose the fur trade, citing that animals are brutally killed, Fur has been replaced in some clothing by synthetic imitations, for example, as in ruffs on hoods of parkas. Before the European colonization of the Americas, Russia was a supplier of fur pelts to Western Europe. Its trade developed in the Early Middle Ages, first through exchanges at posts around the Baltic, the main trading market destination was the German city of Leipzig. Originally, Russia exported raw furs, consisting in most cases of the pelts of martens, beavers, wolves, foxes, squirrels and hares. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, Russians began to settle in Siberia, in a search for the prized sea otter pelts, first used in China, and later for the northern fur seal, the Russian Empire expanded into North America, notably Alaska. From the 17th through the half of the 19th century. The fur trade played a role in the development of Siberia, the Russian Far East. As recognition of the importance of the trade to the Siberian economy, the sable is a symbol of the Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast. Fur was relied on to make clothing, a critical consideration prior to the organization of coal distribution for heating. Portugal and Spain played major roles in fur trading after the 15th century with their business in fur hats and they began by establishing trading posts along the Volga and Vychegda river networks and requiring the Komi people to give them furs as tribute. Novgorod, the chief fur-trade center prospered as the easternmost trading post of the Hanseatic League, Novgorodians expanded farther east and north, coming into contact with the Pechora people of the Pechora River valley and the Yugra people residing near the Urals. Both of these native tribes offered more resistance than the Komi, as Muscovy gained more power in the 15th century and proceeded in the gathering of the Russian lands, the Muscovite state began to rival the Novgorodians in the North. During the 15th century Moscow began subjugating many native tribes, one strategy involved exploiting antagonisms between tribes, notably the Komi and Yugra, by recruiting men of one tribe to fight in an army against the other tribe. Campaigns against native tribes in Siberia remained insignificant until they began on a larger scale in 1483 and 1499. Besides the Novgorodians and the indigenes, Muscovites also had to contend with the various Muslim Tatar khanates to the east of Muscovy, at this point the phrase ruler of Obdor, Konda, and all Siberian lands became part of the title of the Tsar in Moscow
Fur trade
–
Fur trade in
Nizhny Novgorod (before 1906)
Fur trade
–
A fur trader in
Fort Chipewyan,
Northwest Territories in the 1890s
Fur trade
–
Fur
muff manufacturer's 1949 advertisement
Fur trade
–
Cossacks collecting yasak in Siberia
19.
Great Lakes
–
Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, containing 21% of the worlds surface fresh water by volume. The total surface is 94,250 square miles, and the volume is 5,439 cubic miles. Due to their sea-like characteristics the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as inland seas, Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country. The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis, the lakes have been a major highway for transportation, migration and trade, and they are home to a large number of aquatic species. Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade, and some threaten the regions biodiversity, though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin. The lakes form a chain connecting the interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, the lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. There are also several smaller lakes, often called inland lakes. The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the area of the entire basin is about the size of the UK. Lake Michigan is the one of the Great Lakes that is located entirely within the United States. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U. S. states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Both Ontario and Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes, Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, New York and Wisconsins jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and the remaining states into one of the lakes. This designation, however, is not universal and those living on the shore of Lake Superior often refer to all the other lakes as the lower lakes, because they are farther south. This corresponds to thinking of Lakes Erie and Ontario as down south, vessels sailing north on Lake Michigan are considered upbound even though they are sailing toward its effluent current. The Chicago River and Calumet River systems connect the Great Lakes Basin to the Mississippi River System through man-made alterations, the St. Marys River, including the Soo Locks, connects Lake Superior to Lake Huron. The Straits of Mackinac connect Lake Michigan to Lake Huron, the St. Clair River connects Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair. The Detroit River connects Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, the Niagara River, including Niagara Falls, connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. The Welland Canal, bypassing the Falls, connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, the Saint Lawrence River connects Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which connects to the Atlantic Ocean
Great Lakes
–
Satellite image of the Great Lakes, April 24, 2000, with lake names added
Great Lakes
–
Terra
MODIS image of the Great Lakes, January 27, 2005, showing ice beginning to build up around the shores of each of the lakes, with snow on the ground.
Great Lakes
–
Photograph of Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron plus the
Finger Lakes of upstate New York, June 14, 2012, taken aboard the
International Space Station, with lake names added
Great Lakes
–
Toronto on Lake Ontario is in the eastern section of the
Great Lakes Megalopolis
20.
Quebec City
–
Quebec City, French, Ville de Québec, officially Québec) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec. Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, Quebec City is one of the oldest cities in North America. The citys landmarks include the Château Frontenac, a hotel which dominates the skyline, and La Citadelle, the National Assembly of Quebec, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, and the Musée de la civilisation are found within or near Vieux-Québec. Thus, Québec is officially spelled with an accented é in both Canadian English and French, although the accent is not used in common English usage. Quebec City is one of the oldest European settlements in North America, while many of the major cities in Latin America date from the sixteenth century, among cities in Canada and the U. S. few were created earlier than Quebec City. Also, Quebecs Old Town is the only North American fortified city north of Mexico whose walls still exist, French explorer Jacques Cartier built a fort at the site in 1535, where he stayed for the winter before going back to France in spring 1536. He came back in 1541 with the goal of building a permanent settlement, Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain, a French explorer and diplomat on 3 July 1608, and at the site of a long abandoned St. Lawrence Iroquoian settlement called Stadacona. Champlain, also called The Father of New France, served as its administrator for the rest of his life, the name Canada refers to this settlement. Although called the cradle of the Francophone population in North America, the place seemed favourable to the establishment of a permanent colony. In 1629 there was the surrender of Quebec, without battle, however, Samuel de Champlain argued that the English seizing of the lands was illegal as the war had already ended, he worked to have the lands returned to France. As part of the negotiations of their exit from the Anglo-French War. These terms were signed into law with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, the lands in Quebec and Acadia were returned to the French Company of One Hundred Associates. In 1665, there were 550 people in 70 houses living in the city, one-quarter of the people were members of religious orders, secular priests, Jesuits, Ursulines nuns and the order running the local hospital, Hotel-Dieu. Quebec City was the headquarters of many raids against New England during the four French, in the last war, the French and Indian War, Quebec City was captured by the British in 1759 and held until the end of the war in 1763. France ceded New France, including the city, to Britain in 1763, at the end of French rule in 1763, forests, villages, fields and pastures surrounded the town of 8,000 inhabitants. The town distinguished itself by its architecture, fortifications, affluent homes of masonry and shacks in the suburbs of Saint-Jean. Despite its urbanity and its status as capital, Quebec City remained a small city with close ties to its rural surroundings. Nearby inhabitants traded their farm surpluses and firewood for imported goods from France at the two city markets, during the American Revolution revolutionary troops from the southern colonies assaulted the British garrison in an attempt to liberate Quebec City, in a conflict now known as the Battle of Quebec
Quebec City
–
Clockwise from top left: Saint Louis Gate in the Ramparts;
Parliament Hill and Bassin Louise waterfront area;
Château Frontenac and Holy Trinity Cathedral in
Vieux-Québec;
Quebec National Assembly;
Pierre Laporte Bridge with
Quebec Bridge in the background
Quebec City
–
Flag
Quebec City
–
Quebec Settlement, 1608
Quebec City
–
Port of Quebec City in the early 20th century
21.
Michilimackinac
–
Michilimackinac is derived from an Odawa name for present-day Mackinac Island and the region around the Straits of Mackinac between Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. Early settlers of North America applied the term to the region along Lakes Huron, Michigan. Today it is considered to be mostly within the boundaries of Michigan, Michilimackinac was the original name for present day Mackinac Island and Mackinac County. The area around the Great Lakes had been occupied by succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples, at the time of European contact, the Native American nations of the Ojibwa, along with Ottawa, inhabited the area. The French were the first Europeans to explore the area, beginning in 1612 and they established trading posts and Jesuit Catholic missions. One of the oldest missions, named St. Ignace, was located on the side of the strait at Point Iroquois, near present-day St. Ignace. This mission was established in 1671 by the Jesuit Father Jacques Marquette, the area was already known to the Odawa as Michilimackinac, the name for Mackinac Island. Later it was called Old Michilimackinac or Ancient Fort Mackinac, the French later established a fort and settlement on the south side of the strait. The fort became a trading post, attracting Native Americans from throughout the northern Great Lakes. After Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years War, their forces took over the fort. Fort Michilimackinac fell to an Ojibwa attack during the Native American uprising of 1763 and it was reoccupied by the British in September 1764. In 1780, during the American Revolution, British commandant Patrick Sinclair moved the British trading and military post to Mackinac Island, after the rebel Americans gained independence in the Revolutionary War, this site became part of a territory of the United States. Today, Fort Michilimackinac is preserved as a tourist site, re-enactors portray historic activities of the French and English. An archeological dig at the site is open for viewing,1839 tourist map of Michigan showing extent of Michilimackinac area
Michilimackinac
–
South–facing overhead view of the Straits of Mackinac linking Lakes Michigan (right) and Huron (left)
22.
Isaac Todd
–
Isaac Todd was one of Montreals most prominent merchants following the British Conquest of New France and a founding member of the Beaver Club at Montreal and the Canada Club at London. He was one of the earliest partners in the North West Company before it was formalized, in 1812, he purchased Buncrana Castle in Inishowen, County Donegal, which he left to his nephew, William Thornton-Todd, the younger brother of Andrew Todd. Isaac Todd was born around 1742 into a merchant family at Coleraine, County Londonderry, in Ulster. Elizabeth was a native of Fox Hall, near Ramelton, in County Donegal, the Todds, established members of the local Protestant gentry, had been prospering at Coleraine since at least 1630 and held several valuable land leases from the Earls of Antrim. He was established in Montreal by 1764, and his access to capital. His first cousin, Walter Patterson, was the first Governor of Prince Edward Island from 1769 to 1787, Todd was living in Montreal by 1764, and soon entered the fur trade. He was arrested for trading without a licence on Lake Ontario in the summer of 1766, todd’s partnership with McNeall ended in 1773, he already had a business relationship with James McGill, which was formalized as the company of Todd & McGill in 1776. This trade continued until the posts of Detroit and Michilimackinac were surrendered to the Americans in 1796, by that time, Todd was speculating in land, and probably had other business interests which are difficult to document today. He died in 1819 at the English resort town of Bath, in 1812, Todd purchased Buncrana, a town in Inishowen, County Donegal, in his native Ulster, from the trustees of the bankrupt estate of The 2nd Marquess of Donegall. Todd never married, and most of his estate was left to his nephews, but, through a relationship with his housekeeper, Jane Kyle, he was the father of one daughter whom he recognized as his child and provided for in his will. He was a friend of the explorer Alexander Henry. Todds daughter by Jane Kyle, Eleanor Todd, on her fathers death in 1819, she received £8,000. In 1823, she was married at Buncrana Castle to John Chambers, of Fox Hall and they were the parents of two daughters, Eliza and Eleanor. Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
Isaac Todd
–
Isaac Todd
23.
Grand Portage
–
The Grand Portage is an 8. 5-mile footpath which bypasses a set of waterfalls and rapids on the last 20 miles of the Pigeon River before it flows into Lake Superior. This path is part of the trade route of the French-Canadian voyageurs. Composed of the Pigeon River and other strategic interior streams, lakes, and portages and it provided quick water access from Canadas settled areas and Atlantic ports to the fur-rich North-Western Territory. Grand Portage therefore was a link between the drainage basin of the Nelson River to Arctic Ocean and that of the Saint Lawrence River to the Atlantic Ocean. In 1729 Cree guide Auchagah drew a map for some of the first French fur traders, in time, Grand Portage became the gateway into rich northern fur-bearing country, where it connected remote interior outposts to lucrative international markets. The Grand Portage trail is an 8. 5-mile trail connecting Grand Portage with Fort Charlotte on the Pigeon River, voyageurs from the interior of Canada would carry their furs by canoe to Fort Charlotte, and portage the bundles of fur to Grand Portage. There they met traders from Montreal, and exchanged the furs for trade goods, each canoe brigade then returned to its starting place. The fur traders built Fort Charlotte as a fort at Grand Portage. There they built the Grand Hall in the French colonial style, which housed their meetings, a general store, in mid-July 1802, partners of the North West Company, the most successful fur trade company in North America, met in their Grand Hall at Grand Portage. They voted to move their headquarters from the protected shores of Lake Superior’s Grand Portage Bay 50 miles north to the mouth of the Kaministiquia River. Almost from the time the British Nor’Westers had organized at Grand Portage in the mid-1780s, the buildings were constructed from native squared spruce, pine and birch and were surrounded by more than 2,000 cedar pickets. In 1951 the property was designated as the Grand Portage National Historic Site, in 1958, it was designated a National Monument. The portage trail has also separately designated a Minnesota State Historic Site. The monuments 710 acres lie entirely within the boundaries of Grand Portage Ojibwe Indian Reservation, the depot was reconstructed to allow celebration of the fur trade and Ojibwe lifeways. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, the portage trail exists in much the same location and condition as in historic times. Visitors can hike 8.5 miles from Lake Superior to the Pigeon River, volunteers and park staff at the monument dress in period attire. They staff the Kitchen, Canoe Warehouse and Great Hall in and around the Stockade, during the second weekend of August, the Grand Portage National Monument hosts a rendezvous re-enactment. At the same time, the Grand Portage Ojibwa Indian Reservation holds a pow wow, the Rendezvous and Pow Wow coincide with the Perseid meteor shower
Grand Portage
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Grand Portage National Monument
Grand Portage
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Ojibwe Wigwam at Grand Portage, painted by
Eastman Johnson in 1857
Grand Portage
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Canoe Manned by Voyageurs Passing a Waterfall (Ontario) painted by
Frances Anne Hopkins in 1869
Grand Portage
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Grand Portage Indian Reservation (shown in taupe) and the Grand Portage National Monument (shown in green)
24.
North West Company
–
The North West Company was a fur trading business headquartered in Montreal from 1779 to 1821. It competed with increasing success against the Hudsons Bay Company in what is present-day Western Canada, with great wealth at stake, tensions between the companies increased to the point where several minor armed skirmishes broke out, and the two companies were forced to merge. In 1987, the trading posts of the Hudsons Bay Company were sold to an employee consortium that revived the name The North West Company in 1990. After the French landed in Quebec in 1608, coureurs des bois spread out, the French competed with the Dutch and English in New York and the English in Hudson Bay. Unlike the French who travelled into the interior, the English were based at trading posts on Hudson Bay. After 1731, La Vérendrye pushed trade west beyond Lake Winnipeg, after the British conquest in 1763, management of the fur trading posts was taken over by English-speakers. These so-called pedlars began to merge because competition cost them money, in the winter of 1783-84, the North West Company was officially created on a long-term basis, with its corporate offices on Vaudreuil Street in Montreal. The wintering partners and the Montreal agents met each July at the Companys depot at Grand Portage on Lake Superior, later moved to Fort William, also under the auspices of the Company, Alexander Mackenzie conducted two important expeditions of exploration. These men pushed into the territories of the Rocky Mountains. The death of Benjamin Frobisher opened the door to a takeover of the North West Company by Simon McTavish, the firm of McTavish, Frobisher and Company, founded in November 1787, effectively controlled eleven of the company’s twenty outstanding shares. At the time the company consisted of 23 partners, but its staff of Agents, factors, clerks, guides, interpreters, in addition to Alexander Mackenzie, this group included Americans Peter Pond and Alexander Henry the elder. Further reorganizations of the partnership occurred in 1795 and 1802, the shares being subdivided each time to provide for more and more wintering partners. Vertical integration of the business was completed in 1792, when Simon McTavish and John Fraser formed a London house to supply goods and market the furs, McTavish, Fraser. While the organization and capitalization of the North West Company came from Anglo-Quebecers, in the northwest, the Company expanded its operations as far north as Great Bear Lake, and westwards beyond the Rocky Mountains. For several years, they tried to sell directly to China, using American ships to avoid the British East India Companys monopoly. The company also expanded into the United States Northwest Territory, in 1796, to better position themselves in the increasingly global market, where politics played a major role, the North West Company briefly established an agency in New York City. The company tried to persuade the British Parliament to change arrangements and it is said that Simon McTavish made a personal petition to Prime Minister William Pitt, but all requests were refused. A few years later, with no relief to the Hudsons Bay Companys stranglehold, McTavish and they organized an overland expedition from Montreal to James Bay and a second expedition by sea
North West Company
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North West Company - Coat of Arms
North West Company
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Simon McTavish (above) dominated the company until his death in 1804. His nephew William McGilivray ran it until the merger of 1821.
25.
Invasion of Canada (1775)
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The Invasion of Quebec in 1775 was the first major military initiative by the newly formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. The objective of the campaign was to military control of the British Province of Quebec. One expedition left Fort Ticonderoga under Richard Montgomery, besieged and captured Fort St. Johns, the other expedition left Cambridge, Massachusetts under Benedict Arnold, and traveled with great difficulty through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec City. The two forces joined there, but were defeated at the Battle of Quebec in December 1775, Montgomerys expedition set out from Fort Ticonderoga in late August, and began besieging Fort St. Johns, the main defensive point south of Montreal, in mid-September. There he joined Arnold, who had left Cambridge in early September on a trek through the wilderness that left his surviving troops starving and lacking in many supplies. These forces joined before Quebec City in December, where they assaulted the city in a snowstorm on the last day of the year, the battle was a disastrous defeat for the Americans, Montgomery was killed and Arnold wounded, while the citys defenders suffered few casualties. The British sent several troops, including General John Burgoyne and Hessian allies. General Carleton then launched a counter-offensive, ultimately driving the smallpox-weakened and disorganized American forces back to Fort Ticonderoga, the Americans, under Arnolds command, were able to hinder the British advance sufficiently that an attack could not be mounted on Fort Ticonderoga in 1776. The end of the set the stage for Burgoynes campaign of 1777 to gain control of the Hudson River valley. The objective of the American military campaign, control of the British province of Quebec, was referred to as Canada in 1775. Johns, Montreal, and any parts of the Country. Even relatively modern history books covering the campaign in detail refer to it as Canada in their titles. The name Quebec is used in article, except in quotations that specifically mention Canada. In the spring of 1775, the American Revolutionary War began with the Battle of Lexington, the conflict was then at a standstill, with the British Army surrounded by colonial militia in the siege of Boston. Johns, all of which were lightly defended at the time. Ticonderoga and Crown Point were garrisoned by 1,000 Connecticut militia under the command of Benjamin Hinman in June, the Second Continental Congress sent a second such letter in May 1775, but there was no substantive response to either one. They each separately proposed expeditions against Quebec, suggesting that a force as small as 1200–1500 men would be sufficient to drive the British military from the province. Congress at first ordered the forts to be abandoned, prompting New York and Connecticut to provide troops, public outcries from across New England and New York challenged the Congress to change its position
Invasion of Canada (1775)
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Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec (
John Trumbull, 1786)
Invasion of Canada (1775)
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General
Philip Schuyler
Invasion of Canada (1775)
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This painting by
Benjamin West is usually identified as a portrait of Guy Johnson, although a recent biography of
Sir William Johnson claims that it actually depicts Sir William, Guy's uncle.
Invasion of Canada (1775)
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Brigadier General
Richard Montgomery
26.
Canadian Grenadier Guards
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The Canadian Grenadier Guards is a reserve infantry regiment in the 34 Canadian Brigade Group, 2nd Canadian Division of the Canadian Army. The regiment is the second most senior and oldest infantry regiment in the Primary Reserve of the Canadian Army, located in Montreal, its primary role is the provision of combat-ready troops in support of Canadian regular infantry. The Canadian Grenadier Guards is a regiment to the British Grenadier Guards. The Canadian Grenadier Guards originated in Montreal, Quebec on 17 November 1859 as the First Battalion Volunteer Militia Rifles of Canada and it was redesignated as The First Regiment of Volunteer Rifles of Canadian Militia on 7 September 1860. On 2 May 1898 it amalgamated with the 6th Battalion Fusiliers and was redesignated the 1st Battalion Prince of Wales Regiment Fusiliers, the 6th Battalion Fusiliers originated in Montreal, Quebec on 31 January 1862 as the 6th Battalion Volunteer Militia Rifles, Canada. The Sixth Battalion Volunteer Militia, Canada was called out on service from 8 to 31 March and from 1 to 22 June 1866. The Sixth Battalion Volunteer Militia, Canada was called out on service on 24 May 1870. The regiment contributed volunteers for the Canadian Contingents during the Second Boer War, details of the regiment were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties. Following conventional army practice the whole regiment was not sent, some 350 men were drafted to join the 14th Battalion CEF. While other contingents were recruited for France and Flanders, the 87th Battalion, CEF was authorized on 22 December 1915. It disembarked in France on 12 August 1916, where it fought as part of the 11th Infantry Brigade, 4th Canadian Division in France, the battalion was subsequently disbanded on 30 August 1920. The system of temporary battalion formations was quite disruptive for the regulars of the permanent regimental establishment, the battalion was subsequently disbanded on 17 July 1917. The recruitment drive in 1939 was entirely different to that deployed during the Great War, the regiment mobilized The Canadian Grenadier Guards, CASF on 24 May 1940. It was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, The Canadian Grenadier Guards and it was converted to armour and redesignated as the 22nd Armoured Regiment, CAC, CASF on 26 January 1942. It embarked for Britain on 25 September 1942, less than two years later they sailed with the D-Day landings in June 1944. On 26 July 1944, it landed in France as part of the 4th Armoured Brigade, 4th Canadian Armoured Division, the regimental casualties were 97 killed, and 230 wounded. It was reconfigured as the 22nd Armoured Regiment, RCAC, CASF on 2 August 1945, the overseas regiment was disbanded on 15 February 1946. Their uniform was similar to that of the British Grenadiers, except for the regimental buttons, on 1 June 1945, a second Active Force component of the regiment was mobilized for service in the Pacific theatre of operations as the 22nd Canadian Tank Battalion, CAC, CASF
Canadian Grenadier Guards
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The camp flag of The Canadian Grenadier Guards.
Canadian Grenadier Guards
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Cap badge of The Canadian Grenadier Guards
Canadian Grenadier Guards
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Members of the Canadian Grenadier Guards on parade in
Ottawa,
Ontario
Canadian Grenadier Guards
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Canadian Grenadier Guards on memorial duty in
Ottawa,
Ontario
27.
Jacques Testard de Montigny
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Jacques Testard de Montigny was an officer in the colonial troupes de la marine of New France. Born in Montreal into a merchant family, Montigny first saw action as a volunteer on the expedition against Schenectady in 1690. In 1696 Montigny was on expedition against Pemaquid, an English fort on the northern frontier with Acadia. Montigny was given an independent command by dIberville, in which he traveled along the coast, destroying settlements, despite the destructive nature of the expedition, it had no long-lasting implications, as the English quickly returned, rebuilding and fortifying some of the settlements. Montigny was promoted to lieutenant in 1700, in 1704 he was sent back to Acadia, where he helped orchestrate raids against English settlements, and worked to convince the Abenakis to resettle closer to French settlements. In the winter of 1704/5 he brought a band of Abenakis to Newfoundland and they once again destroyed a number of English settlements, but were unable to capture St. Johns, the English capital. In 1706 Montigny went to France with Escumbuit, where they were received by King Louis XIV and he was a member of an expedition sent in 1709 to dispute a possible English advance on Lake Champlain. The English never reached beyond the end of the lake. By 1726 he had returned to Montreal, and in 1730 he was commandant of Fort Michilimackinac. He died in Montreal in 1737 and he was twice married, and had seven children. Casimir-Amable Testard de Montigny, his great-grandson Portraits of Jacques Testard de Montigny, his wife, son and daughter-in-law Military history of Nova Scotia Dechêne, Louise
Jacques Testard de Montigny
–
Jacques Testard de Montigny (1663-1737)
28.
Notre-Dame Street
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Notre-Dame Street is a historic east-west street located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It runs parallel to the Saint Lawrence River, from the tip of the island to Lachine. One of the oldest streets in Montreal, Notre-Dame was created in 1672, the gardens of Château Vaudreuil, which had served as the official residence in Montreal of the Governors General of New France from 1723, fronted Notre-Dame. The streets extension in 1821 led to the demolition of Montreals Citadel, the Bingham house, which became Doneganas Hotel, was also located on Notre-Dame. In the early 1900s, it was the site of the former Dominion Park, further west, the street is home to the École de technologie supérieure and runs through Montreals Little Burgundy neighbourhood, historically the home to the English-speaking black community. Joe Beef Restaurant is located on Notre-Dame Street in Little Burgundy, the funeral of Lt. -General Sir Benjamin dUrban passed down Rue Notre Dame in 1849 and was captured in a painting by James Duncan. The funeral was instrumental in allaying bitter feelings and in preventing clashes between troops and the following the Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal on April 25,1849. In her book British Regulars in Montreal, Elinor Senior describes the cortege as follows, Sir James Edward Alexander estimated that 10,000 lined the street as minute guns sounded from Saint Helens Island to mark the movement of the cortege to the military burying ground on Victoria Road. The spire of Christ Church can be seen on the left, the building with the cupola and pennant at half-mast, in the middleground on the right, is Doneganas Hotel, which was situated at the corner of Notre-Dame and Bonsecours streets. It was destroyed by only a few months after the procession, on August 16,1849. There are plans to turn the portion of Notre-Dame into an expressway. Notre-Dame Street continues off of the Island of Montreal, heading northeast towards Quebec City, and is known as the Chemin du Roy
Notre-Dame Street
–
Montreal City Hall on Notre-Dame, winter night.
Notre-Dame Street
–
Édifice Ernest-Cormier, the
Quebec Court of Appeal building on Notre-Dame in
Old Montreal.
Notre-Dame Street
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Funeral of
General Sir Benjamin d'Urban on the Rue Notre-Dame, 1849. By James Duncan
Notre-Dame Street
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Antique dealers located on Notre-Dame in
Little Burgundy
29.
Ursulines of Quebec
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The Ursuline Monastery of Quebec City, was founded by a missionary group of Ursuline nuns in 1639 under the leadership of Mother Marie of the Incarnation, O. S. U. It is the oldest institution of learning for women in North America, today, the monastery serves as the General Motherhouse of the Ursuline Sisters of the Canadian Union. The community there also operates a museum and continues to serve as a teaching centre. The complex was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1972, the Ursulines are a Roman Catholic religious order founded at Brescia, Italy by Angela de Merici in 1535, primarily for the education of girls and the care of the sick and needy. Their patron saint is Saint Ursula, the Viceroyalty of New France was the area colonized by France in North America starting with the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534. The French explorer Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Québec in 1608 among the Algonquin people as the seat for New France. Many settlers died early, because of weather and diseases. In 1630, there were only 103 colonists living in the settlement, the Ursuline Sisters were the first Catholic nuns to land in the New World. The history of the Ursulines in Quebec begins on 1 August 1639, the letters patent sanctioning the foundation issued by King Louis XIII are dated 1639. When they arrived in the summer of 1639, the nuns studied the languages of the native peoples and they taught reading and writing as well as needlework, embroidery, drawing and other domestic arts. After three years spent in the Lower Town of Quebec City, the moved to a new monastery built on ground ceded to them by the Company of New France. Their first pupils were Indian girls, with whom they succeeded better than the Jesuits with their native boys, the first monastery burned down in 1650, but was soon rebuilt. The community was attacked by the Iroquois in 1661-2, when one of its chaplains, after the battle, the French governor, Montcalm, who had died in it was buried by night in the monastery chapel. The first English governor, Murray, used part of the monastery as his headquarters, on that occasion the rations served to the nuns for nursing the wounded and sick saved them from perishing of starvation. The governors and viceroys, both English and French, were friendly to the institution. 1952-1968 Sendai, Japan,1936 Tamonoki,1967 Tokyo,1972 Yagi, 1974-2004 Loretteville, Boarding School, 1941-1997, Day School 1941 Jacquet River, 1945-1971 St-Léonard, the first celebration of the feast in the New World took place in the monastery on 18 June 1700. The register of the Confraternity of the Sacred Heart begins in 1716, pope Clement XI enriched it with indulgences. Mother Marie mastered the languages and composed dictionaries in Algonquin and Iroquois, a sacred history in Algonquin
Ursulines of Quebec
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Ursuline Monastery of Quebec
Ursulines of Quebec
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Blessed Marie of the Incarnation, O.S.U., Foundress of the Ursuline Monastery of Quebec
Ursulines of Quebec
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François de Laval, first bishop of New France (1659-1684)
Ursulines of Quebec
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Marie-Marguerite d'Youville (1701–1771), founder of the Grey Nuns
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"McGill, James". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
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