1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Randolph Street (Chicago)
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Randolph Street is a street in Chicago. It serves as the boundary of Grant Park and the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. Metras Millennium Station is located under Randolph Street, Randolph Street was named for Randolph County, Illinois, in turn named after Edmund Randolph, Governor of Virginia, Secretary of State, and the first United States Attorney General. The street was part of the plot of Chicago in the 1830s. In the 1850s and 1860s, gambling was a pastime at the saloons on Randolph. In 1937, in conjunction with the building of Lake Shore Drive and this viaduct still exists west of Columbus Drive as the upper level, it intersected LSD at the current upper level. The lower level of the viaduct was never used, in 1963 the upper level was built east of Field to serve the new Outer Drive East building. Between 1970 and 1980, the viaduct was demolished east of Columbus, by 1988 the new Randolph had been completed, including a new upper level west of Columbus. East of Columbus, this level was built to slope down to the old upper level, the old viaduct was kept west of Columbus, and it slopes down to a middle level east towards the new Lake Shore Drive. East of Michigan Avenue, Randolph Street is a two-way street taking traffic to Lake Shore Drive, just east of Michigan, Randolph crosses over the Metra Electric/South Shore Line and splits into two levels, an upper level and a middle level. Intersections with the level are provided with Stetson Avenue and Columbus Drive. The middle level, which traffic to Lake Shore Drive. A lower level also exists between Stetson and Columbus, intersecting lower Columbus, the middle level East of Columbus Drive is known as Randolph Drive. East of Columbus, Randolph continues as a triple-decker street, the lower level intersects with a short piece of Field Boulevard, at that point, the upper level narrows to lie only over the north side of the middle level. Field Boulevard was the original Lake Shore Drive, and crossed the level of Randolph. Old Lake Shore Drive south of Randolph is now the Cancer Survivors Plaza, a new Upper Field Boulevard was recently built as part of the Lakeshore East development, it ramps down to ground level. After Field Boulevard, the upper level and service level continue east to the double-decker Harbor Drive. Harbor Drive provides access to buildings and then itself dead ends
3.
Chicago Loop
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The Loop is the central business district of Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the citys 77 designated community areas, the Loop is home to Chicagos commercial core, City Hall, and the seat of Cook County. In the late century, cable car turnarounds and prominent elevated railway encircled the area. In what is now the Loop, on the bank of the Chicago River, near todays Michigan Avenue Bridge. It was the first settlement in the sponsored by the United States. Other research has concluded that the Loop was not used as a proper noun until after the 1895–97 construction of the Union elevated railway loop, Loop architecture has been dominated by skyscrapers and high-rises since early in its history. Some of the buildings in this district were instrumental in the development of towers. Chicagos street numbering system – dividing addresses into North, South, East, Chicago is still the nations rail transportation hub and passenger lines once reached seven Loop-area stations by the 1890s. Transfers from one to the other was a business for taxi drivers until the long-distance lines gave way to Amtrak in the 1970s with the majority of trains concentrated at Chicago Union Station. This area abounds in shopping opportunities, including the Loop Retail Historic District and it includes Chicagos former Marshall Fields department store location in the Marshall Field and Company Building, the original Sullivan Center Carson Pirie Scott store location. Chicagos Downtown Theatre District is also found within this area, along with numerous restaurants, Chicago has a famous skyline which features many of the tallest buildings in the world as well as the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. Chicagos skyline is spaced out throughout the area, giving it a graceful beautiful appearance. Chicagos third tallest building, the Aon Center, is located just south of Illinois Center, the complex is at the east end of the Loop, east of Michigan Avenue. Two Prudential Plaza is also located here, just to the west of the Aon Center, the Loop contains a wealth of outdoor sculpture, including works by Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Henry Moore, Marc Chagall, Magdalena Abakanowicz, Alexander Calder, and Jean Dubuffet. Chicagos waterfront, which is almost exclusively recreational beach and park areas from north to south, the area also hosts the annual music festival Lollapalooza which features popular alternative rock, heavy metal, EDM, hop hop and punk rock artists. Trips down the Chicago River, including tours, by commercial boat operators are great favorites with both locals and tourists alike. The Loop is the seat of Chicagos government and it is also the government seat of Cook County, Illinois and houses an office for the governor of the State of Illinois. The century old City Hall/County Building houses the chambers of the Mayor, City Council, across the street, the Richard J. Daley Center accommodates a famous Picasso sculpture and the state law courts
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Government of Illinois
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The government of Illinois, under the Constitution of Illinois, has three branches of government, executive, legislative and judicial. The executive branch is split into several statewide elected offices, with the Governor as chief executive, legislative functions are granted to the General Assembly, which is a bicameral body consisting of the 118-member House of Representatives and the 59-member Senate. The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court and lower courts, the executive branch is composed of six elected officers and their offices as well as numerous other departments. The Illinois Register is the weekly publication containing proposed and adopted rules, the Illinois General Assembly is the state legislature, composed of the 118-member Illinois House of Representatives and the 59-member Illinois Senate. The members of the General Assembly are elected at the beginning of each even-numbered year, Representatives elect from their chamber a Speaker and Speaker pro tempore, and senators elect from the chamber a President of the Senate. The General Assemblys session laws are published in the official Laws of Illinois, the Illinois Compiled Statutes are the codified statutes of a general and permanent nature. The Judiciary of Illinois is the court system of Illinois. It consists of the Supreme Court of Illinois, Illinois Appellate Court, the Supreme Court oversees the administration of the court system, and is assisted by the Administrative Office of the Illinois Courts and the Illinois State Bar Association. The Supreme Court has limited jurisdiction and has final appellate jurisdiction. It has mandatory jurisdiction in cases and cases where the constitutionality of laws has been called into question. The Appellate Court is the court of first appeal for civil, the circuit courts are trial courts of original jurisdiction. There are 24 judicial circuits in the state, each comprising one or more of Illinois 102 counties, the circuit court has general jurisdiction and can decide, with few exceptions, any kind of case. Springfield is designated as the Illinois capital, many State of Illinois bureaucrats work in offices in Springfield, and it is the regular meeting place of the Illinois General Assembly. All persons elected in a manner in Illinois are required to have at least one residence in Springfield. In 2012 St. Lawrence criticized the fact that state officials spent little time in Springfield since it estranged them from, in 2007 Illinois state representative Raymond Poe criticized Illinois agency heads who commute to Springfield with state financing while maintaining their primary residences in the Chicago area. He sponsored House Bill 1959, which proposed ending state financing for travel to Springfield, according to Gauen, Illinois seems rather unlikely to move its official capital to Chicago. The administrative divisions of Illinois are counties, townships, precincts, cities, towns, villages, Illinois has more units of local government than any other state—over 8,000 in all. The basic subdivision of Illinois are the 102 counties,85 of the 102 counties are in turn divided into townships and precincts
5.
James R. Thompson
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James Robert Jim Thompson, Jr. also known as Big Jim Thompson, was the 37th and longest-serving Governor of the US state of Illinois, serving from 1977 to 1991. A Republican, Thompson was elected to four terms and held the office for 14 years. Many years after leaving office, he served as a member of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Born in Chicago, Illinois, Thompson studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago Navy Pier campus and he received his J. D. from Northwestern University in 1959. As a federal prosecutor in the early 1970s, he obtained a conviction against former Governor Otto Kerner, Jr. for his use of improper influence on behalf of the racetrack industry. He also tried and convicted many of Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daleys top aides, most notably Alderman Thomas E. Keane and County Clerk Matt Danaher, on various corruption charges. People like Keane and Danaher, the point man on patronage were also major figures in the Cook County Democratic Partys political machine. These high-profile cases gave Thompson the celebrity that fueled his run for governor in 1976, to the chagrin of many, Thompson was very bipartisan in his attacks on corruption in Cook County and Chicago. He not only prosecuted high-profile Democrats, but also prominent Republicans such as County Commissioner Floyd Fulle and former U. S. Senate candidate, organized crime in Chicago was harder for his unit to crack and there were few high-profile cases during his era. His first term was for two years because Illinois moved its gubernatorial election from presidential-election years to midterm-election years. Thompson was re-elected to a full term in 1978 with 60 percent of the vote. In 1982, Thompson was very narrowly re-elected over former U. S, stevenson refused to appear on the same ticket as the LaRouchites, and formed the Solidarity Party with the support of the regular state Democratic organization. With the Democrats badly split, Thompson skated to victory in the general election, on November 12,1980, Thompson, by his executive order, instituted a hiring freeze for all state agencies, boards, bureaus, and commissions under his control as governor. The order affected approximately 60,000 state positions and these positions could only be filled if the candidates were first approved by an office created by Thompson, the Governors Office of Personnel. In 1993, the State of Illinois Center in Chicago was renamed the James R. Thompson Center to honor the former governor, after leaving public service, Thompson joined Winston & Strawn LLP, a major Chicago-based law firm. Thompson served as Chairman of the Executive Committee from 1991 to 2006, as well as chairman and he was Senior Chairman until January 31,2015. As CEO of Winston & Strawn, he focused in the area of government relations, the firm has lobbied for American Airlines, and he has previously represented United Airlines. Thompson acted as Ryans lawyer personally, on April 17,2006, Ryan was convicted on all 18 counts, which included racketeering, misusing state resources for political gain, and fraud
6.
Clark Street (Chicago)
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It is also seen in Riverdale beyond 127th street across the Calumet River, along with other nearby streets that ended just south of the Loop. The major length of Clark Street runs a total of 98 blocks, Clark Street is named for George Rogers Clark, an American Revolutionary War soldier who captured much of the Northwest Territory from the British and was the elder brother of William Clark. Within the Chicago Loop Clark Street is one of the streets laid out by James Thompson in his 1830 plat of Chicago. North of the Loop, from North Avenue, it follows part of the path of an Indian trail called Green Bay trail that ran all the way to Green Bay. In the 1950s Clark Street between Ohio and Armitage Streets was a substantial neighborhood barrio home to the first Puerto Ricans in Chicago and it was unofficially known as La Clark by the Puerto Ricans that lived there arriving from the steel mills of Indiana and rural migrant camps. This was primarily during the Great Migration and war effort during and they worked at the downtown hotels, the meat packing plants and the nearby factories then located near downtown industrial areas. Many original members of the Young Lords, a street gang that transformed into a Latino civil and human rights movement, were sons and daughters of these immigrants. There was another community or barrio that developed around the same time as La Clark. It was concentrated more around Van Buren and Laflin but was displaced by both the construction of the Eisenhower Expressway and The University of Illinois Circle Campus, from the intersection with Ashland Avenue south to Ainslie Street, Clark Street passes through the Andersonville Commercial Historic District. Graceland Cemetery is on the east side of Clark Street from Montrose Avenue to its entrance at Irving Park Road, the Metro concert hall is located at 3730 North Clark Street, 1½ blocks north of Addison Street. At the intersection of Clark and Addison is Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs baseball team, another commercial strip on Clark Street stretches from Diversey Parkway south to Armitage Avenue. 2122 North Clark Street was the site of the Saint Valentines Day massacre, further to the south Clark Street borders Lincoln Park, and at North Avenue sits the Chicago History Museum. The street then passes through the Near North Side, where in the River North neighborhood it passes the Rock & Roll McDonalds. Then it continues over the Chicago River at the Clark Street Bridge and through the Loop, Clark Street continues between City Hall and the Daley Center and on to its termination at Cermak Road
7.
LaSalle Street
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LaSalle Street is a major north-south street in Chicago named for Sieur de La Salle, an early explorer of Illinois. The portion that runs through the Chicago Loop is considered to be Chicagos financial district, South of the Financial District, LaSalle Street gets cut off for a while by the Amtrak/Metra Rail yard from Taylor St to 1600 South. It runs parallel to the Rock Island District Metra line, South of 26th Street, it serves as a frontage road for the Dan Ryan Expressway until 47th street, where it merges with Wentworth Avenue. South of 47th, it starts and stops as a street until it finally terminates at West 147th Street in Riverdale. The stretch of LaSalle Street and its adjacent buildings in the Loop is recognized as the West Loop—LaSalle Street Historic District, the south end of LaSalle Street terminates at the art-deco Chicago Board of Trade Building, a Chicago Landmark and National Historic Landmark. The LaSalle Street Station commuter terminal is located south of the Board of Trade. An art deco skyscraper at 135 S. LaSalle and a modern skyscraper 190 S. LaSalle line the street, one North LaSalle, the former Field Building, Chicago City Hall and the James R. Thompson Center are located within the Loop on LaSalle Street. The Rookery Building is a landmark located at 219 South LaSalle Street. Completed by John Wellborn Root and Daniel Burnham of Burnham and Root in 1888 and it measures 181 feet, is twelve stories tall and is one of the oldest standing high-rises in Chicago. It has a style with exterior load-bearing walls and an interior steel frame. Closed in 1906, the tunnel was deepened and reopened to electric street car traffic in 1911-12, the tunnel was closed permanently in 1939 to make way for subway construction. Moving north from the Loop, the crosses the Chicago River using the La Salle Street Bridge. In the Near North Side,300 North LaSalle is located on the banks of the Chicago River. On the corner at Chicago Avenue, LaSalle is adjacent to the entrance of Moody Bible Institute, the street ends 10-blocks north, in Lincoln Park, just past its intersection with North Avenue, where Moody Church stands on the east side of LaSalle. North of the river, the signage refers to, LaSalle Boulevard. Between North Avenue and Lake Shore Drive, the signage refers to, the street, Chicago Board of Trade Building, and 200 North LaSalle were used in the 2005 film Batman Begins and its sequel The Dark Knight, as well as in the 1999 movie Payback. The view facing south down the canyon has been used in the movies The Untouchables, Public Enemies, Transformers, Dark of the Moon, the canyon was in the movie Ferris Buellers Day Off. Notes Media related to Financial District, Chicago at Wikimedia Commons
8.
Monument With Standing Beast
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Monument with Standing Beast is a sculpture by Jean Dubuffet in front of the Helmut Jahn designed James R. Thompson Center in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. Its location is across the street from Chicago City Hall to the South and it is a 29-foot white fiberglass work of art. The piece is a 10-ton or 20,000 pounds work and it was unveiled on November 28,1984. This is one of Dubuffets three monumental sculpture commissions in the United States and it has been taken to represent a standing animal, a tree, a portal and an architectural form. The sculpture is based on Dubuffets 1960 painting series Hourioupe, the sculpture and the series of figural and landscape designs it is a part of reflects his thoughts of earliest monumental commission, for the One Chase Manhattan Plaza. The sculpture is one of 19 commissioned artworks funded under the State of Illinois Art-in-Architecture Program throughout the building and this was commissioned by the Capital Development Board of Illinois. The sculpture is known to many Chicagoans as Snoopy in a blender. List of public art in Chicago Official Website
9.
Jean Dubuffet
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Jean Philippe Arthur Dubuffet was a French painter and sculptor. He is perhaps best known for founding the art movement Art Brut, Dubuffet enjoyed a prolific art career, both in France and in America, and was featured in many exhibitions throughout his lifetime. Dubuffet was born in Le Havre to a family of wine merchants who were part of the wealthy bourgeoisie. He moved to Paris in 1918 to study painting at the Académie Julian, becoming friends with the artists Juan Gris, André Masson. Six months later, upon finding academic training to be distasteful, during this time, Dubuffet developed many other interests, including music, poetry, and the study of ancient and modern languages. Dubuffet also traveled to Italy and Brazil, and upon returning to Le Havre in 1925, he married for the first time and he took up painting again in 1934 when he made a large series of portraits in which he emphasized the vogues in art history. But again he stopped, developing his business at Bercy during the German Occupation of France. Years later, in a text, he boasted about having made substantial profits by supplying wine to the Wehrmacht. In 1942, Dubuffet decided to devote himself again to art and he often chose subjects for his works from everyday life, such as people sitting in the Paris Métro or walking in the country. Dubuffet painted with strong, unbroken colors, recalling the palette of Fauvism, as well as the Brucke painters, with their juxtaposing, many of his works featured an individual or individuals placed in a very cramped space, which had a distinct psychological impact on viewers. His first solo show came in October 1944, at the Galerie Rene Drouin in Paris and this marked Dubuffets third attempt to become an established artist. In 1945, Dubuffet attended and was impressed by a show in Paris of Jean Fautriers paintings in which he recognized meaningful art which expressed directly and purely the depth of a person. Emulating Fautrier, Dubuffet started to use oil paint mixed with materials such as mud, sand, coal dust, pebbles, pieces of glass, string, straw, plaster, gravel, cement. His use of materials and the irony that he infused into many of his works incited a significant amount of backlash from critics. Greenberg went on to say that Dubuffet is perhaps the one new painter of importance to have appeared on the scene in Paris in the last decade. Indeed, Dubuffet was very prolific in the United States in the following his first exhibition in New York. After 1946, Dubuffet started a series of portraits, with his own friends Henri Michaux, Francis Ponge, Jean Paulhan and he painted these portraits in the same thick materials, and in a manner deliberately anti-psychological and anti-personal, as Dubuffet expressed himself. A few years later he approached the surrealist group in 1948, in 1944 he started an important relationship with the resistance-fighter and French writer, publisher, Jean Paulhan who was also strongly fighting against intellectual terrorism, as he called it
10.
Helmut Jahn
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Jahn was born in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1940, and grew up watching the reconstruction of the city, which had been largely destroyed by Allied bombing campaigns. After attending the Technical University of Munich from 1960 to 1965, in 1966, he emigrated to Chicago to further study architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology, leaving school without earning his degree. In 1967, he joined C. F. Murphy Associates as a protégé of Gene Summers and was appointed Executive Vice President and Director of Planning, taking sole control from 1981, the firm was renamed Murphy/Jahn, although the aged Murphy had retired. Generally inspired by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, yet opposed to the application of modernism by his followers, in 1978. Jahn has grown the business into an architectural practice that consistently ranks among top 20 United States architectural firms in terms of gross annual billings. In addition to the seat in Chicago, the company has offices in Berlin. Following is a partial list of completed projects,1974 Kemper Arena, Kansas City, Missouri 1976 Kansas City Convention Center,1993 - Outstanding Achievement/Architect Award from the American Academy of Art, Chicago. 1994 - Bundesverdienstkreuz Erster Klasse of the Federal Republic of Germany,2002 - Institute Honour Award of the American Institute of Architects for the Sony Center. 2005 - Murphy/Jahn, Inc. recipient of the AIA Architecture Firm Award, Jahn has an interest in yachting, and in the late 1990s owned at least three yachts named Flash Gordon. In 1995, Jahns Flash Gordon 2 won the annual Chicago to Mackinac Race, in 1997, Flash Gordon 3 won the Admirals Cup. Helmut Jahn at the archINFORM database
11.
Tomato soup
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Tomato soup is a soup made with tomatoes as the primary ingredient. It may be served hot or cold in a bowl, and it may be smooth in texture, and there are also recipes which include chunks of tomato, cream and chicken/vegetable stock. Popular toppings for tomato soup include sour cream or croutons, tomato soup is one of the top comfort foods in Poland and the United States. It can be made fresh by blanching tomatoes, removing the skins, the first noted tomato soup was made by Maria Parloa in 1872, and Joseph A. Campbells recipe for condensed tomato soup in 1897 further increased its popularity. Commercially prepared tomato is available in a variety of forms, including canned, condensed, tomato ranks among the top three flavors of soup produced by the Campbell Soup Company. Canned tomato soup is primarily tomato puree that is tomato paste and water with a few other ingredients added for flavor and physical properties of the food. The tomato is a high acid food therefore, “ … the tomato is not considered a high-risk food, at this point pathogens are unlikely to grow”. However, there are still some foodborne pathogens that can pose as a problem when it comes to the safety of the food. The main concern when canning is anaerobic microorganisms that produce toxins like Clostridium botulinum, even if the bacteria are killed they release heat resistant spores that if they start to multiply become a threat. The thermal death time is used to determine how long it will take to kill bacteria at a certain timF= Time in minutes at 250F e, the pectin and cellulose are what determine the apparent viscosity of the tomato product. If they are broken at higher temperatures more enzymes are deactivated than if they are broken at lower temperatures, high fructose corn syrup is sometimes added to tomato soup to make it sweeter. HFCS is composed of glucose and fructose in their free monosaccharide from that doesn’t crystallize readily. HFCS is also important in binding water, the monosaccharaides of fructose and glucose have the ability to bind to water in the product. The binding of water helps to reduce microbial growth by removing water from the product it can also prevent the separation of water in products like sauces. Wheat flour is composed of six groups, carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, lipids, minerals. Flour is added to tomato soup to increase its viscosity, the starch in the flour acts as a gelling agent and increases the viscosity of the product. When starch granules found in the flour are heated in solution they become less ordered, during this process of gelatinization the crystal like structures of the starch granules disappear and the swelling starts creating a viscoelastic product. Gazpacho is a soup of Spanish origin, served cold
12.
Atrium (architecture)
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In architecture, an atrium is a large open air or skylight covered space surrounded by a building. Atria were a feature in Ancient Roman dwellings, providing light. Modern atria, as developed in the late 19th and 20th centuries, are several stories high and having a glazed roof or large windows. Atria are a design feature because they give their buildings a feeling of space. The atrium has become a key feature of buildings in recent years. Atria are popular with building users, building designers and building developers, users like atria because they create a dynamic and stimulating interior that provides shelter from the external environment while maintaining a visual link with that environment. Designers enjoy the opportunity to new types of spaces in buildings. Fire control is an important aspect of contemporary atrium design due to criticism that poorly designed atria could allow fire to spread to a buildings upper stories more quickly. The Latin word atrium referred to the central court from which enclosed rooms led off. The impluvium was a shallow pool sunken into the floor to catch rainwater from the roof, some surviving examples are beautifully decorated. The opening in the ceiling above the pool called for some means of support for the roof, as the centrepiece of the house, the atrium was the most lavishly-furnished room. Also, it contained the chapel to the ancestral spirits. The term was used for a variety of spaces in public and religious buildings, mostly forms of arcaded courtyards. Byzantine churches were often entered through such a space, the 19th century brought the industrial revolution with great advances in iron and glass manufacturing techniques. Courtyards could then have horizontal glazing overhead, eliminating some of the elements from the space. One of the public spaces at Federation Square, in Melbourne, Australia, is called The Atrium and is a street-like space, five storeys high with glazed walls. The structure and glazing pattern follow the system of fractals used to arrange the panels on the rest of the facades at Federation Square, as of 2016, the Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai, has the worlds tallest atrium at 590 feet. The Luxor Hotel, in Las Vegas, Nevada, has the largest atrium in the world at 29 million cubic feet, cavaedium Courtyard Quadrangle Roth, Leland M. Understanding Architecture, Its Elements History and Meaning
13.
Marble
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Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Geologists use the marble to refer to metamorphosed limestone, however. Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material and this stem is also the basis for the English word marmoreal, meaning marble-like. In Hungarian it is called márvány, Marble is a rock resulting from metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks, most commonly limestone or dolomite rock. Metamorphism causes variable recrystallization of the carbonate mineral grains. The resulting marble rock is composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystals. Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the carbonate rock have typically been modified or destroyed. Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of a very pure limestone or dolomite protolith, green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolostone with silica impurities. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by the intense pressure, examples of historically notable marble varieties and locations, White marble has been prized for its use in sculptures since classical times. This preference has to do with its softness, which made it easier to carve, relative isotropy and homogeneity, construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine which is capable of taking a polish. More generally in construction, specifically the dimension stone trade, the marble is used for any crystalline calcitic rock useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone that geologists call the Holston Formation. Ashgabat, the city of Turkmenistan, was recorded in the 2013 Guinness Book of Records as having the worlds highest concentration of white marble buildings. According to the United States Geological Survey, U. S. domestic marble production in 2006 was 46,400 tons valued at about $18.1 million, compared to 72,300 tons valued at $18.9 million in 2005. Crushed marble production in 2006 was 11.8 million tons valued at $116 million, of which 6.5 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. For comparison,2005 crushed marble production was 7.76 million tons valued at $58.7 million, of which 4.8 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate, U. S. dimension marble demand is about 1.3 million tons. The DSAN World Demand for Marble Index has shown a growth of 12% annually for the 2000–2006 period, the largest dimension marble application is tile. In 1998, marble production was dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half of production of marble
14.
Clark/Lake (CTA station)
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Clark/Lake is a Chicago L station located at 100/124 West Lake Street in Chicagos Loop district, and is accessed from the James R. Thompson Center and 203 North LaSalle building. It is one of the most complex stations on the L system, comprising an elevated station, the elevated station is serviced by the Brown, Green, Orange, Pink, and Purple Lines, while the subway platform is serviced by the Blue Line. In December 2014 it had an average of 17,644 weekday passenger entrances, the Richard J. Daley Center, Chicago City Hall, and Chicago Title and Trust Center are also served by the station. It is the busiest station on the Loop Elevated, and the second busiest station on the L system as of December 2014, clark/Lake is a super station consisting of two stations that have been merged into one. The original elevated station opened on September 22,1895 as one of three stations on the Lake Street Elevated Railroads Wabash extension and this extension became the Lake Street leg of the Union Loop when it was completed in 1897. The subway station opened as Lake Transfer on February 25,1951, from 1988 to 1992, the elevated station was reconstructed, with its main entrance in the James R. Thompson Center. This allows transfers between the station and the subway station without leaving the paid area, and so the stations were combined into a single station. Due to this, it is the one station that serves six of the eight lines, the Blue Line serve the subway station while the Green, Orange, Brown, Pink and Purple Lines serve the elevated station
15.
Chicago 'L'
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The Chicago L is the rapid transit system serving the city of Chicago and some of its surrounding suburbs in the U. S. state of Illinois. It is operated by the Chicago Transit Authority, Chicagos L provides 24-hour service on some portions of its network, being one of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to do so. The oldest sections of the Chicago L started operations in 1892, making it the second oldest rapid transit system in the Americas, the L has been credited with fostering the growth of Chicagos dense city core that is one of the citys distinguishing features. The L consists of eight rapid transit lines laid out in a spoke–hub distribution paradigm focusing transit towards the Loop. Although the L gained its name because large parts of the system are elevated, portions of the network are also in subway tunnels, at grade level, or open cut. In 2014, the L had an average of 752,734 passenger boardings each weekday,486,267 each Saturday, over the next year service was extended to 63rd Street and Stony Island Avenue, then the Transportation Building of the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Jackson Park. In 1893, trains running on the Lake Street Elevated Railroad and in 1895 on the Metropolitan West Side Elevated, which had lines to Douglas Park, Garfield Park, Humboldt Park. Two years later the South Side L introduced multiple-unit control, in which the operator can control all the cars in a train. Electrification and MU control remain standard features of most of the rapid transit systems. A drawback of early L service was none of the lines entered the central business district. The Union Loop opened in 1897 and greatly increased the rapid transit systems convenience, insull instituted many improvements, including free transfers and through routing, although he did not formally combine the original firms into the Chicago Rapid Transit Company until 1924. The construction of the Subway created the necessity to tunnel under the Chicago River, the State Street Subway opened on October 17,1943, the Dearborn Subway, on which work had been suspended during World War II, opened on February 25,1951. The subways were constructed with a purpose of serving as bomb shelters. The subways bypassed a number of curves and circuitous routings on the original elevated lines. In 1947, the Chicago Transit Authority acquired the assets of the Chicago Rapid Transit Company and the Chicago Surface Lines, operator of the citys streetcars. Over the next few years CTA modernized the L, replacing wooden cars with new ones and closing lightly used branch lines and stations. Later, after assuming control of the L, the CTA introduced a service known as the A/B skip-stop service. Under this service, trains were designated as either A or B trains, a trains would only stop at A or AB stations, and B trains would only stop at B or AB stations
16.
Orange Line (Chicago Transit Authority)
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The Orange Line, is a rapid transit line in Chicago, Illinois run by the Chicago Transit Authority as part of the L system. In September 2012, the average weekday boardings on the Orange Line were 63,037. The Orange Line operates between Midway Airport and the Loop, weekdays from 4,00 a. m. to 1,25 a. m. the Orange Line begins in an open cut at a station on the east side of Midway International Airport. From here, the rises to an elevated viaduct at 55th Street. Entering the IC right-of-way, the line changes from elevated structure to surface level. The line continues on surface level to Ashland Avenue where it crosses the bridge of the South Branch of the Chicago River, at this point, the line enters the joint Illinois Central and Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad right-of-way continuing on embankment to Canal Street. The ballasted track ends and the timber deck begins here, Orange Line trains share the tracks with the Green Line operating from this junction to Tower 12 at the southeast corner of the Loop. Orange Line trains operate clockwise around the inner loop - via Van Buren Street, Wells Street, Lake Street, along the Orange Lines main route there are seven stations. An eighth station is located at Roosevelt/Wabash on the old South Side L which Orange Line trains share with Green Line trains, a passenger tunnel connects this station with the Roosevelt/State subway station on the Red Line. A downtown superstation has been proposed to provide service from the Loop to OHare and Midway, via the Orange. The station would provide such as baggage check. The downtown terminal is under construction, but the express tracks required for the Airport Express trains have yet to be funded, the Orange Line is operated with the 2600-series railcars and the Morrison-Knudsen-built 3200-series railcars which were delivered a year before the opening of the route. From November 8,2012 to October 31,2014, some 2400-series railcars were assigned to the line. Trains operate using eight cars during rush hours and four cars during other times on weekdays. A non-rush hour four car Orange Line train consists of two 2600-series cars and two 3200-series cars or four 2600-series cars or four 3200-series cars. The Orange Lines 2600-series cars are expected to remain in service on the line until the 2020s, the 3200-series rehabilitation began in 2015 and will be completed in 2017. Beginning in June 2014, CTA began to transfer some 2600-series cars to the line as a replacement for its 2400-series cars. The last 2400-series cars were retired from service on October 31,2014 and it would be another four decades before Chicago transit planners would become serious about providing rapid transit service to this area of the city
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Green Line (Chicago Transit Authority)
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The Green Line is a rapid transit line on the Chicago Transit Authoritys L system. It is the only completely elevated route in the entire system, as of September 2012, the average number weekday boardings on the Green Line is 70,554. Here the Green Line tracks leaves the railroad embankment and continues east on an elevated structure directly above Lake Street. The L bridges a couple of tracks before entering downtown Chicago at Clinton Street. East of Clinton Street, the route bridges Metras Union Pacific railroad tracks, in downtown Chicago, the Green Line operates over the famous Union Loop L structure along with Brown Line, Orange Line, Pink Line and Purple Line Express trains. However, Green Line trains operate both ways over the Lake Street and Wabash Avenue sides only, and does not use the Wells Street and Van Buren Street sides of the Loop. The Green Line is the line in the L system that has two entry/exit points to the elevated Loop, the only route that does not use the Loop to terminate. Its route uses the Wabash and Lake sides of the Loop, which are used by the Orange, Pink, Purple and Brown Lines. Leaving the Loop at Tower 12, the tracks continue along Wabash Avenue and follows an S curve to the west and this 3.8 mile section is the oldest part of Chicagos L system. On this segment, the Green Line shares tracks with the Orange Line between the Loop and 17th Street, passengers can transfer between the two lines at Roosevelt/Wabash station. The other stations on this section are at Cermak–McCormick Place and 35th–Bronzeville–IIT, adjacent the Illinois Institute of Technology campus, prior to 1994 the East 63rd branch extended as far east as Stony Island Avenue. It was shortened to University in 1982 and Cottage Grove in 1996, the Ashland branch continues south and west following 59th Street, Princeton Avenue and 63rd Street to the Ashland terminal in Englewood. The yard and inspection shop lie to the south between the old Racine station and the Ashland/63rd terminal. The L tracks continues west to an end at Hermitage Avenue, a prediction for a future extension of the route westward, however. Prior to 1992, the Englewood branch had two stops at Wentworth and Harvard, closed by the CTA for service cuts. Halsted/63rd is the only remaining stop on the 3.1 miles route, the Englewood branch was permanently renamed the Ashland branch as of March 2013 according to the CTA. The Jackson Park branch continues south from the mainline between Calumet and Prairie Avenues, passing the old yard and inspection facilities at 61st Street in Washington Park. South of here, the route curves east over 63rd Street, prior to 1994, the Jackson Park branch of the Green Line once terminated at University/63rd and before that, at Stony Island/63rd from 1893 until 1982
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Blue Line (Chicago Transit Authority)
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The Blue Line, also known as the OHare-Congress Line and the West-Northwest Line, is a 26. It is the CTAs second busiest rail line, with an average of 186,796 passengers boarding each weekday in September 2012. The Blue Line and Red Line are the two routes of the Chicago L system to currently run 24 hours a day and is one of only six rapid transit rail systems in the United States to do so. The Blue Line is also one of two lines with more than one station with the same name, with the Green Line being the other. The Blue Line also has only three in-system transfers, contains a combination of both the oldest and newest portions of L tracks, and does not share tracks with any other L line. Before the adoption of color-coded names, the Blue Line was referred to as the West-Northwest Route or more commonly, the Congress and Douglas branches were renamed for their terminals, Forest Park and 54th/Cermak, when the current color naming system was adopted in 1993. Blue Line service on the Douglas Branch was discontinued in April 2008, the Blue Line is one of five L lines that run into Chicago suburbs, with the others being the Green, Purple, Pink, and Yellow lines. The most vintage components of the Blue Line began as part of the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad in 1895, service on this section began on May 6,1895. The structure was completed from Damen Avenue to Logan Square on May 25,1895, an extension of service over the tracks of the Aurora, Elgin and Chicago Railroad to a new terminal at Desplaines Avenue was established on March 11,1905. A subsequent extension to Westchester opened on October 1,1926 and this was followed by still another addition when the Douglas Park Branch was placed in operation as far south as 18th Street on April 28,1896. The Douglas Park branch was cut back to 54th Avenue in Cicero. The Metropolitan West Side Elevated began service onto the Loop on October 11,1897, with opening of the Dearborn Subway, the old elevated alignment between Evergreen and Marshfield Avenues was decommissioned, used only for moving out-of-service rail cars. The new line connected with the Milwaukee-Dearborn Subway at the Chicago River, a five-mile extension of the route via the short subway connection and the Kennedy Expressway median from Logan Square to Jefferson Park opened on February 1,1970. It was also built by the City of Chicago using federal money, in March 1980, construction began on the OHare Airport extension of the Kennedy route between Jefferson Park and the airport. The first section between Jefferson Park and Rosemont was placed in service on February 27,1983, and the section to OHare on September 3,1984. On February 21,1993, the CTA adopted a color-coded naming system to the transit system. Congress service was doubled through much of the day since service frequency from OHare required shorter headways than what would have been left. On September 10,2001, the CTA began a reconstruction of the Douglas Branch to repair its aging stations
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Pink Line (Chicago Transit Authority)
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The Pink Line is an 11.2 mi rapid transit line in Chicago, run by the Chicago Transit Authority as part of the Chicago L system. It is CTAs newest rail line and began operation for a 180-day trial period on June 25,2006, the route to the Loop follows tracks shared with Green Line trains on Lake Street, connected by the previously non-revenue Paulina Connector. In September 2012, the average weekday boardings on the Pink Line was 33,737, the Pink Line does not make any L train transfers on the Douglas Branch. The Pink Line operates between 54th/Cermak and the Loop, weekdays from 4,05 a. m. to 1,25 a. m. and Saturdays and Sundays from 5,05 a. m. to 1,25 a. m. This would allow a doubling of Blue Line trains to Forest Park on the Congress Line, the CTA has also promised that service to/from 54th/Cermak would be increased 100% during weekday rush hours. On February 15,2006, the CTA approved the separate plan, non-rush hour trains would be routed via the Loop, Green Line tracks and Paulina Connector. During weekday rush hours, service would be available on this routing as well as the route via the Dearborn Street Subway every half hour. These changes went into effect beginning June 25,2006, with the trial scheduled to end 180 days later on December 22,2006. Originally, Douglas trains were operated by the Metropolitan West Side Elevated directly into the Loop by means of the Metropolitans main line, the entire Douglas Branch is ADA accessible. The Pink Line began operation on June 25,2006, using the rebuilt Paulina Connector which had not been used in revenue service for 48 years. The service, which was set up as a temporary service to be run for a trial period of 180 days. Pink Line trains operate clockwise on the Inner Loop track via Lake-Wabash-Van Buren-Wells before returning to 54th/Cermak, on December 4,2008, CTA announced its decision to make the Pink Line permanent. On the Pink Line, what was once the Blue Lines Douglas branch begins at 54th Avenue, the line turns north near Paulina Street stopping at 18th and Polk stations, then crosses over the Eisenhower Expressway. Here, a two track non-revenue branch diverges that descends to the expressway to provide a track connection to the Blue Line. It continues on the Paulina Connector to share tracks with the Green Line on Lake Street with stops at Ashland, Morgan and Clinton, the Pink Line is operated with the Bombardier-built 5000-series railcars. Trains operate using four cars on weekdays and weekends, occasionally, the Pink and Green Lines borrow each others cars when either line is short on cars. The 5000-series cars returned to the Pink Line on May 7,2012, at the time of their reintroduction, all Pink Line consists using 5000-series cars were six cars long. The last 2600-series cars were removed from service from the Pink Line on June 8,2012, most of the Pink Lines 2600-series cars were reassigned to the Blue Line to replace its 2200-series cars
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Purple Line (Chicago Transit Authority)
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The Purple Line of the Chicago Transit Authority is a 3. 9-mile route on the northernmost section of the Chicago L rapid transit system. Normally, it extends south from Linden Avenue in Wilmette, passing through Evanston to Howard Street, in September 2012, the average weekday boardings on the Purple Line was 45,036. The Purple Line operates Mondays to Thursdays 4,25 a. m. to 1,30 a. m, fridays,4,30 a. m. to 2,10 a. m. Saturdays 5,05 a. m. to 2,15 a. m. the express service is known as the Purple Line Express, while the Linden-Howard shuttle service is the Purple Line Shuttle. From 2003 to 2006 the Purple Line ran a Loop-bound train every 30 minutes during off-peak hours and this service was discontinued on January 1,2007. Prior to the color-coding of CTA rail lines in 1993, the Purple Line was known as the Evanston Line, Evanston Service or Evanston Shuttle, the selection of purple as the lines color was likely from Northwesterns official school color being purple. Beginning at Linden Avenue in Wilmette, which contains a storage yard and car service shop. The line, now on an embankment, curves southward parallel to Sherman Avenue. Here the line crosses through the area before the junction with the Red Line. The tracks are split on grade separated structures to allow Yellow Line trains to enter the junction from the west, immediately south of the yard lies the Howard Street terminal, where Red, Purple and Yellow Line trains all terminate. There are four operational tracks starting at Howard Street, continuing on to Armitage Avenue, during weekday rush hours, the Purple Line runs express on the outer tracks, skipping all stops until Belmont Avenue. From Belmont Avenue to Armitage Avenue, the Purple Line and Brown Line share the outside tracks, from just south of Armitage Avenue to just north of Chicago Avenue, they are on a two track line on a 4-track structure. After the North Shore Line ceased operations in 1963, the tracks in this area were rarely used and received next to no maintenance. Beginning April 2,2007, the Purple Line Express was rerouted onto the Outer Loop track along with the Brown Line due to the construction at the Belmont and Fullerton stations. Prior to this, Purple Line Express trains were diverted to the Outer Loop track in the event of emergencies or signal problems in the Loop. On December 4,2008, the CTA announced that the Purple Line Express would return to the original Inner Loop routing on December 29. If a problem occurs between the Loop and the Fullerton station, the Purple Line is generally routed into the subway, however, trains had to cross over to the inner Red Line tracks, as there is no platform access to the outer tracks at Addison. As a result of the Brown Line construction and in effort to minimize delays, the station was constructed with two island platforms that can access the express tracks, eliminating the need for trains to switch over
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Brown Line (Chicago Transit Authority)
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The Brown Line of the Chicago L system, is an 11. 4-mile route with 27 stations between Chicagos Albany Park neighborhood and downtown Chicago. It runs completely above ground and is almost entirely grade-separated and it is the third busiest L route, with an average of 101,881 passengers boarding each weekday in 2011. The Brown Line operates to the Loop weekdays and Saturdays from 4,00 am to 1,30 am and on Sundays from 5,00 am to 1,30 am. The Brown Line Shuttle service, running only between Kimball and Belmont, runs from 4,00 am to 2,20 am on weekdays and Saturdays, at Belmont, southbound riders can transfer to the 24-hour Red Line. Before CTA lines were color-coded in 1993, the Brown Line was known as the Ravenswood Route, specifically, accordingly, the Kimball-Belmont shuttle service was called the Ravenswood Shuttle. The Brown Line begins on the northwest side of Chicago, at the Kimball terminal in Albany Park, from there, trains operate over street level tracks between Leland and Eastwood Avenues to Rockwell Street, then ramp up to the elevated structure for the rest of the trip. The trains on the section are powered by third rail rather than overhead catenary. After the Damen station, the route south, about one-half block parallel and west of Metras Union Pacific North railroad line. Here the route turns east again and runs parallel to Roscoe Street past Sheffield Avenue where it again turns south at Clark Junction to join the four-track North Side elevated line in Lakeview. From just north of Belmont station south to Armitage, Brown and Red Line trains operate side-by-side, Brown and Purple Line trains run on the outermost tracks serving five stops, while Red Line trains run on the innermost tracks making only two stops. The Brown Line is operated with the Morrison-Knudsen-built 3200-series railcars, delivered from 1992 through 1994, 2600-series railcars sometimes appear on the Brown Line when there is a shortage of 3200-series cars. The Orange Lines 2400-series cars have since replaced by the 2600-series cars as of October 31,2014. Still, one 2600-series car 3458, remains on the Brown Line, the Brown Line operate using four cars at other times on weekdays and all day on weekends and eight cars during weekday rush hours. The 3200-series rehabilitation began in 2015 and will be completed in 2017, beginning March 30,2008, the Brown Line began running eight cars during rush hours, since all of the reopened or renovated stations have been rebuilt to accommodate eight cars. Prior to this, although ridership certainly warranted eight cars on the Brown Line during weekday rush hours, six cars are standard on the Brown Line during midday. Early morning, late evening, and weekend service is provided by four cars, although this may be extended to eight cars due to special events. The Northwestern Elevated Railroad opened the Ravenswood branch between the main line and Western Avenue in Lincoln Square on May 18,1907. The route was completed to the Kimball terminal on December 14,1907, the Kimball terminal was completely renovated and a new bridge over the North Branch of the Chicago River was completed in the 1970s
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Chicago Pedway
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With a length of more than 40 downtown blocks, it contains shops, restaurants and public art and helps pedestrians in inclement weather. Most connections to the pedway are commercial or government buildings, including hotels, columbus Plaza, The Heritage at Millennium Park, the Park Millennium,200 North Dearborn Apartments, and Aqua are the only residential buildings connected to the pedway. Since the Regional Transportation Authoritys removal of the turnstiles in November 2003, the tunnels between Chase Tower and Two First National Plaza remain but are closed to the general public. Chase Tower is still connected to the Blue Line subway and to the restaurant structure in the south-west corner of the adjoining Exelon Plaza, numerous smaller pedways throughout the central business district are not connected to the main network
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Chicago City Hall
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Chicago City Hall is the official seat of government of the City of Chicago in Illinois, United States. Adjacent to the Richard J. Daley Center and the James R, the buildings east side is devoted to the various offices of Cook County. Situated on a city block bounded by Randolph, LaSalle, Washington, and Clark streets, the building was officially dedicated on February 27,1911. Chicago City Halls entrance features four relief panels sculpted in granite by John Flanagan, each of the panels represents one of four principal concerns of city government, playgrounds, schools, parks, and water supply. As visitors enter the building, they are greeted with elaborate marble stairways, the first major renovation project undertaken was in 1967 as major city departments, originally located outside Chicago City Hall, were moved in. Although the rooftop is not normally accessible to the public, it is accessible from 33 taller buildings in the area. The Garden consists of 20,000 plants of more than 150 species, including shrubs, vines, the green roof design team was headed by the Chicago area firm Conservation Design Forum in conjunction with noted green architect William McDonough. With an abundance of flowering plants on the rooftop, beekeepers harvest approximately 200 pounds of honey each year from hives installed on the rooftop, tours of the green roof are by special arrangement only. Chicago City Hall Green Roof won merit design award of the American Society of Landscape Architecture competition in 2002, Chicago Landmarks, City Hall-County Building Cook County ASLA Merit Award 2002, Chicago City Hall Green Roof
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Rod Blagojevich
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Rod Blagojevich served as the 40th Governor of Illinois from 2003 to 2009. A Democrat, Blagojevich was a representative before being elected to the United States House of Representatives representing parts of Chicago. He was elected governor in 2002, the first Democrat to win the office since Dan Walkers victory 30 years earlier, Blagojevich was born in Chicago, Illinois, the second of four children. His father, Radislav, was an immigrant steel plant laborer from a village near Kragujevac and his mother, Mila Govedarica, is a Bosnian Serb originally from Gacko, Bosnia and Herzegovina. His parents moved to Chicago in 1947, Blagojevich has a brother, Rob, who worked as a fund-raiser for Blagojevich in his later political career. Blagojevich spent much of his childhood working odd jobs to help the family pay its bills and he was a shoeshiner and pizza delivery boy before working at a meat packing plant. In order to afford university costs, Blagojevich worked for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System as a dishwasher, Blagojevich does not have a middle name, but uses the initial R in honor of his deceased father. His nickname in the family was Milorad, which some have thought to be his name at birth. Blagojevich graduated from Chicagos Foreman High School after transferring from Lane Technical High School and he played basketball in high school and participated in two fights after training as a Golden Gloves boxer. After graduation, he enrolled at the University of Tampa, after two years, he transferred to Northwestern University in suburban Evanston, where he graduated in 1979 with a B. A. in history. He earned his J. D. from the Pepperdine University School of Law in 1983. He later said of the experience, I went to law school at a place called Pepperdine in Malibu, California, overlooking the Pacific Ocean — a lot of surfing and movie stars, I barely knew where that law library was. Blagojevich is married to Patricia Mell, the daughter of former Chicago alderman Richard Mell, Blagojevich voted for Ronald Reagan in 1980 and voted for his re-election in 1984. Blagojevich had a boxing career which spanned 13 months and included Golden Gloves competition. He trained under Jerry Murzullo in Chicagos Park District, and he fought most of his matches at the St. Andrews Gym in Chicagos Northside, fighting as a 160-pound middleweight, Blagojevich began fighting in non-tournament smokers in January 1974. After defeating Patrick McAlinden, Leonard Bassuk, and Ronald Dimino over a years time, on February 24,1975 at St. Andrews Gym, Blagojevich won his opening night match in the middleweight division by decisioning Thomas Muhme in 3 rounds. This win enabled Blagojevich to advance to the round of the tournament. The next night, Blagojevich lost to Patrick Porter by 3rd-round technical knockout, porters aggressive punching attack had Blagojevich covering up his face with his boxing gloves
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Mortgage loan
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The loan is secured on the borrowers property. Mortgage can also be described as a borrower giving consideration in the form of a collateral for a benefit, Mortgage borrowers can be individuals mortgaging their home or they can be businesses mortgaging commercial property. Features of mortgage loans such as the size of the loan, maturity of the loan, interest rate, method of paying off the loan, in many jurisdictions, it is normal for home purchases to be funded by a mortgage loan. Few individuals have enough savings or liquid funds to them to purchase property outright. In countries where the demand for ownership is highest, strong domestic markets for mortgages have developed. According to Anglo-American property law, a mortgage occurs when an owner pledges his or her interest as security or collateral for a loan. As with other types of loans, mortgages have an interest rate and are scheduled to amortize over a set period of time, typically 30 years. All types of property can be, and usually are, secured with a mortgage. Mortgage lending is the mechanism used in many countries to finance private ownership of residential and commercial property. Although the terminology and precise forms will differ from country to country, the components tend to be similar, Property. The exact form of ownership will vary from country to country, Mortgage, the security interest of the lender in the property, which may entail restrictions on the use or disposal of the property. Restrictions may include requirements to purchase insurance and mortgage insurance. Borrower, the person borrowing who either has or is creating an ownership interest in the property, lender, any lender, but usually a bank or other financial institution. Principal, the size of the loan, which may or may not include certain other costs, as any principal is repaid. Interest, a charge for use of the lenders money. Completion, legal completion of the deed, and hence the start of the mortgage. A closed mortgage account is said to be redeemed, many other specific characteristics are common to many markets, but the above are the essential features. Governments usually regulate many aspects of mortgage lending, either directly or indirectly, other aspects that define a specific mortgage market may be regional, historical, or driven by specific characteristics of the legal or financial system
26.
Lisa Madigan
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Lisa Murray Madigan has been the 41st Attorney General of the US state of Illinois since 2003. She is the first female attorney general for Illinois and she is a Democrat and the stepdaughter of Michael Madigan, who has been Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives for most of the last quarter century. On December 12,2008, Madigan attracted national attention after filing a motion with the Supreme Court of Illinois to temporarily remove Governor Rod Blagojevich from office. The motion was denied by the court without a hearing. Madigan attended The Latin School of Chicago for her secondary education, in 1988 she received her bachelors degree from Georgetown University. She received her Juris Doctor from Loyola University Chicago School of Law, prior to becoming an attorney, she worked as a teacher and community organizer, developing after-school programs to help keep kids involved in education and away from drugs and gangs. Madigan also volunteered as a school teacher in South Africa during apartheid. Madigan later worked as a litigator for the Chicago law firm of Sachnoff & Weaver, Madigan was elected and served as an Illinois state senator from 1998 through 2002, during which time she worked down the hall from Barack Obama. In 2002 she ran for Attorney General of Illinois and narrowly defeated Joe Birkett with 50. 4% of the vote, in 2006 she was re-elected with 72. 4% of the vote against Tazewell County States Attorney Stewart Stu Umholtz. Notably, Madigan became the first Illinois Attorney General in more than 25 years to personally argue a case before the United States Supreme Court, in 2004, she successfully argued Illinois v. In 2002, Madigan received a $25,000 donation from a black metal musician Andrew Harris, when Harriss relation to the black metal band Judas Iscariot came to light, Madigan agreed to donate the money to anti-hate groups, according to the Chicago Tribune. Madigan has had a relationship with former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich. Her father Michael Madigan, Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives, has had a feud with Blagojevich, roland Burris was appointed to the U. S. Senate. During the Blagojevich Senate appointment scandal, Madigan was speculated as Senate Candidate #2 in the complaint against Blagojevich, though the motion was denied by the court without a hearing, Blagojevich was later impeached and convicted and Quinn was sworn in as governor. On July 14,2013, Madigan, who was expected to run. She ran for reelection as attorney general and won. 2005, received the John F. Kennedy and she changed her name when she was 18 and was formally adopted in her 20s by Michael Madigan. Madigan is married to cartoonist Pat Byrnes, and they have two daughters,2014 election for Attorney General Lisa Madigan, 60% Paul Schimpf, 38% Ben Koyl, 3%2010 election for Attorney General Lisa Madigan, 65% Stephen H
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Bruce Rauner
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Bruce Vincent Rauner /ˈraʊnər/ is an American businessman, philanthropist, and politician. He is the 42nd and current Governor of Illinois, serving since January 12,2015, prior to his election, he was the Chairman of R8 Capital Partners and Chairman of the private equity firm GTCR, based in Chicago. He was the Republican nominee in the 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election, Bruce Rauner was born in Chicago and grew up in Deerfield, Illinois, a suburb 25 miles north of Chicago. His mother, Ann, was a nurse, and his father, Vincent Rauner, was a lawyer and he has three siblings, Christopher, Mark, and Paula, and is of half Swedish and half German descent. Rauner graduated summa cum laude with a degree in economics from Dartmouth College and he later received an MBA from Harvard University. Rauner was the Chairman of private equity firm GTCR, where he had worked for more than 30 years, a number of state pension funds, including those of Illinois, have invested in GTCR. After leaving GTCR, Rauner opened an office for a venture firm. The firm will invest up to $15 million in smaller Illinois companies, Rauner served as Chairman of Choose Chicago, the not-for-profit that serves as the citys convention and tourism bureau, resigning in May 2013, and as Chairman of the Chicago Public Education Fund. Rauner has also served as the Chairman of the Education Committee of the Civic Committee of The Commercial Club of Chicago, Rauner has served as an advisor to Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel. In March 2013, Rauner formed a committee to look at a run for Governor of Illinois as a Republican. Rauner said that his top priorities included streamlining government, improving education and he supports term limits and said he would serve no more than eight years as governor. On June 5,2013, Rauner officially announced his candidacy for governor, telling Chicago magazines Carol Felsenthal his platform would include overhauling tax policy, in October 2013, Rauner announced that his running mate would be Wheaton City Councilwoman Evelyn Sanguinetti. Rauner won the March 18 Republican primary with 328,934 votes, defeating State Senator Kirk Dillards 305,120, State Senator Bill Bradys 123,708 and Illinois Treasurer Dan Rutherfords 61,848. For the general election, Rauner was endorsed by the majority of Illinois newspapers including the Chicago Tribune, the Daily Herald, and the Chicago Sun-Times. Also during the election, the media reported on a controversy regarding Rauners daughter being admitted to Walter Payton Prep school in Chicago in 2008 through the principal picks process, the family maintains several residences, including one in downtown Chicago that enabled her to apply to the Chicago-based school. Although she had top grades, she had missed several days of school and it was later revealed that Rauner had sought information on this process from his personal friend Arne Duncan, then CEO of Chicago Public Schools. Rauner has said he had no recollection of speaking with Duncan directly, according to another source, she was not a principal pick, but was let in following the phone call between Bruce Rauner and Arne Duncan. The Rauners donated $250,000 to the school during the subsequent school year, Rauner has a long history of contributing to Chicago Public Schools
28.
Michael Madigan
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Michael J. Madigan is the speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives. Except for Solomon Blatt, Madigan is the leader of any state legislative body in the history of the United States, having held the position for all. He has been a member of the Illinois House since 1971, representing the 22nd District, Chicago Magazine named Madigan the fourth-most-powerful Chicagoan in 2012 and second in 2013 and 2014, calling him the Velvet Hammer—a. k. a. Chicagos 13th Ward surrounds Midway International Airport and includes the Clearing neighborhood on Chicagos Southwest Side, in the 1980 United States Census, the population of the 13th Ward was 61,249,95. 58% of whom were White and 57 of whom were African American. Madigans father, Michael, was a very strong Democrat, a product of the Great Depression and he carried with him very strong feelings in favor of the New Deal. Michael Flynn was the Cook County Clerk, and also the Democratic committeeman of Chicagos 13th Ward, Madigans father was a precinct captain in the 13th Ward and worked in the Cook County Clerks office, where he befriended a young Richard J. Daley. Madigan later characterized the relationship between his father and Richard J. Daley as political friends, the elder Michael Madigan later worked for 25 years as the 13th Ward superintendent for the City of Chicago Department of Streets and Sanitation. Madigan was born on April 19,1942 and was raised in the Clearing neighborhood of Chicago, Madigan graduated from Saint Adrians Elementary School, St. Ignatius College Prep on the west side of Chicago, and the University of Notre Dame. Within months, at Madigans fathers request, Mayor Daley appointed Madigan to a job with the city law department between his first and second years of law school. Madigan also met Daleys son Richard M. Daley, while both were law students, Madigans father suffered a heart attack at age 58, and a fatal heart attack at age 60, in 1966. Madigan graduated from Loyola Law School in 1967, Madigan and Neil Hartigan worked together in the city law department. Madigan and Richard M. Daley were delegates to the 1970 Illinois constitutional convention, their first elected public offices, and became good friends. In 1972, Madigan founded the law firm of Madigan and Getzendanner with Vincent J. Bud Getzendanner, Jr. a fellow Loyola law graduate. In 1976, Madigan married Shirley Murray, a law firm receptionist with a young daughter, Lisa. Madigan joined Chicago Mayor Jane Byrne in endorsing Alderman Edward M. Burke in the 1980 Democratic primary race for Cook County States Attorney, in 1986, Madigan urged Adlai Stevenson III to enter the Democratic primary for Illinois Governor. Hartigan withdrew and Stevenson prevailed in the primary and was defeated by James R. Thompson for the second time. In 1969, the 13th Ward precinct captains elected Madigan their committeeman, making him, at 27 years of age, Madigans ward organization has been called the most disciplined in Chicago. In 1998, the Illinois Democratic Partys Central Committee elected Madigan chair of the Democratic Party of Illinois, Madigan succeeded his protégé and former chief of staff, Gary LaPaille
29.
Governor of Illinois
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The Governor of Illinois is the chief executive of the State of Illinois and the various agencies and departments over which the officer has jurisdiction, as prescribed in the state constitution. It is an elected position, votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state. The governor is responsible for enacting laws passed by the Illinois General Assembly, Illinois is one of 14 states with no gubernatorial term-limit. The current governor is Republican Bruce Rauner, who succeeded Pat Quinn in 2015, the term of office of Governor of Illinois is four years, and there is no limit on the number of terms a governor may serve. Inauguration takes place on the second Monday in January following a gubernatorial election, a single term ends four years later. Its first occupant was Governor Joel Aldrich Matteson, who took residence at the mansion in 1855 and it is one of three oldest governors residences in continuous use in the United States. The governor is given the use of an official residence on the state fair grounds. Governors have traditionally used this part of the year. Six Illinois governors have been charged with crimes during or after their governorships, four were convicted, len Small, governor from 1921 to 1929, was indicted in office for corruption. He was acquitted, thereafter, eight of the received state jobs. Among his defense lawyers was a governor, Joseph W. Fifer, who asserted in pre-trial hearings. William G. Stratton, governor from 1953 to 1961, was acquitted of tax evasion in 1965 and he was prosecuted by future Illinois governor Jim Thompson. He was sentenced to seven years in prison five years of probation following his release. Former governor Jim Thompson, whom Ryan had served under as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in the 1980s, was manager of the law firm that defended Ryan. In August 2010, he was convicted of lying to the FBI in connection with the investigation, but the jury deadlocked on 23 other charges. Blagojevich was retried on 20 counts from his 2010 trial and on June 27,2011, Blagojevich was convicted on 17 counts of fraud, acquitted on one count, on December 7,2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in prison. List of Governors of Illinois 1. α Current governor of Illinois, in 2015, the Council of State Governments reported that Rauner had returned all but $1 of his salary to the State of Illinois. However, the pay rate for the title of Governor in Illinois remains at $177,412, Illinois Office of the Governor Illinois Executive Mansion Burial places of Illinois Governors Article V in the Illinois Constitution list of government help in Illinois
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Judiciary of Illinois
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The Judiciary of Illinois is the unified court system of Illinois responsible for applying the Constitution and law of Illinois. It consists of the Supreme Court, Appellate Court, and circuit courts, the Supreme Court oversees the administration of the court system. The court has limited jurisdiction and has final appellate jurisdiction. It has mandatory jurisdiction in cases and cases where the constitutionality of laws has been called into question. The Illinois Appellate Court is the court of first appeal for civil, three Illinois Appellate Court judges hear each case and the concurrence of two is necessary to render a decision. The Illinois Appellate Court will render its opinion in writing, in the form of an opinion or an unpublished order. As of 1935, decisions of the Illinois Appellate Court became binding authority upon lower courts in Illinois, the Illinois Appellate Court has fifty-four judges serving five districts, administratively centering on Chicago, Elgin, Ottawa, Springfield, and Mt. Vernon. The same rules apply to criminal cases, the Illinois circuit courts are trial courts of original jurisdiction. There are 24 judicial circuits in the state, each comprising one or more of Illinois 102 counties, six circuits comprise solely of a single county, these are Cook, Kane, Will, DuPage, Lake, and McHenry. The other 18 circuits each contain two and 12 counties. The circuit court has jurisdiction and can decide, with few exceptions. The circuit court also shares jurisdiction with the Supreme Court of Illinois to hear cases relating to revenue, mandamus, prohibition, however, if the supreme court chooses to exercise its jurisdiction over these cases, the circuit court may not decide them. The circuit court also reviews administrative decisions of state agencies. There are two kinds of judges in the court, circuit judges and associate judges. The Illinois Court of Claims decides all monetary claims against the government and is characterized as part of the legislative branch. The Supreme Court oversees the administration of the court system, along with the state legislature, the court promulgates rules for all state courts. The Administrative Office of the Illinois Courts assists the Supreme Court in administration, the Administrative Director also is secretary of the Illinois Courts Commission, and is an ex officio member of the Illinois Judicial Conference. The AOIC Executive Office plans and directs AOIC staff support for Supreme Court Committees, several courts have been approved by the Supreme Court to operate electronic court filing systems
31.
The Watcher (film)
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The Watcher is a 2000 American thriller film directed by Joe Charbanic and starring James Spader, Marisa Tomei and Keanu Reeves. Set in Chicago, the film is about a retired FBI agent who is stalked and taunted by a serial killer, in Los Angeles, FBI Special Agent Joel Campbell is moments too late to save a young woman from a serial killer he has been investigating, who escapes. Campbell quits his job and moves to Chicago, where he is plagued by guilt-induced migraines, Campbell attends therapy sessions with Dr. Polly Beilman, but otherwise has no friends or social life. Campbell learns that a woman who lived in his apartment building has been murdered and he does not pay it much attention until he opens his mail and finds that a picture of the woman had been sent to his apartment three days before the murder. He brings this information to the attention of the detective on the case, Mackie, and comes to the conclusion that the same serial killer has arrived in Chicago. FBI Special Agent in Charge Ibby tries to persuade Campbell to return to the case, one night Campbell receives a phone call from the killer, David Griffin, who reveals that he followed Campbell to Chicago and wants to rebuild the rapport they once had. Griffin tells Campbell that he send a photo of a woman in the morning. Campbell tells Ibby that he wants back in on the case, Campbell works together with Mackie and the rest of the team in getting the word out on finding the woman before the deadline. However, by the time Campbell gets her number and calls, Griffin is already there. Griffin suggests they continue their game with a different woman, the next day, Campbell and his team try to find the next intended victim before the 9,00 pm deadline. They corner and almost catch Griffin, but he manages to again kill the woman. Later that night Campbell is found unconscious in his apartment by his colleagues, the next day, another photo arrives, but it turns out to be the image of Lisa Anton, Campbells former lover who was killed indirectly because of Griffin by Campbell, back in Los Angeles. Campbell goes to Lisas grave, where Griffin is waiting for him, Griffin explains that he has Beilman hostage somewhere, and only wants to talk with him. Campbell negotiates for Beilmans safety, and Griffin eventually agrees to bring Campbell to see her, during the drive, Griffin explains that he considers Campbell a good friend, and that the two of them need each other. Campbell secretly uses his phone to call Mackie, cluing him in on the situation. Griffin takes Campbell to the warehouse, knocks him out, Campbell distracts Griffin by saying thank you. When Griffin asks Campbell to repeat himself, Campbell does, Campbell rescues Beilman and gets them both to safety as the warehouse explodes, killing Griffin. When Campbell and Beilman are safe, Campbell goes over to Griffins charred corpse, James Spader as FBI Special Agent Joel Campbell Marisa Tomei as Dr
32.
Running Scared (1986 film)
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Hines and Crystal play Chicago police officers who, after nearly being killed on the job, decide to retire and open a bar in Key West, only to get caught up in making one last arrest before they go. The film was produced and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Ray Hughes and Danny Costanzo are two detectives working Chicagos North Side, known for their wisecracking demeanors and unorthodox police methods, which get results in their various cases. One such case involves trying to bust up-and-coming drug dealer Julio Gonzales, after arresting Snake, one of Julio’s associates, they convince him to wear a wire in order to get the necessary evidence to put Julio away. When they approach the place they find that Gonzales has acquired a large store of Israeli Uzi submachine guns. Snake is setting the detectives up, however, prompting the detectives to rush in by acting as though Gonzales was preparing to kill him. Gonzales reveals his ambition to be the godfather of Chicago, but chastises Snake for letting the detectives get close. The pair look as though they will be killed for sure, in the ensuing gun battle, most of Julio’s gang escape, but Ray and Danny capture Gonzales. Back at the station Ray and Danny expect to be praised, on vacation in Key West, Florida, the pair begin to question their career choice after the experience and decide to retire and open a bar. When they return to Chicago and inform the captain of their intentions, incensed, they vow to capture Gonzales before retiring, but by being a little more careful in the process. Logan wants the replacements to be the best of the worst and orders them never to let him catch them doing anything Ray, during one of the attempts to capture Gonzales, Ray and Danny confiscate a large shipment of cocaine coming from Colombia. In order to get back, Gonzales kidnaps Danny’s ex-wife Anna, whom he still loves and has been trying to reconcile with. Danny agrees, leading to the final confrontation inside the atrium of the James R. Thompson Center. During the ensuing firefight, Danny and Ray ironically rescue their would-be protégés in a way similar to their own rescuing, Anna and Danny reconcile and he and Ray decide not to retire after all. Gregory Hines as Ray Hughes Billy Crystal as Danny Costanzo Steven Bauer as Det, frank Sigliano Darlanne Fluegel as Anna Costanzo Joe Pantoliano as Snake Dan Hedaya as Captain Logan Jon Gries as Det. I said I wanted to make it about two cops in Chicago who don’t retire. There were a lot of cop movies around at that time, so I wanted Billy Crystal and Gregory Hines, and I got them and they were wonderful together. Running Scared was a box office success, earning over $38 million. Reviews were mixed, however, and the film has a current 60% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, film critic Roger Ebert recommended it, saying that the film “transcends its dreary roots and turns out to be a lot of fun”
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Chicago architecture
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The buildings and architecture of Chicago have influenced and reflected the history of American architecture. The built environment of Chicago is reflective of the history and multicultural heritage. Since most structures within the area were destroyed by the Great Chicago Fire in 1871 Chicago buildings are noted for their originality rather than their antiquity. Beginning in the early 1880s, architectural pioneers of the Chicago School explored steel-frame construction and, in the 1890s and these were among the first modern skyscrapers. However, the Montauk Building, designed by John Wellborn Root Sr. shankland, and modern contractors, in particular George A. Fuller. Louis Sullivan was perhaps the citys most philosophical architect, realizing that the skyscraper represented a new form of architecture, he discarded historical precedent and designed buildings that emphasized their vertical nature. This new form of architecture, by Jenney, Burnham, Sullivan, and others, became known as the Commercial Style, but it was called the Chicago School by later historians. In 1892, the Masonic Temple surpassed the New York World Building, breaking its two-year reign as the tallest skyscraper, since 1963, a Second Chicago School emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. The ideas of structural engineer Fazlur Khan were also influential in this movement, in particular his introduction of a new system of framed tubes in skyscraper design. The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1966, numerous architects have constructed landmark buildings of varying styles in Chicago. Among them are the so-called Chicago seven, James Ingo Freed, Tom Beeby, Larry Booth, Stuart Cohen, James Nagle, Stanley Tigerman and it is true that the White City represented anything other than its host citys architecture. Sullivans comments should be viewed in the context of his relationship with Burnham. Chicago is well known for its wealth of art, including works by such artistic heavyweights as Chagall, Picasso, Miró. City sculptures additionally honor the people and topics reflecting the rich history of Chicago. In the 21st century, Chicago has become an urban focus for landscape architecture. Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie School influenced both building design and the design of furnishings, in the early half of the 20th century, popular residential neighborhoods were developed with Chicago Bungalow style houses, many of which still exist. Ludwig Mies van der Rohes Illinois Institute of Technology campus in Chicago influenced the later Modern or International style, van der Rohes work is sometimes called the Second Chicago School. Many organizations, notably Preservation Chicago and Landmarks Illinois are devoted to promoting the preservation of historic neighborhoods, Chicago has suffered from the same problems with sinking property values and urban decline as other major cities
34.
Peoria Journal Star
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The Journal Star is the major daily newspaper for Peoria, Illinois, and surrounding area. First owned locally, then employee-owned, it became a Copley-owned entity in 1996, in 2007, the paper was sold to Fairport, New York-based GateHouse Media. The oldest ancestor of the Journal Star, the Peoria Daily Transcript, was founded by N. C, nason and first published on December 17,1855. It has a circulation of approximately 65,000 copies. The Peoria Journal founded as a paper by Eugene F. Baldwin, the owner of the El Paso Journal and a former editor of the Daily Transcript. Barnes, and first publisher on December 3,1877, henry Means Pindell started the Peoria Herald in 1889, and soon bought out the Daily Transcript, forming the Herald-Transcript. Baldwin, who had left the Journal, started the Peoria Star. Once the agreement was reached, both the morning and afternoon papers immediately changed their names to the Journal Star. To hold the newspaper, the current newspaper headquarters were built near War Memorial Drive and the McClugage Bridge. During a newspaper strike in 1958, members of the Newspaper Guild printed a temporary paper, the Peoria Journal Star has owned and operated various television and radio outlets in Peoria, Bloomington, Lafayette, Indiana, and Indianapolis, Indiana. In the 1980 presidential election, the Journal Star endorsed Libertarian candidate Ed Clark, between 1984 and 1990, the Journal Star Employee Stock Ownership Plan bought about 83 percent of the company, making it effectively employee-owned. It company also bought the Galesburg Register-Mail of Galesburg, Illinois, however, the success for the employees had the opposite effect for the company itself, as it had to buy back stock of large numbers of early retirees. The paper was sold to Copley Press, owned by Helen Copley, in 1996, Copley also owned the downstate Illinois papers the State Journal-Register in Springfield, Illinois, when Copley purchased the paper in 1996, the daily circulation was 75, 000+. According to a Knight Foundation report in 2005, the Journal Star circulation is now 65,126, the Journal Star is the highest-circulation newspaper in downstate Illinois and the fourth-highest circulation Illinois newspaper. As of September 2006, the Journal Star was the 136th-largest newspaper in the United States, being a paper-boy for the paper in the 1950s was potentially very rewarding. In addition to the comradeship around the paper-boy drop-off points, the paper ran periodic contests to expand its circulation, out of town trips were set up for paper-boys that met a quota of paper starts. The paper in this way took bus-loads of paper-boys from Peoria to such places as Chicago, Detroit, Cincinnati, pjstar. com — Peoria Journal Star official website
35.
Chicago Sun-Times
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The Chicago Sun-Times is a daily newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. It is the paper of the Sun-Times Media Group. The Chicago Sun-Times is the oldest continuously published daily newspaper in the city and it began in 1844 as the Chicago Daily Journal, which was the first newspaper to publish the rumor, now believed false, that a cow owned by Catherine OLeary was responsible for the Chicago fire. The Evening Journal, whose West Side building at 17-19 S. Canal was undamaged, in 1929, the newspaper was relaunched as the Chicago Daily Illustrated Times. The modern paper grew out of the 1948 merger of the Chicago Sun, founded December 4,1941 by Marshall Field III, and the Chicago Daily Times. The newspaper was owned by Field Enterprises, controlled by the Marshall Field family, when the Daily News ended its run in 1978, much of its staff, including Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Mike Royko, were moved to the Sun-Times. During the Field period, the newspaper had a populist, progressive character that leaned Democratic but was independent of the citys Democratic establishment, although the graphic style was urban tabloid, the paper was well regarded for journalistic quality and did not rely on sensational front-page stories. It typically ran articles from the Washington Post/Los Angeles Times wire service, the advice column Ask Ann Landers debuted in 1943. Ann Landers was the pseudonym of staff writer Ruth Crowley, who answered readers letters until 1955, eppie Lederer, sister of Dear Abby columnist Abigail van Buren, assumed the role thereafter as Ann Landers. Kups Column, written by Irv Kupcinet, also made its first appearance in 1943, Jack Olsen joined the Sun-Times as editor-in-chief in 1954, before moving on to Time and Sports Illustrated magazines and authoring true-crime books. Hired as literary editor in 1955 was Hoke Norris, who covered the civil-rights movement for the Sun-Times. Jerome Holtzman became a member of the Chicago Sun sports department after first being a boy for the Daily News in the 1940s. He and Edgar Munzel, another longtime sportswriter for the paper, famed for his World War II exploits, two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Bill Mauldin made the Sun-Times his home base in 1962. The following year, Mauldin drew one of his most renowned illustrations, two years out of college, Roger Ebert became a staff writer in 1966, and a year later was named Sun-Times film critic. He continued in this role for the remainder of his life, after the friend wrote a story about it, Grizzard fired Banks. With that, the employees union intervened, a federal arbitrator ruled for Banks and 13 months later. The articles received considerable publicity and acclaim, but a nomination for the Pulitzer Prize met resistance from some who believed the Mirage series represented a form of entrapment. In March 1978, the afternoon publication the Chicago Daily News, sister paper of the Sun-Times
36.
Chicago Tribune
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The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
37.
List of tallest buildings in Chicago
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Chicago, the third-largest city in the United States, is home to 1,315 completed high-rises,44 of which stand taller than 600 feet. The tallest building in the city is the 108–story Willis Tower, the second-, third- and fourth-tallest buildings in Chicago are the Trump International Hotel & Tower, the Aon Center and the John Hancock Center, respectively. Of the ten tallest buildings in the United States, four are located in Chicago, as of February 2013, the entire city had 105 buildings at least 500 feet tall. Chicago is the birthplace of the skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building, completed in 1885, is regarded as the worlds first skyscraper. This building used the method, innovated in Chicago. It was originally built with 10 stories, a height in the 1800s, to a height of 138 feet. It was later expanded to 12 stories with a height of 180 feet, the building was demolished in 1931. New York City then began building skyscrapers as Chicago had done, Chicago has always played a prominent role in the development of skyscrapers and three past buildings have been the tallest building in the United States. The city then went through a much larger building boom that has lasted from the early 1960s. The tallest buildings are concentrated in various districts such as the Loop, Streeterville, River North, the South Loop. Other high-rises extend north along the waterfront into North Side districts such as the Gold Coast, Lincoln Park, Lakeview, Uptown, some high-rises also extend south from downtown along the waterfront to South Side districts such as Kenwood, Hyde Park, and South Shore. Several new skyscrapers were constructed in the city throughout the 2000s, including the Trump International Hotel, as of August 2016 there were 67 skyscrapers under construction in Chicago. This list ranks Chicago skyscrapers that stand at least 550 feet tall and this height includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. An equal sign following a rank indicates the height between two or more buildings. The Year column indicates the year of completion and this list ranks Chicago skyscrapers based on their pinnacle height, which includes radio masts and antennas. Standard architectural height measurement, which excludes antennas in building height, is included for comparative purposes, the Year column indicates the year in which a building was completed. This lists buildings that are under construction in Chicago as of January 2017 and are planned to rise at least 300 feet, buildings whose construction is on-hold are also included. A floor count of 30 stories is used as the cutoff for buildings whose heights have not yet released by their developers
38.
List of tallest buildings
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This list of tallest buildings in the world ranks skyscrapers by height. Only buildings with continuously occupiable floors are included, thus non-building structures and it maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world. The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828 m, the CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete, however, and some buildings listed within these list articles are not considered complete by the CTBUH. The Petronas Towers, with their spires, are ranked higher than the Willis Tower with its antennas, despite the Petronas Towers lower roofs. Until 1996, the worlds tallest building was defined by the height to the top of the tallest architectural element, including spires and this led to a rivalry between the Bank of Manhattan Building and the Chrysler Building. The Bank of Manhattan Building employed only a short spire and was 927 ft tall and had a higher top occupied floor. At present, the Burj Khalifa tops the list by some margin, as of 2017, this list includes all 139 buildings which reach a height of 300 metres or more, as assessed by their highest architectural feature. Worldwide, as there are plans in the five years for more than 80 buildings in the same height range. This measurement disregards distinctions between architectural and non-architectural extensions, and simply measures to the highest point and this measurement is useful for air traffic obstacle determinations, and is also a wholly objective measure. However, this measurement includes extensions that are added, removed. This measurement only recently came into use, when the Petronas Towers passed the Sears Tower in height, the former was considered taller because its spires were considered architectural, while the latters antennae were not. This led to the split of definitions, with the Sears Tower claiming the lead in this and the height-to-roof categories and this is a list of 82 buildings taller than 300 metres or 65 floors that are currently under construction. More than half of the buildings are located in China, ^ Destroyed buildings not included B. ^ Topped out but not completed, ^ Topped out in 1992, when construction was halted. Work was restarted in 2008, exterior work completed in 2011, council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat BuildingHeights
39.
Aon Center (Chicago)
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With 83 floors and a height of 1,136 feet, it is the third tallest building in Chicago, surpassed in height by the Willis Tower and the Trump International Hotel and Tower. The building is managed by Jones Lang LaSalle, which is headquartered in the building. Aon Center formerly had the headquarters of Aon and Amoco, Aons US operations are headquartered here. The Standard Oil Building was constructed as the new headquarters of the Standard Oil Company of Indiana, when it was completed in 1974 it was the tallest building in Chicago and the fourth-tallest in the world, earning it the nickname Big Stan. The building employs a tubular steel-framed structural system with V-shaped perimeter columns to resist earthquakes, reduce sway, minimize column bending and this construction method was also used for the former World Trade Center towers in New York City. When completed, it was the worlds tallest marble-clad building, being sheathed entirely with 43,000 slabs of Italian Carrara marble, the marble used was thinner than previously attempted in cladding a building, this quickly proved to be a mistake. On December 25,1973, during construction a 350-pound marble slab detached from the façade, in 1985, inspection found numerous cracks and bowing in the marble cladding of the building. To alleviate the problem, stainless steel straps were added to hold the marble in place, later, from 1990 to 1992, the entire building was refaced with Mount Airy white granite at an estimated cost of over $80 million. The buildings facade now somewhat resembles that of the former World Trade Center due to the flow of the columns. The Standard Oil Building was renamed the Amoco Building when the company changed names in 1985, in 1998, Amoco sold the building to The Blackstone Group for an undisclosed amount, estimated to be between $430 and $440 million. It was renamed as the Aon Center on December 30,1999, in May 2003, Wells Real Estate Investment Trust, Inc. acquired the building for between $465 and $475 million. In recent years, the top floors of the building have been lit at night with colors to reflect a particular season or holiday, orange is used for Thanksgiving, green or red for Christmas, and pink during National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. The lighting commonly matches the nighttime lighting on the antenna of Willis Tower, the John Hancock Center, in the plaza, there is a sounding sculpture by Harry Bertoia
40.
Franklin Center (Chicago)
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The Franklin Center is a 60-story supertall skyscraper completed in 1989 as the AT&T Corporate Center to consolidate the central region headquarters of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. It stands at a height of 1,007 ft and contains 1,700,000 sq ft in the Loop neighborhood of downtown Chicago. It is located two blocks east of the Chicago River and northeast of the Willis Tower with an address of 227 West Monroe Street. In the Loop community area of downtown Chicago, the supertall building is the tallest constructed in Chicago in the last quarter of the 20th century. It is the 5th tallest building in Chicago and the 13th tallest in the United States and it contains office and retail space and a 350-space garage. Tishman Speyer acquired the property in 2004 and renamed the adjacent USG Building as Franklin Center in 2007 after USG relocated its offices, the name was later applied to the entire complex. A1982 consent decree split the American Telephone & Telegraph Company monopoly into several entities with local service providers becoming part of a Regional Bell Operating Company, in the decade that followed, AT&T erected new buildings across the country including the AT&T Building in New York City. April 5,1985, AT&T issued a request for proposals that produced eleven respondents, Stein and Co. the winning realtor, sought Skidmore, Owings and Merrill as designers for the purpose of distinguishing a proposal from the nearby Willis Tower. AT&T employees began to occupy the office space April 3,1989, the building was built under a self-imposed comprehensive minority contracting and affirmative action package that met the citys 1985 30% hiring rule for public sector projects. Chicago mayor Harold Washingtons administration had passed an edict that 30% of the work for public sector projects be set aside for minority, in a show of support for this rule, Stein & Co. and AT&T adopted the rule for their private development. Designed by Adrian D. Smith of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, the buildings form features setbacks at the 15th, 30th and 45th floors. Designed in the architectural style, it is a granite-clad steel-framed building resting on pile foundations. The structure is characterized by vertical lines, spiked roof pinnacles, granite cladding. The granite is a red color at the base. Above the 5th floor, the lighter rose-beige granite is protected by silk-screened aluminum panels, the building relies on Gothic detailing to showcase verticality. The buildings verticality evokes images of 1920s buildings, and the sturdiness of the structure is reminiscent of the Chicago Board of Trade Building, in addition to its design, the building relies on its location at the farthest corner from the Willis Tower to set it apart. The Otis elevators are spanned by a series of neo-deco light bands extending wall to wall, the building boasts two public lobbies and a mezzanine-level lobby. The lobbies are among the most lavish in Chicago, and they are all decorated with patterned marble floors and walls, bronze, gold-leaf oak trim, and stylized lighting fixtures
41.
John Hancock Center
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The John Hancock Center is a 100-story,1, 128-foot supertall skyscraper at 875 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, United States. It was constructed under the supervision of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, with chief designer Bruce Graham, when the building topped out on May 6,1968, it was the second tallest building in the world and the tallest outside of New York City. When measured to the top of its masts, it stands at 1,500 feet. The building was named for John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, from the 95th floor restaurant, diners can look out at Chicago and Lake Michigan. The Observatory, which competes with the Willis Towers Skydeck, has a 360° view of the city, up to four states, the Observatory has Chicagos only open-air SkyWalk and also features a free multimedia tour in six languages. The 44th-floor sky lobby features Americas highest indoor swimming pool, construction of the tower was interrupted in 1967 due to a flaw in an innovative engineering method used to pour concrete in stages that was discovered when the building was 20 stories high. The engineers were getting the same settlements for the 20 stories that had been built as what they had expected for the entire 99 stories. This forced the owner to stop development until the problem could be resolved. This situation is similar to the one faced during the construction of 111 West Wacker, wolmans bankruptcy resulted in John Hancock taking over the project, which retained the original design, architect, engineer, and main contractor. The buildings first resident was Ray Heckla, the building engineer. Heckla moved his family in April 1969, before the building was completed, wearing a wetsuit and using a climbing device that enabled him to ascend the I-beams on the buildings side, Goodwin battled repeated attempts by the Chicago Fire Department to knock him off. Fire Commissioner William Blair ordered Chicago firemen to stop Goodwin by directing a fully engaged fire hose at him, fearing for Goodwins life, Mayor Jane Byrne intervened and allowed him to continue to the top. The John Hancock Center was featured in the 1988 movie Poltergeist III, on December 18,1997, comedian Chris Farley was found dead in his apartment on the 60th floor of the John Hancock Center. On March 9,2002, part of a scaffold fell 43 stories after being torn loose by wind gusts around 60 mph crushing several cars, killing three people in two of them. The remaining part of the stage swung back-and-forth in the gusts repeatedly slamming against the building, damaging cladding panels, breaking windows, shorenstein had bought the building in 1998 for $220 million. Golub defaulted on its debt and the building was acquired in 2012 by Deutsche Bank AG who subsequently carved up the building, the observation deck was sold to Paris-based Montparnasse 56 Group for $35 million and $45 in July 2012. That same month, Prudential Real Estate Investors acquired the retail, in November 2012, Boston-based American Tower Corp affiliate paid $70 million for the antennas. In June 2013, a venture of Chicago-based real estate investment firm Hearn Co, the Chicago firm did not disclose a price, but sources said it was about $145 million
42.
Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)
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The Trump International Hotel and Tower, also known as Trump Tower Chicago and Trump Tower, is a skyscraper condo-hotel in downtown Chicago, Illinois. The building, named after businessman and current President of the United States, Donald Trump, was designed by architect Adrian Smith of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Bovis Lend Lease built the 98-story structure, which reaches a height of 1,388 feet including its spire and it is next to the main branch of the Chicago River, with a view of the entry to Lake Michigan beyond a series of bridges over the river. When topped out in 2009, it became the fourth-tallest building in the US and it surpassed the citys John Hancock Center as the building with the highest residence in the world, and held this title until the completion of the Burj Khalifa. The design of the building includes, from the ground up, retail space, a parking garage, the 339-room hotel opened for business with limited accommodations and services on January 30,2008, then full accommodation and services on April 28. A restaurant on the 16th floor, Sixteen, opened in early 2008 to favorable reviews, the building topped out in late 2008 and construction was completed in 2009. As of 2015, the hotel is three in Chicago with an elite five-star Forbes Travel Guide rating. It hosts a restaurant that is one of three five-star Forbes-rated restaurants in the city and a spa that is one of six that is at least a four-star Forbes-rated in the Chicago area in 2015. Sixteen is one of five restaurants in Chicago with at least a Michelin Guide two-star rating in 2016, the tower sits at 401 North Wabash Avenue in the River North Gallery District, part of the Near North Side community area of Chicago. The building is across the Chicago River from the Chicago Loop and it is a block away from the southern end of the Magnificent Mile portion of Michigan Avenue. The restaurant, Sixteen, has a view of the Chicago Rivers entrance to Lake Michigan. The design of the building incorporates three setback features designed to provide continuity with the surrounding skyline, each reflecting the height of a nearby building. The third setback, on the east side, relates to 330 North Wabash building, however, some views distort the alignment of the second setback. The setbacks and rounded edges of the building combat vortex formation, the body of the building is raised 30 feet above the main Wabash entrance and 70 feet above the Chicago River. The buildings Permasteelisa curtain wall uses clear low-emissivity coated glass and a curved wing-shaped polished stainless-steel mullion system that projects 9 inches from the glass line and it incorporates a brushed stainless steel spandrel panels and clear anodized aluminum. The building has 2,600,000 square feet of space, rises to 98 stories. These include studio apartments, a mixture of suites with one to four bedrooms, the tower also features a luxury hotel condominium with 339 guest rooms. The building includes, from the ground up, retail space, a garage, a hotel
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Two Prudential Plaza
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Two Prudential Plaza is a 64-story skyscraper that was built in the Loop area of Chicago, Illinois, United States in 1990. At 995 feet tall, it is currently the sixth-tallest building in Chicago, the building is also currently the tallest building in the world that is under 1000 feet tall. The building was designed by the firm Loebl, Schlossman & Hackl and it has been honored with 8 awards, including winning the Best Structure Award from the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois in 1995. At the time of completion Two Prudential was the worlds tallest reinforced concrete building and its distinctive shape features stacked chevron setbacks on the north and south sides, a pyramidal peak rotated 45°, and an 80-foot spire. The building is attached to One Prudential Plaza, without its spire, the buildings height is still slightly greater than that of One Prudential Plazas pinnacle. The Consulate-General of Canada in Chicago is located in Suite 2400, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office of the Republic of China is on the 57th and 58th floors of the building. C. Frederick Wehba, BentleyForbes Official Site Official website Two Prudential Plaza on CTBUH Skyscraper Center Emporis entry for Two Prudential Plaza
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Willis Tower
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The Willis Tower, built as and still commonly referred to as Sears Tower, is a 108-story,1, 450-foot skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The building is considered an achievement for its architect Fazlur Kahn. The Willis Tower is the second-tallest building in the United States, more than one million people visit its observation deck each year, making it one of Chicagos most popular tourist destinations. The structure was renamed in 2009 by the Willis Group as part of its lease on a portion of the towers space, the buildings official address is 233 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606. In 1969, Sears, Roebuck & Co. was the largest retailer in the world, Sears executives decided to consolidate the thousands of employees in offices distributed throughout the Chicago area into one building on the western edge of Chicagos Loop. Sears asked its counsel, Arnstein, Gluck, Weitzenfeld & Minow to suggest a location. This latter site was decided upon, and preliminary inquiries determined that the necessary permits could be obtained, the next step was to acquire the property, a team of attorneys from the Arnstein law firm, headed by Andrew Adsit, began buying the property parcel by parcel. Sears purchased 15 old buildings from 100 owners and paid $2.7 million to the City of Chicago for the portion of Quincy Street that divided the property. Their team of architect Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan designed the building as nine square tubes, all nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building. At the 50th floor, the northwest and southeast tubes end, at the 66th floor, the northeast and the southwest tubes end. At the 90th floor, the north, east, and south tubes end, the remaining west and center tubes continue up to the 108th floor. The Willis Tower was the first building to use Khans bundled tube structure and this innovative design was structurally efficient and economic, at 1,450 feet, it provided more space and rose higher than the Empire State Building, yet cost much less per unit area. This structural system would prove influential in skyscraper construction. It has been used in most supertall buildings since then, including the worlds tallest building, to honor Khans contributions, the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois commissioned a sculpture of him for the lobby of the Willis Tower. The latter floor areas had to be designed to a plate, with a high window-space to floor-space ratio, to be attractive. Smaller floorplates required a structure to yield sufficient square footage. The height was restricted by a limit imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration to protect air traffic, the financing of the tower was provided by the Sears company. It was topped with two antennas to permit local television and radio broadcasts, Sears and the City of Chicago approved the design, and the first steel was put in place in April 1971
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35 East Wacker
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It was built from 1925 to 1927, and was co-designed by Joachim G. Giaver and Frederick P. Dinkelberg. It was once considered to be the tallest building in the world outside of New York City, for its first 14 years, the building had a car lift that served the first 23 floors and facilitated safe transfers for jewelry merchants. Currently, the French-American Chamber of Commerce in Chicago is a tenant, and the showroom of architect Helmut Jahn is atop the building inside the dome, the building is currently being renovated, with the facade being maintained, but the interiors converted into a more modern configuration. Both the Chicago chapter of the American Institute of Architects and the City of Chicago have recognized the project with awards. Mercury Records Feeding America The building is featured in scenes of the 2005 film Batman Begins. The 2011 film Transformers, Dark of the Moon features a climax set atop the building, in 2012, episode 2 of the first season of United States of America on the American History Channel featured the buildings historic elevator, made by the Otis Elevator Company. The building is shown in the TV series The Good Wife as the location of the law firm Lockhart/Gardner, emergency Call Ambulance, Arcade racing videogame - the player drives by this building in the third case. In the game however, a gas station that has no relation to reality, is located at the bottom of this building
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55 East Erie Street
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55 East Erie is an all-residential skyscraper in Chicago. The design called for flying buttresses around the penthouse, which were eventually dropped. Early on, the building was envisioned as much taller in order to house a Mandarin Oriental hotel,55 East Erie has 194 residential units, including seven floors of split story penthouse homes. The building also features four “Skyhomes, ” each a unique four story townhome with its own elevator, amenities for residents include a swimming pool, fitness center, mens and womens locker rooms each with their own steam room, and a hospitality room
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77 West Wacker Drive
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77 West Wacker Drive, previously the United Building, is an office building in the Loop, Chicago. Finished in 1992, the rises to a height of 668 ft with around 944,000 square feet of interior space. The building, with 50 floors, was designed by Ricardo Bofill and it was formerly known as the RR Donnelley Building when the RR Donnelley printing company was the primary tenant. RR Donnelley moved its headquarters to a different location in May 2005. The deal included naming rights to the building and this was the world headquarters of Chicago-based United Airlines and its parent company, United Continental Holdings. It also served as the headquarters for United Continental subsidiary Continental Airlines until its certificate was merged with United on November 30,2011, archer Daniels Midland moved its headquarters to the building in August 2014 from Decatur, Illinois. The building has a newsletter called FOCUS, published by Prime Group Realty Trust, brokers who were familiar with the lease negotiations stated that Sears was trying to keep Keck, Mahin & Cate in the building. Keck, Mahin & Cate decided to move into 77 West Wacker, in 1991, RR Donnelley leased 215,000 square feet on floors 9 through 19 for its world headquarters, and Kemper Securities leased 150,000 square feet. With the lease deals concluded,77 West Wacker had 86% of its tenant space occupied, jerry C. Davis of the Chicago Sun-Times said that the remaining space would be too small for some prospective tenants. Davis added that the leases to RR Donnelley and Kemper significantly altered the complexion of the office market. In 2004, RR Donnelley signed a letter of intent to move out of 77 West Wacker, during the same year, McGuireWoods extended its lease by 8 years, changing the end date from December 31,2010 to December 31,2018. In addition, McGuireWoods expanded its space, effective February 1,2004. The company gained an extra 65,756 square feet of space in addition to its existing 67,819 square feet, as a result of the lease expansion of McGuireWoods, as of February 2004,77 West Wacker was 92. 2% leased. In 2004, the lease of the firm Jones Day of 138,764 square feet in 77 West Wacker was extended by 15 years, with the end date changed from September 30,2007 to September 30,2022. In 2006, Microsoft extended the term of its lease and expanded its space to 12,391 square feet. During the same year, Greenberg Traurig agreed to expand its lease by 22,565 square feet, in 2006, United Airlines agreed to move its 350 executives and some staff members from its Elk Grove Township campus to 77 West Wacker. On August 13,2012, United Continental Holdings announced its intention to again relocate its world headquarters. The company vacated their current offices at 77 W. Wacker with the future of the building left unknown
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111 South Wacker Drive
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111 South Wacker Drive is an office tower located in Chicago. Completed in 2005 at 681 feet, the 51 story blue-glass structure is one of the tallest in the city and it sits on the site of the former U. S. Gypsum Building, one of the tallest buildings in Chicago to be demolished, designed by Lohan Caprille Goettsch Architects, the building is noted for its unique parking ramp. The ramps cyclical form creates a dramatic sloped ceiling for the main lobby underneath. The ramps corkscrew design is reflected outside as well, the pavement follows the lines set inside. The building is noteworthy for its sustainable design, becoming the first-ever project to be certified LEED-CS Gold by the U. S. Green Building Council. The original design called for a more extreme building and this 35 story,638 foot tower would utilize many of the existing caissons of the former U. S. The bulk of the building would be supported by a 120-foot base and 20 large diagonal braces connected from the corners of the base to the bottom of the office structure, the effect would have been a nearly symmetrical shape and a building that seemingly looked unstable. The minimalistic lobby would have been enclosed in glass and left space for a plaza with artwork. The plan was abandoned with the current design chosen instead. Tenants in the building include Deloitte, RR Donnelley, Harbor Funds, Wells Fargo Capital Finance, Bloomberg, Grippo & Elden LLC, Houlihan Lokey, and Locke Lord LLP. Shelbourne Development, the firm behind the Chicago Spire, had 6, 700-square-foot of office space on the 50th floor but vacated their offices in 2010 due to a dispute over $27,600 in unpaid rent
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