1.
James Rolph (ship)
–
The James Rolph was a schooner that transported cargo around the United States West Coast and Hawaii. Built near Eureka, California in 1899, the ship was based in San Francisco and owned by its namesake, shipping executive and future Governor of California, James Rolph. At 10 in the evening, the ship, blinded by the fog, sailed close to the shore, crashing into rocks at Point San Pedro in San Pablo Bay, the Rolph was grounded at the same spot where the four-masted bark Drumburton had been lost previously in 1904. The Rolphs crew managed to reach shore safely without any injuries or loss of life, tug boats attempted to haul the Rolph free but to no avail. The Rolph was later stripped of usable fittings by salvage crews and abandoned
James Rolph (ship)
–
History
2.
National Governors Association
–
The National Governors Association is an organization consisting of the governors of the states, territories and commonwealths of the United States. The NGAs role is to act as a voice for governors on matters of national policy, as well as allowing governors to share best practices. The organization was founded in 1908 as the National Governors Conference, the NGA represents the governors of the fifty U. S. states and five U. S. territories. It is funded primarily by state dues, federal grants and contracts, NGA serves as a key public policy liaison between the state governments and the federal government. The NGA Center for Best Practices focuses on state innovations and best practices on issues that range from education and health to technology, welfare reform, NGA also provides management and technical assistance to both new and incumbent governors. The vice chair is usually of the party to the chair. The current NGA chair is Governor Terry McAuliffe of Virginia, a Democrat, the vice chair is Governor Brian Sandoval of Nevada, a Republican. Bill Clinton is, to date, the former chair of the organization to become President of the United States. Janet Napolitano became the first female chair in 2006, formally adopted as policy in 1977, chairs preside for a one-year term and alternate party affiliation, which means that the same party never serves for two terms in a row. A similar organization in Mexico United States Conference of Mayors National Governors Association –19 official homepage of the American NGA
National Governors Association
–
National Governors Association
National Governors Association
–
President
Barack Obama answers questions from the National Governors Association in the State Dining Room of the White House, Feb. 22, 2010.
3.
John Garland Pollard
–
John Garland Pollard was an American politician who served as the 51st Governor of Virginia from 1930 to 1934. John Garland Pollard was born on August 4,1871 in King and Queen County and he was the son of Baptist minister John Pollard of King and Queen County, Virginia. He was of Norman–English ancestry, which had been in Virginia since the colonial era and he attended Richmond College but was forced to leave for ill health. He later entered Columbian College, now George Washington University, Pollard also wrote The Pamunkey Indians of Virginia, an anthropological survey that detailed the vanishing language and traditions of the early Virginia tribe. His sister, Mary Ellen Pollard Clarke, was a prominent advocate of suffrage and wrote Human-Rights Not in Violation of States Rights. In 1901, Pollard was elected from Richmond as a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1901–1902, in 1904, he issued Pollards Code, an annotation of Virginias law. He became Attorney General in 1914 and moved to Europe in 1918, afterward, he was named by Woodrow Wilson as a member of the Federal Trade Commission. In 1921, Pollard moved to Williamsburg, Virginia, where he was first Dean of the Marshall Wythe School of Citizenship, in Williamsburg, he became involved in the effort to restore the colonial town along with the Rev. W. A. R. Goodwin. There, he also developed Pollard Park, a small development that expressed his ideas on urban planning that is on the National Register of Historic Places. He was involved in one of the first great efforts of Colonial Williamsburg and he died in Washington, D. C. on April 28,1937. His personal papers, including papers from his time as governor, are held by the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary and his executive papers from his time as governor are held by the Library of Virginia. After the death of his arthritic wife Grace Phillips Pollard, while in office he married Canadian-born Violet Elizabeth McDougall, secretary to a number of Virginia governors. Pollard was elected Governor of Virginia in 1929 with 62. 78% of the vote, defeating Republican William Moseley Brown, Socialist John J. Kafka, and Independent W. A. Rowe. Works by or about John Garland Pollard at Internet Archive John Garland Pollard at Find a Grave Finding aid for the John Garland Pollard Papers SCRC Wiki page for John Garland Pollard
John Garland Pollard
–
John Garland Pollard
4.
Paul V. McNutt
–
Paul V. McNutt was born in Franklin, Indiana on July 19,1891, the only child of John C. and Ruth McNutt. Both his parents were school teachers when they met, but his father began practicing just before he was born, the family moved to Indianapolis in 1893 where his father had become librarian of the Indiana Supreme Court. McNutt was enrolled in school in the city and attended for two years. In 1898 his father resigned his position and they moved again to Martinsville where he opened a law office, McNutt was moved to a local school where he attended until graduation. McNutt took his law degree from Harvard in 1916, then returned to Martinsville where in a race for Morgan County prosecutor he was narrowly defeated. He was assigned to provide instruction in field skills, and served at Camp Travis, Kelly Field. While in Texas, he met and married his wife, Kathleen and he was discharged as a major in 1919, and later joined the reserves, where he rose to the rank of colonel. After leaving active service, McNutt returned to his law school teaching job, becoming a full professor in 1920 and then, in 1925. He skillfully used both his university connections and his experience to launch his political career. As law school dean, he forcefully attacked pacifists and opponents of military training on college campuses. He had since returning from the war been active in The American Legion, a veterans organization. In 1927, he was elected commander of the Indiana department of The American Legion and his groups lobbying brought him contact with many state leaders which began his interest in politics and began building a political base of support. McNutt became chairman of the party and led the Indiana delegation to the Democratic National Convention in 1932. Up until the very last ballot, he and the delegation refused to support the nomination of Franklin D. Roosevelt for President, McNutt was dismissive and rude to Roosevelt when he came to personally ask for their support. Roosevelt never forgot the slight, and from then on in private he referred to McNutt as that platinum blond S. O. B from Indiana, the same year, Indianas Democrats nominated McNutt for governor at the state convention. In the general campaign he focused his attacks on Republicans by blaming them for doing too little to resolve the problems of the Great Depression and his campaign created the first political club for supporters in the United States. Members could join for a fee with the contributions going to the campaign. The idea became popular and is now employed in many campaigns nationwide and he won easily, swept along in that years national Democratic landslide led by Franklin D. Roosevelt
Paul V. McNutt
–
Paul V. McNutt in his Washington office, 1941.
Paul V. McNutt
–
Paul V. McNutt (left), High Commissioner to the Philippines, gestures at Secretary of War
Harry H. Woodring during an official visit to Washington in 1938.
5.
Governor of California
–
The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
Governor of California
–
Incumbent
Jerry Brown since January 3, 2011
Governor of California
–
Standard of the Governor
Governor of California
–
Governor-elect
Arnold Schwarzenegger (left) and Governor
Gray Davis (right) with
President George W. Bush in 2003
Governor of California
–
Milton Latham 6th Governor (1860)
6.
Frank Merriam
–
Frank Finley Merriam was an American politician who served as the 28th governor of California from June 2,1934 until January 2,1939. Merriam also served as the Iowa State Auditor 1900–1903, and served in the Iowa, born in 1865 in Hopkinton, Iowa, the eldest of 11 children. Frank Finley Merriam spent nearly half of his life in his home state, after graduating from Lenox College at Hopkinton in 1888, Merriam served as the principal of the Hopkinton schools for two years and superintendent of schools at Postville for one year. He was a superintendent in Wisner, Nebraska He next became the editor of the Hopkinton Leader. In 1904, he moved to Muskogee, Oklahoma, where he owned and published the Muskogee Evening Times and he moved to Long Beach California in 1910 with his second wife, Nellie, to attend to family obligations. There he worked in the department of the Long Beach Press. Merriam was elected to the Iowa House of Representatives as a Republican at the age of 31 in 1896, two years later, Merriam was elected as Iowa State Auditor, a post he would hold until 1903. In 1910 at the age of 44, Merriam moved to California, following seven years of living in the state, Merriam was elected to the California State Assembly in 1916, representing the Long Beach area, beginning his rise in California politics. In 1922, while serving in the Assembly, Merriam presided over the successful election campaign of former Bull Moose member. Name recognition from Richardsons successful campaign among fellow Republicans helped Merriam be elected by the Republican majority in the Assembly as its Speaker in 1923, during the 1926 general elections, Speaker Merriam ran as a primary candidate for Lieutenant Governor. However, state Republicans instead voted for Buron Fitts as the candidate for that office. Following his departure from the Assembly that year, Merriam took a hiatus from state politics. He returned in the 1928 elections, being elected to the California State Senate, after two years in that body, Merriam won the nomination for lieutenant governor and, along with the Republican candidate for governor, San Francisco Mayor James Rolph, was elected to office. On June 2,1934, Governor Rolph was pronounced dead of heart failure at Riverside Farm in Santa Clara County, upon the news of the Governors death, Lieutenant Governor Merriam was sworn in as governor. Nearly immediately into his governorship, Merriam faced labor agitation, particularly by members of the International Longshoremens Association on the docks of San Francisco. Beginning in May 1934, longshoremen along the West Coast walked off the job to strike, protesting against the ILA national leaderships negotiated settlements with transportation, longshoremen demanded six-hour days, closed shops, and the right to unionize freely. Activity in the ports of San Francisco and Oakland ground to a halt, teamsters soon joined the longshoremen in their walk-out. Popular support for the strikers also grew from various segments of the urban working-class, by the strikes second month, violence had begun to break out along the Embarcadero as San Francisco Police clashed with the strikers during attempts to escort hired labor to the docks
Frank Merriam
–
Frank Merriam
7.
C. C. Young
–
Clement Calhoun Young was an American teacher and politician who was affiliated with the original Progressive Party and later the Republican Party. He was elected to five terms in the California State Assembly, serving from 1909 to 1919, then as the 28th lieutenant governor of California. In the 1926 general election, he was elected in a victory as the 26th governor of California. Young is considered to have one of the last governors from the Progressive movement. Born in Lisbon, New Hampshire, Young moved to California at an early age, students at Lowell popularly nicknamed Young C-Square, due to his initializing of his first and middle names, Clement Calhoun. In 1904, Young, along with Charles Mills Gayley, published The Principles, published and distributed by the Macmillan Company. While teaching, he established his home in Berkeley, where he lived until his death, Young was a close friend of realtor and conservationist Duncan McDuffie, and worked for Mason-McDuffie, a real estate general partnership based in Berkeley. Young would work or consult for Mason-McDuffie until 1944 and he also helped McDuffie, who had served as president of the Save the Redwoods League and Sierra Club, establish the State Parks system upon his election as governor. After his departure from Lowell in 1906, Young became involved in state politics, in 1908, he was elected to the California State Assembly for the district that included Berkeley. In the Assembly, Young became an ally of Governor Hiram Johnson and quickly rose through the chambers ranks. In the following years elections, Young was elected as a member of the Progressive Party. In the 1918 general elections, Young won the race for Lieutenant Governor of California, in the 1920 U. S. presidential election, Young was a member of the Electoral College. By 1926, frustration within inner Republican ranks with the fiscally conservative governorship of Friend Richardson had reached its zenith, in the gubernatorial primary election, Progressive Republicans overcame conservative and corporate opposition to win the nomination for Young, knocking Richardson out of the general election. In the 1926 general election campaign, Young earned vocal support from former governor Hiram Johnson, Young won in a landslide, garnering 71.3 percent of the vote and crushing his rivals, who included Democrat Justus S. Wardell and Socialist author Upton Sinclair. Beginning his governorship on January 4,1927, Youngs agenda included reorganizing the states various commissions, in his first year of office, Young signed a bill passed by the California State Legislature authorizing the creation of a California State Parks Commission. Headed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. the survey commission investigated lands across the state suitable for state protection, a year later in a voter initiative supported by Young, state voters approved the creation of California State Park system. In 1919, Whitney had been arrested in Oakland after defying civic authorities in making a speech in behalf of John McHugh, following the high courts decision, Young granted Whitney an unconditional pardon, believing that putting her into a cell was unthinkable. On November 23,1927, inmates at Folsom Prison rioted, taking control of a majority of the interior facilities, the heavy show of military force in full view of the rioters forced the revolting prisoners to capitulate peacefully
C. C. Young
–
C. C. Young
8.
Mayor of San Francisco
–
The Mayor of the City and County of San Francisco is the head of the executive branch of the San Francisco city and county government. The mayor has the duty to enforce city laws, and the power to approve or veto bills passed by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. The mayor serves a term and is limited to two successive terms. There have been 42 individuals sworn into office, john W. Geary, elected in 1850, was the first mayor of the city. Charles James Brenham, who served as mayor during the 1850s, is the person who has served two non-consecutive terms. The previous mayor, Gavin Newsom resigned to become the Lieutenant Governor of California on January 10,2011, Ed Lee was appointed by the Board of Supervisors on the following day to finish out Newsoms term. Lee was elected to his own term on November 8,2011, the mayor of San Francisco is elected every four years, elections take place one year before United States presidential elections on election day in November. Candidates must live and be registered to vote in San Francisco at the time of the election, the mayor is usually sworn in on the January 8 following the election. The next election for the mayor will be in 2019, under the California constitution, all city elections in the state are conducted on a non-partisan basis. As a result, candidates party affiliations are not listed on the ballot, mayoral elections were originally run under a two-round system. If no candidate received a majority of votes in the general election. In 2002, the system for city officials was overhauled as a result of a citywide referendum. The new system, known as instant-runoff voting, allows voters to select, if no one wins more than half of the first-choice votes, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and second-choice votes are counted until a candidate captures the majority. This eliminates the need to hold a separate runoff election and saves money and this was first implemented in the 2004 Board of Supervisors election after two years of preparation. In 2007, the new system was implemented in the election for the first time. To date,42 individuals have served as mayor, there have been 43 mayoralties due to Charles James Brenhams serving two non-consecutive terms, he is counted chronologically as both the second and fourth mayor. The longest term was that of James Rolph, who served over 18 years until his resignation to become the California governor, the length of his tenure as mayor was largely due to his popularity. During his term, San Francisco saw the expansion of its system, the construction of the Civic Center
Mayor of San Francisco
–
Incumbent
Ed Lee since 2011
Mayor of San Francisco
–
John W. Geary, 1st mayor of San Francisco
Mayor of San Francisco
–
Isaac Smith Kalloch, 18th mayor of San Francisco
Mayor of San Francisco
–
Washington Bartlett, 20th mayor of San Francisco
9.
P. H. McCarthy
–
Patrick Henry McCarthy, generally known as P. H. McCarthy and sometimes, more jocularly, as Pinhead, was a labor leader in San Francisco. Born in County Limerick, Ireland, he apprenticed as a carpenter in Ireland before coming to the United States in 1880. He moved to San Francisco in 1886, where he rose through the ranks to become president of Carpenters Local 22, the San Francisco Building Trades Council was one of the most powerful local labor bodies within the American Federation of Labor at the time. It fought off the efforts of employers in San Francisco to impose the open shop on construction workers in the first decade of the century and was active in local politics. It also feuded with the San Francisco Labor Council, the body that claimed to represent all of organized labor in San Francisco. The exception to rule came in 1900, when the BTC unilaterally declared that its members would work only eight hours a day for $3 a day. When mill resisted, the BTC began organizing workers, the employers responded by locking out 8,000 employees throughout the Bay Area. The BTC, in return, established a planing mill from which construction employers could obtain supplies – or face boycotts. That brought the owners to arbitration, where the union won the eight-hour day, a closed shop for all skilled workers. In return, the agreed to refuse to work with material produced by non-union planing mills or those that paid less than the Bay Area employers. Labor unions had helped elect James D. Phelan, a Democrat and they were outraged, therefore, when Phelan sided with the employers in the City Front Federation Strike of 1901. Labor unions associated with the SFLC organized the Union Labor Party to challenge him, McCarthy and the BTC, characteristically, not only did not join in the campaign, but supported a rival candidate. The ULPs candidate, Eugene E. Schmitz, won election in 1901, Schmitz administration, however, was largely controlled by Abraham Abe Ruef, a political boss who made few efforts to conceal the depth of his corruption. Reform elements succeeded in bringing about Ruefs conviction and Schmitz removal from office in 1907, McCarthy was eager to fill this vacancy. That put him in conflict with the SFLC, while undercutting his own reputation for honesty, McCarthy ran again, this time successfully, in 1909. As Mayor he installed BTC officials throughout his administration, required City employees to become union members and he also required all city employees to be U. S. citizens, in line with the BTCs nativist leanings. Reform-minded businessmen chose James Rolph, Jr. known as Sunny Jim, Rolph won and the ULP faded from the scene
P. H. McCarthy
–
Patrick Henry McCarthy, 29th Mayor of San Francisco.
10.
Angelo Joseph Rossi
–
Angelo Joseph Rossi was a U. S. political figure who served as the 31st mayor of San Francisco. He was the first mayor of 100% Italian descent of a major U. S. city and he was first appointed mayor when mayor James Rolph resigned to become Governor of California in January,1931. After completing the year of Rolphs term, Rossi was elected in his own right as mayor in November 1931. He was reelected mayor for second and third terms in 1935 and 1939 respectively. A Republican, he served as San Franciscos mayor from 1931 to 1944 and he dedicated the Mount Davidson Cross in March,1934. Rossi was adamantly anti-Communist, and labeled the more militant labor organizing, two strikers were killed by bullets, and eighty-five were hospitalized. On July 19,1934, Mayor Rossi spoke on radio, I congratulate the real leaders of organized labor on their decision. San Francisco has stamped out without bargain or compromise an attempt to import into its life the real danger of revolt. We will deal effectively with the group who opposed peace. During a period of publicized police scandal, he asked for, the District Attorney, Matthew Brady, hired Edwin Atherton, a private investigator, who published the Atherton Report on police corruption in 1937. He presided over groundbreaking ceremonies for the San Francisco City College in April 1937 and he befriended and hosted Fiorello La Guardia in San Francisco and visited New York City as La Guardias guest. In an extended late in the late 1930s, Rossi lashed out at Harry Bridges. Leader, saying the city is sick of the alien in a telegram to President Roosevelt, in May 1942, six months after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, at the Tenney Committee hearings held in San Francisco, Rossi was subpoenaed, having been accused of supporting Italian fascism. According to the New York Times of May 26,1942, With tears in his eyes and he had been accused of making fascist salutes at San Francisco Columbus Day celebrations, which he strongly denied. Rossi testified that he removed a picture of Benito Mussolini from his office before the war began and he was defeated for reelection the following year following a rancorous campaign. He died in 1948 and is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, Colma, a city park-playground-pool and a street in the Richmond district of San Francisco are named after him
Angelo Joseph Rossi
–
Angelo Joseph Rossi
Angelo Joseph Rossi
–
Political campaign card of 1921 showing
Board of Supervisor candidates, including Angelo J. Rossi
11.
San Francisco
–
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco
–
San Francisco and the
Golden Gate Bridge from
Marin Headlands
San Francisco
–
Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco
–
1853
United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco
–
Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
12.
Santa Clara County, California
–
Santa Clara County, California, officially the County of Santa Clara, is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,781,642, the county seat is San Jose, the tenth-most populous city in the United States. Santa Clara County is part of the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, located at the southern end of the San Francisco Bay, the highly urbanized Santa Clara Valley within Santa Clara County is also known as Silicon Valley. Santa Clara is the most populous county in the San Francisco Bay Area region, Santa Clara County is named after Mission Santa Clara, which was established in 1777, and is also named for Saint Clare of Assisi. Santa Clara County was one of the counties of California. The original inhabitants included the Ohlone, residing on Coyote Creek, part of the countys territory was given to Alameda County in 1853. In 1882, Santa Clara County tried to levy taxes upon property of the Southern Pacific Railroad within county boundaries. The result was the U. S. Supreme Court case of Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad,118 U. S.394, in which the Court extended Due Process rights to artificial legal entities. In the early 20th Century, the area was promoted as the Valley of the Hearts Delight due to its natural beauty, the first major technology company to be based in the area was Hewlett-Packard, founded in a garage in Palo Alto in 1939. IBM selected San Jose as its West Coast headquarters in 1943, varian Associates, Fairchild Semiconductor, and other early innovators were located in the county by the late 1940s and 1950s. The U. S. Navy had a presence in the area. The term Silicon Valley was coined in 1971, the trend accelerated in the 1980s and 1990s, and agriculture has since then been nearly eliminated from the northern part of the county. And Hewlett-Packard, and internet companies eBay, Facebook, Google, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,304 square miles, of which 1,290 square miles is land and 14 square miles is water. The San Andreas Fault runs along the Santa Cruz Mountains in the south, as of 2012, an estimated 400 tule elk roam 1,875 square kilometres in northeastern Santa Clara County and southeastern Alameda County. The vast majority of these Superfund sites were caused by associated with the high tech sector located in Silicon Valley. As of 2013, Santa Clara County has the highest median income of any county in California at $84,741. The 2010 United States Census reported that Santa Clara County had a population of 1,781,642. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 479,210 persons,22. 5% Mexican,0. 4% Puerto Rican,0. 1% Cuban,3. 8% Other Hispanic
Santa Clara County, California
Santa Clara County, California
Santa Clara County, California
Santa Clara County, California
13.
Republican Party (United States)
–
The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers
Republican Party (United States)
–
Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican U.S. President (1861–1865).
Republican Party (United States)
–
Theodore Roosevelt,
26th President of the United States (1901–1909)
Republican Party (United States)
–
Dwight Eisenhower,
34th President of the United States (1953–1961)
Republican Party (United States)
–
Richard Nixon,
37th President of the United States (1969–1974)
14.
United States Republican Party
–
The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers
United States Republican Party
–
Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican U.S. President (1861–1865).
United States Republican Party
–
Republican Party
United States Republican Party
–
Theodore Roosevelt,
26th President of the United States (1901–1909)
United States Republican Party
–
Dwight Eisenhower,
34th President of the United States (1953–1961)
15.
List of Governors of California
–
The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 38 governors, many have been influential nationwide in areas far-flung from politics, leland Stanford founded Stanford University in 1891. Earl Warren, later Chief Justice of the United States, won an election with the nominations of the three major parties – the only ever to run essentially unopposed for governor of California. Ronald Reagan, who was president of the Screen Actors Guild and later President of the United States, gray Davis, the 37th governor of California, was the second governor in American history to be recalled by voters. The shortest tenure was that of Milton Latham, who served five days before being elected by the legislature to fill a vacant United States Senate seat. The longest tenure is that of the current governor, Edmund Gerald Jerry Brown and he is the son of former governor Edmund Gerald Pat Brown, Sr. who served from 1959-1967. For the governors prior to statehood, see the List of Governors of California before admission, California was obtained by the United States in the Mexican Cession following the Mexican–American War. Unlike most other states, it was never organized as a territory, the original California Constitution of 1849 called for elections every two years, with no set start date for the term. An amendment ratified in 1862 increased the term to four years, in 1990, Proposition 140 led to a constitutional amendment implementing a term limit of two terms, prior to this limit, only one governor, Earl Warren, served more than two terms. Jerry Brown was able to be elected to a term in 2010 because his previous terms were before the term limit was enacted. The 1849 constitution also created the office of lieutenant governor, who, in cases of vacancy in the office of governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket. Seventeen governors of California have served other high offices, including one President of the United States, a Chief Justice of the United States, thirteen have served in the U. S. Congress, all representing California, though one of them also represented Ohio. There are four former governors of California who are currently alive, the most recent death of a former governor was that of Ronald Reagan on June 5,2004. Jerry Brown, who served as governor from 1975 to 1983, is currently serving, List of Governors of California before admission List of Governors of California by age General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of California
List of Governors of California
–
Jerry Brown, 34th and the current 39th Governor of California. He is the longest serving governor in California history.
List of Governors of California
List of Governors of California
List of Governors of California
16.
Great Depression
–
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
Great Depression
–
Dorothea Lange 's
Migrant Mother depicts destitute
pea pickers in
California, centering on
Florence Owens Thompson, age 32, a mother of seven children, in
Nipomo, California, March 1936
Great Depression
–
USA annual real GDP from 1910 to 1960, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–1939) highlighted.
Great Depression
–
Crowd gathering at the intersection of
Wall Street and Broad Street after the
1929 crash
Great Depression
–
Crowds outside the
Bank of United States in New York after its failure in 1931
17.
Resign
–
A resignation is the formal act of giving up or quitting ones office or position. A resignation can occur when a holding a position gained by election or appointment steps down. When an employee chooses to leave a position, it is considered a resignation, as opposed to involuntary termination, abdication is the equivalent of resignation of a reigning monarch or pope, or other holder of a non-political, hereditary or similar position. A resignation is a decision to exit a position, though outside pressure exists in many cases. Arroyos predecessor, Joseph Estrada, was forced out of office during the EDSA Revolution of 2001 as he faced the first impeachment trial held in the countrys history. Having resigned, he again and was re-elected. He continued to serve as minister until he was defeated in 1997 elections. Although government officials may tender their resignations, they are not always accepted, in academia, a university president or the editor of a scientific journal may also resign, particularly in cases where an idea which runs counter to the mainstream is being promoted. In a club, society, or other voluntary association, a member may resign from a position in that organization or even from the organization itself. In Roberts Rules of Order, this is called a request to be excused from a duty, a resignation may also be withdrawn. Lists of resignations Resignation from the United States Senate Request to be excused from a duty
Resign
–
President Nixon's last farewell gesture after his resignation in 1974.
18.
Mission District, San Francisco, California
–
This mission, San Franciscos oldest standing building, is located in the northwest area of the neighborhood. The Mission District is located in east-central San Francisco and it is bordered to the east by U. S. Route 101, which forms the boundary between the eastern portion of the district, known as Inner Mission, and its eastern neighbor, Potrero Hill. Sanchez Street separates the neighborhood from Eureka Valley to the north west, the part of the neighborhood from Valencia Street to Sanchez Street, north of 20th Street, is known as the Mission Dolores neighborhood. South of 20th Street towards 22nd Street, and between Valencia and Dolores Streets is a neighborhood known as Liberty Hill. Cesar Chavez Street is the border, across Cesar Chavez Street is the Bernal Heights neighborhood. North of the Mission District is the South of Market neighborhood, bordered roughly by Duboce Avenue, the principal thoroughfare of the Mission District is Mission Street. South of the Mission District, along Mission Street, are the Excelsior and Crocker-Amazon neighborhoods, the Mission District is part of San Franciscos supervisorial districts 6,9 and 10. The Mission is often warmer and sunnier than other parts of San Francisco, the Missions geographical location insulates it from the fog and wind from the west. The Mission includes four recognized sub-districts, the northeastern quadrant, adjacent to Potrero Hill is known as a center for high tech startup businesses including some chic bars and restaurants. The northwest quadrant along Dolores Street is famous for Victorian mansions, prior to the arrival of Spanish missionaries, the area which now includes the Mission District was inhabited by the Ohlone people who populated much of the San Francisco bay area. The Yelamu Indians inhabited the region for over 2,000 years, Spanish missionaries arrived in the area during the late 18th century. They found these people living in two villages on Mission Creek and it was here that a Spanish priest named Father Francisco Palóu founded Mission San Francisco de Asis on June 29,1776. The Mission was moved from the shore of Laguna Dolores to its current location in 1783, franciscan friars are reported to have used Ohlone slave labor to complete the Mission in 1791. This period marked the beginning of the end of the Yelamu culture, the Indian population at Mission Dolores dropped from 400 to 50 between 1833 and 1841. The lands around the abandoned mission church became a focal point of raffish attractions including bull and bear fighting, horse racing, baseball. A famous beer parlor resort known as The Willows was located along Mission Creek just south of 18th Street between Mission Street and San Carlos Street. From 1865 to 1891, a conservatory and zoo known as Woodwards Gardens covered two city blocks bounded by Mission Street, Valencia Street, 13th Street, and 15th Street. During Californias early statehood period, in the 19th and 20th century, large numbers of Irish, development and settlement intensified after the 1906 earthquake, as many displaced businesses and residents moved into the area, making Mission Street a major commercial thoroughfare
Mission District, San Francisco, California
–
Clarion Alley Mural Project
Mission District, San Francisco, California
–
Pioneer Race Course 1853, the grandstands shown were located just south of 24th and Shotwell St.
Mission District, San Francisco, California
–
Corner of Beale and Mission Streets, San Francisco, c. 1863
Mission District, San Francisco, California
–
Alta California mission,
Mission San Francisco de Asis, the namesake of the neighborhood, and the oldest building in the city located in the far western end of the neighborhood on Dolores Street
19.
Roscoe Arbuckle
–
Roscoe Conkling Fatty Arbuckle was an American silent film actor, comedian, director, and screenwriter. Starting at the Selig Polyscope Company he eventually moved to Keystone Studios and he mentored Charlie Chaplin and discovered Buster Keaton and Bob Hope. Arbuckle was one of the most popular silent stars of the 1910s, between November 1921 and April 1922, Arbuckle was the defendant in three widely publicized trials for the rape and manslaughter of actress Virginia Rappe. Rappe had fallen ill at a party hosted by Arbuckle at the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco in September 1921, Arbuckle was accused by Rappes acquaintance of raping and accidentally killing Rappe. After the first two trials, which resulted in hung juries, Arbuckle was acquitted in the third trial, despite Arbuckles acquittal, the scandal has mostly overshadowed his legacy as a pioneering comedian. Following the trials, his films were banned and he was publicly ostracized, although the ban on his films was lifted within a year, Arbuckle only worked sparingly through the 1920s. He later worked as a director under the alias William Goodrich. He was finally able to return to acting, making short comedies in 1932 for Warner Bros. He died in his sleep of an attack in 1933 at age 46. Roscoe Conkling Arbuckle was born on March 24,1887 in Smith Center, Kansas, one of nine children of Mary E. Mollie Gordon and William Goodrich Arbuckle. He weighed in excess of 13 lb at birth and, as both parents had slim builds, his father believed the child was not his, consequently, the man named the baby for a politician whom he despised, Republican senator Roscoe Conkling of New York. The birth was traumatic for Mollie and resulted in health problems that contributed to her death 12 years later. When Arbuckle was nearly two his family moved to Santa Ana, California, Arbuckle had a wonderful singing voice and was extremely agile. At the age of eight, with his mothers encouragement, he first performed on stage with Frank Bacons company during their stopover in Santa Ana, Arbuckle enjoyed performing and continued on until his mothers death in 1899 when he was 12. His father, who had treated him harshly, now refused to support him. Arbuckle was in the habit of singing while he worked and was overheard by a customer who was a professional singer, the customer invited him to perform in an amateur talent show. The show consisted of the audience judging acts by clapping or jeering with bad acts pulled off the stage by a shepherds crook, Arbuckle sang, danced, and did some clowning around, but did not impress the audience. He saw the crook emerge from the wings and to avoid it somersaulted into the pit in obvious panic
Roscoe Arbuckle
–
Arbuckle, c. 1916
Roscoe Arbuckle
Roscoe Arbuckle
–
Frequent co-star
Mabel Normand.
Roscoe Arbuckle
–
With
Charles Chaplin in
Tango Tangles (1914)
20.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco
–
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in the northern California region of the United States. It covers the City and County of San Francisco and the Counties of Marin, the Archdiocese of San Francisco was canonically erected on July 29,1853, by Pope Pius IX and its cathedral is the Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption. The first church in the Archdiocese of San Francisco is older than the Archdiocese itself, the mission church that stands today was completed in 1791 and attached next door is Mission Dolores Basilica. The Franciscans who founded the mission also are credited with naming the City and County of San Francisco, and the entire region, after their patron, Saint Francis of Assisi. The current auxiliary bishop of the archdiocese is William J. Justice and he had previously been Bishop of Oakland, California. The See of San Francisco is administered by the Archbishop of San Francisco and its suffragans include the Dioceses of Honolulu, Las Vegas, Oakland, Reno, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Jose, Santa Rosa, and Stockton. Peter Yorke Way and Starr King Way are off of Geary Street as it becomes Geary Boulevard. The lists of archbishops, coadjutor and auxiliary bishops and their terms of service, followed by other priests of this diocese who became bishops, Joseph Sadoc Alemany y Conill, O. P. Archbishop Edward Hanna served as the first chairman of the National Catholic Welfare Council from its founding in 1919 until his retirement in 1935, Archbishop John R. Quinn was president of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops and the United States Catholic Conference from 1977–1980. To date, no sitting Archibishop of San Francisco has been elevated to cardinal, montgomery died before Riordan and therefore never succeeded to the position of archbishop. J. Peter USA in 2015 Old Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception — California Street and Grant Avenue, Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption —1001 Van Ness Avenue at OFarrell Street, destroyed by fire in 1962, the site is now studios of KRON-TV. Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption —1111 Gough at Geary Boulevard on Cathedral Hill, each county of the Archdiocese of San Francisco is divided into several deaneries, or parish groups. The CBA governs the terms of their employment, CL is an ecclesial association of Pontifical Right. Meetings are held weekly at St. Thomas More Church and the National Shrine of Saint Francis of Assisi, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco Official Site Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption Catholic San Francisco Article on the 40th Anniversary
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco
–
The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption, as seen from the DePaul Campus of Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco
–
The coat of arms of the Archdiocese of San Francisco
21.
Edward Joseph Hanna
–
Edward Joseph Hanna was an American clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of San Francisco from 1915 to 1935, Edward Hanna was born in Rochester, New York, to Edward and Anne Hanna, who were Irish immigrants. The eldest of six children, he had two brothers and three sisters, one of whom died in infancy, in 1867, at age seven, he began his education at Public School No.2 in his native city. The following year, he was sent to St. Patricks School and he entered Rochester Free Academy in 1875, and graduated as valedictorian in 1879. He there befriended his classmate, Walter Rauschenbusch, a future Baptist theologian and he and Rauschenbusch were two of the nineteen founding brothers of Pi Phi Fraternity at the academy in 1878. At the commencement ceremony, he delivered an oration on Irish political leader Daniel OConnell. Deciding to embrace the state, Hanna was sent by Bishop Bernard John McQuaid to study at the Pontifical North American College. His professor at the Propaganda, Benedetto Lorenzelli, selected him, on May 30,1885, Hanna was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Giulio Lenti at the Basilica of St. John Lateran. Pope Leo XIII was so impressed with his acumen that he conferred a Doctor of Sacred Theology degree without the need for an oral examination in 1886. He was a professor at St. Bernards Seminary from 1893 to 1912, on October 22,1912, he was named by Pope Pius X auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of San Francisco and titular bishop of Titiopolis. He was ordained to the episcopate on December 4,1912, following the death of Archbishop Patrick William Riordan on December 27,1914. Pope Benedict XV named Hanna the third Archbishop of San Francisco on June 1,1915, Hanna had a close friendship with San Francisco Mayor James Rolph, Jr. The archbishop and Sunny Jim were seen at many civic functions, Edward J. Hanna would support Rolph in his run for governor in 1930. Governor Rolph died in office June 2,1934, nine months later, as archbishop, Hanna was often tasked with helping resolve labor disputes. In 1921, he was named chairman of San Franciscos Wage Arbitration Boards, governor James Rolph appointed Hanna as the chairman of a state mediation board to resolve the 1933 cotton strike in Corcoran, California. During the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike, President Franklin Roosevelt named Archbishop Hanna chairman of the National Longshoremens Board, the board was tasked with resolving the strike by mediating between the International Longshoremens Association, the International Seamen’s Union, and their employers. In 1923 his portrait was painted three-quarters seated by the Swiss-born American portrait painter Adolfo Müller-Ury shortly afterwards being exhibited at Gumps, Hanna was key to the founding of St. Josephs Seminary in Mountain View, California, and it was considered the jewel of his accomplishments. As chairman, he was responsible for coordinating the American bishops lobbying efforts and response to the domestic, Archbishop Hanna retired March 2,1935, due to ill health and advancing age
Edward Joseph Hanna
–
Hanna's vault at Holy Cross
22.
Panama-Pacific International Exposition
–
The Panama–Pacific International Exposition was a worlds fair held in San Francisco, in the United States, between February 20 and December 4 in 1915. Its ostensible purpose was to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal, the fair was constructed on a 635 acre site in San Francisco, along the northern shore, between the Presidio and Fort Mason, now known as the Marina District. A telephone line was established to New York City so people across the continent could hear the Pacific Ocean. The Liberty Bell traveled by train on a tour from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to attend the exposition. After that trip, the Liberty Bell returned to Philadelphia, and has not made any further journeys since, the 1915 American Grand Prize and Vanderbilt Cup auto races were held February 27 and March 6 on a 3. 84-mile circuit set up around the Exposition grounds. The Smithsonian Institution also had an exhibition at the Exposition, the centerpiece was the Tower of Jewels, which rose to 435 feet and was covered with over 100,000 cut glass Novagems. The 3⁄4 to 2 inch colored gems sparkled in sunlight throughout the day and were illuminated by over 50 powerful electrical searchlights at night. In front of the Tower, the Fountain of Energy flowed at the center of the South Gardens, flanked by the Palace of Horticulture on the west and the Festival Hall to the east. The arch of the Tower served as the gateway to the Court of the Universe, leading to the Court of the Four Seasons to the west, the Machinery Palace, the largest hall, dominated the east end of the central court. At the west end of central court group was the Palace of Fine Arts, further west toward the bay down The Avenue of the Nations were national and states buildings, displaying customs and products unique to the area represented. At the opposite end of the Fair, near Fort Mason was The Zone, constructed from temporary materials, almost all the fairs various buildings and attractions were pulled down in late 1915. Intended to fall into pieces at the close of the fair, the Palace, including the colonnade with its signature weeping women and rotunda dome, was completely reconstructed in the 1960s and a seismic retrofit was completed in early 2009. The Exploratorium, a science museum, occupied the northern 2/3 of the Palace from 1969 to 2013. Also surviving are the one-third scale steam locomotives of the Overfair Railroad that operated at the Exposition and they are maintained in working order at the Swanton Pacific Railroad Society located on Cal Poly San Luis Obispos Swanton Ranch just north of Santa Cruz. The Legion of Honor Museum, in Lincoln Park, was the gift of Alma de Bretteville Spreckels, wife of the sugar magnate and thoroughbred racehorse owner/breeder Adolph B. At the close of the exposition, the French government granted Spreckels permission to construct a permanent replica of the French Pavilion, but World War I delayed the groundbreaking until 1921. The stamps were first put on sale in 1913, to promote the event, and perforated 12. The United States Congress authorized the San Francisco Mint to issue a series of five commemorative coins, said coins were the 1915-S silver Panama-Pacific half dollar and four gold coins
Panama-Pacific International Exposition
–
Modern picture of The Palace of Fine Arts, the only building surviving today (reconstructed) still on the exposition grounds
Panama-Pacific International Exposition
–
Floodlit pavilion at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The Tower of Jewels on the left, and the Italian Tower on the right.
Panama-Pacific International Exposition
–
A panorama of the Palace of Fine Arts c.1919. The current building was rebuilt in the 1930s, again in the 1960s, and then seismically retrofitted after damage from 1989's Loma Prieta Earthquake, and again in 2009.
Panama-Pacific International Exposition
–
Postcard showing new buildings in San Francisco, with earthquake ruins and bear in foreground, and two small images of buildings of the Exposition at bottom
23.
Merchants Exchange Building (San Francisco)
–
The Merchants Exchange Building is an office building located at 465 California Street, San Francisco, completed in 1904. The property is owned by real estate investor Clint Reilly and it had a library and a meeting room with bulletins on arriving ships and cargoes. Watchmen on the roof would relay messages of arriving ships to the merchants in the room below. The second structure, on California Street, was also three-story building, since it was situated more inland than its predecessor, it had a tower for the purpose of observing ships. This was succeeded by a skyscraper in 1904, which still stands today. The skyscraper was designed by architects Daniel Burnham and Willis Polk in Beaux-Arts, and features a modern steel-frame skeleton and it was designed to carry over many of the functions of its predecessors, while also serving in the capacity of a modern office building. It had a meeting room and an observation tower. It was one of the tallest buildings in the city at the time of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, although it was one of the few buildings to survive the quake and subsequent fires, it was heavily damaged. The City believed a quick repair would help create a sense of hope and security for many San Franciscans, Morgan designed the new skylit, marble lobby, which led to the great hall. Morgan designed the halls marble Ionic columns, coffered ceiling, and she also commissioned noted maritime artist William Coulter to paint the halls five murals. Each of the 16-by-18 murals depicts a sailing scene, originally the main meeting room, the hall is now occupied by California Bank & Trust. Morgans designs also extend into the Beaux-Arts lamps and bronze eagles on the exterior, in 1907, Morgan moved her office to the thirteenth floor of the building, after her previous one was demolished by the earthquake. She kept it here for the rest of her career, the Merchants Exchange played host to some important events and personages in the citys history. The fifteenth floor was home to the Commercial Club, a chamber for the politicians and socialites to powwow. After the 1906 earthquake, Mayor James Rolph carried out here to plan for the 1915 Pan-Pacific Exposition. Theodore Roosevelt, William Jennings Bryan, John Kerry, and Barack Obama are amongst the many luminaries to play guest at the Club over the years, following renovations in 1995, the Club was renamed the Julia Morgan Ballroom. It can be rented out for weddings, parties, and corporate events
Merchants Exchange Building (San Francisco)
–
The Merchants Exchange Building (right, in the distance) after the 1906 earthquake
Merchants Exchange Building (San Francisco)
–
Ceiling at Julia Morgan ballroom
24.
San Jose, California
–
San Jose, officially the City of San José, is the economic, cultural, and political center of Silicon Valley and the largest city in Northern California. With an estimated 2015 population of 1,026,908, it is the third most populous city in California and the tenth most populous in United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley, on the shore of San Francisco Bay. San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County, the most affluent county in California. San Jose is the largest city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area, which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the area around San Jose was inhabited by the Ohlone people, San Jose was founded on November 29,1777, as the Pueblo of San José de Guadalupe, the first civilian town founded in Spanish Alta California. When California gained statehood in 1850, San Jose became the states first capital, following World War II, San Jose experienced an economic boom, with a rapid population growth and aggressive annexation of nearby cities and communities carried out in the 1950s and 60s. The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from a center to an urbanized metropolitan area. Results of the 1990 U. S. Census indicated that San Jose had officially surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in Northern California, by the 1990s, San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for the high tech and internet industries. San Jose is considered to be a city, notable for its affluence. San Joses location within the high tech industry, as a cultural, political. San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world, and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world, according to the Brookings Institute. Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems, eBay, Adobe Systems, PayPal, Brocade, Samsung, Acer, Prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by several groups of Ohlone Native Americans. The first lasting European presence began with a series of Franciscan missions established from 1769 by Junípero Serra, San Jose came under Mexican rule in 1821 after Mexico broke with the Spanish crown. It then became part of the United States, after it capitulated in 1846, on March 27,1850, San Jose became the second incorporated city in the state, with Josiah Belden its first mayor. San Jose was Californias first state capital, and hosted the first, today the Circle of Palms Plaza in downtown is the historical marker for the first state capital. The city was a station on the Butterfield Overland Mail route, in the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by John Montgomery and his peers, the City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor
San Jose, California
–
Images, from top down, left to right:
Downtown San Jose,
Hotel De Anza, East San Jose suburbs,
Lick Observatory,
Plaza de César Chávez
San Jose, California
–
South First Street in the 1940s
San Jose, California
–
Overhead panorama of
downtown San Jose.
San Jose, California
–
Looking west over northern San Jose (downtown is at far left) and other parts of Silicon Valley. See an up-to-the-minute view of San Jose from the Mount Hamilton web camera
25.
Lynching
–
Lynching is an extrajudicial punishment by an informal group. It is most often used to characterise informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate a group. It is a form of informal group social control such as charivari, skimmington, riding the rail, and tarring and feathering. Lynchings have been frequent in times of social and economic tension. However, it has resulted from long-held prejudices and practices of discrimination that have conditioned societies to accept this type of violence as normal practices of popular justice. Indeed, instances of it can be found in societies long antedating European settlement of North America, the legal and cultural antecedents of American lynching were carried across the Atlantic by migrants from the British Isles to colonial North America. Collective violence was an aspect of the early modern Anglo-American legal landscape. In the United States, during the decades before the Civil War, assertive free-Blacks, Latinos in the South West, Violence rose even more at the end of the 19th century, after southern white Democrats regained their political power in the South in the 1870s. Nearly 3,500 African Americans and 1,300 whites were lynched in the United States between 1882 and 1968, mostly from 1882 to 1920, the origins of the word lynch are obscure, but it likely originated during the American revolution. The verb comes from the phrase Lynch Law, a term for a punishment without trial, two Americans during this era are generally credited for the phrase, Charles Lynch and William Lynch, who both lived in Virginia in the 1780s. Charles Lynch has the claim, as he was known to have used the term in 1782. There is no evidence that death was imposed as a punishment by either of the two men, in 1782, Charles Lynch wrote that his assistant had administered Lynchs law to Tories for Dealing with negroes, &c. In the United States, the origin of the terms lynching, Charles Lynch was a Virginia planter and American Revolutionary who headed a county court in Virginia which incarcerated Loyalist supporters of the British for up to one year during the war. While he lacked proper jurisdiction, he claimed this right by arguing wartime necessity, subsequently, he prevailed upon his friends in the Congress of the Confederation to pass a law which specifically exonerated him and his associates from wrongdoing. He was concerned that he might face legal action from one or more of those so incarcerated, Lynch was not accused of racist bias, and indeed acquitted blacks accused of murder on three separate occasions, as dictated by the facts brought before him. He was accused, however, of ethnic prejudice in his abuse of Welsh miners, William Lynch from Virginia claimed that the phrase was first used for a 1780 compact signed by him and his neighbors in Pittsylvania County. While Edgar Allan Poe claimed that he found this document, this was likely a hoax, however, linguistic evidence is strongly against it, and the story was likely invented in the 19th century. Racist extremism with an eye to viciousness and public spectacle was frequently evident, in the South, members of the abolitionist movement or other people opposing slavery were usually targets of lynch mob violence before the Civil War
Lynching
–
A
black American man killed by hanging in a lynching in 1925.
Lynching
–
The lynching of
Laura Nelson in
Okemah, Oklahoma on May 25, 1911; she was lynched together with her son.
Lynching
–
One of the largest mass lynchings in American history involved the lynching of eleven
Italian immigrants in
New Orleans in 1891.
Lynching
–
Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, lynched in
Marion, Indiana on August 7, 1930
26.
Brooke Hart
–
Brooke Hart was the oldest son of Alexander Hart, the owner of Leopold Hart and Son Department Store at the southeast corner of Market and Santa Clara Street in downtown San Jose, California. His kidnapping and murder were reported throughout the United States, when Harts body was discovered in San Francisco Bay on the morning of Sunday, November 26,1933, word of a lynch mob spread quickly throughout northern California. That evening, a crowd gathered in St. James Park across from the Santa Clara County Courthouse, the lynching was broadcast as a live event by a Los Angeles radio station. Scores of reporters, photographers, and news camera operators, along with an estimated 3,000 to 10,000 men, women, Hart had worked in his familys department store during much of his youth and was well-known and liked by the local community. After he graduated from Santa Clara University, his father made him a vice president in the store. According to later confessions, two men had plotted to kidnap Hart, John Holmes and Thomas Thurmond, there they abandoned the Studebaker for another waiting car, which had been driven to the rendezvous point by Holmes, and the group of three drove to the San Mateo Bridge. On the bridge, Hart was ordered out of the car, the kidnappers bound his arms with baling wire before dumping him into San Francisco Bay. The tide was out and there was only a few feet of water at the base of the bridge, so the kidnappers shot Hart, killing him. A few hours later, the placed a telephone call to the Hart family demanding $40,000 for Harts return. Hart had been kidnapped at the exit of the lot behind the family department store. A half-hour later, a mother and daughter on a farm south of Milpitas watched as a dark. A few minutes later, a convertible with three men stopped near the sedan and their description of the man driving the convertible, slender with light colored hair, matched the description of Hart, as did the Studebaker as his car. Hart was driven away in the larger car, one of the group followed in the Studebaker. The mother did not report the events until the following Monday, the investigators did not agree on the veracity of the story, which did not agree with the number of kidnappers from the recorded confessions. The car was confirmed to be Harts by Sheriff Emig and a deputy, at 10,30, what sounded like the same man called and informed Miriam that her brother would be returned upon payment of US$40,000. Delivery instructions would be provided the next day, the San Jose Police, the Santa Clara County Sheriffs office, and the U. S. Division of Investigation were quickly brought into the case, the phone calls were traced to locations in San Francisco. Lurline was stopped and searched in Los Angeles upon arrival on November 11, one of the passengers detained during the three-hour search was Babe Ruth, traveling to Los Angeles watch a football game between Southern California and Stanford
Brooke Hart
–
Harts Department Store, San Jose, California 1926
27.
National Guard (United States)
–
All members of the National Guard of the United States are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U. S. C. National Guard units are under the control of the state. The majority of National Guard soldiers and airmen hold a civilian job full-time while serving part-time as a National Guard member, local militias were formed from the earliest English colonization of the Americas in 1607. The first colony-wide militia was formed by Massachusetts in 1636 by merging small older local units, the various colonial militias became state militias when the United States became independent. The title National Guard was used from 1824 by some New York State militia units, National Guard became a standard nationwide militia title in 1903, and specifically indicated reserve forces under mixed state and federal control from 1933. The first muster of militia forces in what is today the United States took place on September 16,1565, appropriately enough, this muster occurred in the shadow of an oncoming hurricane. This Spanish militia tradition and the English tradition that would be established to the north would provide the nucleus for Colonial defense in the New World. The militia tradition continued with the first permanent English settlements in the New World, Jamestown Colony and Plymouth Colony both had militia forces, which initially consisted of every able bodied adult male. By the mid-1600s every town had at least one militia company, as a result of the Spanish–American War, Congress was called upon to reform and regulate the training and qualification of state militias. The first national laws regulating the militia were the Militia acts of 1792, in 1903, with passage of the Dick Act, the predecessor to the modern-day National Guard was formed. It required the states to divide their militias into two sections, the law recommended the title National Guard for the first section, known as the organized militia, and Reserve Militia for all others. During World War I, Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916, Congress also authorized the states to maintain Home Guards, which were reserve forces outside the National Guards being deployed by the Federal Government. The National Guard of the states, territories, and the District of Columbia serves as part of the first-line of defense for the United States. C. Where the National Guard operates under the President of the United States or his designee, the governors exercise control through the state adjutants general. The National Guard may be called up for duty by the governors to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as hurricanes, floods. The National Guard is administered by the National Guard Bureau, which is a joint activity of the Army, the National Guard Bureau provides a communication channel for state National Guards to the DoD. S. C. The National Guard Bureau is headed by the Chief of the National Guard Bureau, prior to 2008, the functions of Agricultural Development Teams were within Provincial Reconstruction Teams of the US Government. Today, ADTs consist of soldiers and airmen from the Army National Guard, today, ADTs bring an effective platform for enhanced dialogue, building confidence, sharing interests, and increasing cooperation amongst the disparate peoples and tribes of Afghanistan
National Guard (United States)
–
Army National Guard soldiers at New York City's
Penn Station in 2004.
National Guard (United States)
–
National Guard of the United States
National Guard (United States)
–
First Muster, Spring 1637, Massachusetts Bay Colony.
National Guard (United States)
–
A National Guardsman in 1917.
28.
Visalia, California
–
The population was 130,104 at the 2015 census. Visalia is the 5th largest city in the San Joaquin Valley after Fresno, Bakersfield, Stockton and Modesto, the 44th most populous in California, and 198th in the United States. As the county seat of Tulare County, Visalia serves as the economic, Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks are located in the nearby Sierra Nevada mountains, the highest mountain range in the contiguous United States. The area around Visalia was first settled by the Yokuts and Mono Native American tribes thousands of years ago and it is unknown when the first Europeans arrived, but the first to make a written record of the area was Pedro Fages in 1722. When California achieved statehood in 1850, Tulare County did not exist, the land that is now Tulare County was part of the huge County of Mariposa. In 1852, some settled in the area, then called Four Creeks. The area got its name from the many watershed creeks and rivers flowing from the Sierra Nevada Mountains, all the water resulted in a widespread swampy area with a magnificent oak forest. The industrious group of settlers petitioned the legislature for county status and on July 10 of that same year. One of the first inhabitants of a built by the settlers was Nathaniel Vise. Nathaniel was responsible for surveying the new settlement, in November 1852, he wrote, The town contains from 60-80 inhabitants,30 of whom are children of school age. The town is located one of the subdivisions of the Kaweah River and is destined to be the county seat of Tulare. In 1853, that became a reality and Visalia has remained the county seat since that time. Visalia is named for Nathaniel Vises ancestral home, Visalia, Kentucky, early growth in Visalia can be attributed in part to the gold rush along the Kern River. The gold fever brought many transient miners through Visalia along the way, in 1859 Visalia was added to John Butterfields Overland Stage route from St. Louis, Missouri to San Francisco. A plaque commemorating the location can be found at 116 East Main Street, included in the early crop of citizens were some notorious and nasty individuals who preyed upon the travelers along the Butterfield Stage route. Many saloons and hotels sprouted up around the stage stop downtown, the next memorable event was the arrival of the telegraph in 1860. Visalians then could get information of the events taking place on the East Coast which would ultimately develop into the American Civil War. During the Civil War, many citizens of Visalia couldnt decide whether Visalia should stand on the side of the North or the South, no one really knows the outcome of the war, but apparently it was concluded to the satisfaction of the participants and life returned to normal
Visalia, California
–
Acequia Ave
Visalia, California
–
Logo
Visalia, California
–
Workers weighing and sacking sugar at the Pacific Sugar Company, Visalia, Tulare County, California, ca.1900
Visalia, California
–
Visalia Fox Theater
29.
Caroline Decker
–
Caroline Decker Gladstein was a labor activist in the 1930s in California. A member of the Communist Party, as many activists were, she was an organizer for the Cannery, Decker helped organize massive strikes of agricultural workers in California in the 1930s during the Great Depression. After serving time in prison, she married a second time and she and her attorney husband had four children together. Caroline Decker was born on April 26,1912 in Macon and her real name was Caroline Dwofsky, the daughter of Bernard Dwofsky and Anna Raskin. Like most Communist organizers at the time, Caroline used an alias, taking Decker as hers and her parents were Jewish immigrants from who had emigrated to the US after fleeing pogroms in Ukraine. Her family moved to Syracuse, N. Y. when she was 12, in Syracuse, Caroline met many leaders of left-wing organizations who frequented the family home. She joined the Young Communist League USA, helped organize workers and shoe workers in Binghamton, N. Y. She and her sister worked out of Knoxville, Tennessee, helping with strike relief, after the strike ended, Decker went west to California as part of the Free Tom Mooney delegation. She stopped in Carmel at the home of Lincoln Steffans, where Langston Hughes and they intended it to be “…a tribute to Caroline Decker” but it was unsuccessful, a “…long, artificial propaganda vehicle too complicated and too cumbersome to be performed. California, in 1933, was in the midst of bitter struggles from the Central Valleys south to Imperial County, California. Declining agricultural wages put pressure on workers, and the Cannery and Agricultural Worker’s International Union organizers found fertile ground among discontented, several of the CAWIU leaders, including Decker, were members of the Communist Party, and she became the union secretary. Wages for agricultural workers prior to the August strikes had ranged from 15 to 17-1/2 cents an hour, Decker moved further up the ranks of the CAWI during the strike against grape growers in the Fresno area. Decker led a rally in Fresno on September 11 where “…four thousand thronged the speaker’s platform to hear this petite blonde, grape pickers sought a wage of 25 cents an hour, but growers held firm at 20 cents. Local authorities arrested much of the leadership of the CAWIU, the editor of the Fresno Bee believed the CAWIU was plotting the overthrow of the U. S. government and encouraged the actions of authorities. In October 1933, Decker became involved with the San Joaquin cotton strike, cotton was the “second most lucrative crop in California”. In 1921 there were 1,500 acres in production, by 1937 there “was close to 600,00 acres”. By the time of the strike, growers had sold 75 per cent of the crop to Japan at 7 cents a pound in advance of the harvest, and had “no room whatsoever to pass on added labor costs. Field workers demanded one dollar per hundred pounds, growers offered sixty cents, at which rate “even a strong, steadily working man could make no more than $1.20 a day
Caroline Decker
–
Caroline Decker Gladstein
30.
Washington Bartlett
–
Washington Montgomery Bartlett was the 20th mayor of San Francisco, California from 1883 to 1887, the 16th governor of California, and – to date – the only Jewish governor of California. Bartlett was born in Savannah, Georgia in 1824, the son of Sarah E. Melhado and he was a lifelong bachelor and a printer by trade. During his lifetime Bartlett was a San Francisco newspaper publisher, San Francisco County Clerk, lawyer, state senator, mayor, bartletts term as governor started and ended in 1887 when he died in office of Brights disease nine months into his term. His inaugural address after being elected as governor was presented on 8 January 1887, Bartlett is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California. Washington Bartlett biography at the California State Library Washington Bartlett at Find a Grave
Washington Bartlett
–
Washington Bartlett
Washington Bartlett
–
Washington Bartlett's tomb at
Mountain View Cemetery in
Oakland, California.
.jpg)
