1.
James A. Thurber
–
James A. Thurber is University Distinguished Professor of Government, Founder, and Director of the Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies at American University in Washington, D. C. Under his direction, CCPS organizes the Campaign Management Institute, the Public Affairs and Advocacy Institute, and he is editor of the journal Congress and the Presidency. He has worked on four reorganization efforts for committees in the U. S. House of Representatives, Thurber has been on the faculty at American University since 1974 and was honored as the University Scholar/Teacher of the Year in 1996. He was legislative assistant to U. S, senators Hubert H. Humphrey, Bill Brock, Adlai Stevenson III, and U. S. He worked with Senator Barack Obama on ethics and lobbying reforms and his latest publications are Rivals for Power, Presidential-Congressional Relations, Campaigns and Elections, American Style with Candice Nelson. Nelson and David A. Dulio and Campaign Warriors, Political Consultants in Elections and he is a Fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration. He received the 2010 APSA Walter Beach Pi Sigma Alpha award for his work combining applied, Thurber has authored and edited several books
2.
Columbus, Ohio
–
Columbus is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Ohio. It is the 15th-largest city in the United States, with a population of 850,106 as of 2015 estimates and this makes Columbus the fourth-most populous state capital in the United States, and the third-largest city in the Midwestern United States. It is the city of the Columbus, Ohio, Metropolitan Statistical Area. With a population of 2,021,632, it is Ohios third-largest metropolitan area, Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County. The city proper has also expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County, named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. As of 2013, the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U. S, fortune 500, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, L Brands, Big Lots, and Cardinal Health. In 2012, Columbus was ranked in BusinessWeeks 50 best cities in America. In 2013, Forbes gave Columbus an A rating as one of the top cities for business in the U. S. and later that included the city on its list of Best Places for Business. Columbus was also ranked as the No.1 up-and-coming tech city in the nation by Forbes in 2008, and the city was ranked a top-ten city by Relocate America in 2010. In 2007, fDi Magazine ranked the city no.3 in the U. S. for cities of the future, and the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium was rated no.1 in 2009 by USA Travel Guide. The area including modern-day Columbus once comprised the Ohio Country, under the control of the French colonial empire through the Viceroyalty of New France from 1663 until 1763. In the 18th century, European traders flocked to the area, the area found itself frequently caught between warring factions, including American Indian and European interests. In the 1740s, Pennsylvania traders overran the territory until the French forcibly evicted them, in the early 1750s, the Ohio Company sent George Washington to the Ohio Country to survey. Fighting for control of the territory in the French and Indian War became part of the international Seven Years War, during this period, the region routinely suffered turmoil, massacres, and battles. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the Ohio Country to the British Empire, after the American Revolution, the Ohio Country became part of the Virginia Military District, under the control of the United States. Colonists from the East Coast moved in, but rather finding a empty frontier, they encountered people of the Miami, Delaware, Wyandot, Shawnee. The tribes resisted expansion by the fledgling United States, leading to years of bitter conflict, the decisive Battle of Fallen Timbers resulted in the Treaty of Greenville, which finally opened the way for new settlements. By 1797, a surveyor from Virginia named Lucas Sullivant had founded a permanent settlement on the west bank of the forks of the Scioto River
3.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
4.
Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)
–
Green Lawn Cemetery is a large and historically significant burial ground in Central Ohio, United States. Located in the section of Columbus, Ohio, it is the final resting place for many local notables. Green Lawn was the most fashionable and sought after final address in Columbus, founded in 1848, and designed by noted landscape architect Howard Daniels, the facility covers over 360 acres and contains nearly 150,000 interments. Some of the largest family crypts that can be seen are those of the Hayden, Battelle, there are specialized burial areas similar to those found in many other large cemeteries. Specifically, there is Lullabye Land where stillborns and infant deaths are laid to rest, a monument is erected towards the westernmost boundary for the Soldiers and Sailors memorial movement. There is also one British Commonwealth war grave, of a Royal Air Force Ferry Command officer of World War II, the center building of the cemetery is the mausoleum and chapel. This building was erected in 1902, and then was subsequently added to with an additional wing. Here can be found intricate precious-stone mosaics on the walls and stained-glass windows commissioned by the board of trustees of the Tiffany glassworks studio, changes to Columbus growth patterns, and demographics have reshaped the cemetery. Once located in the outskirts of Columbus, the cemetery is now surrounded by residential neighborhoods, industrial facilities. This has shifted the main entrance of Green Lawn away from the western, to this effect, the cemetery is a large sprawling complex, incorporating over 25 miles of roads, paths, and lanes. It has arbors and a preserve, and at its central pond is a recognized Audubon Society Important Bird Area. Five former governors of the State of Ohio are interred in the cemetery as well as five Medal of Honor recipients, bricker, Ohio Governor, U. S. Senator, Vice-Presidential candidate as Thomas Deweys running mate in 1944. Samuel Bush, industrialist and grandfather of U. S. President George H. W. Bush, representative from Ohio William Dennison, Jr. Washington Gladden, minister, social reformer Alexander Livingston, creator of the paragon tomato, the first commercial tomato
5.
Language
–
Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics, questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought, 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky, estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. However, any precise estimate depends on an arbitrary distinction between languages and dialects. Natural languages are spoken or signed, but any language can be encoded into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli – for example, in whistling, signed and this is because human language is modality-independent. All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to particular meanings, human language has the properties of productivity and displacement, and relies entirely on social convention and learning. Its complex structure affords a wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication. Language is processed in different locations in the human brain. Humans acquire language through interaction in early childhood, and children generally speak fluently when they are approximately three years old. The use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture, a group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family. The languages of the Dravidian family that are mostly in Southern India include Tamil. Academic consensus holds that between 50% and 90% of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100. The English word language derives ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s tongue, speech, language through Latin lingua, language, tongue, and Old French language. The word is used to refer to codes, ciphers. Unlike conventional human languages, a language in this sense is a system of signs for encoding and decoding information. This article specifically concerns the properties of human language as it is studied in the discipline of linguistics. As an object of study, language has two primary meanings, an abstract concept, and a specific linguistic system, e. g. French
6.
My Life and Hard Times
–
My Life and Hard Times is the 1933 autobiography of James Thurber. It is considered his greatest work as he relates in bewildered deadpan prose the eccentric goings on of his family, the book was a best seller and also achieved high critical praise. Russell Baker writing in the New York Times said it was possibly the shortest and most elegant autobiography ever, ogden Nash said it was just about the best thing I ever read, and Dorothy Parker said Mad, I dont say
7.
My World and Welcome to It
–
And Welcome to It is an American half-hour television sitcom based on the humor and cartoons of James Thurber. It starred William Windom as John Monroe, a Thurber-like writer, wry, fanciful and curmudgeonly, Monroe observes and comments on life, to the bemusement of his rather sensible wife Ellen and intelligent, questioning daughter Lydia. Monroes frequent daydreams and fantasies are based on Thurber material. My World — And Welcome To It is the name of a book of illustrated stories and essays, the series ran one season on NBC 1969-1970. It was created by Mel Shavelson, who wrote and directed the episode and was one of the shows principal writers. The shows producer, Danny Arnold, co-wrote or directed numerous episodes, most episodes open with Monroe arriving in front of the house from the Thurber cartoon Home, which in the original cartoon has a womans face on one side of it. In the show the house is initially house-shaped, the womans face is often animated to appear, as Ellen says something to John. The Home house, without the face, is used as an establishing shot throughout the episodes, other Thurber cartoons are similarly animated over the course of the series, sometimes in the opening sequence, sometimes later in the episode. The episode Cristabel begins with Monroe lying on top of a cartoon doghouse, the animation for the series was by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises. Humorist Henry Morgan had a role as a humor writer for The Manhattanite. Harold J. Stone played the editor, with whom Monroe is often at odds about cartoon content, a female writer who appeared in one episode was also loosely based on Dorothy Parker. Guest-stars included Lee Meriwether, Paul Ford, Joe Besser, Ray Walston, Craig Stevens, Danny Bonaduce, Talia Shire, Cindy Williams, James Gregory, live action adaptations of Thurbers writing are another show staple. For example, Rally Round the Flag, in which Monroe purchases a large flag as a gift, is loosely based on a Thurber piece called Theres a Time for Flags. An incident with a policeman in Cristabel is an almost verbatim transcription of the Thurber story The Topaz Cufflinks Mystery, Fables for Our Time is another source, as when John Monroe sees a unicorn in the back yard, a reference to The Unicorn in the Garden. Many of the titles are taken from Thurbers Fables for Our Time. Monroe and his family first came to television in a 1959 Alcoa Theatre/Goodyear Theatre production called Cristabel, the dog Cristabel was named after a dog Thurber gave to his daughter. For example, there is no Thurber basis for Monroe and daughter Lydia playing chess throughout Little Girls Are Sugar & Spice - And Not Always Nice, although Thurber material is woven around it, the episodes storyline itself is fairly conventional situation comedy. William Windom, though, was a tournament chess player, so he most likely added that to the storyline as a personal touch, CBS reran My World and Welcome to It in the summer of 1972
8.
Cartoonist
–
A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is created for entertainment, political commentary, or advertising. The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged In the 18th century, has credited with pioneering Western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic series of pictures called modern moral subjects. Much of his work poked fun at politics and customs. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, calling the king, prime ministers and generals to account, while never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with having the first cartoon published in an American newspaper. In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast introduced other familiar American political symbols, during the 20th century, numerous magazines carried single-panel gag cartoons by such freelance cartoonists as Charles Addams, Irwin Caplan, Chon Day, Clyde Lamb, and John Norment. These were almost always published in black and white, although Colliers often carried cartoons in color, the debut of Playboy introduced full-page color cartoons by Jack Cole, Eldon Dedini, and others. Single-panel cartoonists syndicated to newspapers included Dave Breger, Hank Ketcham, George Lichty, Fred Neher, Irving Phillips, comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by syndicates such as the Universal Press Syndicate, United Media, or King Features. Sunday strips go to a company such as American Color before they are published. Some comic strip creators publish in the press or on the Internet. Comic strip artists may also work in book-length form, creating graphic novels. Both vintage and current strips receive reprints in book collections, the major comic book publishers utilize teams of cartoonists to produce the art. When a consistent artistic style is wanted among different cartoonists, character model sheets may be used as reference, animated cartooning is created for short films, advertising, feature films and television. It is also used in live-action films for dream sequences or opening titles. An animation artist is referred to as an animator rather than a cartoonist. They create motion pictures as well, Animation studios such as DreamWorks Animation, Pixar, Walt Disney Animation Studios, and Blue Sky Studios create CGI or computer-animated films that are more three-dimensional. There are many books of cartoons in both paperback and hardcover, such as the collections of cartoons from The New Yorker, prior to the 1960s, cartoons were mostly ignored by museums and art galleries
9.
Wit
–
Wit is a form of intelligent humour, the ability to say or write things that are clever and usually funny. A wit is a person skilled at making clever and funny remarks, forms of wit include the quip and repartee. As in the wit of Dorothy Parkers set, the Algonquin Round Table, witty remarks may be intentionally cruel, and perhaps more ingenious than funny. A quip is an observation or saying that has some wit but perhaps descends into sarcasm, or otherwise is short of a point, repartee is the wit of the quick answer and capping comment, the snappy comeback and neat retort. English poet John Donne is the representative of this style of poetry, more generally, ones wits are ones intellectual powers of all types. Native wit — meaning the wits with one is born — is closely synonymous with common sense. To live by ones wits is to be an opportunist, to have ones wits about one is to be alert and capable of quick reasoning. To be at the end of ones wits is to be immensely frustrated, hartford Wits New Oxford Wits Oxford Wits D. W. Jefferson, Tristram Shandy and the Tradition of Learned Wit in Essays in Criticism,1, 225-49
10.
The New Yorker
–
The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. It is published by Condé Nast, started as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is now published 47 times annually, with five of these issues covering two-week spans. Although its reviews and events listings often focus on the life of New York City. The New Yorker debuted on February 21,1925 and it was founded by Harold Ross and his wife, Jane Grant, a New York Times reporter. Ross wanted to create a humor magazine that would be different from perceivably corny humor publications such as Judge. Ross partnered with entrepreneur Raoul H. Fleischmann to establish the F-R Publishing Company, the magazines first offices were at 25 West 45th Street in Manhattan. Ross edited the magazine until his death in 1951, during the early, occasionally precarious years of its existence, the magazine prided itself on its cosmopolitan sophistication. Ross famously declared in a 1925 prospectus for the magazine, It has announced that it is not edited for the old lady in Dubuque, although the magazine never lost its touches of humor, it soon established itself as a pre-eminent forum for serious fiction literature and journalism. Shortly after the end of World War II, John Herseys essay Hiroshima filled an entire issue, D. Salinger, Irwin Shaw, James Thurber, John Updike, Eudora Welty, Stephen King, and E. B. White. Publication of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery drew more mail than any story in the magazines history. In its early decades, the magazine published two or even three short stories a week, but in recent years the pace has remained steady at one story per issue. Kurt Vonnegut said that The New Yorker has been an instrument for getting a large audience to appreciate modern literature. Vonneguts 1974 interview with Joe David Bellamy and John Casey contained a discussion of The New Yorkers influence, No other art requires the audience to be a performer. You have to count on the readers being a good performer and those writers you mentioned and myself are teaching an audience how to play this kind of music in their heads. Its a learning process, and The New Yorker has been a good institution of the sort needed. They have an audience, and they come out every week, and people finally catch on to Barthelme, for instance. The non-fiction feature articles cover an array of topics. Recent subjects have included eccentric evangelist Creflo Dollar, the different ways in which humans perceive the passage of time, the magazine is notable for its editorial traditions
11.
The Male Animal
–
The Male Animal is a 1942 American comedy-drama film, produced by Warner Bros. starring Henry Fonda, Olivia de Havilland and Joan Leslie. The film was based on a hit 1940 Broadway play of the name written by James Thurber. The screenplay was written by Stephen Morehouse Avery, Julius J. Epstein, the film was also directed by Elliott Nugent. Tommy Turner is an English teacher at football-crazed Midwestern University, although he is uninvolved with the politics of the day, Tommy suddenly finds himself the center of a free-speech debate on campus. The schools conservative trustees, led by Ed Keller threaten to fire Tommy if he doesnt withdraw the reading from his lecture, the subject of free speech and Tommys dilemma of conscience anchor the dramatic subplots social significance. The lighter comic triangle plot concerns a visit to attend the big football game by Joe Ferguson. Joe is recently divorced and he rekindles Ellens romantic notions at the moment when her marriage to Tommy is being tested by the events on campus. Blanche Damon Regina Wallace as Mrs. Myrtle Keller Frank Mayo as Coach Sprague William B, Don DeFore, another member of the Broadway cast, repeated his role in the film. Co-writer Elliott Nugent played the role on the stage before coming to Hollywood to direct Henry Fonda in the film version. Gig Young, who changed his birth name / stage name, Byron Barr, the Male Animal was loosely reworked by Warner Brothers as a musical called Shes Working Her Way Through College, starring Virginia Mayo and Ronald Reagan. In this adaptation, the names are changed. Also, the theme is discarded in favor of a conflict surrounding the professors attempt to mount a musical play featuring a student who is discovered to be a former burlesque dancer. The film earned an estimated $2.4 million at the North American box office in 1952, the film features Gene Nelson and Phyllis Thaxter in the cast, as well as Don DeFore who had also been in The Male Animal
12.
Elliott Nugent
–
Elliott Nugent was an American actor, playwright, writer, and film director. Nugent, the son of actor J. C. Nugent and he directed The Cat and the Canary, starring Bob Hope and Paulette Goddard. He also directed the Hope films Never Say Die and My Favorite Brunette, Nugent was a college classmate of fellow Ohioan James Thurber. Together, they wrote the Broadway play The Male Animal in which Nugent starred with Gene Tierney and he also directed the 1942 Warner Bros. film version of The Male Animal, starring Henry Fonda and Olivia de Havilland. Nugent was the brother-in-law of actor Alan Bunce of Ethel and Albert fame
13.
Henry Fonda
–
Henry Jaynes Fonda was an American film and stage actor with a career spanning more than five decades. Fonda made his mark early as a Broadway actor and he also appeared in 1938 in plays performed in White Plains, New York, with Joan Tompkins. Throughout six decades in Hollywood, Fonda cultivated a strong, appealing screen image in such classics as The Ox-Bow Incident, Fonda was the patriarch of a family of famous actors, including daughter Jane Fonda, son Peter Fonda, granddaughter Bridget Fonda, and grandson Troy Garity. His family and close friends called him Hank, in 1999, he was named the sixth-Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute. Fondas ancestors from Genoa, Italy, migrated to the Netherlands in the 15th century, in 1642, a branch of the Fonda family immigrated to the Dutch colony of New Netherland on the East Coast of North America. They were among the first Dutch population to settle in what is now upstate New York, establishing the town of Fonda, by 1888, many of their descendants had relocated to Nebraska. Henry Fonda was born in Grand Island, Nebraska, to advertising-printing jobber William Brace Fonda, Fonda was brought up as a Christian Scientist, though he was baptized an Episcopalian at St. Stephens Episcopal Church in Grand Island. He said, My whole damn family was nice and they were a close family and highly supportive, especially in health matters, as they avoided doctors due to their religion. Despite having a background, he later became an agnostic. Fonda was a bashful, short boy who tended to avoid girls, except his sisters, and was a skater, swimmer. He worked part-time in his fathers print plant and imagined a career as a journalist. Later, he worked after school for the phone company, Fonda was active in the Boy Scouts of America, Teichmann reports that he reached the rank of Eagle Scout. When he was about 14, his father took him to observe the lynching of a black man accused of rape. This enraged the young Fonda and he kept a keen awareness of prejudice for the rest of his life, by his senior year in high school, Fonda had grown to more than six feet tall, but remained shy. He attended the University of Minnesota, where he majored in journalism and he took a job with the Retail Credit Company. He was fascinated by the stage, learning everything from set construction to stage production, Fonda decided to quit his job and go East in 1928 to seek his fortune. He arrived on Cape Cod and played a role at the Cape Playhouse in Dennis. A friend took him to Falmouth, MA where he joined and quickly became a member of the University Players
14.
Olivia de Havilland
–
Olivia Mary de Havilland is a retired American actress whose career spanned from 1935 to 1990. She appeared in 49 feature films, and was one of the movie stars during the golden age of Classical Hollywood. Born in Tokyo to British parents, de Havilland and her younger sister Joan moved to California in 1919 and they were brought up by their mother Lilian, a former stage actress who taught them dramatic art, music, and elocution. De Havilland made her debut in amateur theatre in Alice in Wonderland. Olivia de Havilland made her debut in Reinhardts A Midsummer Nights Dream in 1935. She began her career playing demure ingénues opposite popular leading men, including Errol Flynn and they became one of Hollywoods most popular romantic on-screen pairings. She achieved her initial popularity in romantic films, such as The Great Garrick. Her natural beauty and refined acting style made her particularly effective in historical dramas, such as Anthony Adverse. In her later career, she was most successful in films, such as Light in the Piazza. In addition to her career, de Havilland continued her work in the theatre. For her contributions to the picture industry, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. After romantic relationships with Howard Hughes, James Stewart, and John Huston, de Havilland married author Marcus Goodrich, with whom she had a son, Benjamin. Following her divorce from Goodrich in 1953, she moved to Paris and married Pierre Galante, in 1962, she published Every Frenchman Has One, an account of her life in France. De Havilland and Joan Fontaine are the siblings to have won Academy Awards in a lead acting category. A lifelong rivalry between the two resulted in an estrangement that lasted over three decades. She has lived in Paris since 1956, and celebrated her 100th birthday on July 1,2016, De Havilland was born on July 1,1916, in Tokyo, Japan, to English parents. Her father, Walter de Havilland, served as an English professor at the Imperial University in Tokyo before becoming a patent attorney and her mother, Lilian Fontaine, was educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and became a stage actress. Lilian also sang with the Master of the Kings Music, Sir Walter Parratt, Olivias paternal cousin was Sir Geoffrey de Havilland, an aircraft designer and founder of the de Havilland aircraft company
15.
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947 film)
–
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty is a 1947 Technicolor comedy film, loosely based on the short story of the same name by James Thurber. The film stars Danny Kaye as a young daydreaming proof reader for a publishing firm. The film was adapted for the screen by Ken Englund, Everett Freeman, and Philip Rapp, Walter Mitty is an inconsequential guy from Perth Amboy, New Jersey. But his dreams only seem to him in more trouble. In one scene, while stoking the boiler, he dreams what it would be like to be an RAF fighter pilot. He is awakened from this daydream by his mother, who orders him to come to dinner, believing he is still a British fighter pilot, he salutes, and places a red-hot poker under his arm—only to burn a hole in his suit jacket. Things become much more complicated when he runs into a woman, Rosalind van Hoorn. Rosalind is working with her uncle, Peter van Hoorn, to secure some Dutch crown jewels hidden from the Nazis during World War II. Caught up in an adventure that seems unbelievable even to him, Walter attempts to hide his double life from his mundane family. Eventually, he acquires the courage to stand up to those who kick him around, according to Thurber, producer Samuel Goldwyn rejected the Englund and Freeman script in December 1945, and sent Englund to consult with Thurber, who worked with him for ten days. Thurber later complained that at one time the psychiatrist scene contained a bathing girl incident which will haunt me all the days of my life and he was repeatedly consulted by Goldwyn, but his suggestions were largely ignored. In a letter to Life Magazine, Thurber expressed his dissatisfaction with the script. Thurber also mentioned that Goldwyn asked him not to part of the script, because it was too blood. Thurber said that he read the script anyway, and was horror. However, Goldwyn soon changed it back to Thurbers title in response to the protests of Thurber fans. The Anatole character is based on Antoine de Paris, a womens hair-salon professional of the era, the lyrics to the song Anatole of Paris were written by Kayes wife, Sylvia Fine. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty ranks 479th on Empire magazines 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty was dramatized as a radio play on the November 3,1947 broadcast of The Screen Guild Theater with Kaye
16.
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (2013 film)
–
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty is a 2013 American adventure comedy-drama film written by Steve Conrad and directed, produced and starring Ben Stiller. The film also stars Kristen Wiig, Shirley MacLaine, Adam Scott, Kathryn Hahn, Gore Verbinski served as executive producer. This is the film adaptation of James Thurbers 1939 short story of the same name. The film premiered at the New York Film Festival on October 5,2013, the Secret Life of Walter Mitty was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 15,2014 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. Walter Mitty is a negative assets manager at Life magazine who daydreams of adventures and has a crush on a coworker named Cheryl, Mitty works with photojournalist Sean OConnell, whose images are highly regarded. OConnell has sent Mitty his latest negatives and a wallet as a gift in appreciation of Mittys work, OConnell believes negative #25 captures the quintessence of Life and that it should be used for the cover of the magazines final print issue as it converts to online status. The negative is missing, however, and Walter is forced to stall for time with corporate transition manager Ted Hendricks, while viewing the other negatives outside Lifes offices, Cheryl approaches Mitty and suggests that he think of the negatives as clues to Seans location. They look at three of them, including one of a thumb with a unique ring on it. A third picture of a boat leads Mitty to determine that OConnell is in Greenland, Mitty promptly flies there to find him. A bartender in Nuuk explains that OConnell left on a ship, to find him, Mitty would need to go on the postal helicopter, and the pilot is drunk. Mitty recognizes the pilots thumb with the ring and realizes he is on the right track. He at first declines to fly with the pilot, but imagines Cheryl singing Space Oddity, gains a new confidence. Nearing the ship, Mitty learns the helicopter cannot land upon it, misunderstanding the pilot, instead of jumping into a dinghy boat nearing to catch him, Mitty aims for the main vessel and misses and falls in the ocean. He splashes down into ice-cold, shark-infested waters, losing a box of ship-to-shore radio components before being brought aboard, Mitty learns that OConnell departed the ship earlier. The crew offers him some clementine cake OConnell left behind, Mitty discovers OConnells destinations in the wrapping paper, an eruption forces Mitty to flee, and as there is nothing left for him to do, he obeys a text message recalling him to New York. For failing to recover the negative, his first failure in a career with the magazine. He learns that Cheryl, who was let go earlier, seems to have reconciled with her estranged husband, Mitty returns home discouraged and visits his mother, throwing away the wallet he received from OConnell. To his surprise, Mitty recognizes the curve of the piano in his mothers house looking at the last photograph
17.
Shooting an apple off one's child's head
–
Shooting an apple off ones childs head, also known as apple-shot is a feat of marksmanship with a bow or crossbow that occurs as a motif in a number of legends in Germanic folklore. It is best known as William Tells feat, the earliest known occurrence of the motif is from the 12th century, in Saxo Grammaticus version of the story of Palnatoki, whom he calls Toko. Toko, who had been for some time in the service of the king, had, by the deeds in which he surpassed his fellow-soldiers and his detractors hearing these words, lost no time in conveying them to the ears of the king. He made him also, as a means of diminishing his apprehension, stand with his back to him and he then drew three arrows from his quiver, and the first he shot struck the proposed mark. In Schillers play, the demand to shoot the apple off the boys head motivates Gesslers murder and he, too, kept a second arrow in reserve to kill the prince in case he failed. Henning Wulf, or von Wulfen, of Wewelsfleth in Holstein sided with Count Gerhard in 1472 and was banished by King Christian I of Denmark, between archer and boy there was a wolf. In Hemings þáttr Áslákssonar in the Orkneyinga saga, Harald Hardrada challenges the archer Hemingr to shoot a hazelnut off his younger brother Björns head, which he does. There are two versions of this þáttr, one set in the Faroes, and in one Hemingr uses a spear to achieve the feat, Hemingr later takes revenge by shooting the king dead at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. There are also Norwegian and Faroese ballads on Hemingen unge, the kings shot narrowly missed but the boy was unharmed, Eindriði gave in to his mothers and sisters pleas and did not try the feat himself. During the 19th century, several scholars wrote about the internationalism of the motif, in 1834 Thomas Keightley noted the similarities between Palnatokis and Tells stories. There is a summary of the versions in Jacob Grimms Teutonic Mythology. Freischutz Death of Joan Vollmer Helmut de Boor, die nordischen, englischen und deutschen Darstellungen des Apfelschussmotivs. Quellenwerk zur Entstehung der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, III Chroniken III Anhang pp. 1–53. Roger E. Mitchell and Joyce P. Mitchell, Schillers William Tell, A Folkloristic Perspective. Journal of American Folklore 83 44–52, the Apple-Shot, Interpreting the Legend of William Tell. Reprinted in From Game to War and Other Psychoanalytic Essays on Folklore, lexington, Kentucky, University Press of Kentucky,1997. Hemings þáttr Áslákssonar, An edition of texts from Flateyjarbók, Hrokkinskinna, editiones Arnamagnæanæ series B. volume 3. Adam Bell, Clim of the Clough and William of Cloudesly ballad text
18.
Vilayanur S. Ramachandran
–
Vilayanur Subramanian Ramachandran is a neuroscientist known primarily for his work in the fields of behavioral neurology and visual psychophysics. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Psychology and the Graduate Program in Neurosciences at the University of California, Ramachandran is the author of several books that have garnered widespread public interest. These include Phantoms in the Brain, A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness, in addition to his books, Ramachandran is known for his engaging style as a public lecturer. He has presented keynote addresses and public lectures in the U. S. Canada, Britain and his work in behavioral neurology has been widely reported by the media and he has appeared in numerous television programs. Ramachandran has been called The Marco Polo of neuroscience by Richard Dawkins, in 2011, Time listed him as one of the most influential people in the world on the Time 100 list. Ramachandran has also encountered criticism from some neuroscientists. e, based on a rigorous analysis of facts or whether the ideas are just wild speculations spun together into a nice story. In 2012, neuropsychologist Peter Brugger at the University Hospital of Zürich criticized Ramachandrans book The Tell-Tale Brain as a book providing vague answers to big questions. Vilayanur Subramanian Ramachandran was born in 1951 in Tamil Nadu, India, Subramanian, was an engineer who worked for the U. N. Industrial Development Organization and served as a diplomat in Bangkok, Thailand, Ramachandran spent much of his youth moving among several different posts in India and other parts of Asia. As a young man Ramachandran attended schools in Madras, and British schools in Bangkok and he pursued many scientific interests, including conchology. From the University of Madras in Chennai, India, and subsequently obtained a Ph. D. from Trinity College at the University of Cambridge and he then spent two years at Caltech, as a research fellow working with Jack Pettigrew. He was appointed Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of California, San Diego in 1983, Ramachandrans early research was on human visual perception using psychophysical methods to draw clear inferences about the brain mechanisms underlying visual processing. Ramachandran is credited with discovering several new visual effects related to stereoscopic capture using illusory contours, stereoscopic learning, shape-from-shading, in the early 1990s Ramachandran began to focus on neurological syndromes such as phantom limbs, body integrity identity disorder and the Capgras delusion. He has also contributed to the understanding of synesthesia and is known for inventing the mirror box, Ramachandran is noted for his use of experimental methods that make relatively little use of complex technologies such as neuroimaging. Despite the apparent simplicity of his approach, he has generated many new ideas about the brain, Ramachandran is the director of a neuroscience research group known as the Center for Brain and Cognition. This group, made up of students and researchers from different universities, is affiliated with the Department of Psychology at UCSD, members of the CBC have published articles on a range of topics related to neuroscience. When an arm or leg is amputated, patients often continue to feel vividly the presence of the limb as a phantom limb. Building on earlier work by Ronald Melzack and Timothy Pons, Ramachandran theorized that there was a link between the phenomenon of phantom limbs and neural plasticity in the human brain
19.
Ohio State University
–
The Ohio State University, commonly referred to as Ohio State or OSU, is a large, primarily residential, public university in Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862, Hayes, and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University. It has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States, along with its main campus in Columbus, Ohio State also operates a regional campus system with regional campuses in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Newark, and Wooster. Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes, athletes from Ohio State have won 100 Olympic medals. The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports, the Ohio State mens ice hockey program competes in the Big Ten Conference, while its womens hockey program competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. In addition, the OSU mens volleyball team is a member of the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association, OSU is one of only 14 universities that plays Division I FBS football and Division I ice hockey. As of August 2015, the university had awarded a total of 714,512 degrees, alumni and former students have gone on to prominent careers in government, business, science, medicine, education, sports, and entertainment. Championed by the Republican stalwart Governor Rutherford B, Hayes, the Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university under the Morrill Act of 1862 as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. The school was originally within a community on the northern edge of Columbus. The university opened its doors to 24 students on September 17,1873, in 1878, the first class of six men graduated. The first woman graduated the following year, also in 1878, in light of its expanded focus, the Ohio legislature changed the name to the now-familiar The Ohio State University, with The as part of its official name. Ohio State began accepting students in the 1880s, and in 1891. It would later acquire colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, veterinary medicine, commerce, in 1916, Ohio State was elected into membership in the Association of American Universities. Michael V. Drake, former chancellor of the University of California, Irvine, in an attack against the campus on November 28,2016, an unrelated fluorine leak was called in for Watts Hall, resulting in the evacuation of the building to an outside courtyard. As firetrucks began to depart, Abdul Razak Ali Artan drove into the crowd, then emerged, the attack was stopped in under two minutes by OSU Police Officer Alan Horujko, who witnessed the attack after responding to the reported gas leak, and who shot and killed Artan. The universitys Buckeye Alert system was triggered and the campus was placed on lockdown, Ten were transported to local hospitals and one suspect was killed according to multiple sources. Local law enforcement and the FBI launched an investigation, according to authorities, Artan was inspired by terrorist propaganda from the Islamic State and radical Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki. Ohio States 1, 764-acre main campus is about 2.5 miles north of the citys downtown, the historical center of campus is the Oval, quad of about 11 acres
20.
Phi Kappa Psi
–
There are over 100 chapters and colonies at accredited four year colleges and universities throughout the United States. More than 119,000 men have initiated into Phi Kappa Psi since its founding. Phi Kappa Psi and Phi Gamma Delta, both founded at the college, form the Jefferson Duo. In the winter of 1850, a fever epidemic hit Jefferson College in Canonsburg. Among those who remained were William Henry Letterman and Charles Page Thomas Moore and they chose to care for their classmates who were stricken with the contagious disease, and a strong bond was formed. In the following year, Letterman and Moore decided to found a fraternity based on the great joy of serving others that they experienced during the epidemic. On February 19,1852, Phi Kappa Psi was founded, the Executive Council of Phi Kappa Psi is composed of the President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, and 6 Archons. Since its founding, Phi Kappa Psi has been controlled by undergraduates and this unique system of governance is achieved by a governing body, the Executive Council, which is made up of a majority of elected undergraduates. These undergraduates, known as Archons, represent the six Districts of Phi Kappa Psi, Archons are elected during meetings of each District during Woodrow Wilson Leadership Schools, held during odd-numbered years. Four alumni also serve on the Executive Council and are elected at Grand Arch Councils, Phi Kappa Psis first form of government centered on a Grand Chapter. One chapter at a time was designated the Grand Chapter, and this lasted until 1886 when a new constitution changed to the current form of government. In 1992, Phi Kappa Psi began to award one exceptional chapter with the Grand Chapter Award and its name is derived from the fraternitys first form of government. This award was initially granted biennially at Grand Arch Councils,2001 marked the first time that this award was granted in an odd-numbered year, and it has been an annual award ever since. William Henry Letterman was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania and he was twenty years old when Phi Kappa Psi was founded by him and his colleague Charles Page Thomas Moore. William graduated from Jefferson College and then went on to receive his M. D. from Jefferson Medical College in 1856 and his father was the physician to the town of Canonsburg and died early in Williams life. He died on May 23,1881, and was buried in the cemetery at Duffau, Charles Page Thomas Moore was a co-founder of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity in 1852 at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. He was born in Virginia in a portion of the state along the Ohio River now located in West Virginia, Moore was a justice of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, and died in West Virginia. Officers may vary from each chapter with some chapters not using certain positions, the duties of each officer may vary from each chapter as well
21.
Reserve Officers' Training Corps
–
The Reserve Officers Training Corps are a group of college-based officer training programs for training commissioned officers of the United States Armed Forces. ROTC officers serve in all branches of the U. S. armed forces, under ROTC, a student may receive a competitive, merit-based scholarship, covering all or part of college tuition, in return for an obligation of active military service after graduation. The U. S. Coast Guard offers a program to ROTC under a different name. The students participate in regular drills during the year. Some of the training that is offered to cadets in the Army ROTC program are, Airborne, Air Assault, Mountain Warfare, WHINSEC. Army ROTC units are organized as brigades, battalions, and companies, Air Force ROTC units are detachments with the students organized into wings, groups, squadrons, and flights. Army and Air Force ROTC students are referred to as cadets, Navy ROTC units are organized as battalions, and also include NROTC students under Marine Option who will eventually be commissioned as officers in the Marine Corps. Marine NROTC students may be formed in a company when the program includes sufficient numbers. All Navy ROTC students are referred to as midshipmen, the term of obligatory service varies based on the type of commission the cadet or midshipman receives, as well as any scholarship contract signed. They can serve as duty or in a reserve status. Additionally, a cadet on active duty can receive either a regular appointment or a reserve appointment and this affects the required years, as well as how many must be completed on active duty, in an active reserve capacity, or in the Individual Ready Reserve. Under federal law, graduates of an ROTC scholarship program incur an active duty service obligation. Recipients incur an eight-year MSO if they accept a commission and serve in a reserve component, finally, recipients incur at least a six-year MSO and up to an eight-year ADSO if they accept a commission and serve in a reserve component with at least two years of active duty. Army ROTC students who receive an Army ROTC scholarship or enter the Army ROTC Advanced Course must agree to complete a period of service. This can include three active duty, with the balance in the IRR. The service obligation for a Navy ROTC student is five years in the Navy, the active-duty service obligation for an Air Force ROTC student is four years, or eight years for Combat Systems Officers, or six years Air Battle Management officers, or ten years for pilots. The concept of ROTC in the United States began with the Morrill Act of 1862 which established the land-grant colleges, part of the federal governments requirement for these schools was that they include military tactics as part of their curriculum, forming what became known as ROTC. The college from which ROTC originated is Norwich University in Northfield, Norwich was founded in 1819 at Norwich, Vermont, as the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy
22.
United States Department of State
–
The Department was created in 1789 and was the first executive department established. The Department is headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building located at 2201 C Street, NW, the Department operates the diplomatic missions of the United States abroad and is responsible for implementing the foreign policy of the United States and U. S. diplomacy efforts. The Department is also the depositary for more than 200 multilateral treaties, the Department is led by the Secretary of State, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Secretary of State is Rex Tillerson, beginning 1 February 2017, the Secretary of State is the second Cabinet official in the order of precedence and in the presidential line of succession, after the Vice President of the United States. This legislation remains the law of the Department of State. In September 1789, additional legislation changed the name of the agency to the Department of State and these responsibilities grew to include management of the United States Mint, keeper of the Great Seal of the United States, and the taking of the census. President George Washington signed the new legislation on September 15, most of these domestic duties of the Department of State were eventually turned over to various new Federal departments and agencies that were established during the 19th century. On September 29,1789, President Washington appointed Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, then Minister to France, from 1790 to 1800, the State Department had its headquarters in Philadelphia, the capital of the United States at the time. It occupied a building at Church and Fifth Streets, in 1800, it moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D. C. where it first occupied the Treasury Building and then the Seven Buildings at 19th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. It moved into the Six Buildings in September 1800, where it remained until May 1801 and it moved into the War Office Building due west of the White House in May 1801. It occupied the Treasury Building from September 1819 to November 1866 and it then occupied the Washington City Orphan Home from November 1866 to July 1875. It moved to the State, War, and Navy Building in 1875, since May 1947, it has occupied the Harry S. Truman Building in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, the State Department is therefore sometimes metonymically referred to as Foggy Bottom. Madeleine Albright became the first woman to become the United States Secretary of State, condoleezza Rice became the second female secretary of state in 2005. Hillary Rodham Clinton became the female secretary of state when she was appointed in 2009. In 2014, the State Department began expanding into the Navy Hill Complex across 23rd Street NW from the Truman Building, the Executive Branch and the U. S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U. S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U. S, the Department advances U. S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the Presidents foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U. S. citizens, the total Department of State budget, together with Other International Programs, costs about 45 cents a day for each resident of the United States. Keeping the public informed about U. S. foreign policy and relations with other countries, providing automobile registration for non-diplomatic staff vehicles and the vehicles of diplomats of foreign countries having diplomatic immunity in the United States
23.
Embassy of the United States, Paris
–
The Embassy of the United States in Paris is the diplomatic mission of the United States in the French Republic. The embassy is the oldest diplomatic mission of the United States, benjamin Franklin and some of the other Founding Fathers were the earliest United States Ambassadors to France. It is located at 2 Avenue Gabriel, on the northwest corner of the Place de la Concorde, more details about the last two mansions can be found in the Secretary of State’s Register of Culturally Significant Properties. The four-story chancery, housing the office, faces the Avenue Gabriel. It was built in 1931, following the demolition of an existing structure, most of these offices were moved to the embassy proper. Constructed in 1769 as a residence, the property was acquired in 1812 by Charles Maurice de Talleyrand. It was then purchased by the banker James Mayer de Rothschild, whose family, owned it for over a century, until 1950, edmond James de Rothschild acquired the building in 1876. His estate sold it in 1948 to the U. S. government, as of 20 January 2009, fifty-three people had represented, in France, the interests of the U. S. as envoy, minister plenipotentiary, minister, ambassador or chargé daffaires. Diplomatic rank France – United States relations French Embassy, Washington, list of diplomatic missions of the United States Place des États-Unis Official website
24.
The Columbus Dispatch
–
The Columbus Dispatch is a daily newspaper based in Columbus, Ohio. Its first issue was published on July 1,1871, and has been the mainstream daily newspaper in the city since The Columbus Citizen-Journal ceased publication in 1985. In a sale announced on June 3,2015, ownership of the Dispatch was transferred to New Media Investment Group, the Dispatch Broadcast Group, comprising WBNS-AM-FM-TV in Columbus and WTHR in Indianapolis, will remain in the hands of the Wolfe family. As of October 26,2015, Bradley M. Harmon is the newspapers president, alan D. Miller is the editor. The paper was founded in June 1871 by a group of 10 printers with US$900 in financial capital, the paper published its first issue as The Daily Dispatch on July 1,1871, as a four page paper which cost US$0.04 per copy. The paper was originally a paper for the city of Columbus, Ohio. For its first few years, the paper rented a headquarters on North High Street, on April 2,1888, the paper published its first full-page advertisement, for the Columbus Buggy Company. In 1895, the paper moved its headquarters to the northeast corner of Gay and High streets, on April 10, the paper published a 72-page edition to mark the move. On December 17,1899, the paper published its first Sunday edition, a 36-page paper which cost US$0.03, two years later on March 3,1901, the paper published its first color comic strips. The paper, renamed The Columbus Evening Dispatch, changed several times in its early years. In 1905, it was purchased by the Wolfe family, with brothers Harry Preston Wolfe, the Wolfes, who originally ran a shoe company, had purchased the Ohio State Journal two years before. On December 16,1906, the paper published its first color ad, on April 9,1907, the Dispatch offices were destroyed in a fire, and the building was demolished and rebuilt. In the interlude, the paper ran its offices out of 34/36 North High Street, the papers editorial staff traditionally has had a conservative slant. Until it endorsed Hillary Clinton over Donald Trump, the papers last endorsement of a Democrat as a Presidential candidate had been for the re-election of Woodrow Wilson in 1916, on June 16,2015, the Dispatch was purchased by the New Media Investment Group. The sections of the Dispatch include the Front Section, Nation & World, Metro & State, Business, Sports, the Food section is included in the Wednesday paper, while Science is published on Sundays. The Weekender section is included in the Thursday paper, a Faith & Values section is included in the Friday paper. Sunday sections include Arts & Leisure, At Home, Insight and comics
25.
Chicago Tribune
–
The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
26.
Greenwich Village
–
Greenwich Village, often referred to by locals as simply the Village, is a neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Greenwich Village has been known as a haven, the Bohemian capital, the cradle of the modern LGBT movement. Groenwijck, one of the Dutch names for the village, was Anglicized to Greenwich, two of New Yorks private colleges, New York University and the New School, are located in Greenwich Village. The neighborhoods surrounding it are the East Village and NoHo to the east, SoHo to the south, the East Village was formerly considered part of the Lower East Side and never associated with Greenwich Village. The western part of Greenwich Village is known as the West Village, some believe it starts at Seventh Avenue and its southern extension, a border to the west of which the neighborhood changes substantially in character and becomes heavily residential. The Far West Village is another sub-neighborhood of Greenwich Village that is bordered on its west by the Hudson River and on its east by Hudson Street. Greenwich Village is located in New Yorks 10th congressional district, New Yorks 25th State Senate district, New Yorks 66th State Assembly district, encyclopaedia Britannicas 1956 article on New York states that the southern border of the Village is Spring Street, reflecting an earlier understanding. The newer district of SoHo has since encroached on the Villages historic border, many of the neighborhoods streets are narrow and some curve at odd angles. This is generally regarded as adding to both the character and charm of the neighborhood. In addition, as the meandering Greenwich Street used to be on the Hudson River shoreline, much of the neighborhood west of Greenwich Street is on landfill, but still follows the older street grid. When Sixth and Seventh Avenues were built in the early 20th century, they were built diagonally to the street plan. Unlike the streets of most of Manhattan above Houston Street, streets in the Village typically are named rather than numbered, while some of the formerly named streets are now numbered, they still do not always conform to the usual grid pattern when they enter the neighborhood. The Districts convoluted borders run no farther south than 4th Street or St. Lukes Place, redevelopment in that area is severely restricted, and developers must preserve the main façade and aesthetics of the buildings during renovation. In the 16th century, Native Americans referred to its farthest northwest corner, by the cove on the Hudson River at present-day Gansevoort Street, the land was cleared and turned into pasture by Dutch and freed African settlers in the 1630s, who named their settlement Noortwyck. In the 1630s, Governor Wouter van Twiller farmed tobacco on 200 acres here at his Farm in the Woods, sir Peter Warren began accumulating land in 1731 and built a frame house capacious enough to hold a sitting of the Assembly when smallpox rendered the city dangerous in 1739. The building was designed by Joseph-François Mangin, who would later co-design New York City Hall, by 1821, the prison, designed for 432 inmates, held 817 instead, a number made possible only by the frequent release of prisoners, sometimes as many as 50 a day. The oldest house remaining in Greenwich Village is the Isaacs-Hendricks House, when the Church of St. Luke in the Fields was founded in 1820 it stood in fields south of the road that led from Greenwich Lane down to a landing on the North River. In 1822, a fever epidemic in New York encouraged residents to flee to the healthier air of Greenwich Village
27.
New York Post
–
New York Post is an American daily newspaper, primarily distributed in New York City and its surrounding area. It is the 13th-oldest and seventh-most-widely circulated newspaper in the United States, established in 1801 by federalist and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, it became a respected broadsheet in the 19th century, under the name New York Evening Post. The modern version of the paper is published in tabloid format, in 1976, Rupert Murdoch bought Post for US$30.5 million. Since 1993, Post has been owned by News Corporation and its successor, News Corp and its editorial offices are located at 1211 Avenue of the Americas. New York Post, established on November 16,1801 as New-York Evening Post, the Hartford Courant, believed to be the oldest continuously published newspaper, was founded in 1764 as a semi-weekly paper, it did not begin publishing daily until 1836. The New Hampshire Gazette, which has trademarked its claim of being The Nations Oldest Newspaper, was founded in 1756, moreover, since the 1890s it has been published only for weekends. Post was founded by Alexander Hamilton with about US$10,000 from a group of investors in the autumn of 1801 as New-York Evening Post, the meeting at which Hamilton first recruited investors for the new paper took place in the then-country weekend villa that is now Gracie Mansion. Hamilton chose William Coleman as his first editor, the most famous 19th-century New-York Evening Post editor was the poet and abolitionist William Cullen Bryant. So well respected was New-York Evening Post under Bryants editorship, it received praise from the English philosopher John Stuart Mill, in the summer of 1829, Bryant invited William Leggett, the Locofoco Democrat, to write for the paper. There, in addition to literary and drama reviews, Leggett began to write political editorials, leggetts classical liberal philosophy entailed a fierce opposition to central banking, a support for voluntary labor unions, and a dedication to laissez-faire economics. He was a member of the Equal Rights Party, Leggett became a co-owner and editor at Post in 1831, eventually working as sole editor of the newspaper while Bryant traveled in Europe in 1834 through 1835. Another co-owner of the paper was John Bigelow, from 1849 to 1861, he was one of the editors and co-owners of New York Evening Post. In 1881 Henry Villard took control of New-York Evening Post, as well as The Nation, with this acquisition, the paper was managed by the triumvirate of Carl Schurz, Horace White, and Edwin L. Godkin. When Schurz left the paper in 1883, Godkin became editor-in-chief, White became editor-in-chief in 1899, and remained in that role until his retirement in 1903. Villard sold the paper in 1918, after allegations of pro-German sympathies during World War I hurt its circulation. The new owner was Thomas Lamont, a partner in the Wall Street firm of J. P. Morgan & Co. Conservative Cyrus H. K. Curtis—publisher of the Ladies Home Journal—purchased New-York Evening Post in 1924, in 1934, J. David Stern purchased the paper, changed its name to New York Post, and restored its broadsheet size and liberal perspective. In 1939, Dorothy Schiff purchased the paper and her husband, George Backer, was named editor and publisher
28.
E. B. White
–
He was a contributor to The New Yorker magazine and a co-author of the English language style guide The Elements of Style, which is commonly known as Strunk & White. He also wrote books for children, including Stuart Little, Charlottes Web, Charlottes Web was voted the top childrens novel in a 2012 survey of School Library Journal readers, an accomplishment repeated from earlier surveys. White was born in Mount Vernon, New York, the youngest child of Samuel Tilly White, the president of a firm, and Jessie Hart White. Elwyns older brother Stanley Hart White, known as Stan, a professor of Landscape Architecture, White to read and explore the natural world. He served in the army going to college. White graduated from Cornell University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1921 and he picked up the nickname Andy at Cornell University, where tradition confers that moniker on any male student surnamed White, after Cornell co-founder Andrew Dickson White. While at Cornell, he worked as editor of The Cornell Daily Sun with classmate Allison Danzig, White was also a member of the Aleph Samach and Quill and Dagger societies and Phi Gamma Delta. White worked for the United Press and the American Legion News Service in 1921 and 1922, then he became a cub reporter for The Seattle Times in 1922 and 1923. Once, when White was stuck on writing a story, a Times editor said and he then worked for two years with the Frank Seaman advertising agency as a production assistant and copywriter before returning to New York City in 1924. Not long after The New Yorker was founded in 1925, White submitted manuscripts to it, Katharine Angell, the literary editor, recommended to magazine editor and founder Harold Ross that White be taken on as staff. However, it took months to convince him to come to a meeting at the office, eventually, he agreed to work in the office on Thursdays. A few years later in 1929, White and Angell were married and they had a son, Joel White, a naval architect and boat builder, who owned Brooklin Boat Yard in Brooklin, Maine. Katharines son from her first marriage, Roger Angell, has spent decades as an editor for The New Yorker and is well known as the magazines baseball writer. White died on October 1,1985, suffering from Alzheimers disease, at his home in North Brooklin. He is buried in the Brooklin Cemetery beside his wife Katharine and he published his first article in The New Yorker magazine in 1925, then joined the staff in 1927 and continued to contribute for around six decades. From the beginning to the end of his career at The New Yorker and he also served as a columnist for Harpers Magazine from 1938 to 1943. In 1949, White published Here Is New York, a book based upon a Holiday magazine article that he had been asked to write. This prescient love letter to the city was re-published in 1999 on the one hundredth anniversary of his birth, with an introduction by his stepson, in 1959, White edited and updated The Elements of Style
29.
Fairfield County, Connecticut
–
Fairfield County is the southwestern-most and most populous county of the U. S. state of Connecticut. As of the 2010 census, the population was 916,829. The county contains four of the states largest cities, whose combined population of 433,368 is almost half the countys, the United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Fairfield County as the Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT Metropolitan Statistical Area. As is the case with all eight of Connecticuts counties, there is no county government, as an area it is only a geographical point of reference. Other communities are more populated and economically diverse than the affluent areas for which the county is better known. Fairfield County was the home of many Native American tribes prior to the coming of the Europeans, people of the Schaghticoke tribe lived in the area of present-day New Fairfield and Sherman. From east to west the Wappinger sachemships included the Paugussetts, Tankiteke, there were also Paquioque and Potatuck inhabitants of Fairfield County. The Dutch explorer Adriaen Block explored coastal Connecticut in the Spring, the first European settlers of the county, however, were Puritans and Congregationalists from England. Roger Ludlow, one of the founders of the Colony of Connecticut, helped to purchase and charter the towns of Fairfield, Ludlow is credited as having chosen the name Fairfield. Fairfield is a name referring to the beauty of its fields. The town of Stratford was settled in 1639 as well by Adam Blakeman, William Beardsley was also one of the first settlers of Stratford in 1639. And it is ordered that the County Court shalbe held at Fairfield on the second Tuesday in March, the original Fairfield County consisted of the towns of Rye, Greenwich, Stamford, Norwalk, Fairfield, and Stratford. In 1673, the town of Woodbury was incorporated and added to Fairfield County, in 1683, New York and Connecticut reached a final agreement regarding their common border. This resulted in the cession of the town of Rye and all claims to the Oblong to New York. From the late 17th to early 18th centuries, several new towns were incorporated in western Connecticut and added to Fairfield County, namely Danbury, Ridgefield, Newtown, in 1751, Litchfield County was constituted, taking over the town of Woodbury. Other early county inhabitants include, Joseph Hawley, who had emigrated to America in 1629 and then settled in Stratford in 1650, Joseph Hawleys son Ephraim built the Ephraim Hawley House in 1683 in Trumbull that is still standing and serves as a private residence. Thomas Fitch, from Norwalk, was a governor of the Colony of Connecticut, gold Selleck Silliman of the town of Fairfield fought for the Americans during the American Revolutionary War and rose to the rank of Brigadier General by 1776. He fought in the New York campaign that year, during the Revolutionary War, Connecticuts prodigious agricultural output led to it being known informally as the Provisions State
30.
Algonquin Hotel
–
The Algonquin Hotel is a historic hotel located at 59 West 44th Street in Manhattan. The hotel has designated as a New York City Historic Landmark. The 181-room hotel, opened in 1902, was designed by architect Goldwin Starrett and it was originally conceived as a residential hotel but was quickly converted to a traditional lodging establishment. Its first owner-manager, Frank Case, established many of the hotels traditions, perhaps its best-known tradition is hosting literary and theatrical notables, most prominently the members of the Algonquin Round Table. The Algonquin Hotel was originally designed as an apartment hotel, whose owner planned to rent rooms, when few leases sold, the owner decided to turn it into a hotel which he was originally going to name The Puritan. Frank Case, upon discovering that Algonquian tribes had been the first residents of the area, Case took over the lease on the hotel in 1907 and bought the property on which the building sat in 1927 for US$1 million. Case remained owner and manager of the hotel until his death in June 1946, in October that year, The Algonquin was purchased by Ben Bodne of Charleston, South Carolina for just over US$1 million. Bodne undertook a restoration and renovation effort. Bodne sold the hotel in 1987 to a group of Japanese investors, following a two-year, US$3 million renovation, the hotel was sold again in 2005 to HEI Hospitality. HEI has affiliated it with Marriott International where it is part of Marriott’s Autograph Collection brand, the group met almost daily for the better part of ten years. The Algonquin Round Table – a group of literary figures who made The Algonquin their daily meeting place – set forth to implement significant literary styles in the early 1900s. At the end of World War I, Vanity Fair writers and Algonquin regulars Dorothy Parker, Robert Benchley, alexander Woollcott, acerbic critic and war correspondent, received a warm welcome from literary friends in 1919. They gathered in the Rose Room that afternoon, one enjoyed the event enough to request that it become a daily event. That same request prompted a daily exchange of ideas and opinions shared between highly esteemed literary figures, George S. Kaufman, Heywood Broun, and Edna Ferber were also a part of this August assembly, these individuals influenced writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway. They founded The New Yorker magazine, all guests receive free copies to this day. Edna Ferber, Franklin P. Adams, George S. Kaufman, Heywood Broun, all members were affiliated with the Algonquin Round Table, although they referred to themselves as the Vicious Circle. Visitors often request to dine at the actual “round table” where members met for decades. The Oak Room at the Algonquin was long one of New York Citys premier cabaret nightclubs, opened in 1939, it was soon closed on account of World War II, reopened as a regular venue in 1980, and closed for good in 2012
31.
Senescence
–
The word senescence can refer either to cellular senescence or to senescence of the whole organism. It is commonly believed that cellular senescence underlies organismal senescence, the science of biological aging is biogerontology. Senescence is not the fate of all organisms and can be delayed. Organisms of some groups, including some animals, experience chronological decrease in mortality. On the other extreme are accelerated aging diseases, rare in humans, there is also the extremely rare and poorly understood Syndrome X, whereby a person remains physically and mentally an infant or child throughout ones life. Even if environmental factors do not cause aging, they may affect it, in such a way, for example, different parts of the body may age at different rates. Two organisms of the species can also age at different rates, so that biological aging. Albeit indirectly, senescence is by far the leading cause of death, whether senescence as a biological process itself can be slowed down, halted or even reversed, is a subject of current scientific speculation and research. Cellular senescence is the phenomenon by which diploid cells cease to divide. In culture, fibroblasts can reach a maximum of 50 cell divisions before becoming senescent and this phenomenon is known as replicative senescence, or the Hayflick limit. Replicative senescence is the result of telomere shortening that ultimately triggers a DNA damage response, cells can also be induced to senesce via DNA damage in response to elevated reactive oxygen species, activation of oncogenes and cell-cell fusion, independent of telomere length. As such, cellular senescence represents a change in state rather than a cell becoming aged as the name confusingly suggests. The nucleus of senescent cells is characterized by senescence-associated heterochromatin foci, senescent cells affect tumour suppression, wound healing and possibly embryonic/placental development and a pathological role in age-related diseases. The experimental elimination of senescent cells from transgenic mice and non-progeroid. These results highlight the independence of cellular senescence from epigenetic aging, where removal of senescent cells slowed down aging. These senescent cells, in sufficient numbers, will cause the deterioration of tissues. However, at the level, aging, as measured by the epigenetic clock, is distinct from senescence. It is a mechanism that exists from the birth of the cell
32.
Library of America
–
The Library of America is a nonprofit publisher of classic American literature. S. The Bibliothèque de la Pléiade series published in France provided the model for the LOA, the initial publishers included American academic Daniel Aaron, Lawrence Hughes, Helen Honig Meyer, and Roger W. Straus, Jr. The initial board of advisers included Robert Penn Warren, C, lewis, Robert Coles, Irving Howe, and Eudora Welty. Officers included Richard Poirier, Jason Epstein, Daniel Aaron, as of 2009, Hurley remains president of the Library of America. The first volumes were published in 1982, ten years after Wilsons death, besides the works of many individual writers, the series includes anthologies like Reporting World War II and Writing Los Angeles. The publisher aims to keep classics in print permanently to preserve Americas literary heritage, although the LOA sells more than a quarter-million volumes annually, the publisher depends on individual contributions to help meet the costs of preparing, marketing and manufacturing its books. The current Publisher of the Library of America series is Max Rudin, LOA volumes are prepared and edited by recognized scholars on the subject. Determined efforts are made to correct errors and omissions in previous editions, notes on the text are normally included and the source texts properly identified. For instance, the LOA text of Richard Wrights Native Son restored a number of passages that had previously cut. The LOA commissioned a new translation of Alexis de Tocquevilles Democracy in America by Arthur Goldhammer for their edition of the text, each volume also includes a chronology of the authors career or significant incidents in the case of the anthology volumes. The books are designed to last generations, each volume in the series contains, thin, but durable paper. The paper meets the requirements for permanence set by the American National Standards Institute, the paper will not turn yellow or become brittle. The books are bound with the grain of the paper to ensure that they open easily, the binding cloth is durable woven rayon. The books are Smyth-sewn for permanence and flexibility, and each includes a ribbon marker, each volume has an identical trim size, based on the golden section, which the ancient Greeks considered to be the ideal proportion. Each volume contains 700 to 1600 pages, the typeface used for each volume is Galliard, chosen for its readability and ease on the eyes. The Library of America provides a subscription service, subscribers choose an introductory set from a predetermined selection, either American literature or American history. Subscribers determine how often they want to receive a new volume, subscription editions come without the distinctive black ribbon dust jackets. Instead, subscription edition volumes come in a cardboard slipcover and contain a paper summarizing the volume
33.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
34.
Thurber House
–
Thurber House is a literary center for readers and writers located in Columbus, Ohio, in the historic former home of author, humorist, and New Yorker cartoonist James Thurber. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as James Thurber House, James Thurber was born in Columbus at a different home. Thurbers family rented this home on Jefferson Avenue while he was a student at Ohio State University and he and his family lived there until 1917. Thurber later wrote of his experience here in My Life and Hard Times, Thurber claimed to have experienced a ghost in the house on November 17,1915, and the incident inspired his short story The Night the Ghost Got In. Writer William ORourke, who lived at the house in 1984, wrote his own version titled The Night the Ghost Didnt Get In, Thurbers time in the house was challenging, particularly because of his experience at the university. Due to his limitations, including bad eyesight, he performed poorly at required gym classes. He was not invited to join a fraternity and, as such, though he registered for classes in his sophomore year, 1914–1915, he mostly stopped going to classes and failed them all. Eventually, he befriended former child star Elliott Nugent, who helped Thurber become more outgoing and he eventually became co-editor of the campus newspaper and contributed to the humor magazine before becoming its editor. Thurber left school in 1918 amidst World War I, for a few years he worked for the Columbus Dispatch before moving to New York. In 1927, he began his association with The New Yorker, though he ultimately spent relatively little time in Columbus, Thurbers experience there influenced his writings. As he once noted, Many of my books prove that I am never far away from Ohio in my thoughts, Thurber House opened its doors to the public in 1984 after extensive renovation to the historic house. Since then, it has become a place for readers, writers. Its programs for children and adults include author readings, writing classes, and celebrations of Thurbers life. Through its Evenings with Authors, a series of readings and receptions with nationally-known authors, Thurber House has attracted writers such as John Updike. Boyle, Tracy Chevalier, and Scott Turow, the Thurber House also hosts two writers in residence each year through the John E. Nance Writer-in-Residence Program and the Childrens Writer in Residence Program. The Writer in Residence lives on the top floor of the Thurber House for four weeks, the Childrens Writer-in-Residence also teaches ten hours a week for the Thurber House Summer Writing Camp. The annual Thurber Prize for American Humor has become the nations highest designation of the art of humor writing and its childrens programs, including the popular Thurber Summer Writing Camp, and the winter program Writing Wizards have nurtured thousands of young writers. Thurber House is part of The Jefferson Center for Learning and the Arts and its programs include author readings, writing classes for children, and celebrations of Thurbers life
35.
The Catbird Seat
–
The Battle of the Sexes is a 1959 British black and white comedy film starring Peter Sellers and directed by Charles Crichton, based on the short story The Catbird Seat, by James Thurber. The story was adapted by Monja Danischewsky, a timid accountant in a Scottish Tweed weaving company cleverly bests the brash modern American efficiency expert whose ideas threaten his way of life. The film opens with Martin in Edinburgh buying whisky and cigarettes on the Royal Mile and we then see him at work as a head accountant in a very old-fashioned firm in the New Town. The Justerini & Brooks premises in George Street serves as their shop in the film, Martin is called to the death-bed of the owner, old MacPherson, at Moray Place. He is offered a whisky and declines, old MacPherson drinks both and promptly dies. She insists on visiting the factory on the island, only to discover the task is done by old couples and she plans to replace the 700 weavers, dotted across the islands, with a single large factory. Whilst being driven through the city she even says the company should change to synthetic fibres, Martin watches a Sherlock Holmes film at the cinema and is inspired to kill Mrs Barrows. As he is a non-smoker and a non-drinker, he decides he should mislead any future investigation by smoking and drinking at the scene of the planned crime and he buys a half-bottle of whisky and packet of Capstan cigarettes. In her flat though, after a series of botched attempts his conscience gets the better of him and he tries to remove all evidence when Mr MacPherson appears suddenly, and manages to avoid detection. Back in the office MacPherson interrogates Martin and finds his denial more plausible than Mrs Barrowss claims and she cannot take any more, accusing them all of being mad, and she leaves for good. Thus Mr Martin wins his battle of the sexes, however, seeing her crying at the station he is minded to buy her a flower. He may have won the battle, but he hasnt won the war, Peter Sellers as Mr. Billy Wilder was signed to direct. The Battle of the Sexes at the Internet Movie Database The Battle of the Sexes at Rotten Tomatoes
36.
Ulysses S. Grant
–
Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War and he implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with President Andrew Johnson. His presidency has often criticized for tolerating corruption and for the severe economic depression in his second term. Grant graduated in 1843 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, after the war he married Julia Boggs Dent in 1848, their marriage producing four children. Grant initially retired from the Army in 1854 and he struggled financially in civilian life. When the Civil War began in 1861, he rejoined the U. S. Army, in 1862, Grant took control of Kentucky and most of Tennessee, and led Union forces to victory in the Battle of Shiloh, earning a reputation as an aggressive commander. He incorporated displaced African American slaves into the Union war effort, in July 1863, after a series of coordinated battles, Grant defeated Confederate armies and seized Vicksburg, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River and dividing the Confederacy in two. After his victories in the Chattanooga Campaign, Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general, Grant confronted Robert E. Lee in a series of bloody battles, trapping Lees army in their defense of Richmond. Grant coordinated a series of devastating campaigns in other theaters, as well, in April 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, effectively ending the war. Historians have hailed Grants military genius, and his strategies are featured in history textbooks. After the Civil War, Grant led the armys supervision of Reconstruction in the former Confederate states and he also used the army to build the Republican Party in the South. After the disenfranchisement of some former Confederates, Republicans gained majorities, in his second term, the Republican coalitions in the South splintered and were defeated one by one as redeemers regained control using coercion and violence. In May 1875, Grant authorized his Secretary of Treasury Benjamin Bristow to shut down and his peace policy with the Indians initially reduced frontier violence, but is best known for the Great Sioux War of 1876. Grant responded to charges of corruption in executive offices more than any other 19th Century president and he appointed the first Civil Service Commission and signed legislation ending the corrupt moiety system. In foreign policy, Grant sought to trade and influence while remaining at peace with the world. His administration successfully resolved the Alabama claims by the Treaty of Washington with Great Britain, Grant avoided war with Spain over the Virginius Affair, but Congress rejected his attempted annexation of the Dominican Republic. His administration implemented a standard and sought to strengthen the dollar. Grant left office in 1877 and embarked on a two-year diplomatic world tour that captured the nations attention, in 1880, Grant was unsuccessful in obtaining the Republican presidential nomination for a third term
37.
Appomattox Court House National Historical Park
–
The Appomattox Court House National Historical Park is a National Historical Park of original and reconstructed 19th century buildings in Appomattox County, Virginia. The McLean House was the site of the conference. The park was established August 3,1935, the village was made a national monument in 1940 and a national historical park in 1954. It is located three miles east of Appomattox, Virginia, the location of the Appomattox Station and the new Appomattox Court House. It is in the center of the state about 25 miles east of Lynchburg, the antebellum village started out as Clover Hill named after its oldest existing structure, the Clover Hill Tavern. The village was a stop along the Richmond-Lynchburg stage road. The activity in Clover Hill centered around Clover Hill Tavern, the tavern provided lodging to travelers. Fresh horses for the line were also provided at the stop. It was also the site of meetings and so when Appomattox County was established by an Act on February 8,1845. It was parts of Buckingham, Prince Edward, Charlotte, the jurisdiction took its name from the headwaters that emanate there, the Appomattox River. Early Virginians believe the name Appomattox came from an Indian tribe called Apumetec, from about 1842, Hugh Raine basically owned most of the Clover Hill area. He obtained it from his brother John Raine who defaulted on his loans, later, he sold the property to a Colonel Samuel D. McDearmon. Since his acquisition, it became the county seat and he surveyed 30 acres of the hamlet and he designated 2 acres to be used by the new county to build a courthouse and other government buildings. The courthouse was to be built across the Stage Road from the Clover Hill Tavern, the jail was to be built behind the courthouse. McDearmon divided the land surrounding the courthouse into 1-acre lots. He felt that with Clover Hills new status as a county seat he would find professional people ready and his hopes were later dashed in 1854 as the train depot stopped three miles west in Appomattox, Virginia. The American Civil War put the nails in the coffin. The district once known as Clover Hill and later renamed to Appomattox Court House continued to decline as businesses moved to the area of the Appomattox Station, the village contained 30 acres of the original Pattesons Clover Hill Tavern property of some 200 acres
38.
Bill Veeck
–
William Louis Veeck Jr. also known as Sport Shirt Bill, was a native of Chicago, Illinois, and a franchise owner and promoter in Major League Baseball. Veeck was at times the owner of the Cleveland Indians, St. Louis Browns. As owner and team president of the Indians in 1947, Veeck signed Larry Doby, Veeck was the last owner to purchase a baseball franchise without an independent fortune, and is responsible for many innovations and contributions to baseball. Finding it hard to compete, Veeck retired after the 1980 Chicago White Sox season. He died of cancer six years later and he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame five years later in 1991. Bill Veeck was born on February 9,1914, in Chicago, while Veeck was growing up in Hinsdale, Illinois, his father, William Veeck, Sr. became president of the Chicago Cubs. Veeck Sr. was a sports writer who wrote several columns about how he would have run the Cubs differently. While growing up, Bill Veeck worked as a vendor for the Cubs. Later, in 1937, Veeck came up with the idea of planting ivy on the walls of Wrigley Field, Veeck attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. In 1933, when his father died, Veeck left Kenyon College, in 1935 he married his first wife, Eleanor. In 1942, Veeck left Chicago and, in partnership with former Cubs star and manager Charlie Grimm, after winning three pennants in five years Veeck sold his Milwaukee franchise in 1945 for a $275,000 profit. According to his autobiography Veeck – As in Wreck, Veeck claimed to have installed a screen to make the right field target a more difficult for left-handed pull hitters of the opposing team. The screen was on wheels, so any given day it might be in place or not, depending on the batting strength of the opposing team. There was no rule against that activity as such, but Veeck then took it to an extreme, rolling it out when the opponents batted, Veeck reported that the league passed a rule against it the very next day. However, extensive research by two members of the Society for American Baseball Research suggests that this story was made up by Veeck, the two researchers could not find any references to a moveable fence or any reference to the gear required for a moveable fence to work. While a half-owner of the Brewers, Veeck served for three years in the United States Marine Corps during World War II in an artillery unit. During this time an artillery piece crushed his leg, requiring amputation first of the foot. Over the course of his life he had 36 operations on the leg and he had a series of wooden legs and, as an inveterate smoker, cut holes in them to use as an ashtray
39.
Eddie Gaedel
–
Edward Carl Gaedel was an American with dwarfism who became famous for participating in a Major League Baseball game. Gaedel gained recognition in the game of a St. Louis Browns doubleheader on August 19,1951. Weighing 65 pounds and standing 3 feet 7 inches tall, Gaedel became the shortest player in the history of the Major Leagues and he made a single plate appearance and was walked with four consecutive balls before being replaced by a pinch-runner at first base. His jersey, bearing the uniform number 1⁄8, is displayed in the St. Louis Cardinals Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. St. Louis Browns owner Bill Veeck, in his 1962 autobiography Veeck – As in Wreck, said of Gaedel, He was, by golly and he was also the only one. Gaedel was a performer, belonging to the American Guild of Variety Artists. Before his appearance as baseballs most-famous pinch-hitter, Gaedels most notable gig arguably was when he was hired in 1946 by Mercury Records to portray the Mercury Man and he sported a winged hat similar to the record labels logo, to promote Mercury recordings. Some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as its logo, Browns owner Bill Veeck was a showman who enjoyed staging publicity stunts. He found Eddie Gaedel through a booking agency, due to his size, Gaedel had worked as a riveter during World War II. Gaedel was able to crawl inside the wings of airplanes, after the war, Gaedel was the promotional mascot for Mercury Records. Gaedel was secretly signed by the St. Louis Browns and put in uniform, the uniform was that of current St. Louis Cardinals managing partner and chairman William DeWitt, Jr. who was a 9 year old batboy for the Browns at the time. Gaedel came out of a papier-mache cake between games of a doubleheader at Sportsmans Park in St. Louis to celebrate the American Leagues 50th anniversary, the stunt was also used as a Falstaff Brewery promotion. Falstaff, and the fans, had promised a festival of surprises by Veeck. Before the second game got underway, the press agreed that the appearance had not been up to Veecks usual promotional standard. Falstaff personnel, who had promised national publicity for their participation, were particularly dissatisfied. Keeping the surprise he had in store for the game to himself. Although Veeck denied the stunt was inspired by it, the appearance of Gaedel was unmistakably similar to the plot of You Could Look It Up. Veeck insisted he got the idea from listening to the conversations of Giants manager John McGraw decades earlier when Veeck was a child
40.
History of the St. Louis Browns
–
This article covers the franchises history in St. Louis, which began when the team moved from Milwaukee after the 1901 season and ended with the teams move to Baltimore after the 1953 season. As of April 6,2017, there are only 14 living former St. Louis Browns players, in the late 19th century, the team existed as the Milwaukee Brewers in the Western League. For the 1900 season, the Western League was renamed to American League, Johnson had originally intended to move the Milwaukee Brewers to St. Louis. When he couldnt find an owner, he was forced to operate the team in Milwaukee for a lame-duck season in 1901. Hedges built a new park on the site of the old Browns former home, in their first St. Louis season, the Browns finished second. Although the Browns had only four winning seasons from 1902 to 1922, in 1909, the Browns rebuilt Sportsmans Park as the third concrete-and-steel park in the majors. During this time, the Browns were best known for their role in the race for the 1910 American League batting title. Ty Cobb took the last game of the season off, believing that his lead over Nap Lajoie, of the Cleveland Naps. Browns manager Jack OConnor had ordered rookie third baseman Red Corriden to play on the outfield grass and this all but conceded a hit for any ball Lajoie bunted. Lajoie bunted five straight times down the base line and made it to first easily. On his last at-bat, Lajoie reached base on an error – officially giving him a hitless at-bat, OConnor and coach Harry Howell tried to bribe the official scorer, a woman, to change the call to a hit – even offering to buy her a new wardrobe. Cobb won the title by just a few thousandths of a point over Lajoie. After news broke of the scandal, a writer for the St. Louis Post claimed, All St. Louis is up in arms over the spectacle, conceived in stupidity. The resulting outcry triggered an investigation by American League president Ban Johnson, at his insistence, Hedges fired OConnor and Howell, both men were informally banned from baseball for life. In 1916, Hedges sold the Browns to Philip DeCatesby Ball, Balls early tenure saw the clubs first real sustained period of success on the field, they were a contender for most of the early 1920s. This was fueled by Balls free spending to put a winner of the field, however, Ball made a series of blunders that would ultimately doom the franchise. Shortly after buying the team, he fired general manager Branch Rickey, four years later, Ball allowed the Cardinals to move out of dilapidated Robison Field and share Sportsmans Park with the Browns. Rickey and Cardinals owner Sam Breadon used the proceeds from the Robison Field sale to build baseballs first modern farm system and this effort eventually produced several star players that brought the Cardinals more drawing power than the Browns
