1.
List of Scottish monarchs
–
The monarch of Scotland was the head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. According to tradition, the first King of Scots was Kenneth MacAlpin, the distinction between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of the Picts is rather the product of later medieval myth and confusion from a change in nomenclature i. e. The Kingdom of the Picts just became known as Kingdom of Alba in Gaelic, which became known in Scots and English as Scotland. By the late 11th century at the very latest, Scottish kings were using the term rex Scottorum, or King of Scots, to refer to themselves in Latin. The title of King of Scots fell out of use in 1707, thus Queen Anne became the last monarch of the ancient kingdoms of Scotland and England and the first of Great Britain, although the kingdoms had shared a monarch since 1603. Her uncle Charles II was the last Scottish monarch actually to be crowned in Scotland, the reign of Kenneth MacAlpin begins what is often called the House of Alpin, an entirely modern concept. * Evidence for Eochaids reign is unclear, he may never have actually been King, if he was, he was co-King with Giric. † Eochiad was a son of Run, King of Strathclyde and he was also the heir-general of Malcolm I, as his paternal grandfather, Duncan of Atholl was the third son of Malcolm I. The House of Dunkeld was therefore related to the House of Alpin. Duncan was killed in battle by Macbeth, who had a long, in a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncans son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeths stepson and heir Lulach, and claimed the throne. Edgar triumphed, sending his uncle and brother to monasteries, after the reign of David I, the Scottish throne was passed according to rules of primogeniture, moving from father to son, or where not possible, brother to brother. The last King of the House of Dunkeld was Alexander III, Alexander had himself remarried, but in early 1286 he died in an accident while riding home. His wife, Yolande of Dreux, was pregnant, but by November 1286 all hope of her bearing a child had passed. Accordingly, in the Treaty of Salisbury, the Guardians of Scotland recognised Alexanders three-year-old granddaughter, Margaret of Norway, Margaret remained in her fathers Kingdom of Norway until Autumn 1290, when she was dispatched to Scotland. However, she died on the journey in Orkney, having never set foot on Scottish soil and she is thus sometimes not considered Queen by nationalists. The death of Margaret of Norway began an interregnum in Scotland caused by a succession crisis. With her death, the descent of William I became extinct, the Scottish Magnates invited Edward I of England to arbitrate the claims, he did so, but forced the Scots to swear allegiance to him as overlord. For ten years, Scotland had no King of its own, the Scots, however, refused to tolerate English rule, first William Wallace and then, after his execution, Robert the Bruce fought against the English
List of Scottish monarchs
List of Scottish monarchs
–
Monarchy of Scotland
List of Scottish monarchs
–
Kenneth MacAlpin I (Coinneach mac Ailpein)
List of Scottish monarchs
–
Constantine I (Còiseam mac Choinnich)
2.
Coronation
–
The ceremony can also be conducted for the monarchs consort, either simultaneously with the monarch or as a separate event. A ceremony without the placement of a crown on the head is known as an enthronement. Coronations are still observed in the United Kingdom, Tonga, in addition to investing the monarch with symbols of state, Western-style coronations have often traditionally involve anointing with holy oil, or chrism as it is often called. Wherever a ruler is anointed in this way, as in Great Britain and Tonga, some other lands use bathing or cleansing rites, the drinking of a sacred beverage, or other religious practices to achieve a comparable effect. Such acts symbolise the granting of divine favour to the monarch within the relevant spiritual-religious paradigm of the country, in the past, concepts of royalty, coronation and deity were often inexorably linked. Rome promulgated the practice of worship, in Medieval Europe. Coronations were once a direct expression of these alleged connections. Thus, coronations have often been discarded altogether or altered to reflect the nature of the states in which they are held. However, some monarchies still choose to retain an overtly religious dimension to their accession rituals, others have adopted simpler enthronement or inauguration ceremonies, or even no ceremony at all. In non-Christian states, coronation rites evolved from a variety of sources, buddhism, for instance, influenced the coronation rituals of Thailand, Cambodia and Bhutan, while Hindu elements played a significant role in Nepalese rites. The ceremonies used in modern Egypt, Malaysia, Brunei and Iran were shaped by Islam, Coronations, in one form or another, have existed since ancient times. Egyptian records show coronation scenes, such as that of Seti I in 1290 BC, judeo-Christian scriptures testify to particular rites associated with the conferring of kingship, the most detailed accounts of which are found in II Kings 11,12 and II Chronicles 23,11. Following the assumption of the diadem by Constantine, Roman and Byzantine emperors continued to wear it as the symbol of their authority. Although no specific coronation ceremony was observed at first, one gradually evolved over the following century, the emperor Julian was hoisted upon a shield and crowned with a gold necklace provided by one of his standard-bearers, he later wore a jewel-studded diadem. Later emperors were crowned and acclaimed in a manner, until the momentous decision was taken to permit the Patriarch of Constantinople to physically place the crown on the emperors head. Historians debate when exactly this first took place, but the precedent was established by the reign of Leo II. This ritual included recitation of prayers by the Byzantine prelate over the crown, after this event, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the ecclesiastical element in the coronation ceremonial rapidly develop. This was usually performed three times, following this, the king was given a spear, and a diadem wrought of silk or linen was bound around his forehead as a token of regal authority
Coronation
–
The coronation of
Charles VII of France (1429), detail of the painting Jeanne d'Arc (1886–1890) by
Jules Eugène Lenepveu.
Coronation
–
.
Miniature of
Charlemagne crowned emperor by
Pope Leo III, from Chroniques de France ou de Saint Denis, vol. 1; France, second quarter of 14th century.
Coronation
–
Roger II of Sicily receiving his crown directly from
Jesus Christ, mosaic from
Martorana, Palermo
Coronation
–
An ancient coronation from India
3.
James IV of Scotland
–
James IV was the King of Scots from 11 June 1488 to his death. He assumed the following the death of his father, James III, after the Battle of Sauchieburn. James was the son of James III and Margaret of Denmark, as heir apparent to the Scottish crown, he became Duke of Rothesay. In 1474, his father arranged his betrothal to Princess Cecily of England and his father was not a popular king and faced two major rebellions during his reign. James IIIs army rebelled against him and the English army reached Edinburgh, during the second rebellion, the rebels set up the 15-year-old James as their nominal leader. They fought James III at the Battle of Sauchieburn on 11 June 1488, the younger James took the throne and was crowned at Scone on 24 June. When he realised the role which he had played in the death of his father. From that date on, he wore an iron chain cilice around his waist, next to the skin, each Lent as penance. James IV quickly proved an effective ruler and a wise king and he defeated another rebellion in 1489, took a direct interest in the administration of justice and finally brought the Lord of the Isles under control in 1493. For a time, he supported Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the English throne, then, in August 1497, James laid siege to Norham Castle, using his grandfathers bombard Mons Meg. First he ratified the Treaty of Ayton in February 1498, then, in 1502 James signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Henry VII. He also maintained his relations with France, with rumours that James would renew the Auld alliance, in April 1508 Thomas Wolsey was sent to discuss Henry VIIs concerns over this. Wolsey found there was never a man worse welcome into Scotland than I. they keep their matters so secret here that the wives in the market know every cause of my coming, James saw the importance of building a fleet that could provide Scotland with a strong maritime presence. James founded two new dockyards for this purpose and acquired a total of 38 ships for the Royal Scots Navy, including the Margaret, and the carrack Michael or Great Michael. The latter, built at great expense at Newhaven and launched in 1511, was 240 feet in length, weighed 1,000 tons and was, at that time, James IV was a true Renaissance prince with an interest in practical and scientific matters. He built a part of Falkland Palace, and Great Halls at Stirling and Edinburgh castles, figures associated with his court include William Dunbar, Walter Kennedy and Gavin Douglas, who made the first complete translation of Virgils Aeneid in northern Europe. His reign also saw the passing of the makar Robert Henryson and he patronised music at Restalrig using rental money from the Kings Wark. James was well educated and a fluent polyglot, in July 1498 the Spanish envoy Pedro de Ayala reported to Ferdinand and Isabella that The King is 25 years and some months old
James IV of Scotland
–
James IV
James IV of Scotland
–
James IV ordered the
Kirk of Steill to be built in 1500, for the
Christian Jubilee, and to commemorate his rescue from the nearby
river Tweed
James IV of Scotland
–
Arms of James IV displayed in the Great Hall he built at
Stirling Castle
James IV of Scotland
–
James IV, copy by
Daniël Mijtens of lost contemporary portrait
4.
Mary, Queen of Scots
–
Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567. Mary, the surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents and he ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561, four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnleys death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567, and the following month he married Mary. Following an uprising against the couple, Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle, on 24 July 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of James VI, her one-year-old son by Darnley. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southwards seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed, perceiving her as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses in the interior of England. After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 and was beheaded the following year. Mary was born on 7 or 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland, to King James V and his French second wife and she was said to have been born prematurely and was the only legitimate child of James to survive him. She was the great-niece of King Henry VIII of England, as her paternal grandmother, Margaret Tudor, was Henry VIIIs sister. A popular legend, first recorded by John Knox, states that James, hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, It cam wi a lass and it will gang wi a lass. His House of Stewart had gained the throne of Scotland by the marriage of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce, to Walter Stewart, the crown had come to his family through a woman, and would be lost from his family through a woman. This legendary statement came true much later—not through Mary, but through her descendant Queen Anne, Mary was baptised at the nearby Church of St Michael shortly after she was born. As Mary was an infant when she inherited the throne, Scotland was ruled by regents until she became an adult. From the outset, there were two claims to the Regency, one from Catholic Cardinal Beaton, and the other from the Protestant Earl of Arran, Beatons claim was based on a version of the late kings will that his opponents dismissed as a forgery. Arran, with the support of his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 when Marys mother managed to remove and succeed him. King Henry VIII of England took the opportunity of the regency to propose marriage between Mary and his own son, Prince Edward, hoping for a union of Scotland and England. The treaty provided that the two countries would remain separate and that if the couple should fail to have children the temporary union would dissolve
Mary, Queen of Scots
–
Portrait of Mary after
François Clouet, c. 1559
Mary, Queen of Scots
–
Signature
Mary, Queen of Scots
–
Both Mary and her father were born at
Linlithgow Palace.
Mary, Queen of Scots
–
Coin of 1553: obverse, coat of arms of Scotland; reverse, royal monogram
5.
Linlithgow Palace
–
The ruins of Linlithgow Palace are situated in the town of Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland,15 miles west of Edinburgh. The palace was one of the residences of the monarchs of Scotland in the 15th and 16th centuries. Although maintained after Scotlands monarchs left for England in 1603, the palace was little used and it is now a visitor attraction in the care of Historic Scotland. A royal manor existed on the site in the 12th century and this was replaced by a fortification known as the Peel, built in the 14th century by occupying English forces under Edward I. The site of the manor made it a military base for securing the supply routes between Edinburgh Castle and Stirling Castle. The English fort was begun in March 1302 under the supervision of two priests, Richard de Wynepol and Henry de Graundeston, the architect Master James of St George was also present. In September 1302, sixty men and 140 women helped dig the ditches, the men were paid twopence, a hundred foot-soldiers were still employed as labourers on the castle in November and work continued during the Summer of 1303. In 1424, the town of Linlithgow was partially destroyed in a great fire, over the following century the palace developed into a formal courtyard structure, with significant additions by James III and James IV. James V, who was born in the palace in April 1512, added the outer gateway, the stonework of the South façade was renewed and unified for James V in the 1530s by the keeper, James Hamilton of Finnart. Mary, Queen of Scots, was born at the Palace in December 1542, the daughter of James VI, Elizabeth of Bohemia, lived in the Palace. After the Union of the Crowns in 1603 the Royal Court became largely based in England, King James had it rebuilt between 1618 and 1622. The carving was designed by the mason William Wallace, in July 1620, the architect James Murray of Kilbaberton, estimated that 3000 stones in weight of lead would be needed to cover the roof, costing £3600 in Scottish money. On 5 July 1621 the Earl of Mar wrote to James to tell him he had met Murray and he said the Palace would be ready for the king at Michaelmas. The carving at the window-heads and the arms were painted and gilded, and the old statues of the Pope, Knight. However, the reigning monarch to stay at Linlithgow after that date was King Charles I who spent a night there in 1633. In 1648, part of the new North range was occupied by the Earl of Linlithgow, the palaces swansong came in September 1745, when Bonnie Prince Charlie visited Linlithgow on his march south but did not stay overnight. It is said that the fountain was made to flow with wine in his honour, the Duke of Cumberlands army destroyed most of the palace buildings by burning in January 1746. The office was acquired by Alexander, 2nd Earl of Linlithgow, the palace has been actively conserved since the early 19th century and is today managed and maintained by Historic Scotland
Linlithgow Palace
–
The south face of Linlithgow Palace
Linlithgow Palace
–
Linlithgow Palace from the east
Linlithgow Palace
–
St. Michael's Church and Linlithgow Palace from the Peel
Linlithgow Palace
–
North and west faces of Linlithgow Palace
6.
Linlithgow
–
Linlithgow is a royal burgh in West Lothian, Scotland. It is West Lothians county town, reflected in the alternative name of Linlithgowshire. An ancient town, it lies south of its two most prominent landmarks, Linlithgow Palace and Linlithgow Loch, and north of the Union Canal, linlithgows patron saint is Saint Michael and its motto is St. Michael is kinde to straingers. A statue of the saint holding the coat of arms stands on the High Street. Linlithgow is located in the north-east of West Lothian, close to the border with Stirlingshire and it lies 20 miles west of Edinburgh along the main railway route to Glasgow. The nearby village of Blackness once served as the burghs port, Linlithgow is overlooked by its local hill, Cockleroi. The name Linlithgow comes from the Old British lynn llaith cau meaning lake in the damp hollow, originally Linlithgow referred to the loch itself, the town being known as just Lithgow. Folk etymology associated this name with the Gaelic liath gu meaning grey dog, the present Palace was started in 1424 by James I of Scotland. It was burnt in 1746, and, whilst unroofed, it is largely complete in terms of its apartments. Linlithgow was also the site of the Battle of Linlithgow Bridge at the edge of the town. The roadway to Linlithgow over the River Avon is described by scholars as a lifted road, besides the Palace, a second attraction, standing adjacent, is 15th century St. Michaels Church. Its western tower originally had a stone crown spire, of the type seen also on St Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh, or Newcastle Cathedral. In 1964 a replacement and controversial spire in aluminium in a style by Scots architect Sir Basil Spence. Many historic buildings line the High Street, on the south side ground levels rise and several historic wynds and closes as found in Edinburgh still exist. The most prominent space is on axis with the road to the Palace and this contains the Cross Well of 1807 which proclaims itself to be a replica of its 1628 predecessor. To its north stands the Town House of 1668 by the master mason John Smith and this replaced a previous hall demolished by Oliver Cromwells army in 1650. Much of its interior was removed in a modernisation project of 1962. The burghs coat of arms features a black bitch chained to an oak tree on an island, and townsfolk are known as black bitches
Linlithgow
–
Linlithgow from
Linlithgow Palace
Linlithgow
–
Linlithgow Palace from the public park surrounding it, known as The Peel
Linlithgow
–
The south side of the High Street was spared the demolition inflicted upon the north side in the 1960s.
Linlithgow
–
Linlithgow Canal Basin
7.
Kingdom of Scotland
–
The Kingdom of Scotland was a state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843, which joined with the Kingdom of England to form a unified Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the third of the island of Great Britain. It suffered many invasions by the English, but under Robert I it fought a war of independence. In 1603, James VI of Scotland became King of England, in 1707, the two kingdoms were united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union. The Crown was the most important element of government, the Scottish monarchy in the Middle Ages was a largely itinerant institution, before Edinburgh developed as a capital city in the second half of the 15th century. The Scottish Crown adopted the conventional offices of western European courts, Parliament also emerged as a major legal institution, gaining an oversight of taxation and policy, but was never as central to the national life as its counterpart in England. In the 17th century, the creation of Justices of Peace, the continued existence of courts baron and the introduction of kirk sessions helped consolidate the power of local lairds. Scots law developed into a system in the Middle Ages and was reformed and codified in the 16th and 17th centuries. Under James IV the legal functions of the council were rationalised, in 1532, the College of Justice was founded, leading to the training and professionalisation of lawyers. David I is the first Scottish king known to have produced his own coinage, Early Scottish coins were virtually identical in silver content to English ones, but from about 1300 their silver content began to depreciate more rapidly than the English coins. At the union of the Crowns in 1603 the Scottish pound was fixed at only one-twelfth the value of the English pound, the Bank of Scotland issued pound notes from 1704. Scottish currency was abolished by the Act of Union, Scotland is half the size of England and Wales in area, but has roughly the same length of coastline. Geographically Scotland is divided between the Highlands and Islands and the Lowlands, the Highlands had a relatively short growing season, which was further shortened during the Little Ice Age. From Scotlands foundation to the inception of the Black Death, the population had grown to a million, following the plague and it expanded in the first half of the 16th century, reaching roughly 1.2 million by the 1690s. Significant languages in the kingdom included Gaelic, Old English, Norse and French. Christianity was introduced into Scotland from the 6th century, in the Norman period the Scottish church underwent a series of changes that led to new monastic orders and organisation. During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that created a predominately Calvinist national kirk, there were a series of religious controversies that resulted in divisions and persecutions. The Scottish Crown developed naval forces at various points in its history, Land forces centred around the large common army, but adopted European innovations from the 16th century, and many Scots took service as mercenaries and as soldiers for the English Crown
Kingdom of Scotland
–
James VI, whose inheritance of the thrones of England and Ireland created a dynastic union in 1603
Kingdom of Scotland
–
Flag
Kingdom of Scotland
–
Coronation of
Alexander III of Scotland at
Scone Abbey; beside him are the
Mormaers of Strathearn and
Fife while his genealogy is recited by a royal poet.
Kingdom of Scotland
–
The
Regiam Majestatem is the oldest surviving written digest of Scots law.
8.
Falkland Palace
–
Falkland Palace in Falkland, Fife, Scotland, is a royal palace of the Scottish Kings. Today it is under the stewardship of The Marquess of Bute, before Falkland Palace was built a hunting lodge existed on the site in the 12th century. This lodge was expanded in the 13th century and became a castle which was owned by the Earls of Fife - the famous Clan MacDuff, the castle was built here because the area could be easily defended as it was on a slight hill. The surrounding land became the Palace gardens. There was a wood of oaks to the north between the royal stable and the River Eden, with many groves merging into the surrounding parkland. Timber was occasionally cut in the forest for royal ships of war. The castle would also have been surrounded by meadows, fields, orchards, glades and Falkland Park which was a managed forest surrounded by a Pale and this pale would have been used to keep game inside the park for the royal family and courtiers to hunt. The land near the palace which is currently the orchard would have originally been meadows, the castle and the palace would have had their own orchard somewhere close by. In 1371 Falkland Castle was destroyed by an invading English army, in 1402 Robert, Duke of Albany imprisoned his nephew and rival David, Duke of Rothesay, the eldest son of King Robert, in the Well Tower at Falkland. The incarcerated Duke eventually died there from neglect and starvation, was detained a captive in England eighteen years. At these misfortunes King Robert died of grief in 1406, between 1501 and 1541 Kings James IV and James V transformed the old castle into a beautiful royal palace, with Stirling Castle it was one of two Renaissance palaces in Scotland. To address the state of the garden and park, James V appointed a new Captain and Keeper, William Barclay, Master of Rhynd. Ten years later, James V extended his fathers buildings in French renaissance style and he built a Royal Tennis Court in the grounds of the Palace which was completed in 1541. The court still survives to day and is the oldest in Britain. His body lay in the Chapel Royal for almost a month, on 4 January 1543 messengers ordered the gentlemen of Fife to convey the kings body to North Queensferry on its way to Holyrood Abbey. Falkland became a retreat with all the Stewart monarchs. They practised falconry there and used the vast surrounding forests for hawking, wild boar, imported from France, were kept in the Park, within a fence made by the Laird of Fernie. They also loved using the Royal Tennis Court, Queen Mary became especially fond of the game, nearby Myres Castle is the hereditary home of the Royal Macers and Sergeants at Arms who served Falkland Castle since at least the 16th century
Falkland Palace
–
Falkland Palace, 'South Quarter' from the Courtyard
Falkland Palace
–
Falkland Palace from the gardens
Falkland Palace
–
The arms of the King of Scots at the gatehouse
9.
Fife
–
Fife is a council area and historic county of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with boundaries to Perth and Kinross. By custom it is held to have been one of the major Pictish kingdoms, known as Fib. It is an area, and was a county of Scotland until 1975. It was very occasionally known by the anglicisation Fifeshire in old documents, a person from Fife is known as a Fifer. Fife was a government region divided into three districts, Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy and North-East Fife. Since 1996 the functions of the councils have been exercised by the unitary Fife Council. Fife is Scotlands third largest local authority area by population and it has a resident population of just under 367,000, over a third of whom live in the three principal towns of Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy and Glenrothes. The historic town of St Andrews is located on the northeast coast of Fife and it is well known for the University of St Andrews, one of the most ancient universities in the world and is renowned as the home of golf. Fife, bounded to the north by the Firth of Tay, the earliest known reference to the common epithet The Kingdom of Fife dates from only 1678, in a proposition that the term derives from the quasi-regal privileges of the Earl of Fife. The notion of a kingdom may derive from a misintrepretation of an extract from Wyntoun, the name is recorded as Fib in A. D.1150 and Fif in 1165. It was often associated with Fothriff, the hill-fort of Clatchard Craig, near Newburgh, was occupied as an important Pictish stronghold between the sixth and eighth centuries AD. Fife was an important royal and political centre from the reign of King Malcolm III onwards, Malcolm had his principal home in Dunfermline and his wife Margaret was the main benefactor of Dunfermline Abbey. The Abbey replaced Iona as the resting place of Scotlands royal elite. The Earl of Fife was until the 15th century considered the principal peer of the Scottish realm, wool, linen, coal and salt were all traded. Salt pans heated by local coal were a feature of the Fife coast in the past, the distinctive red clay pan tiles seen on many old buildings in Fife arrived as ballast on trading boats and replaced the previously thatched roofs. This endeavour lasted until 1609 when the colonists, having been opposed by the population, were bought out by Kenneth Mackenzie. Fife became a centre of industry in the 19th century
Fife
–
Coat of arms
Fife
–
Fife Fife Fìobha
Fife
–
Fife House, seat of Fife Council
Fife
–
Fifeshire & Kinross-shire Civil Parish map. http://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee01wils#page/n778/mode/1up Parishes outlined in red
10.
Holyrood Abbey
–
Holyrood Abbey is a ruined abbey of the Canons Regular in Edinburgh, Scotland. The abbey was founded in 1128 by King David I, during the 15th century, the abbey guesthouse was developed into a royal residence, and after the Scottish Reformation the Palace of Holyroodhouse was expanded further. The abbey church was used as a church until the 17th century. The remaining walls of the abbey lie adjacent to the palace, the site of the abbey is protected as a scheduled monument. Rood is an old word for the cross which Jesus Christ was crucified upon, thus the name Holyrood is equivalent to Holy Cross. Legend relates that in 1127, while King David I was hunting in the forests to the east of Edinburgh during the Feast of the Cross, as an act of thanksgiving for his escape, David I founded Holyrood Abbey on the site in 1128. In the church was preserved, in a reliquary, the fragment of the True Cross brought by Davids mother, St. Margaret, from Waltham Abbey. At the battle of Nevilles Cross, in 1346, this precious relic fell into the hands of the English, in 1177 the papal legate Vivian held council here. In 1189 the nobles and prelates of Scotland met here to discuss raising a ransom for William the Lion, the original abbey church of Holyrood was largely reconstructed between 1195 and 1230. The completed building consisted of a six-bay aisled choir, three-bay transepts with a tower above. Some scholars believe the high vaults to be sexpartite a design that was probably archaic at the period and they were probably plastered, with exposed thin ribs. Among the chief benefactors of Holyrood during the four centuries of its existence as a house were Kings David I and II, Robert, Bishop of St. Andrews. The Parliament of Scotland met at the abbey in 1256,1285,1327,1366,1384,1389 and 1410, in 1326 Robert the Bruce held parliament here and there is evidence that Holyrood was being used as a royal residence by 1329. The Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton, which brought an end to the First War of Scottish Independence, was signed by Robert I in the Kings Chamber at Holyrood in March 1328. The abbeys position close to Edinburgh Castle meant that it was visited by Scotlands kings. James II and his twin brother Alexander, Duke of Rothesay, were there in October 1430. James was also crowned at Holyrood in 1437 and building works were carried out before his marriage there in 1449, between 1498 and 1501, James IV constructed a royal palace at Holyrood, adjacent to the abbey cloister. Royal influence over the abbey further increased when in 1538 Robert Stewart, during the War of the Rough Wooing, the invading English armies of the Earl of Hertford inflicted structural damage on Holyrood Abbey in 1544 and 1547
Holyrood Abbey
–
The ruins of Holyrood Abbey
Holyrood Abbey
–
The Chapel Royal at the time of James VII
Holyrood Abbey
–
The ruins of the abbey church
Holyrood Abbey
–
The ruined nave
11.
Madeleine of Valois
–
Very frail from birth, she grew up in the warm and temperate Loire Valley region of France, rather than at Paris, as her father feared that the cold would destroy her delicate health. Together with her sister Margaret, she was raised by her aunt and this lasted until her father remarried and his new wife, Eleanor of Austria, took them into her own household. By her sixteenth birthday, she had contracted tuberculosis, three years before Madeleines birth, the Franco-Scottish Treaty of Rouen was made to bolster the Auld Alliance after Scotlands defeat at the Battle of Flodden. A marriage to a French Princess for the Scottish King was one of its provisions, in April 1530, John Stewart, Duke of Albany, was appointed commissioner to finalise the royal marriage between James V and Madeleine. However, as Madeleine did not enjoy good health, another French bride, Mary of Bourbon would be given a dowry as if she were the French kings daughter. James V contracted to marry Mary of Bourbon, and travelled to France in 1536 to meet her, citing her illness and the harsh climate of Scotland, which he feared would prove fatal to his daughters already failing health, Francis I initially refused to permit the marriage. The pair married on 1 January 1537 at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Francis I also provided Madeleine with a very generous dowry, which considerably boosted the Scottish treasury. According to the contract made at Blois, Madeleine renounced her. After months of festivities and celebrations, the couple left France for Scotland in May 1537, by this time, Madeleines health had deteriorated even further, and she was very sick when the royal pair landed in Scotland. They arrived at Leith at 10 oclock on Whitsun-eve,19 May, a detailed list of wedding presents from Francis I also survives. Madeleine wrote to her father from Edinburgh on 8 June 1537 saying that she was better and her symptoms had diminished, however, a month later, on 7 July 1537, Madeleine, the so-called Summer Queen of Scots, died in her husbands arms at Edinburgh, Scotland. Queen Madeleine was interred in Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh, Madeleines marriage and death was commemorated by the poet David Lyndsays Deploration of Deith of Quene Magdalene, the poem describes the pageantry of the marriage in France and Scotland, O Paris. Quhilk did resave our prince with laud and glorie, Solempnitlie, less than a year after her death, her husband married the widowed Mary of Guise, who had attended his wedding to Madeleine. Twenty years later, listed amongst the treasures in Edinburgh Castle were two little gold cups, a basin, a jasper vase, and crystal jug given to Madeleine when she was a child in France
Madeleine of Valois
–
Madeleine de Valois by
Corneille de la Haye
Madeleine of Valois
–
Madeleine (back right) with her mother and sisters, from the Book of Hours of
Catherine de'Medici.
12.
Mary of Guise
–
Mary of Guise was Queen of Scots from 1538 to 1542 as the second wife of King James V. She was the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, a native of Lorraine, she was a member of the powerful House of Guise, which played a prominent role in 16th-century French politics. Her main goal was an alliance between the powerful French Catholic nation and smaller Scotland, which she wanted to be Catholic. She failed, and at her death the Protestants took control of Scotland, among her 11 siblings were Francis, Duke of Guise, Claude, Duke of Aumale, Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, and Louis I, Cardinal of Guise. Mary was tall and her mother mentioned in a letter that she suffered from bad colds, however, there is a story of Mary of Guise being born in a commoners home while en route to her supposed birthplace. Her name has also stylized as Mary of Guise, Marie de Guise. When Mary was five, she was godmother to her younger sister Louise, not long after, she joined her grandmother Philippa of Guelders in the convent of the Poor Clares at Pont-à-Mousson. Her uncle Antoine, Duke of Lorraine and her aunt Renée of Bourbon visited Philippa there when Mary was about fourteen, impressed by their nieces qualities and stature, they took her away from the convent and prepared her for life at the French court. In 1531, Mary made her first appearance there at the marriage between Francis I and Eleanor of Austria and she established a friendship with the kings daughters Madeleine, whom she would later succeed as Queen of Scots, and Margaret. On 4 August 1534, at the age of 18, she became Duchess of Longueville by marrying Louis II dOrléans, Duke of Longueville and their union turned out to be happy, but brief. On 30 October 1535, Mary gave birth to her first son, Francis, for the rest of her life, Mary kept the last letter from her bon mari et ami Louis, which mentioned his illness and explained his absence at Rouen. It can still be seen at the National Library of Scotland, on 4 August, Mary gave birth to their second son, who was named Louis after his deceased father. Louis died very young, but Francis wrote letters to his mother in Scotland, on 22 March 1545, he sent a piece of string to show how tall he was, and on 2 July 1546 he sent her his portrait. According to a 17th-century writer, James V had noticed the attractions of Mary when he went to France to meet Madeleine and Mary of Bourbon and it is known that Mary had attended the wedding of James and Madeleine. The recently widowed Henry VIII of England, in attempts to prevent this union, given Henrys marital history—banishing his first wife and beheading the second—Mary refused the offer. In December 1537, Henry VIII told Castillon, the French ambassador in London, biographer Antonia Fraser writing in 1969 said Mary replied, I may be a big woman, but I have a very little neck. King Francis I of France accepted Jamess proposal over Henrys and conveyed his wishes to Marys father, Francis had a marriage contract prepared that offered James a dowry as large as if Mary had been a princess. Marys mother found the contract marvellously strange, because the king had included Marys sons inheritance in the dowry
Mary of Guise
–
Mary of Guise, c. 1537, by
Corneille de Lyon.
Mary of Guise
–
Mary of Guise and her second husband, King James V of Scotland
Mary of Guise
–
Mary, Queen of Scots, Mary of Guise's daughter, for whom she acted as regent from 1554 to 1560
Mary of Guise
–
Mary's coat of arms showing Scotland impaled with Lorraine in
South Leith Parish Church.
13.
James Stuart, 1st Earl of Moray
–
Moray was born in about 1531, the most notable of the many illegitimate children of King James V of Scotland. His mother was the Kings favourite mistress, Lady Margaret Erskine, daughter of John Erskine, 5th Lord Erskine, on 31 August 1536 he had a charter of the lands of Tantallon and others. James was appointed Prior of St Andrews, Fife, in his youth in 1538. As early as May 1553, the ambassador to England, Jean Scheyfve, heard that Mary of Guise planned to make him Regent of Scotland in place of James Hamilton. James attended the wedding of his legitimate half-sister, Mary, Queen of Scots, to fund this trip his mother obtained credit from Timothy Cagnioli, an Italian banker in Edinburgh. James became a supporter of the Scottish Reformation, at Perth in June 1559 he plucked down the images in various churches. An English commentator praised James for his virtue, manhood, valour, despite their religious differences, Moray became the chief advisor to his sister, Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1561 after her return from France. She was the surviving child of his fathers marriage to Mary of Guise. Although James disturbed her priests celebrating mass at Holyroodhouse in September 1561, she made him Earl of Moray, with the earldom came Darnaway Castle with its medieval hall, notable even then as verie fayer and large builded. Moray also had a house called Pitlethie near Leuchars in Fife. In October 1562, he defeated a rebellion by George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly, at the Battle of Corrichie near Aberdeen. Moray opposed the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, to Lord Darnley in 1565 and he was subsequently declared an outlaw and took refuge in England. Returning to Scotland after the murder of David Rizzio, he was pardoned by the Queen and he contrived, however, to be away at the time of Darnleys assassination, and avoided the tangles of the marriage with Bothwell by going to France. Mary abdicated at Loch Leven Castle on 24 July 1567, Moray returned to Edinburgh from France on 11 August 1567, escorted from Berwick-upon-Tweed by James Melville of Halhill, with a French ambassador, De Lignerolles. William Cecil, the English secretary of State had arranged his transport from Dieppe in an English ship and he was appointed Regent of Scotland on 22 August. The appointment was confirmed by Parliament in December, Mary was compelled to flee to England. For this and the subsequent management of the kingdom he secured both civil and ecclesiastical peace, and earned the title of The Gude Regent, in September 1568, Moray chose commissioners and went to York to discuss a treaty with England. During this conference he produced the casket letters, which were supposed to incriminate Queen Mary and it was later said that a plan to assassinate him at North Allerton on his way back had been called off
James Stuart, 1st Earl of Moray
–
The Earl of Moray, a detail from a wedding portrait by
Hans Eworth
James Stuart, 1st Earl of Moray
–
Assassination of the Regent Moray. Victorian stained glass window in St. Giles Kirk, Edinburgh.
14.
Dynasty
–
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
Dynasty
–
Charles I of England and his son, the future
James II
15.
House of Stuart
–
The House of Stuart, originally Stewart and, in Gaelic, Stiùbhart was a European royal house that originated in Scotland. The dynastys patrilineal Breton ancestors had held the office of High Steward of Scotland since the 12th century, the royal Stewart line was founded by Robert II, and they were Kings and Queens of Scots from the late 14th century until the union with England in 1707. Mary I, Queen of Scots was brought up in France and her son, James VI of Scotland, inherited the thrones of England and Ireland upon the death of Elizabeth I in 1603. Except for the period of the Commonwealth, 1649–1660, the Stuarts were monarchs of England, Scotland and Ireland until 1707, then of Great Britain and Ireland, in total, nine Stewart/Stuart monarchs ruled Scotland alone from 1371 until 1603. James VI of Scotland then inherited the realms of Elizabeth I of England, following the Glorious Revolution in 1688, two Stuart queens ruled the isles, Mary II and Anne. Both were the Protestant daughters of James VII and II by his first wife, during the reign of the Stuarts, Scotland developed from a relatively poor and feudal country into a prosperous, modern and centralised state. They ruled during a time in European history of transition from the Middle Ages, through the Renaissance, monarchs such as James IV were known for sponsoring exponents of the Northern Renaissance such as the poet Robert Henryson, and others. The name Stewart derives from the position of office similar to a governor. It was originally adopted as the surname by Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland. Prior to this, family names were not used, but instead they had patronyms defined through the father, the gallicised spelling was first borne by John Stewart of Darnley after his time in the French wars. During the 16th century, the French spelling Stuart was adopted by Mary, Queen of Scots, the FitzAlan family quickly established themselves as a prominent Anglo-Norman noble house, with some of its members serving as High Sheriff of Shropshire. It was the great-grandson of Alan named Walter FitzAlan who became the first hereditary High Steward of Scotland, another supporter of Matilda was her uncle David I of Scotland from the House of Dunkeld. After Matilda was pushed out of England into the County of Anjou, essentially failing in her legitimist attempt for the throne, many of her supporters in England fled also. It was then that Walter followed David up to the Kingdom of Scotland, where he was granted lands in Renfrewshire, the next monarch of Scotland, Malcolm IV, made the High Steward title a hereditary arrangement. While High Stewards, the family were based at Dundonald, South Ayrshire between the 12th and 13th centuries. The sixth High Steward of Scotland, Walter Stewart, married Marjorie, daughter of Robert the Bruce, in 1503, James IV attempted to secure peace with England by marrying King Henry VIIs daughter, Margaret Tudor. The birth of their son, later James V, brought the House of Stewart into the line of descent of the House of Tudor, and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and their daughter, Margaret Douglas, was the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
House of Stuart
–
Tombstone of the last members of the House of Stuart in the
St. Peter's Basilica – Work of
Antonio Canova.
House of Stuart
–
Last armorial of the Stuart monarch for use in Great Britain, 1707 to 1714
House of Stuart
–
James I of Scotland
House of Stuart
–
James IV of Scotland
16.
Margaret Tudor
–
As queen dowager she married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. Through her first and second marriages, respectively, Margaret was the grandmother of both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Marys second husband, Lord Darnley. Margarets marriage to James IV foreshadowed the Union of the Crowns – their great-grandson, James VI and she was also the niece of the Princes In The Tower Margaret was baptised in St. Margarets Church, Westminster. She was named after Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, daughters were important political assets in a world where diplomacy and marriage were closely linked. On 30 September 1497, James IVs commissioner, the Spaniard Pedro de Ayala concluded a truce with England. James was in his twenties and still unmarried. On 24 January 1502, Scotland and England concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, the marriage treaty was concluded the same day and was viewed as a guarantee of the new peace. The marriage was completed by proxy on 25 January 1503 at Richmond Palace, Patrick, Earl of Bothwell, was proxy for the Scottish King and wore a gown of cloth-of-gold at the ceremony in the Queens great chamber. He was accompanied by the Archbishop of Glasgow and Andrew Forman, the herald, John Young, reported that right notable jousts followed the ceremony. Prizes were awarded the next morning and the tournament continued another day, Margaret was now regarded as Queen of Scots. The new queen was provided with a wardrobe of clothes. Clothes were also made for her companion, Lady Catherine Gordon, later in 1503, Margaret came to Scotland, her progress was a grand journey northward. She left Richmond Palace on the 27 June with Henry VII, at York a plaque commemorates the exact spot where the Queen of Scots entered its gates. After crossing the border at Berwick upon Tweed on 1 August 1503, at Dalkeith Palace, James came to kiss her goodnight. He came again to console her on 4 August after a fire had killed some of her favourite horses. Her riding gear was burnt and a new sumpter cloth or pallion of cloth-of-gold harvtxt £127, on the 7 August 1503, Margaret was carried from Dalkeith to Edinburgh on a litter. At a meadow a mile from Edinburgh, there was a pavilion where Sir Patrick Hamilton and Patrick Sinclair played, on 8 August 1503, the marriage was celebrated in person in Holyrood Abbey. The rites were performed by the Archbishop of Glasgow and the Archbishop of York, two days later, on St Lawrences day, Margaret went to mass at St Giles, the towns Kirk, as her first public appointment
Margaret Tudor
–
Detail of a portrait of Queen Margaret by
Daniel Mytens
Margaret Tudor
–
Margaret, thought to have been drawn from life.
Margaret Tudor
–
Painting of Margaret, refusing to hand over custody of her sons to
John Stewart, Duke of Albany, by
John Faed, 1859.
Margaret Tudor
–
Methven Castle
17.
Battle of Solway Moss
–
The Battle of Solway Moss took place on Solway Moss near the River Esk on the English side of the Anglo-Scottish border in November 1542 between English and Scottish forces. The Scottish King James V had refused to break from the Roman Catholic church, as urged by his uncle King Henry VIII, the Scottish army that marched against them was poorly led and organised, and many Scots were either captured or drowned in the river. News of the defeat is believed to have hastened the death of James V. When Henry VIII of England broke from the Roman Catholic Church, he asked James V of Scotland, his nephew, James ignored his uncles request and further insulted him by refusing to meet with Henry at York. Furious, Henry VIII sent troops against Scotland, in retaliation for the massive English raid into Scotland, James responded by assigning Robert, Lord Maxwell, the Scottish Warden of West March, the task of raising an army. On 24 November 1542, an army of 15, 000–18,000 Scots advanced into England, Lord Maxwell, though never officially designated commander of the force, declared he would lead the attack in person. According to this account of the battle, the other refused to accept his command. The English commanders Lord Wharton and Sir William Musgrave made reports of the battle, William Musgrave reported that Maxwell was still in charge and fought with the rest of the Scottish nobles, who were forced to dismount on the bank of the River Esk. The Scots advance into England was met near Solway Moss by Lord Wharton, the battle was uncoordinated and may be described as a rout. Sir Thomas Wharton described the battle as the overthrow of the Scots between the rivers Esk and Lyne, the Scots, after the first encounter of a cavalry chase at Akeshawsill, now Oakshawhill, moved down towards Arthuret Howes. Wharton said the Scots were halted at the Sandy Ford by Arthuret mill dam, the Scots were beguiled by their own guiding, according to one Scottish writer. Several hundred of the Scots may have drowned in the marshes, James, who was not present at the battle, withdrew to Falkland Palace humiliated and ill with fever. He died at Falkland two weeks later at the age of thirty, according to George Douglas, in his delirium he lamented the capture of his banner and Oliver Sinclair at Solway Moss more than his other losses. Gervase Phillips has estimated that only about seven Englishmen and 20 Scots were killed but 1,200 Scottish prisoners were taken, including Sinclair, prisoners taken to England included Lord Gray, and Stewart of Rosyth. A number of captured Scottish earls, lords and lairds were released, they sent hostages, on 14 December 1542, Thomas Whartons report of the battle was read to Privy Council, and they ordered that Scottish prisoners entering London should wear a red St Andrews cross. Among the captured guns were four falconets with the cast cipher of JRS for Jacobus Rex Scotorum, eustace Chapuys reported that the Scottish prisoners attended Henrys court on Christmas Day wearing swords and dirks. They were able to talk to the French ambassador and Henry gave them each a present of a gold chain. These hostages and prisoners were well treated in England, as it was hoped that when they returned to Scotland after their ransoms were paid
Battle of Solway Moss
–
River Esk at
Arthuret; a Scottish army was trapped nearby in 1542
18.
Henry VII of England
–
Henry VII was King of England from seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, and the first monarch of the House of Tudor. He ruled the Principality of Wales until 29 November 1489 and was Lord of Ireland, Henry won the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. Henry was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle and he cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and niece of Richard III. Henry was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the civil war and his supportive stance of the islands wool industry and stand off with the Low Countries had long lasting benefits to all the British Isles economy. However, the capriciousness and lack of due process that many would tarnish his legacy and were soon ended upon Henry VIIs death. According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple greed underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henrys final years, Henry VII was born at Pembroke Castle on 28 January 1457 to Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond. His father, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, died three months before his birth, Henrys paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of Henry V. He rose to one of the Squires to the Body to the King after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. Owen is said to have married the widow of Henry V. One of their sons was Edmund Tudor, father of Henry VII, Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and formally declared legitimate by Parliament. Henrys main claim to the English throne derived from his mother through the House of Beaufort, Henrys mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, fourth son of Edward III, and his third wife Katherine Swynford. Katherine was Gaunts mistress for about 25 years, when married in 1396, they already had four children. Thus Henrys claim was somewhat tenuous, it was from a woman, in theory, the Portuguese and Castilian royal families had a better claim as descendants of Catherine of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt and his second wife Constance of Castile. Gaunts nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunts children by Katherine Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397, in 1407, Henry IV, who was Gaunts son by his first wife, issued new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings, but also declaring them ineligible for the throne. Henry IVs action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it further weakened Henrys claim. Henry also made political capital out of his Welsh ancestry, for example in attracting military support. He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr and he took it, as well as the standard of St George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. A contemporary writer and Henrys biographer, Bernard André, also much of Henrys Welsh descent
Henry VII of England
–
Portrait of King Henry VII holding a
Tudor Rose, wearing collar of the
Order of the Golden Fleece, dated 1505, by unknown artist, National Portrait Gallery, London (NPG 416).
Henry VII of England
–
Pembroke Castle
Henry VII of England
–
Young Henry VII, by a French artist (
Musée Calvet,
Avignon)
Henry VII of England
–
Perfected and fluted armour of Henry VII
19.
Linlithgowshire
–
West Lothian is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and one of its historic counties. It did however part of the Pentlands from Midlothian. The old county town was the burgh of Linlithgow. The council area borders, in a direction, the council areas of Edinburgh, the Scottish Borders, North and South Lanarkshire. The county bordered Midlothian, Lanarkshire, and Stirlingshire and its eastern border with Midlothian was formed by the Briech Water, from its source until it reached the Almond, and it then followed the Almond to the Forth. The southern border was mostly arbitrary, while the border was formed first by the Drumtassie Burn. It had an area of 120 sq. miles, making it the third smallest of Scotlands 33 counties, significant towns not included in the council area are the coastal burghs of Boness and Queensferry and the town of Kirkliston. Geologically, most of the area is underlaid by Carboniferous sedimentary rocks running in strips from north to south, the eastern and southern rocks are the oldest and least useful. Further west is a field of shale oil, then sedimentary and basalt rocks supplying silica sand. The area rises from lowlands in the north to the Pentland Hills in the southeast, two thirds of the land is agricultural, while a tenth is urban. Significant watercourses include the Almond and the Union Canal, while the bodies of water are Linlithgow Loch. West Lothian was extensively settled in times, and several ancient burial sites have been uncovered. There are remains of hillforts on Cockleroy, Peace Knowe, Bowden, Cairnpapple, the area was anciently inhabited by Britons of the tribe known as the Votadini or Gododdin. By 83 AD, southern Scotland had been conquered by Romans, in later centuries the region was regularly overrun by Gaelic-speaking Scots, and it became permanently part of the Kingdom of Scotland in the 11th century. Scotland was split into sheriffdoms, what would later become counties, the first known reference to a sheriff of Linlithgow occurs in a charter dating from the reign of his successor Malcolm IV. For a time West Lothian became a constabulary, but it seems to have made a sheriffdom again during the reign of James III. In pre-industrial times West Lothian was almost entirely agricultural, in the way of heavy industry there was a silver mine at Cairnpapple, a cotton mill at Blackburn, paper mills at Linlithgow, and shallow coal mines around Bathgate and Whitburn. The county was changed by the Industrial Revolution, with the opening of deep-pit iron, coal
Linlithgowshire
–
West Lothian Wast Lowden Lodainn an Iar
20.
Duke of Rothesay
–
Duke of Rothesay is a title of the heir apparent to the British throne, currently Prince Charles. The Duke of Rothesay also holds other Scottish titles, including those of Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. The title is named after Rothesay on the Isle of Bute, Argyll and Bute, david Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, the son of Robert III of Scotland, King of Scots, first held the dukedom from its creation in 1398. After his death, his brother James, later King James I, thereafter, the heir-apparent to the Scottish Crown held the dukedom, an Act of the Scottish Parliament passed in 1469 confirmed this pattern of succession. The Earldom of Carrick existed as early as the twelfth century, in 1306, Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick, became King Robert I of Scotland, with the earldom merging in the Crown. In the following years, successive Kings of Scots created several heirs-apparent Earl of Carrick, the Act of 1469 finally settled the earldom on the eldest son of the Scottish monarch. The office of the Great Steward of Scotland dates back to its first holder, Walter fitz Alan, the seventh Great Steward, Robert, ascended the Scots throne as Robert II in 1371. Thereafter, only the heirs-apparent to the Crown held the office, the 1469 Act also deals with this. Between the 1603 Union and Edward VIIs time as heir apparent and it was Queen Victoria who mandated the title for use to refer to the eldest son and heir apparent when in Scotland, and this usage has continued since. This may have been as a result, direct or indirect, another of the non-peerage titles belonging to the heir-apparent, that of Lord of the Isles, merits special mention. The Lords of the Isles, of the MacDonald family, originally functioned as vassals of the Scottish — or Norwegian — kings who ruled the Western Isles. The ambitious John MacDonald II, fourth Lord of the Isles, made a treaty in 1462 with King Edward IV of England. In 1475, James III discovered the Lord of the Isles actions, MacDonald later regained his position, but James IV again deprived him of his titles in 1493 after his nephew provoked a rebellion. In 1540 James V of Scotland granted the Lordship to the heirs-apparent to the Crown, an Act of the Parliament of Scotland passed in 1469 governs the succession to most of these titles. It provides that the first-born Prince of the King of Scots for ever should hold the dukedom, though the Act specified King, eldest sons of queens regnant subsequently also held the dukedom. The interpretation of the word Prince, however, does not include women, the eldest son of the British Sovereign, as Duke of Rothesay, had the right to vote in elections for representative peers from 1707. This right continued until 1963, when the UK Parliament abolished the election of representative peers and he has the formal Scottish style of HRH The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay. The personal arms of the current Duke were bestowed upon him in 1974 by HM The Queen, the escutcheon features on the 1st and 4th quarters the arms of the Great Steward of Scotland, with the 2nd and 3rd quarters featuring the arms of the Lord of the Isles
Duke of Rothesay
–
HRH The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay
Duke of Rothesay
–
Standard of the Duke of Rothesay; the
Royal Standard of Scotland defaced with a plain
label of three points
azure.
21.
Prince of Scotland
–
Prince and Great Steward of Scotland are two of the titles of the heir apparent to the throne of the United Kingdom. Princess of Scotland is the wife of the apparent to the throne. The current holder is the wife of The Prince Charles. The title of Prince of Scotland originated in a time when Scotland was a separate from England. The title was held by the apparent to the Scottish throne, in addition to his being Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles. The title of Prince of Scotland originated from a charter granting the Principality of Scotland to the future James I of Scotland, during the reign of James III, permanency was enacted to the title. In modern times, the Prince remains in these lands, the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. Act 2000, however, abolished most remaining feudal duties and privileges attaching to the Principality, prior to the 2000 Act the Principality was entirely feued out to tenants and brought in a small income. All title deeds in Ayrshire and Renfrewshire required to be sealed with the Princes seal, revenue gained from feudal dealings were counted as income for the Duchy of Cornwall, a more substantial estate held by the heir to the throne. Since that date it has been enjoyed by the Sovereigns eldest son, the titles Prince and Great Steward of Scotland are normally conjoined in legislation. In the Scottish Parliament such consent is signified by a member of the Scottish Government, when the Sovereign had no son, there has been uncertainty as to who should bear and use the titles and enjoy the revenues of the Principality. The matter remains unresolved, but is unlikely to be of significance for some time
Prince of Scotland
–
HRH The Prince Charles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland
22.
Battle of Flodden Field
–
The Battle of Flodden or Flodden Field, or occasionally Battle of Branxton, was part of a conflict between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland. It was a decisive English victory, in terms of troop numbers, it was the largest battle fought between the two Kingdoms. James IV was killed in the battle, becoming the last monarch from the island of Britain to suffer such a death, Henry VIII had also opened old wounds by claiming to be the overlord of Scotland, which angered the Scots and their King. At this time England was involved as a member of the Catholic League in the War of the League of Cambrai—defending Italy, James also summoned sailors and sent the Scottish navy, including the Great Michael, to join the ships of Louis XII of France. Henry was in France with the Emperor Maximilian at the siege of Thérouanne, the Scottish Lyon King of Arms brought James IVs letter of 26 July to him. James asked him to desist from attacking France in breach of their treaty, henrys exchange with Islay Herald or the Lyon King on 11 August at his tent at the siege was recorded. The Herald declared that Henry should abandon his efforts against the town, moreover, fellow, I care for nothing but for misentreating of my sister, that would God she were in England on a condition she cost the Schottes King not a penny. Henry also replied by letter on 12 August that James was mistaken, however, both sides had been making lengthy preparations for this conflict. Henry VIII had already organised an army and artillery in the north of England to counter the expected invasion, some of the guns had been returned to use against the Scots by Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy. A year earlier, Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, had been appointed Lieutenant-General of the army of the north and was issued with banners of the Cross of St George, only a small number of the light horsemen of the Scottish border had been sent to France. A northern army was maintained with artillery and its expense account starts on 21 July 1513, the first captains were recruited in Lambeth. Many of these soldiers wore green and white Tudor colours, Surrey marched to Doncaster in July and then Pontefract. Where he assembled more troops from Northern England, on 18 August, five cannon brought down from Edinburgh Castle to the Netherbow Gate at St Marys Wynd for the invasion set off towards England dragged by borrowed oxen. On 19 August two gross culverins, four culverins pickmoyance and six culverins moyane followed with the gunner Robert Borthwick, the King himself set off that night with two hastily prepared standards of St Margaret and St Andrew. Catherine of Aragon was Regent in England and on 27 August she issued warrants for the property of all Scotsmen in England to be seized, on hearing of the invasion on 3 September she ordered Thomas Lovell to raise an army in the Midland counties. In keeping with his understanding of the code of chivalry, King James sent notice to the English, one month in advance. After a muster on the Burgh Muir of Edinburgh, the Scottish host moved to Ellemford, to the north of Duns, the Scottish army then crossed the River Tweed near Coldstream. On 24 August James IV held a council or parliament at Twiselhaugh, by 29 August Norham Castle was taken and partly demolished
Battle of Flodden Field
–
Flodden Memorial at the site of the battle
Battle of Flodden Field
–
James IV captured
Ford Castle from Lady Heron
Battle of Flodden Field
–
Western side of the battlefield, looking south-south-east from the monument erected in 1910. The Scottish army advanced down the ploughed field, the English down the grassy field in the foreground, and they met, presumably at the valley boundary between the two fields.
Battle of Flodden Field
–
The Flodden memorial cross, erected in 1910, contemplated by
David Starkey.
23.
Stirling Castle
–
Stirling Castle, located in Stirling, is one of the largest and most important castles in Scotland, both historically and architecturally. The castle sits atop Castle Hill, a crag, which forms part of the Stirling Sill geological formation. It is surrounded on three sides by cliffs, giving it a strong defensive position. Its strategic location, guarding what was, until the 1890s, most of the principal buildings of the castle date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. A few structures of the fourteenth century remain, while the outer defences fronting the town date from the eighteenth century. Before the union with England, Stirling Castle was also one of the most used of the many Scottish royal residences, several Scottish Kings and Queens have been crowned at Stirling, including Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1542, and others were born or died there. Stirling Castle is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, and is now a tourist attraction managed by Historic Scotland and it is likely that this natural feature was occupied at an early date, as a hill fort is located on Gowan Hill, immediately to the east. The Romans bypassed Stirling, building a fort at Doune instead, the area came under Pictish control after the defeat of the Northumbrians at the Battle of Dun Nechtain thirty years later. However, there is no evidence for occupation of Castle Hill before the late medieval period. Other legends have been associated with Stirling, or Snowdoun as it was more poetically known, boece is, however, considered an unreliable historian. Another chronicler, William Worcester, associated Stirling with the court of the legendary King Arthur, the first record of Stirling Castle dates from around 1110, when King Alexander I dedicated a chapel here. It appears to have been a royal centre by this time. During the reign of his successor David I, Stirling became a burgh. There is no evidence that the English actually occupied the castle, Stirling continued to be a favoured royal residence, with William himself dying there in 1214, and Alexander III laying out the New Park, for deer hunting, in the 1260s. Stirling remained a centre of administration until the death of Alexander III in 1286. His passing triggered a crisis, with Edward I of England invited to arbitrate between competing claimants. Edward came north in 1291, demanding that Stirling, along with the royal castles. Edward gave judgement in favour of John Balliol, hoping he would be a puppet ruler, in 1296, Edward invaded Scotland, beginning the Wars of Scottish Independence, which would last for the next 60 years
Stirling Castle
–
Stirling Castle, from the "King's Knot" gardens below the Castle Hill
Stirling Castle
–
Statue of
Robert the Bruce on the castle esplanade
Stirling Castle
–
The north gate of the castle, at the lower left, is probably the oldest part of the castle, dating partly from the 1380s
Stirling Castle
–
Stirling Castle, drawn by
John Slezer in 1693, and showing James IV's now-demolished Forework
24.
John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany
–
John Stewart, Duke of Albany was Regent of the Kingdom of Scotland, Duke of Albany in peerage of Scotland and Count of Auvergne and Lauraguais in France. John was a son of Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany and he was the only son of his fathers second marriage, to Anne de la Tour dAuvergne, daughter of Bertrand VI of Auvergne. The ambitious though unsuccessful Alexander had fled Scotland to France in 1479 and he then returned to Scotland after reconciliation with his brother the king, but in 1483 fled to France a second time, being placed in Scotland under a sentence of death for treason. John was born in France, although it is whether this was during his fathers first or second stay there. Alexander was killed in Paris accidentally in a tournament in 1485 when John was still an infant and he had earlier been married with Catherine Sinclair, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Orkney, but that marriage had been dissolved in 1478, however having produced half-brothers to John. Question of their illegitimacy caused uncertainty in succession, but the infant John was eventually recognized as duke after his fathers death and he thus inherited Duchy of Albany and Earldom of March. On 15 February 1487 his mother married Louis de Seyssel, comte de La Chambre, the sons of the immediate royal family proved to be short-lived except Albanys first cousins James, Duke of Ross, King James IV and the latters son the future King James V. Thus Albany was from 1504 onwards either the heir presumptive or the second-in-line to the throne of Kingdom of Scotland, after 1504, despite which minor was heir in front of him, Albany was always the closest heir who was not underage. During the minority of King James V, Albany acted as regent intermittently between 1514 and 1524, on 8 July 1505 the young Albany married his first cousin Anne, Countess of Auvergne and Lauraguais. Thus John started to enjoy the position and rights of Count of Auvergne and Lauraguais in France, a manuscript detailing her estate with pictures of her castles still exists. Albanys mother Anne, Countess of La Chambre, died on 13 October 1512 and he arrived at Dumbarton with a squadron of eight ships, including the James and Margaret, which James IV had lent to Louis XII of France, on 26 May 1515. Albany utilized the Scottish nobility’s innate distrust of Margaret, after two years of this uneasy situation, in 1516 Margaret had to flee to England and Albany thus succeeded in making himself the sole regent. The fragmentary and quarrelous politics of Scotland overthrew and also restored Albanys powers several times, the earl of Angus made his peace with Albany later in 1516. Between 1517 and 1520 Albany sojourned in France, and did not exercise the regency on spot, but through his lieutenants including Antoine dArces, sieur de la Bastie. On 26 August 1517 Albany and Charles, Duke of Alençon signed the Treaty of Rouen, the poet and diplomat Gavin Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld assisted in the negotiations. On 16 January 1518, the dukes sister-in-law, Madeleine de la Tour who was his legal ward, married Lorenzo de Medici, Lorenzo was a nephew of Pope Leo X. In April 1518 Albany attended the christening of the Dauphin Francis, leonardo da Vinci designed the decorations at Amboise for the ceremony. In July 1518 Albany and Lorenzo were at the Castle of Saint-Saturnin in Auvergne, in March 1519, Pope Leo X confirmed the ancient privileges of the Scottish crown noting that he acted on the supplication of Albany, his dilecti filli, beloved nephew
John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany
–
John Stewart
25.
Council of Regency
–
A regent is a person appointed to administer a state because the monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated. The rule of a regent or regents is called a regency, a regent or regency council may be formed ad hoc or in accordance with a constitutional rule. Regent is sometimes a formal title, if the formally appointed regent is unavailable or cannot serve on a temporary basis, a Regent ad interim may be appointed to fill the gap. In a monarchy, a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons and this was the case in the Kingdom of Finland and the Kingdom of Hungary, where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I. In Iceland, the regent represented the King of Denmark as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in 1944, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, kings were elective, which often led to a fairly long interregnum. In the interim, it was the Roman Catholic Primate who served as the regent, in the small republic of San Marino, the two Captains Regent, or Capitani Reggenti, are elected semi-annually as joint heads of state and of government. Famous regency periods include that of the Prince Regent, later George IV of the United Kingdom, giving rise to terms such as Regency era. Strictly this period lasted from 1811 to 1820, when his father George III was insane, as of 1 December 2016, Liechtenstein is the only country with an active regency. The term regent may refer to lower than the ruler of a country. The term may be used in the governance of organisations, typically as an equivalent of director, some university managers in North America are called regents and a management board for a college or university may be titled the Board of Regents. The term regent is used for members of governing bodies of institutions such as the national banks of France. This type of group portrait was popular in Dutch Golden Age painting during the 17th century, in the Dutch East Indies, a regent was a native prince allowed to rule de facto colonized state as a regentschap. Consequently, in the state of Indonesia, the term regent is used in English to mean a bupati. Again in Belgium and France, Regent is the title of a teacher in a lower secondary school. In the Philippines, specifically, the University of Santo Tomas, the Father Regent and they also form the Council of Regents that serves as the highest administrative council of the university. In the Society of Jesus, a regent is a training to be a Jesuit. A regent in the Jesuits is often assigned to teach in a school or some other academic institution as part of the formation toward final vows, list of regents Viceroy, an individual who, in a colony or province, exercised the power of a monarch on his behalf
Council of Regency
–
Regentesses of the Old Men's Almshouse in
Haarlem,
Frans Hals, 1664
26.
Isle of Arran
–
Arran or the Isle of Arran, at 432 square kilometres, is the largest island in the Firth of Clyde and the seventh largest Scottish island. It is in the council area of North Ayrshire. In the 2011 census it had a resident population of 4,629, though culturally and physically similar to the Hebrides, it is separated from them by the Kintyre peninsula. It is divided into highland and lowland areas by the Highland Boundary Fault and has described as a geologists paradise. Arran has been inhabited since the early Neolithic period. From the 6th century onwards, Goidelic-speaking peoples from Ireland colonised it and it became a centre of religious activity, during the troubled Viking Age, Arran became the property of the Norwegian crown, until formally absorbed by the kingdom of Scotland in the 13th century. The 19th century clearances led to significant depopulation and the end of the Gaelic language, the economy and population have recovered in recent years, the main industry being tourism. There is a diversity of wildlife, including three species of endemic to the area. Arran is therefore not unusual in that the derivation of the name is far from clear, mac an Tàilleir states that it is said to be unrelated to the name Aran in Ireland. Any other Brythonic place names that may have existed were later replaced on Arran as the Goidelic-speaking Gaels spread from Ireland via their adjacent kingdom of Dál Riata. During the Viking Age the island, along with the vast majority of the Scottish islands, became the property of the Norwegian crown, as a result of this Norse influence, many current place names on Arran are of Viking origin. The island lies in the Firth of Clyde between Ayr and Ardrossan, and Kintyre, the profile of the north Arran hills as seen from the Ayrshire coast is a well-known sight referred to as the Sleeping Warrior due to its resemblance to a resting human figure. The highest of these hills is Goat Fell at 873.5 metres, there are three other Corbetts, all in the north east, Caisteal Abhail, Cìr Mhòr and Beinn Tarsuinn. Beinn Bharrain is the highest peak in the north west at 721 metres, the largest valley on the island is Glen Iorsa to the west, whilst narrow Glen Sannox and Glen Rosa to the east surround Goat Fell. The terrain to the south is mountainous, although a considerable portion of the interior lies above 350 metres. There are two other Marilyns in the south, Tighvein and Beinn Bhreac, Arran is sometimes referred to as Scotland in miniature, as it is divided into Highland and Lowland areas by the Highland Boundary Fault which runs northeast to southwest across Scotland. Most of the interior of the half of the island is taken up by a large granite batholith that was created by substantial magmatic activity around 58 million years ago in the Paleogene period. This comprises a ring of coarse granite and an inner core of finer grained granite
Isle of Arran
–
Cìr Mhòr and
Caisteal Abhail seen from North Goatfell
Isle of Arran
–
Arran's Northern hills, viewed from the Ardrossan ferry, with
Goat Fell the tallest peak. North Arran is one of 40
National Scenic Areas in Scotland.
Isle of Arran
–
Lochranza village and
castle
27.
Holyroodhouse
–
The Palace of Holyroodhouse, commonly referred to as Holyrood Palace, is the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland. Queen Elizabeth spends one week in residence at Holyrood Palace at the beginning of each summer, Sir William Bruce designed the 3-storey plus attic Baroque palace for Charles II upon the restoration of the monarchy. The entry gateway is framed by massive coupled Roman Doric columns, with the carved Royal Arms of Scotland, the north and south fronts have symmetrical 3-storey facades that rise behind to far left and right of 2-storey range with regular arrangement of bays. The east front has 17 pilastered bays with superimposed columns at each floor, the ruins of the abbey church connect to the palace on the north-east corner. Architectural historian Dan Cruickshank selected the palace as one of his eight choices for the 2002 BBC book The Story of Britains Best Buildings, the rooms open to the public include the 17th-century former Kings apartments and Great Gallery, and the 16th-century apartments in the north-west tower. The Great Stair in the south-west corner of the quadrangle has a 17th-century Baroque ceiling featuring plaster angels holding the Honours of Scotland, the Italian paintings on the walls are fragments of frescoes painted circa 1550 by Lattanzio Gambara, illustrating scenes from Ovids Metamorphoses. They were bought by Prince Albert in 1856, and placed here in 1881, at the top of the stair is the Royal Dining Room, formerly part of the Queens apartments. The Adam style decoration dates from around 1800, when this was part of the Duke of Hamiltons apartment, the Kings apartments occupied the whole of the south and east sides of the quadrangle. Accessed from the Great Stair, the suite of rooms comprising a hall, presence chamber, privy chamber, antechamber, bedchamber. The level of privacy, as well as the richness of decoration, from the visit of George IV in 1822, the guard hall has been used as a throne room, and the order of rooms reversed. The Evening Drawing Room and Morning Drawing Room occupy the former presence chamber and privy chamber, the Morning Drawing Room is hung with French tapestries bought by Charles II, and is used for private ceremonies. The Kings Antechamber, Bedchamber and Closet are laid out along the east side of the palace, the Kings Bedchamber, at the centre of the east façade, has the finest of the 17th-century plaster ceilings, augmented by paintings of Hercules by Jacob de Wet II. The 17th-century bed was made for the Duke of Hamilton, although it was referred to as Queen Marys Bed when it occupied the older Queens rooms. The Great Gallery, the largest room in the palace, links the Kings Closet with the former Queens apartments in the west range, the gallery is decorated with 110 portraits of the Scottish monarchs, beginning with the legendary Fergus I, who supposedly ruled from 330 BC. The portraits were all completed between 1684 and 1686 by Jacob de Wet II and this collection celebrated the royal bloodline of Scotland which the Scots upheld for its continuity and antiquity as an important part of their national identity in the seventeenth century. After 1707, Scotlands representative peers were elected here to be sent to Westminster, bonnie Prince Charlie held evening balls in the gallery during his brief occupation, and it later became a Catholic chapel for the Comte dArtois. Today it is used for functions including investitures and banquets. These rooms were occupied by Lord Darnley in the 17th century, Queen Mary occupied an identical suite of rooms on the second floor of the tower, the bedchambers are linked by a private spiral stair
Holyroodhouse
–
Palace front with the abbey ruins and 16th-century north-west tower on the left. The rest dates from the 17th century. The forecourt fountain on the far right is a Victorian addition.
Holyroodhouse
–
The quadrangle designed by Sir William Bruce, drawn in the 1850s.
Holyroodhouse
–
The landing of the Great Stair
Holyroodhouse
–
Royal Dining Room
28.
Craigmillar Castle
–
Craigmillar Castle is a ruined medieval castle in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is situated 3 miles south-east of the city centre, on a low hill to the south of the suburb of Craigmillar. The Preston family of Craigmillar, the feudal barons, began building the castle in the late 14th century. In 1660 the castle was sold to Sir John Gilmour, Lord President of the Court of Session, the Gilmours left Craigmillar in the 18th century, and the castle fell into ruin. It is now in the care of Historic Environment Scotland, Craigmillar Castle is best known for its association with Mary, Queen of Scots. Following an illness after the birth of her son, the future James VI, before she left on 7 December 1566, a pact known as the Craigmillar Bond was made, with or without her knowledge, to dispose of her husband Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. Craigmillar is one of the medieval castles in Scotland. The central tower house, or keep, is surrounded by a 15th-century courtyard wall with particularly fine defensive features, within this are additional ranges, and the whole is enclosed by an outer courtyard wall containing a chapel and a doocot. The lands of Craigmillar were granted to the monks of Dunfermline Abbey by King David I in the 12th century, the Preston family were first granted land in the area by King David II in 1342 and held 2/3 of the estate. In a further grant of 1374, King Robert II gave the lands of Craigmillar to Sir Simon de Preston. It was Simons son, Simon Preston, or his grandson, Sir George Preston and this was in place by 1425, when a charter was sealed at Craigmillar by Sir John Preston. The courtyard wall was added by Sir William Preston, who had travelled in France. He also brought back the arm of Saint Giles, which he presented to the High Kirk of Edinburgh, in the late 1470s, John Stewart, Earl of Mar, brother of King James III was held prisoner at Craigmillar, accused of practising witchcraft against the King. He later died in suspicious circumstances, in September 1517, during an outbreak of plague in Edinburgh, the infant James V of Scotland moved to safety at Craigmillar. His French guardian De la Bastie had new locks made for his chamber, the family chapel within the outer court was first recorded in 1523. Craigmillar Castle was burned by English troops under the Earl of Hertford, the baron, Sir Simon Preston had the castle repaired, with domestic ranges in the courtyard being remodelled. Sir Simon served as Lord Provost of Edinburgh for several years, and was a supporter of Queen Mary. Queen Mary stayed at Craigmillar twice, in September 1563 and from 20 November to 7 December 1566
Craigmillar Castle
–
Craigmillar Castle from the east
Craigmillar Castle
–
Mary, Queen of Scots, and her husband Lord Darnley, whose murder was arranged at Craigmillar
Craigmillar Castle
–
Sir John Gilmour bought Craigmillar in 1660
29.
University of St Andrews
–
The University of St Andrews is a British public research university in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. It is the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland, St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy. St Andrews is made up from a variety of institutions, including three constituent colleges and 18 academic schools organised into four faculties, the university occupies historic and modern buildings located throughout the town. The academic year is divided into two terms, Martinmas and Candlemas, in term time, over one-third of the towns population is either a staff member or student of the university. It is ranked as the third best university in the United Kingdom in national league tables, the Times Higher Education World Universities Ranking names St Andrews among the worlds Top 50 universities for Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. St Andrews has the highest student satisfaction amongst all multi-faculty universities in the United Kingdom, St Andrews has many notable alumni and affiliated faculty, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, theologians, philosophers, and politicians. Six Nobel Laureates are among St Andrews alumni and former staff, a charter of privilege was bestowed upon the society of masters and scholars by the Bishop of St Andrews, Henry Wardlaw, on 28 February 1411. Wardlaw then successfully petitioned the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII to grant the university status by issuing a series of papal bulls. King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432, subsequent kings supported the university with King James V confirming privileges of the university in 1532. A college of theology and arts called St Johns College was founded in 1418 by Robert of Montrose, St Salvators College was established in 1450, by Bishop James Kennedy. St Leonards College was founded in 1511 by Archbishop Alexander Stewart, St Johns College was refounded by Cardinal James Beaton under the name St Marys College in 1538 for the study of divinity and law. Some university buildings that date from this period are still in use today, such as St Salvators Chapel, St Leonards College Chapel, at this time, the majority of the teaching was of a religious nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the cathedral. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the university had mixed fortunes and was beset by civil. He described it as pining in decay and struggling for life, in the second half of the 19th century, pressure was building upon universities to open up higher education to women. In 1876, the University Senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a roughly equal to the Master of Arts degree that men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the L. L. A and it required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level and entitled them to hold a degree from the university. In 1889 the Universities Act made it possible to admit women to St Andrews. Agnes Forbes Blackadder became the first woman to graduate from St Andrews on the level as men in October 1894
University of St Andrews
–
College Hall, within the 16th century St Mary's College building
University of St Andrews
–
University of St Andrews
shield
University of St Andrews
–
St Salvator's Chapel in 1843
University of St Andrews
–
The "Gateway" building, built in 2000 and now used for the university's management department
30.
David Lyndsay
–
Sir David Lyndsay of the Mount was a Scottish herald who gained the highest heraldic office of Lyon King of Arms. He remains a well regarded poet whose works reflect the spirit of the Renaissance and he was the son of David Lyndsay, second of the Mount, and of Garmylton. His place of birth and early education are unknown, but it is known that he attended the University of St Andrews and he was engaged as a courtier in the Royal Household, first as an equerry, then as an usher to the future King James V of Scotland. In 1522 he married Janet Douglas, a court seamstress and his first heraldic appointment was as Snowdon Herald and in 1529 he was appointed Lord Lyon King of Arms, and knighted. He was engaged in business, and was, in virtue of his heraldic office. He signed the only surviving letter from this time, Dauid Lyndsay and his handwriting shows no trace of the italic forms used by those Scots who had finished their education abroad. There is reason to believe that he died in or about 1555, in 1542 he produced a Scottish roll of arms known today as the Lindsay of the Mount Roll. It contains 400 Scottish coats of arms, some of which were added later in the 16th century, a facsimile comprising accurate redrawing of his own drawings was published in Edinburgh in 1878. Most of Lyndsays literary work, by which he secured great reputation in his own day, in this respect he is different from Gavin Douglas, who abandoned literature to become a politician. The difference is due partly to the fact that Lyndsays muse was more occasional and satirical, and it is more difficult to explain how he enjoyed such unparalleled freedom of speech. He chastised all classes, from his master to the most simple. There is no evidence that he abjured Catholicism, yet his leading purpose was the exposure of its errors, Lyndsays longer poems represent, with reasonable completeness, the range of Lyndsays literary talent. No single poem can give him a place, though here and there, especially in the last. Yet the corporate effect of these pieces is to secure for him the allowance of more than mere intellectual vigour, Lyndsay, the Makar, is not behind his fellow-poets in acknowledgment to Geoffrey Chaucer. As piously as they, he reproduces the masters forms, but in him the sentiment and his nearest approach to Chaucer is in The Historie and Testament of Squyer Meldrum, which recalls the sketch of the young squire, but the reminiscence is verbal rather than spiritual. Elsewhere his memory serves him less happily, as when he describes the array of the lamented Queen Magdalene in the words which Chaucer had applied to the eyes of his wanton Friar, so too, in the Dreme, the allegorical tradition survives only in the form. Remembrance conducts the poet over the old-world itinerary, but only to him to speculation on Scotlands woes. The tenor is well expressed in the motto from the Vulgate--Prophetias nolite spernere, omnia autem probate, quod bonum est tenete
David Lyndsay
–
Sir David Lyndsay
David Lyndsay
–
Sir David Lindsay as depicted on the
Scott Monument
.jpg)
Mackay, Æneas (1892). "James V of Scots". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 29. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 153–161.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "James V". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
Media related to James V of Scotland at Wikimedia Commons
