1.
House of Representatives (Netherlands)
–
The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of the Netherlands, the States General, the other one being the Senate. It has 150 seats which are filled through elections using a party-list proportional representation and it sits in the Binnenhof in The Hague. Although this body is called the House of Representatives in English, this is not a translation of its Dutch name. Rather than representatives, members of the House are referred to as Tweede Kamerlid, the House of Representatives is the main chamber of parliament, where discussion of proposed legislation and review of the actions of the cabinet takes place. Both the Cabinet and the House of Representatives itself have the right to propose legislation, review of the actions of the cabinet takes the form of formal interrogations, which may result in motions urging the cabinet to take, or refrain from, certain actions. No individual may be a member of parliament and cabinet, except in a caretaker cabinet that has not yet been succeeded when a new House is sworn in. The House of Representatives is also responsible for the first round of selection for judges to the Supreme Court of the Netherlands and it submits a list of three names for every vacant position to the Government. Furthermore, it elects the Dutch Ombudsman and his subsidiaries, the normal term of the House of Representatives is four years. Anybody eligible to vote in the Netherlands also has the right to establish a political party, parties wanting to take part must register 43 days before the elections, supplying a nationwide list of at most 50 candidates. The candidate lists are placed in the hands of the voters at least 14 days before the election, each candidate list is numbered, with the person in the first position known as the lijsttrekker. The lijsttrekker is usually appointed by the party to lead its election campaign, two or more parties can agree to combine their separate lists, which increases the chance of winning a remainder seat. Only large parties usually have some regional candidates at the bottom of their lists, a single vote can be placed on any one candidate. Many voters select one of the lijsttrekkers, but alternatively a preference vote may be made for a lower down the list. Once the election results are known, the seats are allocated to the parties, the number of valid national votes cast is divided by 150, the number of seats available, to give a threshold for each seat, 1/150th is approximately 0. 67% of the valid votes. Each partys number of votes is divided by this threshold to give a number of seats. Any party that received fewer votes than the threshold fails to gain representation in the House of Representatives, the threshold is one of the lowest for national parliaments in the world, and there are usually multiple parties winning seats with 2% or less of the vote. Any party that received more than 75% of the threshold will have its deposit refunded, after the initial seats are allocated, the remainder seats are allocated using the DHondt method of largest averages. This system slightly favours the larger parties, list combinations compete for the remainder seats as one list of the combined size of all parties in the combination, thus having more chance to gain remainder seats
2.
Socialist Party (Netherlands)
–
The Socialist Party is a left-wing, social-democratic political party in the Netherlands. After the 2006 general election, the Socialist Party became one of the parties of the Netherlands with 25 seats of 150. In the 2010 general election the party obtained 15 seats, in the 2012 general election they maintained those 15 seats. The party is in opposition since it was formed, the Socialist Party was founded in October 1971 as a Maoist party named the Communist Party of the Netherlands/Marxist–Leninist. This KPN/ML was formed following a split from the Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands, the issue that provoked the split from KEN was an intense debate on the role of intellectuals in the class struggle. The founders of KPN/ML, with Daan Monjé in a prominent role, belonged to the Proletarian wing of the KEN, in 1972 KPN/ML changed its name to Socialistiese Partij. The SP started to build a network of local parties, with local roots. The SP had its own General Practitioners offices, provided advice to citizens and this developed within front organisations, for instance separate trade unions, environmental organizations and tenant associations. This work resulted in a representation in several municipal legislatures. Also in some States-Provincial the SP gained a foothhold, especially in the province of North Brabant, since 1977 SP attempted to enter the House of Representatives. The party failed in 1977,1981,1982,1986 and 1989, in 1991, the party officially scrapped the term Marxism–Leninism, because the party had evolved to the point that the term was no longer considered appropriate. In 1994 general election the partys first members of parliament, Remi Poppe, in the 1990s, the major party of the Dutch left, the Labour Party, moved to the centre, thus making the SP and GreenLeft viable alternatives for some left-wing voters. In the 1998 general election, the party was rewarded for its opposition to the Purple government of the first Kok cabinet, in the 1999 European elections, Erik Meijer was elected into the European Parliament for the SP. In the 2002 general election the SP ran with the slogan was Vote in Favor, the party nearly doubled to nine seats. This result was kept in the 2003 general election, leading up to the 2003 elections, the SP was predicted to win as many as 24 seats in the polls. These gains failed to materialise however, as many potential SP voters chose to cast strategic votes for the Labour Party, in the 2004 European elections its one seat was doubled to two. In the 2005 referendum on the European Constitution, the SP was the only left-wing party in parliament to oppose it, support for the party grew in opinion polls but fell slightly after the referendum. The municipal elections of 2006 were a success for the SP, in a reaction to these results, Marijnissen declared on election night that the SP has grown up
3.
Oss
–
Oss is a municipality and a city in the southern Netherlands, in the province of North Brabant. Dutch Topographic map of Oss, June 2015 Oss has a center with outlets including The Sting, Houtbrox, C&A, V&D. The only real shopping streets are the Heuvelstraat, Walstraat and the Peperstraat, the squares are connected with these shopping streets and passages. One of the passages had a renovation in 2014. It now resembles an old Dutch street, there is archaeological evidence that humans have lived in and around Oss for 4,000 years. Major archaeological finds were the Vorstengraf burial sites and the burial fields of Oss-Ussen. Oss was first mentioned in a letter by Pope Alexander II on 6 May 1069, Oss was granted city rights in 1399 by Hertogin Johanna van Brabant. Present-day Oss has several chemical and pharmaceutical industries like Merck & Co, the gothic metal/alternative rock band The Gathering, formed in 1989, originally hails from Oss. Berghem is a town east of Oss. Berghem is currently being expanded with new houses in the Piekenhoef. Megen is a city close to the river Maas. Megen used to be the capital of the county Megen that was founded around 1145, city rights were obtained in 1357. In 1810, the County Megen became a municipality to which Haren and Macharen also belonged and it became part of the municipality of Oss in 1994. Currently, there are two monasteries in Megen, one is inhabited by the Clarissas, followers of St. Clare of Assisi. The other is occupied by the Franciscans, followers of St. Francis of Assisi, of the two castles Megen used to have, only one tower remains. Ravenstein is a city and was a municipality until 2003, when it was added to the Oss municipality. The municipality covered an area of 42.68 km² and also included villages, Demen, Dennenburg, Deursen, Dieden, Herpen, Huisseling, Keent, Koolwijk, Neerlangel, Neerloon, ravenstein received city rights in 1380. Rick van der Ven,2012 Olympic Games archery contestant Gino Vos, darter Media related to Oss at Wikimedia Commons Official website
4.
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
5.
Welder
–
A welder or lit operator is a tradesperson who specializes in fusing materials together. The term welder refers to the operator, the machine is referred to as the power supply. The materials to be joined can be metals or varieties of plastic or polymer, welders typically have to have good dexterity and attention to detail, as well as some technical knowledge about the materials being joined and best practices in the field. Welding, without the proper precautions appropriate for the process, can be a dangerous, however, with the use of new technology and proper protection, the risks of injury and death associated with welding can be greatly reduced. Because many common welding procedures involve an open electric arc or flame, to prevent them, welders wear personal protective equipment in the form of heavy leather gloves and protective long sleeve jackets to avoid exposure to extreme heat and flames. Additionally, the brightness of the area leads to a condition called arc eye in which ultraviolet light causes the inflammation of the cornea. To protect bystanders, opaque welding curtains often surround the welding area, welders are also often exposed to dangerous gases and particulate matter. The size of the particles in question tends to influence the toxicity of the fumes, additionally, many processes produce fumes and various gases, most commonly carbon dioxide and ozone, that can prove dangerous if ventilation is inadequate. Welders with expertise in welding pressurized vessels, including submarine hulls, industrial boilers, kalpakjian, Serope and Steven R. Schmid
6.
Activism
–
Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, or direct social, political, economic, and/or environmental reform or stasis with the desire to make improvements in society. One can also express activism through different forms of art, daily acts of protest such as not buying clothes from a certain clothing company because they exploit workers is another form of activism. One view holds that acknowledging privileges and oppressions on a daily basis ranks as a form of activism, research has begun to explore how activist groups use social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action. The Online Etymology Dictionary records the English words activism and activist from 1920, Activists can function in roles as public officials, as in judicial activism. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. introduced the term judicial activism in a January 1946 Fortune magazine article titled The Supreme Court,1947, some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly, rather than to persuade governments to change or not to change laws. Other activists try to persuade people to remain the same, in an effort to counter change, the cooperative movement seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not lobby or protest politically. Activism is not always an action by Activists, every year more than 100 environmental activists are killed, in 2014116 environmental activists were assassinated, in 2015185 activists were killed around this planet. Since the 1990s, the Internet has been a tool used by activists for mobilization and communication of causes, specific platforms like MoveOn. org, founded in 1998, allow individuals to establish petitions and movements for social change. Protesters in Seattle in 1999 used email to organize protests against the WTO Ministerial Conference, throughout the 2000s, protesters continued to use social media platforms to generate interest. The power of Internet Activism came into a lens with the Arab Spring protests. They use different means to political persecution, such as Tor Browser. The activism industry consists of organizations and individuals engaged in activism, Activism is often done full-time, as part of an organizations core business. Many organizations in the industry are either non profit organizations or non-governmental organizations. Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods, the term activism industry has often been used to refer to outsourced fundraising operations. However, activist organizations engage in activities as well. Lobbying, or the influencing of decisions made by government, is another activist tactic, many groups, including law firms, have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes. In the United States, lobbying is regulated by the federal government, many government systems encourage public support of non-profit organizations by granting various forms of tax relief for donations to charitable organizations. Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting the political activity of tax-exempt organizations, randy Shaw, The Activists Handbook, A Primer for the 1990s and Beyond
7.
Author
–
An author is narrowly defined as the originator of any written work and can thus also be described as a writer. More broadly defined, an author is the person who originated or gave existence to anything, in the copyright laws of various jurisdictions, there is a necessity for little flexibility regarding what constitutes authorship. The United States Copyright Office, for example, defines copyright as a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of works of authorship. After a fixed amount of time, the copyright expires on intellectual work and it enters the public domain, however, copyright is merely the legal reassurance that one owns his/her work. Technically, someone owns their work from the time its created, an interesting aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another upon ones death. The person who inherits the copyright is not the author, questions arise as to the application of copyright law. How does it, for example, apply to the issue of fan fiction. If the media responsible for the authorized production allows material from fans, what is the limit before legal constraints from actors, music. Additionally, how does copyright apply to fan-generated stories for books, what powers do the original authors, as well as the publishers, have in regulating or even stopping the fan fiction. In literary theory, critics find complications in the term author beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting, in the wake of postmodern literature, critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have examined the role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a text. Barthes challenges the idea that a text can be attributed to any single author and he writes, in his essay Death of the Author, that it is language which speaks, not the author. The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, with this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed. The psyche, culture, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in a work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, passions, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak. Michel Foucault argues in his essay What is an author and that all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that a letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author. For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to certain standards upon the text which. Foucaults author function is the idea that an author exists only as a function of a work, a part of its structure
8.
Columnist
–
A columnist is someone who writes for publication in a series, creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions. Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and other publications, including blogs and they take the form of a short essay by a specific writer who offers a personal point of view. In some instances, a column has been written by a composite or a team, appearing under a pseudonym, some columnists appear on a daily or weekly basis and later reprint the same material in book collections. In some cases, such as Winchell and Parsons, their programs were quite similar in format to their newspaper columns. Rona Barrett began as a Hollywood gossip columnist in 1957, duplicating her print tactics on television by the mid-1960s, FPA and McIntyre both collected their columns into a series of books, as did other columnists. McIntyres book, The Big Town, New York Day by Day was a bestseller, fPAs The Melancholy Lute collected selections from three decades of his columns. When Smiths column, The Totem Pole, was syndicated by United Features, he told Time, a typewriter can be a pretty formidable contraption when you sit down in front of it and say, All right, now Im going to be funny. The writing of French humor columnist Alain Rémond has been collected in books, the Miami Herald promoted humor columnist Dave Barry with this description, Dave Barry has been at The Miami Herald since 1983. A Pulitzer Prize winner for commentary, he writes about issues ranging from the economy to exploding toilets. Barry has collected his columns into a series of successful books and he stopped writing his nationally syndicated weekly column in 2005, and The Miami Herald now offers on its website a lengthy selection of past columns by Barry. It has had the advantage of high-powered promotion and it is still riding on the crest of the first big wave its own splash sent out. But Mr. Davis did think that in a decade or two the newspapers might be promoting their columns along with their comic strips, the World had started the ball rolling with billboard advertising of Heywood Brouns It Seems to Me. The McNaught Syndicate was sitting pretty with O. O. McIntyre, Will Rogers, the New York Herald Tribune offered Don Marquis and Franklin P. Adams rhymed satirically in The Conning Tower for the New York World Syndicate. A Line o Type Or Two, Bert Leston Taylors verse column in the Chicago Tribune, was now being done by Richard Henry Little. Other offerings, humorous sketches by Damon Runyon, O. Henry stories, editorials by Arthur Brisbane, Ring Lardner letter, Rippling Rhymes, by Walt Mason, in at least one situation, a column expanded to become an entire successful magazine. When Cyrus Curtis founded the Tribune and Farmer in 1879, it was a weekly with an annual subscription rate of 50 cents. With 25,000 subscribers by the end of its first year, it was such a success that Curtis sold Tribune and Farmer to put his energy into the new publication, which became the Ladies Home Journal. Advice columnist Critic Editorial opinion columnist Gossip columnist Humor columnist Food columnist Food columnists of note National Society of Newspaper Columnists
9.
Dutch general election, 1994
–
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 3 May 1994. The Labour Party emerged as the largest party, winning 37 of the 150 seats in the House of Representatives, the election resulted in significant losses for both the Labour Party and the Christian Democratic Appeal. The formation of a government coalition was arduous but after four months the First Kok cabinet was formed and it was an unprecedented coalition of the two liberal parties and Labour. The CDA was consigned to opposition for the first time in its history and it was also the first government since 1918 not to include a Christian Democratic party. The Dutch Parliamentary Election of 1994, Electoral Studies 14#1 pp. 72-77
10.
Lijsttrekker
–
Lijsttrekker is a Dutch term used in the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname for the top candidate of a party on a party list. This person is almost always the political leader. The Prime Minister of the Netherlands almost always comes from among the lijsttrekkers in the previous election, during the election campaign these persons attract the most attention, for example in lijsttrekker debates, where the lijsttrekkers debate important issues with other lijsttrekkers on television. For example, in the 2003 elections, Wouter Bos was lijsttrekker for the social-democratic Labour Party, if, however, the party is unsuccessful in the elections, the lijsttrekker will often resign their post or leave politics entirely. This for instance happened to Thom de Graaf, who instead of gaining seats as expected, often parties also have a celebrity or well-known politician in the last place of the party list as lijstduwer
11.
States General of the Netherlands
–
The States General is the bicameral legislature of the Netherlands, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The parliament meets at the Binnenhof in The Hague, the States General originated in the 15th century as an assembly of all the provincial states of the Burgundian Netherlands. The States General were replaced by the National Assembly after the Batavian Revolution of 1795, only to be restored in 1814, the States General was divided into a Senate and a House of Representatives in 1815, with the establishment of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. On exceptional occasions, the two form a joint session known as the United Assembly. The President of the Senate serves as President of the States General during a United Assembly, ankie Broekers-Knol has been President of the Senate since 2013. The archaic Dutch word staten originally related to the classes in which medieval European societies were stratified, the clergy, the nobility. The word eventually came to mean the political body in which the estates were represented. Each province in the Habsburg Netherlands had its own staten and these representative bodies in turn were represented in the assembly that came to be known as Staten-Generaal, or Algemene Staten. The English word states may have a meaning as the Dutch word staten. The English phrases States General is probably a translation of the Dutch word. Historically, the term was used for the name of other national legislatures as, for example, the Catalan and Valencian Generalitat. Several geographic place names are derived from the States General, in 1609, Henry Hudson established Dutch trade in Staten Island, New York City and named the island Staaten Eylandt after the States General. Isla de los Estados, now an Argentine island, was named after this institution. Abel Tasman originally gave the name Staten Landt to what would become New Zealand, Staaten River is a river in the Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Later, regular sessions were held at Coudenberg in Brussels, Brabant, the next important event was the convocation of the States General by the ducal Council for 3 February 1477 after the death of Charles the Bold. In this session the States General forced the grant of the Great Privilege by Mary of Burgundy in which the right of the States General to convene on their own initiative was recognised, in 1576 the States General as a whole, however, openly rebelled against the Spanish crown. In 1579 the States General split as a number of provinces, united in the Union of Arras returned to obedience, while other provinces. After the Act of Abjuration in 1581 the northern States General replaced Philip II as the authority of the northern Netherlands
12.
Dutch general election, 1998
–
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 6 May 1998. During the 1998 election the coalition of social-democrats and left. Both the social-democratic PvdA and the conservative liberal VVD won considerably, much at the cost of their partner in cabinet. The two small left parties, the green GroenLinks, and the socialist SP, were rewarded for their quality opposition. The major opposition party, CDA, uncomfortable in its opposition role, the two parties for the elderly AOV and Unie 55+ and the rightwing populist CD did not return to parliament. The formation resulted in the continuation of the Kok cabinet, with the second Kok cabinet, representation and responsibility, the 1998 Dutch election in perspective. The Dutch parliamentary election of 1998, irwin, Galen A. van Holsteyn, Joop J. M. Parties and politicians in the parliamentary election of 1998
13.
Dutch general election, 2002
–
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 15 May 2002. Fortuyn had led the Pim Fortuyn List party, a right-wing populist party that represented his political views, after his death, the LPF made their general election debut with 17% of the vote, coming in second place. The Christian Democratic Appeal, who took a neutral stance towards Fortuyn, on the other hand, the three parties in the government all lost a significant number of seats. Two months after the election, Jan Peter Balkenende formed his first cabinet in a coalition with the CDA, LPF and VVD. However, the LPF was unstable due to their lack of leadership and their members lack of experience. Prime Minister Wim Kok had been in power since the 1994 general election in a coalition between his Labour Party, the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy and Democrats 66. The government, which won a term in the 1998 general election, was often referred to as a purple coalition due to the participation of the red Labour Party. During its time in power, the government had enjoyed high approval ratings. They had also introduced social legislation, such as the introduction of same-sex marriage. Kok announced in December 2001 that he would retire from the premiership at the next election, Ad Melkert then replaced Kok as the party leader. The Christian Democratic Appeal, the largest opposition party, was led by newly elected leader Jan Peter Balkenende, Balkenende was at the time considered to be an interim leader who lacked charisma or experience, but his campaign would ultimately prove relatively successful. At the start of the year, Melkert and the VVD leader Hans Dijkstal appeared to be the frontrunners in the race to become Prime Minister, the situation changed with the arrival of the controversial politician Pim Fortuyn. Fortuyn was a critic of Islam and had questioned whether its culture was compatible with Western society even before the September 11 attacks. He was elected the leader of Liveable Netherlands in November 2001, Fortuyn had described Islam as a backward culture, criticizing its attitude to homosexuality. Part of the reason for the uproar was that the Dutch word for backward can also be used in an insulting sense, Fortuyn stated he used the word in the former sense. Two days later, he formed his own party, the Pim Fortuyn List in order to contest to the general election. In the 2002 municipal elections, held on 6 March, Liveable Rotterdam took 35% of the vote in the city of Rotterdam and they formed the citys first non-Labour government since the Second World War. In the same month, he released the book De puinhopen van acht jaar Paars criticising the record of the governing coalition, the Economist described the rise in support for Fortuyn as a shock for the Dutch political establishment and their traditional system of consensus
14.
Dutch general election, 2006
–
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 22 November 2006 following the fall of the Second Balkenende cabinet. The elections proved relatively successful for the governing Christian Democratic Appeal which remained the largest party with 41 seats, the largest increase in seats was for the Socialist Party, which went from nine to 25 seats. For the breakdown of seats in House of Representatives since the 2006 General Elections, the formation talks led to the installation of the Christian-social fourth Balkenende cabinet, composed of CDA, PvdA and ChristianUnion on 22 February 2007. In the month before the fall of the two parties held internal elections on who would lead their parties in the next elections, which were scheduled for 2007. The next Dutch general election was scheduled for 15 May 2007 as the parliament was to be dissolved on 2 April 2007. A new cabinet continued for five months as a care taker cabinet until the elections, the opposition had pressed for speedy elections because they were on a winning streak. A major issue in the campaigns was whether this improving economy was because of or in spite of the right-wing government, after the fall of the cabinet several new small right-wing parties announced that they would run. Most of these parties came out of the remains of Pim Fortuyns Pim Fortuyn List or the liberal VVD. In the period before the elections the right was characterized by a chaos of secessions, new formations. Former Rotterdam alderman Marco Pastors and member of parliament for the LPF Joost Eerdmans formed Eén NL, Party for the Netherlands was led by former LPF minister Hilbrand Nawijn, while Wilders recruited people for his new Party for Freedom, which would take part in the 2006 elections. Nawijn and Wilders became independent in parliament at that time, while Eerdmans has formed the Group Eerdmans-Van Schijndel along with former VVD MP Anton van Schijndel. Two other LPF politicians have formed one man fractions but they have not formed their own party, Gerard van As, former leader of the LPF, margot Kraneveldt left the LPF, returned her seat to the party and joined the social-democratic PvdA. Meanwhile, the LPF announced that it would run the next elections. The party is led by Olaf Stuger, who served as member of parliament in the period 2002–2003 and returned to parliament in 2006, several prominent politicians announced they would step down before the elections. Some commentators spoke of a large exodus, within the CDA, ministers Cees Veerman and Karla Peijs announced they would not return, as did state secretary Clemence Ross. Both D66s current chairperson Lousewies van der Laan and her predecessor Boris Dittrich also announced they would not return. On 26 September 2006, a candidate for the Labour Party, Erdinç Saçan, was removed by his party and that same evening, the CDA announced that two of their candidates, Ayhan Tonca and Osman Elmaci, have been removed as well, because of the same issue. Both parties agreed that all their members should openly conform to the point of view on this sensitive human rights issue
15.
Dutch general election, 2010
–
General elections were held in the Netherlands on Wednesday,9 June 2010. It was triggered by the fall of Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenendes fourth cabinet on 20 February with Queen Beatrix accepting the resignation of the Labour Party ministers on 23 February. It was also noted for the rise of the controversial politician Geert Wilders and the Party for Freedom, on the other hand, the election was a poor result for Balkenende and his Christian Democratic Appeal, which lost half its seats and dropped from first to fourth place. The Socialist Party also lost seats, notably, the 31 seats won by the VVD is the fewest in years, and the one-seat margin between the VVD and PvdA is the closest on record. After the election, it took 127 days to form a new government and it was the first coalition government not to be led by a Christian democratic or socialist party in 92 years, as well as the first to be led by the VVD. Rutte was sworn in as Prime Minister on 14 October, becoming the first liberal to hold that post since 1918, the 150 seats of the House of Representatives were contested, and were filled using party-list proportional representation for a nominal four-year term. The election follows the PvdAs withdrawal in February from the coalition over the contribution of Dutch soldiers to the War in Afghanistan, according to the Dutch constitution new elections had to be held within 83 days. The first radio debate was held on 21 May 2010. The first television debate, held on 23 May was, according to instant polls, won by Mark Rutte on 36%, with Job Cohen second on 24%, polls indicated that the elections were too close to call. Turnout was reported to be over 5% less than the elections due to heavy rain. Expectations were that the formation of a new government would take some time, the international media also read this as a slim victory for the austerity-minded Liberals amidst the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis. On 14 October, Mark Rutte was sworn in as prime minister, ruttes government resigned on 24 April 2012 over austerity measures. Some international media speculated that for the first time in this nations history, a Jewish man, albeit a secular one, is on the verge of becoming the next prime minister
16.
Provinces of the Netherlands
–
The most populous province is South Holland, with over 3.5 million inhabitants in 2009. With approximately 381,000 inhabitants, Zeeland has the smallest population, in terms of area, Friesland is the largest province with a total area of 5,749 km2. If water is excluded, Gelderland is the largest province in terms of area at 4,972 km2, Utrecht is the smallest at 1,449 km2. In total about 13,000 people were employed by the administrations in 2009. The provinces of the Netherlands are joined in the Association of Provinces of the Netherlands and this organisation promotes the common interests of the provinces in the national government of the Netherlands in The Hague and within the EU in Brussels. The government of each province consists of three parts, The States-Provincial is the provincial parliament elected every four years. The number of members varies between 39 and 55, depending on the number of inhabitants of the province, being a member is a part-time job. The main task of the States-Provincial is to scrutinise the work of the provincial government, the Provincial Executive is a college elected from among the members of the States-Provincial and charged with most executive tasks. Each province has three and seven deputies, each having their own portfolio. The task of the Provincial Executive is the management of the province. The Kings Commissioner is a person appointed by the Crown who presides over the States-Provincial as well as over the Provincial Executive. The Commissioner is appointed for a term of six years, after which reappointment for another term is possible, the members of the States-Provincial are elected every four years in direct elections. To a large extent, the political parties are enlisted in these elections in the national elections. The chosen provincial legislators elect the members of the national Senate within three months after the provincial elections, the elections for the water boards take place on the same date as the provincial elections. The last three elections were held in 2007,2011 and in 2015. The provinces of the Netherlands have 7 core tasks, Sustainable spatial development, also, provinces have income from a part of the Vehicle Excise Duty. Several provinces have made a profit in the past from privatising utility companies originally owned or partly owned by the provinces. An example is Essent, which was owned by six provinces
17.
North Brabant
–
Noord Brabant, also unofficially called Brabant, is a province in the south of the Netherlands. It borders the provinces of South Holland and Gelderland to the north, Limburg to the east, Zeeland to the west, the northern border follows the Meuse river westward to its mouth in the Hollands Diep strait, part of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta. The Duchy of Brabant was a state of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1183 or 1190. Until the 17th century, the area that now makes up the province of North Brabant was mostly part of the Duchy of Brabant, of which the southern part is now in Belgium. In the 14th and 15th century, the experienced a golden age, especially the cities of Brussel, Mechelen, Leuven, Antwerpen, Breda, Bergen op Zoom. After the Union of Utrecht was signed in 1579, Brabant became a battlefield between the Protestant Dutch Republic and Catholic Spain, which occupied the southern Netherlands, attempts to introduce Protestantism into the region were largely unsuccessful, North Brabant remained strongly Roman Catholic. For over a century, North Brabant served mainly as a buffer zone. In 1796, when confederate Dutch Republic became the unitary Batavian Republic and this status ended with the reorganisation by the French, and the area was divided over several departments. This boundary between the Netherlands and Belgium is special in that it does not form a contiguous line, a few of these irregularities were corrected, Huijbergen became totally Dutch, but some remain, notably Baarle-Hertog and Baarle-Nassau. The period from 1900 until the late 1960s is called Het Rijke Roomse Leven, in those days every village in North Brabant had a convent from which the nuns operated. Politically, the province was dominated by Catholic parties, the Roomsch-Katholieke Staatspartij and its successor, the Katholieke Volkspartij. The influence of Het Rijke Roomse Leven remains in the form of education where some schools are still Roman Catholic, a cultural divide is still found between the Catholic south and the Protestant north, but with a total of 1. In the province of North Brabant Catholics are no longer a majority of the population as of 2010, only 1–2% of the total population of Catholic area attend mass, and these churchgoers consist mostly of people over 65 years old. With a population density of 501/km², North-Brabant is above average urbanized, the urbanization is at the center of the province at largest, where the kite is located, the rest of the province has a more rural character. The province has preserved some of its scenic nature well, also, south of Eindhoven named De Kempen is a beautiful area with farmlands and forests. In Heeze, also south of Eindhoven, are the areas the Groote Heide. The Strabrechtse Heide holds also the largest fen of the Netherlands, like most of the Netherlands, North Brabant is mostly flat but nearly every part of North Brabant is above sea level, therefore, there are not as many canals as in the lower parts of The Netherlands. Although most of the lives in urban areas, the province is scattered with villages around which most of the land is cultivated
18.
Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
–
The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was an unratified international treaty intended to create a consolidated constitution for the European Union. The Treaty was signed on 29 October 2004 by representatives of the then 25 member states of the European Union and it was later ratified by 18 member states, which included referendums endorsing it in Spain and Luxembourg. However the rejection of the document by French and Dutch voters in May, following a period of reflection, the Treaty of Lisbon was created to replace the Constitutional Treaty. This contained many of the changes that were placed in the Constitutional Treaty but was formulated as amendments to the existing treaties. Signed on 13 December 2007, the Lisbon Treaty entered into force on 1 December 2009, the drafting for European Constitution began in a call for a new debate on the future of Europe at the Laeken European Council in December 2001. Giscard dEstaing proposed to draft a Constitution, romano Prodi, the President of the European Commission backed a draft text, called the Penelope Project, which contained a deeper integration of the countries and a clearer institutional model. The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 by 53 senior political figures from the 25 member states of the European Union. In most cases heads of state designated plenipotentiaries to sign the treaty, most designated plenipotentiaries were prime ministers and foreign ministers. On 12 January 2005 the European Parliament voted a legally non-binding resolution in support of the Constitution by 500 votes in favour to 137 votes against, before an EU treaty can enter into force, it must be ratified by all member states. Ratification takes different forms in each country, depending on its traditions, constitutional arrangements, most member states ratify EU treaties following parliamentary votes, while some — notably Ireland and Denmark — sometimes hold referendums. As a reaction to what was seen as the nature of the Constitution, many advocates. On 20 April 2004 then British prime minister Tony Blair unexpectedly announced an intention to hold a referendum, Spain was the first country to hold a referendum on the Constitution. On 20 February 2005, Spanish voters backed the treaty with 76% voting in favour to 24% against, on 29 May 2005 the French public rejected the Constitution by margin of 55% to 45% on a turnout of 69%. Just three days later, the Dutch rejected the constitution by a margin of 61% to 39% on a turnout of 62%, notwithstanding the rejection in France and the Netherlands, Luxembourg held a referendum on 10 July 2005 approving the Constitution by 57% to 43%. It was the last referendum to be held on the Constitution as all of the member states that had proposed to hold referendums cancelled them. After the French and Dutch referendum results European leaders decided to hold a period of reflection on what to do next, as part of this reflection period a group of wise men was set up to consider possible courses of action. This group of high-level European politicians – former prime ministers, ministers and members of the European Commission – first met on 30 September 2006 in Rome, on 4 June 2007, this group, known as the Amato Group, presented its report. The new treaty would be based on the first and fourth parts of the Constitution, in the June 2007 European summit meeting, Member States agreed to abandon the constitution and to amend the existing treaties, which would remain in force
19.
States-Provincial
–
The States-Provincial is the provincial parliament and legislative assembly in each of the provinces of the Netherlands. It is elected for each province simultaneously once every four years and has the responsibility for matters of sub-national or regional importance, each States-Provincial is directly elected by the electors within the relevant province, and the number of seats in each States-Provincial is proportional to its population. The States-Provincial originated as Estates assemblies in the Middle Ages, hence the name, from 1813 to 1850 the noble members of the ridderschap chose one third of the members of States-Provincial. Johan Rudolf Thorbeckes reforms and his Provinces Law of 1850 brought this privilege to an end, the States-Provincial choose the Gedeputeerde Staten as the executive organ of the province. Originally, the States-Provincial themselves had also executive powers and chose the Gedeputeerde Staten from their own members for daily governance, on 11 March 2003, the two institutions split, in other words, there was a change from fusion of powers to separation of powers. The principal roles of the States-Provincial have become to set policies, represent the people, approve provincial legislation. Both the Gedeputeerde Staten and the States-Provincial are presided over by the Kings Commissioner in the province, the last provincial elections were held 18 March 2015. Three months after their election the combined members of the States-Provincial elect the members of the Senate of the States-General of the Netherlands. The size of a States-Provincial ranges from 39 members for a province with less than 400,000 inhabitants to 55 members for a province with more than 2,000,000 inhabitants. Before 2007, it ranged from 47 members for a province with less than 200,000 inhabitants to 83 members for a province with more than 2,500,000 inhabitants. As a consequence of a change to the Provinciewet, starting at the States-Provincial elections of 7 March 2007, a survey of the change in seats per province, A consequence of this reduction in the number of seats is that the election threshold has risen. Depending on the province, the threshold now lies between 1. 5% and over 2% of the votes, because of this, it has become harder for small parties to win a seat. This may also have consequences for the representation of small parties in the Senate, outcome of the provincial elections calculated at national level, Note *,2003 election calculated for the 2007 number of seats. This table only shows the distribution straight after the elections
20.
First Balkenende cabinet
–
The first cabinet of Jan Peter Balkenende was in office in the Netherlands from 22 July 2002 until 16 October of the same year. The term of 87 days was the shortest since the cabinet of Hendrikus Colijn. A coalition between CDA, LPF and VVD was established quickly, despite some initial resistance by the VVD. By 4 July a detailed coalition agreement had been drawn up and the Queen appointed Jan Peter Balkenende, the cabinet was named on 16 July and was sworn in on 22 July. The first Balkenende cabinet comprised 14 ministers and 14 state secretaries, each of the ministers headed a department, with the exception of one minister without a portfolio to deal with foreigners policy and integration, accommodated by the Ministry of Justice. The first Balkenende cabinet was very unstable from the beginning, elections had been held in the very recent aftermath of the assassination of Pim Fortuyn, the leader of the newly established LPF. Emotions in the Netherlands had run very high, the LPF was catapulted into enormous wins, but was unprepared for cabinet participation. Only three of the 27 cabinet members had experience in government, leading to speculation that it wouldnt last long. As it turned out, personality conflicts and the inexperience of LPF cabinet members led to the rapid implosion of the cabinet after a little more than two months. The first scandal in the new government came only nine hours after it took office and this was during the period when the militia had committed the political murders known as the December Murders. Bijlhout, who was born in Suriname, had never denied being part of the militia, in the months following the election, the LPF was beset by power struggles between various factions. A big incident was when Immigration and Integration Minister Hilbrand Nawijn declared to be in favour of the death penalty, the cabinet was officially opposed to the death penalty. Nawijn responded that he made his remark as leader of the LPF, the party in its turn declared that it was opposed to the death penalty. In September and October Herman Heinsbroek speculated in public about leading a new party and this led to tension between him and his supporter Steven van Eyck and Bomhoff. Disregarding Bomhoffs warnings, the other LPF ministers took the bait and told Bomhoff and Heinsbroek to resign, immediately, Zalm broke his commitment to the remaining LPF ministers to accept replacements for Bomhoff and Heinsbroek and called for fresh elections. Meetings with the Queen did not take place until the week after the resignation, on 21 October she accepted the resignation and new elections were called for 22 January 2003. The cabinet remained in place as a cabinet, without Bomhoff and Heinsbroek, until the elections. After resigning he said he still denied the allegations, after the ensuing new elections, the LPF lost two-thirds of its seats in the House of Representatives
21.
Dutch municipal elections, 2006
–
The Dutch municipal elections of 2006 were held on March 7,2006. About 11.8 million people could vote in 419 municipalities, due to local redistricting,15 municipalities have already held elections in January 2006 and 24 municipalities will hold elections in November 2006. In some cities, such as Amsterdam, there were two elections, for the municipality and for the stadsdeelraden, official results were announced on March 9,2006. PvdA obtained the most votes and seats, more than making good the losses of the 2002 elections, the Socialistische Partij almost doubled in size, partly due to its participation in more municipalities than in 2002. CDA, VVD and D66 all had noticeable losses, which may in part be caused by dissatisfaction with the current national government, overall, local parties of the Leefbaar type lost out as well after some success during the previous elections. The following results are as yet incomplete because 24 of the 443 municipalities will have the elections in November and it is often seen as an indication for it, but the issues and the parties that participate at the two levels dont always coincide. The forgotten winner was ChristenUnie, who were allied with SGP in many municipalities, leader André Rouvoet now says that this alliance might no longer be a good idea because precisely there where SGP refused an alliance because CU had a woman in their list was where CU grew. SGPs attitude towards women brushes off badly on CU, as D66 focussed on local issues in their campaigns but suffered further losses, a common occurrence when the party participates in government. But now, PvdA even gained more seats than they had before 2002, in these 419 municipalities, percentages of over 30% were reached almost only by PvdA and CDA. Percentages over 40% were reached in 29 municipalities, again almost exclusively by PvdA, absolute majorities, which would not require a coalition, are a rarity in a parliamentary democracy with proportional representation and occurred only twice. Half the people have voted for the person at the top of the list, one third have voted for someone they met personally. The enormous rise of SP in some municipalities presented several candidates with a problem because they have to take a seat in the council, polls showed a major shift in the issues. In 2006, people mentioned employment, poverty, traffic, housing and education, the issues of immigrant integration and safety, which were so important in 2002 and led to the success of the Leefbaar parties, played a minor role this time. In Nijmegen, with its coalition, peoples sense of safety has risen from 21% to 52% since that coalition came to power. The biggest shift among lower incomes was from the Christian Democratic Appeal to the Socialist Party, a major issue in the campaign of the right wing VVD was to advise people not to vote for the social-democratic PvdA. This was done in such a manner that PvdA leader Wouter Bos declared the VVD had been the best campaigner for the PvdA and he said about the VVD leader that every time van Aartsen opens his mouth, we gain another seat. Voter turnout across the Netherlands was around 58%, slightly more than in the 2002 municipal elections, the Delfzijl turnout with the blank votes included was 61. 1%. The real lowest turnouts were in the major cities Eindhoven and The Hague, the highest turnouts are traditionally in smaller communities and especially at the Wadden islands in the North
22.
Second Balkenende cabinet
–
The second cabinet of Jan Peter Balkenende of the Netherlands formed on 27 May 2003. It consisted of three parties, Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy, Christian Democratic Appeal, and Democrats 66. On 29 June 2006, D66 dropped its support for the coalition, the next day, Prime Minister Balkenende offered the resignation of the cabinet to Queen Beatrix. Based on advice from the parliament, the Queen suggested a CDA-VVD minority government should be formed, the third Balkenende cabinet was installed on 7 July 2006. On 24 January 2003, Queen Beatrix asked Piet Hein Donner to lead the coalition negotiations, the negotiations for the coalition were lengthy. Another coalition with Pim Fortuyn List would be likely to be unpopular with voters after the events of the first Balkenende cabinet, a government supported by the orthodox Protestant Reformed Political Party and the Christian democratic ChristianUnion was opposed by the VVD. A long negotiation between CDA and the Dutch Labour Party followed, the PvdA and CDA had come out of the elections as equal partners. The negotiations were troubled by the invasion of Iraq, the bad economic forecasts, after a couple of months talks were called off by Balkenende. At this point, D66 decided to join the coalition after all, the cabinet was based on a very slim majority in parliament of 78 seats out of 150. When VVD MP Geert Wilders left his party on 2 September 2004, the cabinet program is based around the slogan, Mee doen, Meer Werk, Minder Regels. The cabinet seeks to address the problems of integration of minorities, the economic recession. The most controversial issue the cabinet addressed is the lack of integration of ethnic minorities, especially immigrants from Morocco. To solve this problem this cabinet has tried to reduce the influx of migrants, the cabinet appointed Rita Verdonk as a minister especially for this issue. She is one of the most controversial ministers of the cabinet, the number of immigrants allowed into the Netherlands was reduced by enforcing the asylum-seekers law of 2000 rigidly. This law was created under the second Kok cabinet by the current mayor of Amsterdam, controversially,26,000 asylum-seekers who had lived in the Netherlands for over five years but who had not been granted asylum were deported. Furthermore, partners of Dutch citizens are allowed to immigrate into the Netherlands if the Dutch partner earns more than 120 percent of the minimum income. This income requirement has been decreased back to 100% of the wage in 2010 as a result of the judgement of the EU Court in the Chakroun case. Since 2006, family migrants from countries who want to immigrate into the Netherlands must pass an integration test
23.
Third Balkenende cabinet
–
The third Balkenende cabinet was formed on 7 July 2006 after a crisis in and the subsequent resignation of the second Balkenende cabinet. This caretaker cabinet of Christian Democratic Appeal and Peoples Party for Freedom and its main tasks were the preparation of the early general election on 22 November 2006 and of the 2007 budget. On 22 February 2007, the cabinet was succeeded by the fourth Balkenende cabinet, consisting of the CDA, Labour Party, such minority cabinets are rare in Dutch politics, the previous one was the third Van Agt cabinet from 1982 to 1983, also a rump cabinet. CDA and VVD did have a majority in the Senate, the third Balkenende cabinet consisted of 16 ministers and 7 junior ministers. Joop Wijn and Atzo Nicolaï were promoted from junior minister to full minister to replace the D66 ministers of the second Balkenende cabinet, on 27 October 2005, a fire erupted at a detention center at Schiphol airport, resulting in the death of 11 detainees from foreign countries. From the start, doubts were shed on the organisation of the government agencies. On 21 September 2006, the Dutch Safety Board presented the report on the problems in the Schiphol prison. The report explicitly stated that fewer or even no casualties would have occurred if the government had upheld the legal safety standards, based on these harsh conclusions, ministers Donner, responsible for prisons, and Dekker, responsible for government buildings resigned immediately. Also Fons Hertog, the mayor of Haarlemmermeer community, in which Schiphol airport is located, resigned at the same day, on 22 September 2006, two new ministers were assigned to the posts left by Donner and Dekker. Ernst Hirsch Ballin of the CDA was the new Minister of Justice, during a much earlier third Lubbers cabinet, he had held the same position, from which he resigned in 1994 after the IRT-affair. Until his appointment as Minister of Justice, he had been the president of the Administrative law Division of the Dutch Council of State, on 30 November 2006, the new parliament was sworn in, including several members of the then demissionary cabinet. Because of the results, this House of Representatives had a majority of parties that opposed the course of the third cabinet Balkenende on important issues. One important election issue was an amnesty for a group of asylum seekers. The Minister for Integration and Immigration Rita Verdonk was looking into each of these dossiers to assess their future, either expulsion or permanent residence. On 1 December, the new House of Representatives adopted a motion to suspend all expulsions of asylum seekers from this group until a decision on a general amnesty was made. Balkenende reacted annoyed as he stated that this ad hoc left-wing coalition was not a basis for negotiations for a stable government. Minister Verdonk did announce that the expulsion would be suspended until the parliamentary debate. Again, the cabinet refused to execute this motion, on 13 December, the House of Representatives decided to respond to this unwillingness by a motion of no confidence specifically oriented at Minister Verdonk
24.
Arnhem
–
Arnhem /ˈɑːrnəm/ or /ˈɑːrnhɛm/ is a city and municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the citys development. Arnhem had a population of 151,356 in 2014 and is one of the cities of the Netherlands. The municipality is part of the city region Arnhem-Nijmegen, which has a combined 736,500 inhabitants, Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Royal Burgers Zoo and National Sports Centre Papendal. The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago and these come from the stone age, when the Neanderthals lived in this part of Europe. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a camp from around 5000 BC have been discovered. In Schaarsbergen,12 grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, the earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, of which traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between Nijmegen and Utrecht/Zutphen split, Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river. Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as Arneym or Arentheym, in 1233 Count Otto II of Guelders from Zutphen, conferred city rights on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the Hanseatic League in 1443, in 1473, it was captured by Charles the Bold of Burgundy. In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy, in 1543, as capital of the so-called Kwartier van Veluwe it joined the Union of Utrecht during the Eighty years war in 1579. After its capture from the Spanish forces by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands. The French occupied the town 1672–74, from 1795 to 1813, it was reoccupied by the French, by both revolutionary and imperial forces. In the early 19th century, the fortifications were almost completely dismantled. The Sabelspoort is the remaining part of the medieval walls. In the 19th century, Arnhem was a resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as het Haagje van het oosten, mainly because a number of former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery, the urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands
25.
Labour Party (Netherlands)
–
The Labour Party is a social-democratic political party in the Netherlands. The party was founded in 1946 as a merger of the Social Democratic Workers Party, the Free-thinking Democratic League, Prime Ministers from the Labour Party have been Willem Drees, Joop den Uyl, and Wim Kok. Since 2012, the PvdA is the partner in the Second Rutte cabinet with the Peoples Party for Freedom. Since 2016, Lodewijk Asscher has been Leader of the Labour Party, the party won 9 seats in the House of Representatives in the 2017 general election. The Labour Party is a member of the European Party of European Socialists, in the European Parliament, where the Labour Party has 3 seats, it is part of the parliamentary group Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. They were joined by individuals from Catholic resistance group Christofoor and the Protestant parties Christian Historical Union, the founders of the PvdA wanted to create a broad party, breaking with the historic tradition of Pillarisation. This desire to come to a new system was called the Doorbraak. The party combined socialists with liberal democrats and progressive Christians, however, the party was unable to break Pillarisation. Instead the new party renewed the ties that SDAP had with other socialist organisations. In 1948 some conservative members, led by former VDB leader Pieter Oud, together with the Freedom Party, they formed the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy, a conservative-liberal party. Between 1946 and 1958, the PvdA formed coalition governments with the Catholic Peoples Party, the KVP and the PvdA together had a large majority in parliament. Since 1948, these cabinets were led by PvdA Prime Minister Willem Drees, under his leadership the Netherlands recovered from the war, began to build its welfare state and Indonesia became independent. After the cabinet crisis of 1958, the PvdA was replaced by the VVD, the PvdA was in opposition until 1965. The electoral support of PvdA voters began to decline, in 1965 a conflict in the KVP-ARP-CHU-VVD cabinet made continuation of the government impossible. The three confessional, Christian-influenced parties turned towards the PvdA, together they formed the Cals cabinet. This cabinet was also lived and conflict ridden. The conflicts culminated in the fall of the Cals cabinet over economic policy, meanwhile, a younger generation was attempting to gain control of the PvdA. A group of young PvdA members, calling themselves the New Left, prominent New Left members were Jan Nagel, André van der Louw and Bram Peper
26.
Third Way
–
The Third Way is promoted by some social democratic and social liberal movements. Major Third Way social democratic proponent Tony Blair claimed that the socialism he advocated was different from conceptions of socialism. Blair said My kind of socialism is a set of values based around notions of social justice, socialism as a rigid form of economic determinism has ended, and rightly. Blair in 2009 publicly declared support for a new capitalism, the Third Way has been criticized by some conservatives and libertarians who advocate laissez-faire capitalism. It has also heavily criticized by many social democrats, democratic socialists, anarchists and communists in particular as a betrayal of left-wing values. Specific definitions of Third Way policies may differ between Europe and America, the term Third Way has been used to explain a variety of political courses and ideologies in the last few centuries. These ideas were implemented by progressives in the early 20th century, the term Third Way was picked up again in the 1950s by German ordoliberal economists such as Wilhelm Röpke, resulting in the development of the concept of the social market economy. Later Röpke distanced himself from the term and located the market economy as first way in the sense of an advancement of the free market economy. Most significantly, Harold Macmillan, British Prime Minister from 1957 to 1963, based his philosophy of government on what he entitled in a book, the Third Way has been defined as. Something different and distinct from liberal capitalism with its belief in the merits of the free market and democratic socialism with its demand management. Anthony Giddens of the LSE the Third Way rejects top down socialism as it rejects traditional neo liberalism, a variant of the Third Way exists which approaches the centre from a social democratic perspective. It advocates ethical socialism, reformism, gradualism - that includes advocating the humanization of capitalism, an economy, political pluralism. It has been advocated by proponents as a competition socialism - an ideology in between traditional socialism and capitalism, in defining the Third Way, Tony Blair once wrote “The Third Way stands for a modernized social democracy, passionate in its commitment to social justice. Keating also proposed a Goods and Services Tax in 1985, however this was scrapped due to its unpopularity amongst both Labor and electorate, the Whitlam government was first to use the term economic rationalism. The Gough Whitlam Labor government from 1972 to 1975 changed from a democratic socialism platform to social democracy, under the Whitlam government, tariffs across the board were cut by 25 percent after 23 years of Labor being in opposition. Former Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudds first speech to parliament in 1998 stated, Competitive markets are massive and they must therefore have a central place in the management of the economy. But markets sometimes fail, requiring direct government intervention through instruments such as industry policy, there are also areas where the public good dictates that there should be no market at all. We are not afraid of a vision in the Labor Party, parties of the Centre Left around the world are wrestling with a similar challenge—the creation of a competitive economy while advancing the overriding imperative of a just society
27.
Wim Kok
–
Willem Wim Kok is a retired Dutch trade union leader and politician of the Labour Party. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 August 1994 until 22 July 2002, Willem Kok was born on 29 September 1938, in Bergambacht in the Netherlands Province of South Holland, the son of Willem Kok a carpenter and Neeltje de Jager. He has one younger brother born in 1945, in 1982, the NVV merged with Nederlands Katholiek Vakverbond, the Catholic trade union, to form the Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging, of which he served as chair until 1986. Then he left the union to enter politics, Kok was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives on 3 June 1986, after the Dutch general election of 1986. For the Dutch general election of 1994, Kok again as top candidate lost twelve seats and it was considered groundbreaking in Dutch politics this was the first Cabinet of the Netherlands since 1908 without a Christian democratic party. The main aim of the Cabinet Kok I was to create employment, the Dutch economy had been in a deep recession for years. The market was allowed more influence in the economy and this let to a policy of tax reduction, economizing, and trying to keep people out of the social care by supporting employment, large infrastructural projects were set in motion. Another aim was to make an end to the debt of the Dutch government. The Treaty of Amsterdam was signed during this cabinet, the Srebrenica massacre occurred under the responsibility of this government, which eventually would lead to the fall of the second Kok cabinet. Until today, this was the last Dutch cabinet in recent history to serve a full term, the second cabinet was the successor of the first cabinet was formed from the same coalition of PvdA, VVD and D66. It was also known as the second purple cabinet called such because it contained both the social-democratic PvdA and the liberal VVD. The aim of the cabinet was to continue the policy of cabinet Kok I, which was concerned with economizing, tax reduction, Wim Kok was the prime minister, Annemarie Jorritsma as the deputy prime minister for the VVD, and Els Borst for D66. The cabinet had both left-wing and right-wing political parties as a part of it, there was no strong opposition in the House of Representatives. This did not mean that Kok did not face any problems, in May 1999, D66 stepped out of the coalition when proposed legislation on referenda, entered by this party, was blocked, through negotiations the crisis was solved and the cabinet stayed together. Moreover, allegations of abuse were made against Minister of the Interior. On 13 March 2000 Peper resigned as minister, according to himself to no longer bring problems to the public government, on the other hand, during Koks second term is known for legalizing same-sex marriage and euthanasia. On 15 December 2001 Kok announced he would retire from politics after the elections of May 2002. He stood down as Leader of the Labour Party that same day, unfortunately, Melkert did not appeal to the voter
28.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
29.
Georgy Arbatov
–
He was the founding Director and later Emeritus Director of the Institute of USA and Canada of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Soviet and Russian think tank for the study of USA and Canada. Arbatov was born the son of a prominent Bolshevik, Arkady Arbatov, Arbatov fought in the Red Army during World War II, taking part in the Revolution Day parade on Red Square on 7 November 1941 and heading from there to the front lines. Arbatov finished the war as chief of staff of the 17th Guards mortar regiment and was awarded the Order of the Red Star in 1943. While recuperating from tuberculosis in 1944, Arbatov was in a hospital and he applied to attend the school and graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1949, he was awarded a Ph. D. from the same institute in 1954. He worked as a journalist and commentator on foreign affairs between 1953 and 1963 at Kommunist and the English language publication The New Times, Arbatov worked at the institute of global economics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1963-64. He was founder director of the Institute for US and Canadian Studies from 1965 to 1995 and he was appointed director emeritus of the ISKRAN in 1995. He was appointed adviser to the Central Committee of the CPSU on US matters in 1964-67 and he was elected to the Central Committee in 1990 and served in the Supreme Soviet. As an adviser to five General Secretaries of the Communist Party, according to the CIA, Arbatov was an intermediary between the Politburo and the KGB. Billy Graham, who had called Communism satanic, said that he had met a very wonderful official here after spending three hours together during Grahams 1982 visit to Moscow, sergey Rogov, who succeeded him in 1995 as director of the Institute for U. S. A. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Arbatov was an adviser to the State Duma and he also was a critic of Vladimir Putins efforts to suppress the democratic movement in Russia. Arbatov died at age 87 on 1 October 2010 in Moscow due to cancer and he was survived by his wife, Svetlana, as well as by his son Aleksei, who also become involved with arms control issues. Arbatov was the author of over 100 published works, Идеологическая борьба в современных международных отношениях, Доктрина, методы и организация внешнеполитической пропаганды империализма, Moscow 1970. English edition Глобальная стратегия США в условиях научно-технической революции, Moscow 1979, Über die Westpolitik der UDSSR, München 1981 Свидетельство современника, Moscow 1991, published in English as The System. An Insiders Life in Soviet Politics, N. Y.1992 Затянувшееся выздоровление, Moscow 1991, Общественная наука и политика, Moscow 1998 Повестка дня российско-американских отношений, Moscow 1999 Человек Системы, Moscow 2002 Детство
Jan Marijnissen (help·info)) (born 8 October 1952) is a retired Dutch politician of the Socialist Party (SP).
