1.
University of California
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The University of California is a public university system in the U. S. state of California. The University of California was founded in 1868 and operated temporarily in Oakland until opening its first campus in Berkeley in 1873 and its tenth and newest campus in Merced opened in fall 2005. Nine campuses enroll both undergraduate and graduate students, one campus, UC San Francisco, enrolls only graduate and professional students in the medical and health sciences. In addition, the UC Hastings College of Law, located in San Francisco, is affiliated with UC. The University of Californias campuses have large numbers of distinguished faculty in almost every academic discipline, as of 2016, UC faculty and researchers have won 62 Nobel Prizes. UC campuses are perennially ranked highly by various publications, internationally, UC Berkeley, UCLA, and UC San Diego are respectively ranked 3rd, 12th, and 14th worldwide by Academic Ranking of World Universities. In 1849, the state of California ratified its first constitution, taking advantage of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts, the California Legislature established an Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College in 1866. However, it existed only on paper, as a placeholder to secure federal land-grant funds, meanwhile, Congregational minister Henry Durant, an alumnus of Yale, had established the private Contra Costa Academy, on June 20,1853, in Oakland, California. The initial site was bounded by Twelfth and Fourteenth Streets and Harrison, the Colleges trustees, educators, and supporters believed in the importance of a liberal arts education, but ran into a lack of interest in liberal arts colleges on the American frontier. In November 1857, the Colleges trustees began to acquire parcels of land facing the Golden Gate in what is now Berkeley for a future planned campus outside of Oakland. But first, they needed to secure the Colleges water rights by buying a farm to the east. In 1864, they organized the College Homestead Association, which borrowed $35,000 to purchase the land, the Association subdivided the latter parcel and started selling lots with the hope it could raise enough money to repay its lenders and also create a new college town. But sales of new homesteads fell short, at the College of Californias 1867 commencement exercises, where Low was present, Benjamin Silliman, Jr. criticized Californians for creating a state polytechnic school instead of a real university. That same day, Low reportedly first suggested a merger of the already-functional College of California with the state college. The University of Californias second president, Daniel Coit Gilman, opened its new campus in Berkeley in September 1873, earlier that year, Toland Medical College in San Francisco had agreed to become the Universitys Medical Department, it later evolved into UCSF. In 1878, the University established Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco as its first law school, the California Constitution was amended to designate Hastings as the Law Department of the University of California in consideration of a $100,000 gift from Serranus Clinton Hastings. Hastings is the only UC campus not governed by the Regents of the University of California, in August 1882, the California State Normal School opened a second school in Los Angeles to train teachers for the growing population of Southern California. In 1927, it became the University of California at Los Angeles, during the 20th century, UC acquired additional satellite locations which, like Los Angeles, were all subordinate to administrators at the Berkeley campus
2.
Mark Yudof
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Mark George Yudof is an American law professor and academic administrator. He is the president of the University of California, former chancellor of the University of Texas System. In addition to his position as Chancellor at The University of Texas, born in Philadelphia to parents of Ukrainian Jewish descent, Yudof was raised in West Philadelphia. Yudofs father worked as an electrician, Yudof earned his B. A. cum laude in political science from the University of Pennsylvania in 1965 and LL. B. cum laude from the University of Pennsylvania School of Law in 1968. Yudof joined the faculty of The University of Texas School of Law in 1971 and he has also been a visiting professor at the University of Michigan Law School and UC Berkeley School of Law. Yudof is an expert in the fields of constitutional law, freedom of expression. He was co-counsel for the plaintiffs in the 1973 U. S. Supreme Court case San Antonio v. Rodriguez and he is the author of Gender Justice, and of When Government Speaks, Politics, Law, and Government Expression in America. Yudof became a member of the State Bar of Texas in 1980, from 1984 to 1994, Yudof served as dean of the University of Texas School of Law. From 1994 to 1997, Yudof served as vice president. In that position, Yudof initiated many improvements to education, including creating a freshman seminar program. On July 1,1997, Yudof took office as the 14th president of the University of Minnesota, in his first year as president, Yudof took advantage of a state budget surplus to fund construction projects, historic preservation, and academic priorities at the university. Yudof helped to establish freshman seminars, in 1999 the university moved from a quarter to semester system. The university encountered scandal in 1999 after the St. Yudof oversaw self-imposed sanctions on the basketball program. Those sanctions included a $1.5 million buyout of the contract of head coach Clem Haskins, a ban for the 1999–2000 season. The scandal led to the resignations of mens athletic director Mark Dienhart, members of the university board of regents praised Yudof for his handling of the scandal. By 2002, Yudof united mens and womens athletics at Minnesota under an athletic director. In 2002, a six-story apartment-style hall was built at the University of Minnesota and was named after Mark G. Yudof and it is referred to as Yudof or Yudof Hall. Yudof became the chancellor of the University of Texas System on August 1,2002
3.
United States Secretary of Homeland Security
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The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the body concerned with protecting the U. S. and the safety of U. S. citizens. The secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet, the position was created by the Homeland Security Act following the attacks of September 11,2001. It did not, however, include the FBI or the CIA, on January 20,2009, the Senate confirmed Barack Obamas appointment of Janet Napolitano to be the third Secretary of Homeland Security, effective January 21,2009. Napolitano resigned effective August 2013 to head the University of California, on October 17, President Obama announced his intention to nominate former General Counsel of the Department of Defense Jeh Johnson, and on December 16 the US Senate confirmed the nomination. The current Secretary, sworn in on January 20,2017, is retired United States Marine Corps general John F. Kelly, on March 9,2006, 43rd President George W. Bush signed H. R.3199 as Pub. L. As of April 2017, there are four living former Secretaries of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection Director of U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Director of U. S. Bush nominated Bernard Kerik for the position in 2004. However a week later, Kerik withdrew his nomination, explaining that he had employed an illegal immigrant as a nanny, by July 2013, Raymond Kelly had served as Commissioner of the New York City Police Department for nearly 12 straight years. They are largely the lives of men of color
4.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
5.
Jane Holl Lute
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Jane Holl Lute served as the Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security from 2009 through 2013, after having been confirmed by the U. S. Senate on April 3,2009. Previously, Lute was the United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Peacebuilding Support, before that she was Assistant Secretary-General for Mission Support in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations since August 2003. Currently, Lute is the President and CEO of the Arlington-based Council on CyberSecurity and Senior Advisor of Measure, on 5 January 2014, she was appointed Special Adviser for Relocation of Camp Hurriya Residents Outside of Iraq by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. On 8 February 2016, she was appointed Special Coordinator on Improving the United Nations Response to Sexual Exploitation, Lute graduated from Montclair State University in 1978 and received her commission as a U. S. Army second lieutenant through Seton Hall Universitys ROTC program. She is a member of the Virginia Bar, from 1991 to 1994, she served as director of European Affairs in the National Security Council staff at the White House. Between 1994 and 1999, Lute headed up the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict and was a public policy fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Centre for International Scholars. Before that, she served as Executive Director of the Association of the United States Army’s project on the role of American Military Power in 2000, on January 23,2009, President Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Jane Holl Lute as Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security. She left the department on April 9,2013, the Undersecretary for National Protection and Programs Directorate Rand Beers was named as her acting replacement. Since leaving the Obama administration, Lute has joined as member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council, Jane Holl Lute is married to Lt. Gen. Douglas E
6.
Rand Beers
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Rand Beers was the current Deputy Homeland Security Advisor to the President of the United States. He previously served as acting Secretary of Homeland Security following the resignation of Secretary Janet Napolitano on September 6,2013 until Jeh Johnson assumed that office on December 23,2013. As Under Secretary, Beers direct the Departments integrated efforts to reduce risks to physical, cyber, Beers has served as Counselor to Secretary Janet Napolitano since January 21,2009 and will continue in that capacity while directing the activities of NPPD. Before his appointment, he was the co-leader of the Department of Homeland Security Transition Team for the incoming Obama administration, prior to the 2008 election, Beers was president of the National Security Network, a Washington, D. C. Beers began his career as a Marine officer and rifle company commander in Vietnam. He entered the Foreign Service in 1971 and transferred to the Civil Service in 1983 and he was Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. He resigned from the NSC Staff in March 2003, retired from government service in April 2003, Beers earned a bachelors degree from Dartmouth College and a masters degree from the University of Michigan. Beers stirred up controversy with remarks he made at an event hosted by the Center for American Progress in June 2008, the event, dubbed McCain University, was a comprehensive effort to illustrate John McCains policy proposals in the context of the 2008 Presidential Election. McCain, a captured U. S. Navy aviator, was a prisoner of war of the North Vietnamese government for several years, beerss comments elicited widespread criticism from conservative observers such as Rush Limbaugh and Karl Rove, as well as a variety of right-wing blogs
7.
Michael Chertoff
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Michael Chertoff is an American attorney who was the second United States Secretary of Homeland Security under President George W. Bush. He was the co-author of the USA PATRIOT Act and he previously served as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, as a federal prosecutor, and as Assistant U. S. Attorney General. He succeeded Tom Ridge as U. S. Secretary of Homeland Security on February 15,2005, since leaving government service, Chertoff has worked as senior of counsel at the Washington, D. C. law firm of Covington & Burling. He also co-founded the Chertoff Group, a risk-management and security consulting company, Chertoff was also elected as Chairman of BAE Systems for a three-year term, beginning May 1,2012. Chertoff co-chairs the Bipartisan Policy Centers Immigration Task Force, Michael Chertoff was born on November 28,1953 in Elizabeth, New Jersey. His father was Rabbi Gershon Baruch Chertoff, a Talmud scholar and his mother is Livia Chertoff, an Israeli citizen and the first flight attendant for El Al. His paternal grandparents are Rabbi Paul Chertoff and Esther Barish Chertoff, Chertoff went to the Jewish Educational Center in Elizabeth as well as the Pingry School. He later attended Harvard College, graduating in 1975 and he studied during his sophomore year at the London School of Economics and Political Science in the United Kingdom. He attended Harvard Law School, and worked as an assistant for John Hart Ely on his book Democracy. After graduating magna cum laude in 1978, Chertoff clerked for appellate judge Murray Gurfein for a year, next he clerked for United States Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. from 1979 to 1980. He worked in practice with Latham & Watkins from 1980 to 1983 before being hired as a prosecutor by Rudolph Giuliani. Chertoff worked on Mafia and political corruption–related cases, in the mid-1990s, Chertoff returned to Latham & Watkins for a brief period, founding the firms office in Newark, New Jersey. Chertoff has been a resident of Westfield, New Jersey, in September 1986, together with U. S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York Rudolph Giuliani, Chertoff was instrumental in the crackdown on organized crime in the Mafia Commission Trial. In 1990, Chertoff was appointed by President George H. W. Bush as United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey. Among his most important cases, in 1992 Chertoff achieved conviction of second-term Jersey City mayor Gerald McCann on charges of defrauding money from a savings, McCann served two years in federal prison. Chertoff was asked to stay in his position when the Clinton administration took office in 1993 and he was the only U. S. Attorney who was not replaced due to the change in administrations. He continued to work with the U. S. Attorneys office until 1994, no charges were brought against the Clintons. In 2000, Chertoff worked as counsel to the New Jersey Senate Judiciary Committee
8.
Jeh Johnson
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Jeh Charles Johnson is an American civil and criminal trial lawyer, who was the fourth United States Secretary of Homeland Security 2013 to 2017. He was the General Counsel of the Department of Defense from 2009 to 2012 during the first Obama Administration, Johnson is a graduate of Morehouse College and Columbia Law School, and is the grandson of sociologist and Fisk University president Dr. Charles S. Johnson. Johnsons first name is taken from a Liberian chief, who saved his grandfather’s life while he was on a League of Nations mission to Liberia in 1930. Johnson served as Assistant United States Attorney in the Southern District of New York from 1989 to 1991, from 1998 to 2001, he was General Counsel of the Department of the Air Force under President Bill Clinton. He was elected a fellow in the American College of Trial Lawyers in 2004, on January 8,2009, he was named by President Barack Obama to be General Counsel for the Defense Department. In December 2012, he resigned this position effective at the end of the year to return to private practice, ten months later, on October 18,2013, Johnson was nominated by President Obama to be Secretary of Homeland Security. For the Inauguration of Donald Trump Johnson was chosen as the designated survivor, Johnson was born in New York City, the son of Norma, who worked for Planned Parenthood, and Jeh Vincent Johnson, an architect. On March 18,1994, Johnson married Susan Maureen DiMarco, the pair grew up across the street from each other in Wappingers Falls, New York. They have two children, Natalie Johnson and Jeh Charles Johnson, Jr, on September 11,2001, Johnson experienced firsthand the 9/11 attacks in New York City. After the collapse of the World Trade Center towers, Johnson wandered the streets of Lower Manhattan, today, he recalls in many speeches his experience during the 9/11 attacks. Johnson began as an associate at Paul, Weiss in November 1984, in 1989, he left to serve as an assistant United States Attorney in the Southern District of New York, a position he held until the end of 1991. In that position, Johnson prosecuted public corruption cases, Johnson returned to Paul, Weiss in 1992 and was elected partner at the firm in 1994. In 1998, Johnson was appointed General Counsel of the Air Force by President Bill Clinton after confirmation by the U. S. Senate, as General Counsel, Johnson was the senior legal official in the Air Force and Governor of Wake Island, in the Pacific Ocean. His tenure coincided with Operation Allied Force in 1999 and he was awarded the Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service for his efforts. After his service in the Clinton administration, Johnson returned to Paul, Weiss in 2001, Johnson was a member of the Executive Committee of the New York City Bar Association. From 2001 to 2004, he served as chairman of the City Bar’s Judiciary Committee, Johnson was active in Democratic Party politics, as a fundraiser and adviser to presidential campaigns. On January 8,2009, then President-elect Barack Obama announced Johnsons nomination as Department of Defense General Counsel, on February 9,2009, he was confirmed by the Senate. In 2009, Johnson was heavily involved in the reform of military commissions, in November 2010, following an extensive study, Johnson and General Ham reported that the risk to overall military effectiveness of a repeal would be low
9.
National Governors Association
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The National Governors Association is an organization consisting of the governors of the states, territories and commonwealths of the United States. The NGAs role is to act as a voice for governors on matters of national policy, as well as allowing governors to share best practices. The organization was founded in 1908 as the National Governors Conference, the NGA represents the governors of the fifty U. S. states and five U. S. territories. It is funded primarily by state dues, federal grants and contracts, NGA serves as a key public policy liaison between the state governments and the federal government. The NGA Center for Best Practices focuses on state innovations and best practices on issues that range from education and health to technology, welfare reform, NGA also provides management and technical assistance to both new and incumbent governors. The vice chair is usually of the party to the chair. The current NGA chair is Governor Terry McAuliffe of Virginia, a Democrat, the vice chair is Governor Brian Sandoval of Nevada, a Republican. Bill Clinton is, to date, the former chair of the organization to become President of the United States. Janet Napolitano became the first female chair in 2006, formally adopted as policy in 1977, chairs preside for a one-year term and alternate party affiliation, which means that the same party never serves for two terms in a row. A similar organization in Mexico United States Conference of Mayors National Governors Association –19 official homepage of the American NGA
10.
Mike Huckabee
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Michael Dale Huckabee is an American politician, Christian minister, author, musician, and commentator who served as the 44th Governor of Arkansas from 1996 to 2007. He was a candidate in the United States Republican presidential primaries in both 2008 and 2016 and he won the 2008 Iowa Republican caucuses and finished second in delegate count and third in both popular vote and number of states won, behind nominee John McCain and Mitt Romney. Beginning in 2008, Huckabee hosted the Fox News Channel talk show Huckabee, from April 2012 through December 2013, he hosted a daily radio program, The Mike Huckabee Show, on weekday afternoons for Cumulus Media Networks. Huckabee is the author of several best-selling books, an ordained Southern Baptist minister noted for his views, a musician. He is also a commentator on The Huckabee Report. Huckabee announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election, in Hope, Arkansas and it was his second run for the U. S. presidency. He suspended his campaign on February 1,2016 and became a vocal, Huckabee was born on August 24,1955, in Hope, Arkansas, the son of Dorsey Wiles Huckabee and his wife Mae Huckabee, conservative Southern Democrats. Huckabee is of English, German and Scots-Irish ancestry with roots in America dating to the colonial era. He has cited his working-class upbringing as the reason for his views, his father worked as a fireman and mechanic. His first job, when he was 14, was at a station where he read the news. He was elected Governor of Arkansas by his chapter of the American Legion-sponsored Boys State program in 1972 and he was student council vice president at Hope High School during the 1971–72 school year. He was student council president at Hope High School during the 1972–73 school year and he has one sister, Mrs. Pat Harris, a middle school teacher. He entered the ministry in 1972 at Garrett Memorial Baptist Church in Hope, Huckabee married his wife, Janet, on May 25,1974. He dropped out of the seminary after one year in order to take a job in Christian broadcasting, at age 21, Huckabee was a staffer for televangelist James Robison. Robison commented, His convictions shape his character and his character will shape his policies and his whole life has been shaped by moral absolutes. Prior to his career, he served as pastor at Immanuel Baptist Church in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, from 1980 to 1986. Huckabee started 24-hour television stations in both Pine Bluff and Texarkana, where he produced documentaries and hosted a program called Positive Alternatives and he encouraged the all-white Immanuel Baptist Church to accept black members in the mid-1980s. I was in the ICU at 2 a. m, in 1989, Huckabee ran against Ronnie Floyd of Springdale for the presidency of the Arkansas Baptist State Convention
11.
Tim Pawlenty
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Timothy James Tim Pawlenty is president and CEO of Financial Services Roundtable, a Washington, D. C. -based industry advocacy group. He was a Republican politician who served as the 39th Governor of Minnesota and he previously served in the Minnesota House of Representatives, where he was majority leader for two terms. In 2011, he entered the campaign for the Republican presidential nomination, Pawlenty was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and raised in nearby South St. Paul. He graduated from University of Minnesota with a B. A. in political science and his early career included working as a labor law attorney and the vice president of a software as a service company. After settling in the city of Eagan with his wife, Pawlenty was appointed to the citys Planning Commission and was elected to the Eagan City Council at the age of 28 and he won a seat as a state representative in 1992, representing District 38B in suburban Dakota County. He was re-elected four times and was voted majority leader by House Republicans in 1998, after narrowly winning the Republican gubernatorial primary in 2002, Pawlenty won a three-way election for Governor of Minnesota, and was re-elected in 2006 by a margin of less than one percent. His campaign platform focused on balancing the budget without raising taxes, during Pawlentys governorship, he did not raise income taxes, but did enact targeted increases in sales tax and user fees. He signed a bill mandating 20% ethanol in gasoline by 2013 and he cut health care costs in an attempt to balance the budget, and borrowed funds from the states K-12 education and low income programs. He signed an order rejecting federal funds related to the Patient Protection. He also led worldwide trips for business leaders and trade delegations to explore trade opportunities, in the 2007–2008 term, he served as chairman of the National Governors Association. After withdrawing from that race, he became a finalist to join his partys nominee on the 2012 ticket as its presidential candidate. Pawlenty was not selected as Mitt Romneys vice presidential candidate, in September 2012, he left Romneys campaign to become a Washington lobbyist for financial institutions. Pawlenty was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Eugene Joseph Pawlenty and his father, who drove a milk delivery truck, was of Polish descent, while his mother was of German ancestry. His mother died of cancer when he was 16, Pawlenty grew up in South St. Paul, where he played ice hockey on his high schools junior varsity squad. Intending to become a dentist, Pawlenty enrolled in the University of Minnesota, however, he changed his plans and spent the summers of 1980 and 1982 working as an intern at the office of U. S. In 1983, he graduated with a B. A. in political science and he received a Juris Doctor from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1986. While in law school, he met wife, Mary Anderson, Pawlenty first worked as a labor law attorney at the firm Rider Bennett, where he had interned while a law student. He later became president of a software as a service company
12.
Jane Dee Hull
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Jane Dee Hull is an American politician who served as the 20th Governor of Arizona from 1997 to 2003. She was the woman to serve as Governor of Arizona. Born Jane Dee Bowersock in Kansas City, Missouri, Hull graduated from the University of Kansas with a degree in education and she taught elementary school in Kansas and, while her husband was a public health physician there, in Navajo Nation schools at Chinle, Arizona. She moved to Arizona in 1962, after hearing a Barry Goldwater speech and she campaigned for Goldwater in the United States presidential election in 1964. Hull entered politics in 1978 by being elected to the Arizona House of Representatives as a Republican and she served for seven terms, including two as Speaker of the House, the first female Speaker in Arizona history. In 1991, while she was Speaker, the Arizona legislature experienced a political scandal called AZSCAM. As a result, Speaker Hull instituted a number of reforms to reestablish public confidence in the legislature. Hull was elected Arizona Secretary of State in 1994, after Governor Fife Symington was forced to resign due to a felony conviction, Hull became governor on September 5,1997. She was sworn in by U. S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor, Arizona has no lieutenant governor, so the secretary of state, if holding office by election, stands first in the line of succession. Hull was elected governor in her own right in 1998, Hull was constitutionally barred from running for a second full term in 2002, and she was succeeded by Janet Napolitano, who defeated Matt Salmon. While she was governor, Hulls relations with home state U. S, during the 2000 primary season she endorsed his opponent, Texas Governor George W. Bush, in the Arizona primary. After leaving office, she spent three months in New York City, as a delegate from the United States to the United Nations General Assembly. After the death of Rose Mofford on September 15,2016, Hull became the oldest living Governor of Arizona, an elementary school is named for Hull in Chandler, Arizona. Hull is known for signing the bill resulted in the alt-fuels scandal of 2000. Instead of the $10 million the program was supposed to cost, Hull is also known in her role as governor for signing the death warrants of two foreign nationals, despite international pressure from Germany for a stay of execution in the LaGrand Case. Germany v. United States of America Biography of Jane Dee Hull from the United States Mission to the United Nations Governor Jane Dee Hull Alt-Fuels Fiasco Hull, in Michael S. Josephson and Wes Hanson
13.
Jan Brewer
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Janice Kay Brewer is an American politician and author who served as the 22nd Governor of the U. S. state of Arizona, from 2009 to 2015. A member of the Republican Party, Brewer is the fourth woman, Brewer previously served as Secretary of State of Arizona from January 2003 to January 2009, when Governor Janet Napolitano resigned after being selected as Secretary of Homeland Security. Brewer became Governor of Arizona as part of the line of succession, born in California, Brewer attended Glendale Community College where she received a radiological technologist certificate. She has never earned a college degree and she has served as a State Representative and State Senator for Arizona from 1983 to 1996. Brewer also served as Chairman of the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors before running for Arizona Secretary of State in 2002, Brewer came into the national spotlight when, on April 23,2010, she signed the Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act. Brewer sought a full term as Governor of Arizona in the 2010 Arizona gubernatorial election, Brewer is of English and Norwegian descent. Her maternal grandfather, Emil Theodore Bakken, was from Norway, and her grandmother, Carrie Nelson, was from Minnesota. Meanwhile, her grandmother, Sarah Rosina Ford, was an Englishwoman from Buckinghamshire. Brewer and her brother, Paul, lived in Hawthorne until she was ten years old. Her father died of disease when she was eleven years old. She graduated from Verdugo Hills High School in 1962 and she married John Leon Brewer in Nevada, and worked briefly in Glendale, California, before moving to her husbands hometown of Phoenix, Arizona, in 1970. The couple later relocated to Glendale, Arizona, where John became a successful chiropractor and they settled in the Deer Valley section of Phoenix. Initially interested in running for school board, Brewer soon saw an opening in her legislative district. Brewer would go on to serve in the Arizona House of Representatives for three years, from 1983 to 1987, before deciding to run for the Arizona Senate, during her last three years as a State Senator, she held the senior leadership position of majority whip. In 1996 Brewer ran for chairman of the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors, defeating incumbent Ed King, Brewer ran against Phoenix Councilman Sal DiCiccio in the primary race. Brewer won by a margin of just 23,000 votes. As Secretary of State, Brewer instituted a program for overseas military troops. Governor Janet Napolitano was selected by President Barack Obama to serve as the Secretary of Homeland Security in the United States Cabinet
14.
Arizona Attorney General
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The Arizona Attorney General is the chief legal officer of the state of Arizona, in the United States. It is an independent, constitutionally mandated office, elected by the people of the state to a four-year term, the Attorney General’s Office is the largest law office in Arizona, with approximately 400 attorneys and 1,000 employees. LaSota had not renewed his state bar membership and was not considered a practicing attorney. Rush 1866–1867 Granville Henderson Oury 1869 J. E. McCaffry ca.1872 Clark Churchill 1884–1887 Briggs Goodrich 1887–1888 John A, rush 1888–1889 Clark Churchill 1889–1892 William Herring 1892–1893 John C
15.
Grant Woods
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Grant Woods served as attorney general of Arizona from 1991 until 1999. Woods was a supporter of John McCain in his race for the Republican U. S. Senate nomination against J. D. Hayworth in 2010, Woods was McCains chief of staff when he was a congressman. Presidential election of 2016 he has been the only Arizona Republican to have held office to endorse the Democratic candidate for President. Regarding the two Presidential candidates, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton he wrote, “Hillary Clinton is one of the most qualified nominees to run for president. Donald Trump is the least qualified ever, the stakes are too high to stand on the sideline. I stand with Hillary Clinton for president. ”Woods, considered a moderate-to-liberal Republican, was attorney general from 1991 to 1999, in the 1980s, Woods was the first congressional chief of staff for now-U. S. Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz. and is a longtime friend, McCain is supporting Trump as the Republican Partys presidential nominee
16.
Terry Goddard
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Samuel Pearson Terry Goddard III is an American attorney and politician. He has twice been the Democratic nominee for Governor of Arizona, in 1990 and in 2010, losing on each occasion to the Republican incumbent, Fife Symington and Jan Brewer, after leaving office as Attorney General he led his own law firm, Goddard Law Office, PLC. Goddard was born on January 28,1947 and raised in Tucson, Arizona and his great-grandfather, Ozias M. Hatch, was Illinois Secretary of State 1857 to 1865. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy, a school in Exeter. After graduating from Harvard College in 1969, he served an active duty tour in the U. S. Navy, returning to Arizona, he received his law degree from Arizona State University in 1976. His time as a private attorney saw him working in the Arizona Attorney Generals office, Goddard is married and has one son. This allowed minorities from certain parts of Phoenix to be elected and represent their home areas and giving those areas a voice on the council. The next election saw the election of the citys first Latino, the measure is credited with significantly opening up Phoenix city government, and in 1983, Goddard was elected Mayor. Within a decade, all of the members of the City Council who had been elected at-large, Goddard was re-elected four times, serving through 1990, when he resigned to run for Governor. In 1988, he was elected president of the National League of Cities, in the non-partisan election in which the top five candidates are elected, Goddard came first, with 403,568 votes. In 2002, Goddard decided to enter the race for Attorney General of Arizona to succeed fellow Democrat Janet Napolitano, Goddard was re-elected to the office of Attorney General in 2006 with 60% of the vote. After Napolitano resigned to become United States Secretary of Homeland Security in January 2009 and was succeeded by Secretary of State Jan Brewer, during his time as Attorney General, Goddards stated focus has been on cyber crime, consumer protection, predatory lending|foreclosures, and deceptive advertising. This led to the capture of polygamist leader and self-proclaimed prophet Warren Jeffs, a hallmark accomplishment during his tenure was his historic settlement with Western Union over the issue of wire transfers involving smuggled human beings. He used this extensively in the 2010 general election. One of his last acts as Arizonas Attorney General was to end negotiations with Bank of America over their foreclosure practices and this act was considered significant because Bank of America is currently still in negotiations with 48 other State Attorneys General over the same issue. Nevada joined Arizona in the lawsuit, Attorney General Tom Horne has announced that he agrees with the lawsuit and will continue it. His first year as Attorney General saw him suing Second Chance Body Armor, the lawsuit alleged a violation of the Arizona Consumer Fraud Act. Qwest Communications long standing consumer fraud lawsuit over telephone slamming was finally settled in 2004 to the tune of 3.75 million dollars in fines and $800,000 in consumer restitution. The years 2004-2005 also saw the start of Goddards investigations into suspected polygamists and government abuse in the communities of Colorado City
17.
United States Attorney
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United States Attorneys represent the United States federal government in United States district court and United States court of appeals. There are 93 U. S. Attorneys located throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, the U. S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. One U. S. Attorney is assigned to each of the districts, with the exception of Guam. Each U. S. Attorney is the federal law enforcement officer within his or her particular jurisdiction. They supervise district offices with as many as 350 Assistant U. S. Attorneys, an Assistant U. S. Attorney, or federal prosecutor, is a public official who represents the federal government on behalf of the U. S. Attorney in criminal prosecutions. U. S. Attorneys and their offices are part of the Department of Justice, U. S. Attorneys receive oversight, supervision, and administrative support services through the Justice Departments Executive Office for United States Attorneys. Selected U. S. Attorneys participate in the Attorney Generals Advisory Committee of United States Attorneys, the Office of the United States Attorney was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789, along with the office of Attorney General and the United States Marshals Service. The same act also specified the structure of the Supreme Court of the United States and established inferior courts making up the United States Federal Judiciary, thus, the office of U. S. Attorney is older than the Department of Justice. The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for the appointment in each district of a Person learned in the law to act as attorney for the United States. The U. S. Attorney is appointed by the President of the United States for a term of four years, a U. S. Attorney continues in office, beyond the appointed term, until a successor is appointed and qualified. By law, each United States attorney is subject to removal by the President, the Attorney General has had the authority since 1986 to appoint interim U. S. Attorneys to fill a vacancy. If an appointment expires under subsection, the court for such district may appoint a United States attorney to serve until the vacancy is filled. The order of appointment by the court shall be filed with the clerk of the court, on March 9,2007, President George W. This, in effect, extinguished the 120-day limit on interim U. S. Attorneys, and their appointment had an indefinite term. Related to the dismissal of U. S. attorneys controversy, in March 2007 the Senate, the bill was signed by President George W. Bush, and became law in June 2007. Senator Dianne Feinstein, summarized the history of interim United States Attorney appointments, the U. S. Attorney is both the primary representative and the administrative head of the Office of the U. S. Attorney for the district. The U. S. Attorneys Office is the prosecutor for the United States in criminal law cases. However, they are not the one that can represent the United States in Court. These responsibilities include certain legal, budgetary, administrative, and personnel services, the EOUSA was created on April 6,1953, by Attorney General Order No
18.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
19.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
20.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
21.
Santa Clara University
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Santa Clara University is a private Jesuit university located in Santa Clara, California. It has 5,435 full-time undergraduate students, and 3,335 graduate students, founded in 1851, Santa Clara University is the oldest operating institution of higher learning in California, and has remained in its original location for 165 years. The universitys campus surrounds the historic Mission Santa Clara de Asis, the campus mirrors the Missions architectural style, and provides a fine early example of Mission Revival Architecture. Santa Clara has produced Rhodes Scholars and has recognized as a top producer of Fulbright Scholars. Santa Claras alumni have made their presence felt on the national and international stage, among Santa Claras alumni are governors, congressmen, mayors, senators, and presidential cabinet members. Santa Clara alumni founded Nvidia and Farmers Insurance, and created JavaScript, Santa Claras alumni have won a number of honors, including Pulitzer Prizes, the NBA MVP Award, and induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Santa Clara alumni have served as mayors of San Francisco, Los Angeles, Oakland, San Jose, both the current Governor and Lieutenant Governor of California attended Santa Clara. Santa Claras sports teams are called the Broncos and their colors are red and white. The Broncos compete at the NCAA Division I levels as members of the West Coast Conference in 19 sports, the Broncos own a long history of success on the national stage in a number of sports, including NCAA championships in both mens and womens soccer. Santa Claras student athletes have achieved success after graduation, with 54 MLB,24 NFL. Of Santa Claras Olympians,14 have won gold medals, the university is situated in Santa Clara, California, adjacent to the city of San Jose in Santa Clara County at the southern part of the Bay Area. The school is promoted as the Jesuit university in Silicon Valley, built around historic Mission Santa Clara, the present university is home to a population of approximately 5,435 undergraduate and 3,335 masters, Juris Doctor, and PhD students. The institution employs 522 full-time faculty members, who are divided between four schools and the College of Arts and Sciences, all of which are located on the 106-acre mission campus. In July 2009 the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley, formerly an independent institution, legally merged with the university, although a division of SCU, it retains its campus in Berkeley, California. JST is one of two Jesuit seminaries in the United States with ecclesiastical faculties approved by the Vaticans Congregation for Catholic Education, the other, Weston Jesuit School of Theology, completed a similar affiliation with Boston College in June 2008, becoming Boston College School of Theology and Ministry. For the 2013–2014 academic year, the operating budget was $387 million. For the same period, undergraduate tuition and fees totaled $42,156, Santa Clara University is civilly chartered and governed by a board of trustees, which appoints the president. By internal statute, the president must be a member of the Jesuit order, about 42 Jesuit priests and brothers are active teachers and administrators in various departments and centers located on the main campus in Santa Clara
22.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
23.
University of Virginia
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The University of Virginia, frequently referred to simply as Virginia, is a public research university and the flagship for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Founded in 1819 by Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson, UVA is known for its foundations, student-run honor code. UNESCO designated UVA as Americas first and only collegiate World Heritage Site in 1987, the university was established in 1819, and its original governing Board of Visitors included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. Monroe was the sitting President of the United States at the time of its foundation, former Presidents Jefferson and Madison were UVAs first two rectors and the Academical Village and Jefferson conceived and designed the original courses of study. The universitys research endeavors are highly recognized, in 2015, Science honored UVA faculty for discovering two of its top 10 annual scientific breakthroughs, from the fields of Medicine and Psychology. UVA is one of 62 institutions in the Association of American Universities and it is the only AAU member university in Virginia. UVA is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation, the university was the first non-founding member, and the first university of the American South, to attain AAU membership in 1904. UVAs academic strength is broad, with 121 majors across the eight undergraduate, students compete in 26 collegiate sports and UVA leads the Atlantic Coast Conference in mens NCAA team national championships with 17. UVA is second in womens NCAA titles with 7, UVA was awarded the Capital One Cup in 2015 after fielding the top overall mens athletics programs in the nation. Students come to attend the university in Charlottesville from all 50 states and 147 countries, the historic 1, 682-acre campus is internationally protected by UNESCO and considered one of the most beautiful collegiate grounds in the country. UVA additionally maintains 2,913 acres southeast of the city, the university also manages the College at Wise in Southwest Virginia, and until 1972 operated George Mason University and the University of Mary Washington in Northern Virginia. In 1817, three Presidents and Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court John Marshall joined 24 other dignitaries at a meeting held in the Mountain Top Tavern at Rockfish Gap, after some deliberation, they selected nearby Charlottesville as the site of the new University of Virginia. Farmland just outside Charlottesville was purchased from James Monroe by the Board of Visitors as Central College, the school laid its first buildings cornerstone late in that same year, and the Commonwealth of Virginia chartered the new university on January 25,1819. John Hartwell Cocke collaborated with James Madison, Monroe, and Joseph Carrington Cabell to fulfill Jeffersons dream to establish the university, Cocke and Jefferson were appointed to the building committee to supervise the construction. The universitys first classes met on March 7,1825, another innovation of the new university was that higher education would be separated from religious doctrine. Jefferson opined to philosopher Thomas Cooper that a professorship of theology should have no place in our institution, Jefferson was intimately involved in the university to the end, hosting Sunday dinners at his Monticello home for faculty and students until his death. Thus, he eschewed mention of his accomplishments, such as the Louisiana Purchase. This was a source of frustration for Jefferson, who assembled the students during the schools first year, on October 3,1825, to such behavior
24.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
25.
Arizona
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Arizona is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states and it is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix, Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, Arizonas border with Mexico is 389 miles long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California. Arizona is the 48th state and last of the states to be admitted to the Union. Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain, after being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase, Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Alpine, in addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments. To the European settlers, their pronunciation sounded like Arissona, the area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the Oodham language. Another possible origin is the Basque phrase haritz ona, as there were numerous Basque sheepherders in the area, There is a misconception that the states name originated from the Spanish term Árida Zona. See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, Arizona is in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state by area, ranked after New Mexico, of the states 113,998 square miles, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land, Arizona is well known for its desert Basin and Range region in the states southern portions, which is rich in a landscape of xerophyte plants such as the cactus. This regions topography was shaped by volcanism, followed by the cooling-off. Its climate has hot summers and mild winters. The state is well known for its pine-covered north-central portion of the high country of the Colorado Plateau. Like other states of the Southwest United States, Arizona has an abundance of mountains, despite the states aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest, a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The worlds largest stand of pine trees is in Arizona
26.
Harry S. Truman Scholarship
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The Harry S. Truman Scholarship is a highly competitive federal scholarship granted to U. S. college juniors for demonstrated leadership potential and a commitment to public service. The scholarship, in the amount of $30,000, is to go towards a graduate education, congress created the scholarship in 1975 as a living memorial to the 33rd president of the United States. Instead of a statue, the Truman Scholarship is the federal memorial to its namesake president. According to the Washington Post, the Truman Scholarships sole aim is to out people with potential to become leaders—then provide support to help them realize their aspirations. Each year, 55–60 candidates are named Truman Scholars following an application process involving essays, recommendations. On May 30,1974, Senator Stuart Symington of Missouri sponsored S.3548, Symington held the same Class 1 Senate seat that Truman had held from 1935–1945 before becoming Vice President. The Senate passed the bill on August 2, and the House followed suit on December 17. Two similar House bills, H. R.15138 sponsored by William J. Randall of Missouri, the bill was signed by President Gerald Ford and enacted as Public Law 93-642 on January 4,1975 and entered the United States Statutes at Large as 88 Stat. 2276–2280, and the United States Code as 20 U. S. C and it now operates as Program 85.001, governed by 45 CFR1801 as published in the Code of Federal Regulations in the Federal Register. The Truman Scholarship is administered by the Harry S Truman Scholarship Foundation, the Foundations operations are overseen by full-time Executive Secretary Dr. Andrew Rich. Its endowment, which takes the form of a federal trust fund held in the U. S. Department of the Treasury, is $55 million. Current Board members include Senator Roy Blunt, Senator Claire McCaskill, former Secretary of Education Arne Duncan, Congressman Charlie Dent, the scholarship is awarded to approximately 55-65 U. S. More broadly, Truman Scholars possess intellect, leadership skills, in order to apply for the scholarship, students must first win the nomination of their undergraduate university. Each undergraduate institution in the United States is allowed to nominate up to four students who have attended since freshman year, after nomination, annually the Foundation receives 600 applications, of whom between 55-60 will be selected each year. Each nominated application is examined by a regional review panel. The interviews are conducted by panels of former Truman scholars, trustees of the board and these panelists then make final selections of scholarship winners, generally attempting to choose one from each of the 50 states. No particular career, service interest, or policy field is preferred during the process, each year, the Truman Scholarship is awarded to one or two students from institutions that have never had a Truman Scholar. Scholars currently receive an award of $30,000 going toward up to three years of graduate education leading to a career in the public service, Scholars accept a 10-week Summer Institute internship in Washington, D. C. which features additional professional development training
27.
Forbes
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Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features articles on finance, industry, investing. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics and its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans. Another well-known list by the magazine is The Worlds Billionaires list, the motto of Forbes magazine is The Capitalist Tool. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Perlis, Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15,1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise, the original name of the magazine was Forbes, Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B. C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B. C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, B. C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes. Bruce Forbes took over on his fathers death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations, during his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazines circulation nearly doubled. On Malcolms death, his eldest son Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. became President and Chief Executive of Forbes, between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. com, a 2009 New York Times report said,40 percent of the enterprise was sold. For a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million, according to Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners, Its probably not worth half of that now. The companys headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City. In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale and this was encouraged by Elevation Partners, of whom were minority shareholders. Sales documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publishers 2012 EBITDA was $15 million, Forbes reportedly sought a price of $400 million. In July 2014, Forbes sold a majority of itself to Integrated Whale Media Investments, Steve Forbes and his magazines writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes On Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group, from the 2009 Times report, Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10
28.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
29.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
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United States presidential election, 2016
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The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8,2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine. Trump took office as the 45th President, and Pence as the 48th Vice President, on January 20,2017. Concurrent with the election, Senate, House, and many gubernatorial and state. While Clinton received about 2.9 million more votes nationwide, leading up to the election, a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts. In the Electoral College vote on December 19, seven electors voted against their pledged candidates, a further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again. Ultimately, Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227, Trump is the fifth person in U. S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote. It was also the first time since the 1828 election of Democrat Andrew Jackson that a vote split occurred in Maine. On January 6,2017, the United States governments intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections. A joint U. S. intelligence review stated with confidence that Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. Russia’s goals were to undermine public faith in the U. S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Hillary Clinton, investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the FBI, the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee. Traditionally, the elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The partys delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the partys behalf, President Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U. S. The series of primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016, staggered among the 50 states, the District of Columbia. With seventeen major candidates entering the race, starting with Ted Cruz on March 23,2015, prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1,2016, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers. Despite leading many polls in Iowa, Trump came in second to Cruz, after which Huckabee, Paul, following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary, Christie, Fiorina and Gilmore abandoned the race. Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump, Rubio and Cruz in South Carolina. On March 1,2016, the first of four Super Tuesday primaries, Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota, Cruz won Alaska, Oklahoma and his home of Texas, failing to gain traction, Carson suspended his campaign a few days later. On March 15,2016, the second Super Tuesday, Kasich won his only contest in his state of Ohio
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American Philosophical Society
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Considered the first learned society in the United States, it has played an important role in American cultural and intellectual life for over 270 years. Philosophical Hall, now a museum, is located just east of Independence Hall in Independence National Historical Park and it was founded two years after the University of Pennsylvania, with which it remains closely tied. Since its inception, the society attracted Americas finest minds, the society also recruited philosophers from other countries as members, including Alexander von Humboldt, the Marquis de Lafayette, Baron von Steuben, Tadeusz Kościuszko, and Princess Dashkova. By 1746 the society had lapsed into inactivity, Benjamin Franklin was elected the first president. The canal, which had proposed by Thomas Gilpin, Sr. would not become reality until the 1820s. After the American Revolution, the society looked for leadership to Francis Hopkinson, under his influence, the society received land from the government of Pennsylvania, along with a plot of land in Philadelphia where Philosophical Hall now stands. Illustrious names have continually added to the membership roster, reflecting the societys scope. Charles Darwin, Robert Frost, Louis Pasteur, Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz, John James Audubon, Linus Pauling, Margaret Mead, Maria Mitchell, and Thomas Edison became members of the society. Many members of the Society of the Cincinnati were among the APSs first board members and contributors, today the APS, the APS has published the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society since 1771. Currently five issues each year. The Proceedings have appeared since 1838, they publish the papers delivered at the meetings of the society. The society has published the collected papers of Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Henry, William Penn. Jane Aitken bound some 400 volumes for the society, in 2001, it was opened to the public as The American Philosophical Society Museum, hosting revolving, thematic exhibitions that explore the intersections of history, art, and science. In 1789–90, the Library Company of Philadelphia built its headquarters directly across 5th Street from APS, LCP sold its building in 1884, which was demolished for the expansion of the Drexel & Company Building in 1887. This building itself was demolished in the mid-1950s, during the creation of Independence National Historical Park, APS built a library on the site in 1958, and recreated the facade of the old LCP building. APS restored the former Farmers & Mechanics Bank building at 425–29 Chestnut Street and it is the site of meetings and most major events hosted or produced by the society. It now contains offices and the Philadelphia Area Center for History of Science, notable American Women, 1607–1950, A Biographical Dictionary
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University of New Mexico School of Medicine
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The University of New Mexico School of Medicine is a division of the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center located in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The UNM School of Medicine is home to a variety of degree-granting programs, the school was established in 1961 by the Regents of the University of New Mexico. The first class was admitted in 1964 and the school graduated its first class in 1968, the school also received full accreditation by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education that same year. While they may be grouped together on paper, day-to-day operation of each department is somewhat independent of each other, because the school is supported with state money, primary admissions preference is given to New Mexico residents. Secondary preference is given to applicants from other Western states that do not have a school, such as Wyoming, Idaho. As is the case with all other medical schools in the United States. National Recognition The school is known for its Rural Medicine, Family Medicine. These programs are ranked among the best nationally, with the Rural Medicine program consistently being ranked in the top five nationally. In 2015, U. S. News & World Report rated UNM 3rd in Rural Medicine, 10th in Family Medicine, additionally, the state-of-the-art Domenici Center for Health Sciences Education at the school has received attention for both the Leonard M. Napolitano Ph. D. Anatomical Education Center, and the Interprofessional Healthcare Simulation Center, the anatomy lab was named in recognition of Leonard Napolitano, an anatomist and a founding member of the School of Medicine in 1964. The IHSC is designed to simulate the experience using standardized patients. The IHSC is unique in that it houses four different simulations including Acute Care, In-Patient, Out-Patient, and Pharmacy
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Italians
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Italians are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue. The majority of Italian nationals are speakers of Standard Italian. Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music, science, technology, cuisine, sports, fashion, jurisprudence, banking, Italian people are generally known for their localism and their attention to clothing and family values. The term Italian is at least 3,000 years old and has a history that goes back to pre-Roman Italy. According to one of the common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The Etruscan civilization reached its peak about the 7th century BC, but by 509 BC, when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan monarchs, its control in Italy was on the wane. By 350 BC, after a series of wars between Greeks and Etruscans, the Latins, with Rome as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and they managed to unite the entire Italian peninsula. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, in the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the Third Punic War, with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, octavian, the final victor, was accorded the title of Augustus by the Senate and thereby became the first Roman emperor. After two centuries of rule, in the 3rd century AD, Rome was threatened by internal discord and menaced by Germanic and Asian invaders. Emperor Diocletians administrative division of the empire into two parts in 285 provided only temporary relief, it became permanent in 395, in 313, Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity, and churches thereafter rose throughout the empire. However, he moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople. The last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy and his defeat marked the end of the western part of the Roman Empire. During most of the period from the fall of Rome until the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, Odoacer ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by Theodoric, the king of another Germanic tribe, Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian, after the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak
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Methodism
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Methodism, or the Methodist movement, is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and Johns brother Charles Wesley were also significant leaders in the movement and it originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate Church after Wesleys death. Because of vigorous missionary work, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, Wesleys theology focused on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian. Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include an assurance of salvation, imparted righteousness, the possibility of perfection in love, the works of piety and the primacy of Scripture. Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all, in theology and this teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people. However, Whitefield and several others were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the latter position, Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the works of mercy. These ideals are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens and schools to follow Christs command to spread the gospel, the movement has a wide variety of forms of worship, ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage. Denominations that descend from the British Methodist tradition are generally less ritualistic, Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church. In Britain, the Methodist Church had an effect in the early decades of the making of the working class. In the United States, it became the religion of many slaves who later formed black churches in the Methodist tradition. The Methodist revival began with a group of men, including John Wesley and his younger brother Charles, the Wesley brothers founded the Holy Club at the University of Oxford, where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at Lincoln College. The club met weekly and they set about living a holy life. They were accustomed to receiving Communion every week, fasting regularly, abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury and frequently visited the sick, the fellowship were branded as Methodist by their fellow students because of the way they used rule and method to go about their religious affairs. John, who was leader of the club, took the attempted mockery, unsuccessful in their work, the brothers returned to England conscious of their lack of genuine Christian faith. They looked for help to Peter Boehler and other members of the Moravian Church, at a Moravian service in Aldersgate on 24 May 1738, John experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion, when he felt his heart strangely warmed. Charles had reported an experience an few days previously. Considered a pivotal moment, Daniel L. John Wesley came under the influence of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius, Arminius had rejected the Calvinist teaching that God had pre-ordained an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally. Conversely, George Whitefield, Howell Harris, and Selina Hastings, George Whitefield, returning from his own mission in Georgia, joined the Wesley brothers in what was rapidly to become a national crusade
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Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
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Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Albuquerque is the most populous city in the U. S. state of New Mexico. The high-altitude city serves as the county seat of Bernalillo County, the city population is 557,169 as of the July 1,2014 population estimate from the United States Census Bureau, and ranks as the 32nd-largest city in the U. S. The Albuquerque metropolitan statistical area has a population of 907,301 according to the United States Census Bureaus most recently available estimate for 2015, Albuquerque is the 60th-largest United States metropolitan area. The Sandia Mountains run along the side of Albuquerque. Albuquerque is also the home of the International Balloon Fiesta, the worlds largest such gathering of hot-air balloons from around the globe, the event takes place during the first week of October. Albuquerque was named in honor of Francisco, Duke of Alburquerque, the growing village soon to become Albuquerque was named by provincial governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdés. Franciscos title referred to the Spanish town of Alburquerque, in the Spanish province of Badajoz, the name has two theories of origin which denote either Latin or Arabic roots. The first of which derived from the Latin albus quercus meaning white oak and this name was probably in reference to the prevalence of cork oaks in the region, which have a white wood when the bark is removed. Alburquerque is still a center of the Spanish cork industry, another theory suggests that it may come from the Arabic Abu al-Qurq, which means father of the cork. The change was also in due to the fact that citizens found the original name difficult to pronounce. Western folklore offers a different explanation, tracing the name Albuquerque to the Galician word albaricoque, the apricot was brought to New Mexico by Spanish settlers, possibly as early as 1743. As the story goes, the settlement was established near an apricot tree, as frontiersmen were unable to correctly pronounce the Galician word, it became corrupted to Albuquerque. The Tanoan and Keres peoples had lived along the Rio Grande for centuries before European settlers arrived in what is now Albuquerque, Albuquerque was founded in 1706 as the Spanish colonial outpost of Villa de Alburquerque. Present-day Albuquerque retains much of its historical Spanish cultural heritage, Albuquerque was a farming community and strategically located military outpost along the Camino Real. The town was also the center of the West. Spain established a presidio in Albuquerque in 1706, after 1821, Mexico also had a military garrison there. The town of Alburquerque was built in the traditional Spanish village pattern, a plaza surrounded by government buildings, homes. This central plaza area has preserved and is open to the public as a museum, cultural area
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Sandia High School
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Sandia High School is a Public High School located in the northeast heights of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It is a member of the Albuquerque Public Schools district, the school opened in school year of 1958-1959. The originally proposed name was the Sandia Satans, which prompted negative reactions from the surrounding community. Thereafter, the name was changed to Matadors. A matador sculpture was placed in the student commons area in 1961, in the late 1970s, the school reached a record student population for the state of New Mexico. This led to the approval and construction of a facility, La Cueva High School. In 2006, due to flooding in the high desert environment of Albuquerque. However it has been repaired, and is open for use to the students. Sandia High School has a very strong Mock Trial team led by Sandia teacher Cramer Johnson, in 2007 the Sandia Mock Trial A team took first place at both Regionals and State while two students, one at Regionals and one at State, received individual awards. The team then went on to Nationals where they took 9th place, in 2008 they again took first at both Regionals and State, and once again gained individual awards. When the team went to Nationals in 2008 they beat their previous 9th place record, at the 2008 National Mock Trial Competition one of the teams attorneys also got an award for being one of the top attorneys at the competition. The Sandia Mock Trial team is the second highest-placing team in the National Mock Trial Competition out of all New Mexico Mock Trial teams, and highest placing coming from APS schools. In 2010 Sandia High School once again went to the Nationals competition held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania after taking first place at both the Regionals and State competition, in 2011 Sandia teacher Cramer Johnson moved away leaving the school. Since then the trial program at Sandia High School has ended. Similarly, another student made repeat appearances at the 2004, and 2005 Intel International Science and Engineering Fairs, Sandia High School is known for its outstanding drama, choir programs and its strong band program. In Fall of 2010, the band performed a show of old video game theme music ranging from Mario to Donkey Kong. In 2012 the schools Wind Ensemble went on to become concert band state champions, the drama program won the NMAA one act play competition in 2011 and placed second in 2013. The program is notable for its outside of the box show selections, Urinetown, the Musical, The Laramie Project, Godspell, Jimmy the Antichrist, SHS competes in the New Mexico Activities Association, as a class 6A school in District 2
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Santa Clara, California
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Santa Clara is a city in Santa Clara County, California, named after the Spanish mission that was established there in 1777. The citys population was 116,468 at the 2010 United States Census, located 45 miles southeast of San Francisco, the city was founded in 1777 and incorporated in 1852. The city is the site of the eighth of 21 California missions, Mission Santa Clara de Asís, the Mission and Mission Gardens are located on the grounds of Santa Clara University. Saint Clare is the saint of Santa Clara. Santa Clara is located in the center of Silicon Valley and is home to the headquarters of several companies such as Intel. It is also home to Santa Clara University, the oldest institution of learning in the state of California. It is bordered by San Jose, Sunnyvale, and Cupertino, the first European to visit the valley was José Francisco Ortega in 1769. He found the area inhabited by Native Americans, whom the Spanish called the Costanos, coast people, the Spanish began to colonize California with 21 missions and the Mission Santa Clara de Asis was founded in 1777. In 1846, the American flag was raised over Monterey and symbolized the transfer of the sovereignty of the California Republic over to the United States of America, in 1851, Santa Clara College was established on the grounds of the original Mission. In 1852, Santa Clara was incorporated as a town, it became state-chartered by 1862, for the next century the economy centered on agriculture since orchards and vegetables were thriving in the fertile soil. By the beginning of the 20th century, the population had reached 5,000, in 1905, the first public high-altitude flights by humans were made over Santa Clara in gliders designed by John J. Montgomery. The semiconductor industry, which sprouted around 1960, changed the city and surrounding Valley of Hearts Delight, Santa Claras first medical hospital was built in 1963. This structure, on Kiely Boulevard, was replaced in 2007 with the new Kaiser Permanente medical center located on Lawrence Expressway at Homestead Road, Santa Clara was also home to a major mental health facility, Agnews State Hospital. According to the National Park Service, more than 100 persons were killed at this site in the 1906 earthquake, the site is the former home to Sun Microsystems and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Santa Clara is drained by three creeks, all of which empty into the southern portion of San Francisco Bay, these creeks are San Tomas Aquino Creek, Saratoga Creek. This owl uses burrows created by ground squirrels and prefers generally level grasslands, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city covers an area of 18.4 square miles, all of it land. The average daily temperatures in July range from 82 °F to 53 °F, winters are mild, with the mean daily temperatures in January ranging from 58 °F to 38 °F. Most of the rainfall comes in the winter months, the summer months are generally rainless
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United States Senate Committee on the Budget
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The United States Senate Committee on the Budget was established by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. It is responsible for drafting Congresss annual budget plan and monitoring action on the budget for the Federal Government, the committee has jurisdiction over the Congressional Budget Office. The committee briefly operated as a committee from 1919 to 1920 during the 66th Congress. The Appropriations Committee has legislative jurisdiction over appropriations bills, which provide funding for government programs, official website Committee on the Budget, United States Senate, 1974-2006
40.
London School of Economics
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The London School of Economics is a public research university located in London, England and a constituent college of the federal University of London. LSE is located in Westminster, central London, near the boundary between Covent Garden and Holborn, the area is historically known as Clare Market. The LSE has more than 10,000 students and 3,300 staff and it had a total income of £340.7 million in 2015/16, of which £30.3 million was from research grants. 155 nationalities are represented amongst LSEs student body and the school has the highest percentage of students of all British universities. Despite its name, the school is organised into 25 academic departments and institutes which conduct teaching and research across a range of legal studies, in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the School had the highest proportion of world-leading research among research submitted of any British non-specialist university. The LSE is usually considered part of the triangle of highly research-intensive universities in southeast England. It is a member of organisations such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association. LSE has produced notable alumni in the fields of law, history, economics, philosophy, business, literature, media. Alumni and staff include 52 past or present heads of state or government and 20 members of the current British House of Commons. To 2016, 27% of all the Nobel Prizes in Economics have been awarded or jointly awarded to LSE alumni, current staff or former staff, LSE alumni and staff have also won 3 Nobel Peace Prizes, and 2 Nobel Prizes in Literature. Out of all European universities, LSE has educated the most billionaires according to a 2014 global census of U. S dollar billionaires, LSE graduates earn higher incomes on average than those of any other British university. The London School of Economics was founded in 1895 by Beatrice and Sidney Webb, Hutchinson, a lawyer and member of the Fabian Society, left the money in trust, to be put towards advancing its objects in any way they deem advisable. The five trustees were Sidney Webb, Edward Pease, Constance Hutchinson, William de Mattos, LSE records that the proposal to establish the school was conceived during a breakfast meeting on 4 August 1894, between the Webbs, Graham Wallas and George Bernard Shaw. The proposal was accepted by the trustees in February 1895 and LSE held its first classes in October of that year, in rooms at 9 John Street, Adelphi, in the City of Westminster. The School joined the federal University of London in 1900, and was recognised as a Faculty of Economics of the university, the University of London degrees of BSc and DSc were established in 1901, the first university degrees dedicated to the social sciences. Expanding rapidly over the years, the school moved initially to the nearby 10 Adelphi Terrace, then to Clare Market. The foundation stone of the Old Building, on Houghton Street, was laid by King George V in 1920, the 1930s economic debate between LSE and Cambridge is well known in academic circles. The dispute also concerned the question of the role
41.
University of Virginia School of Law
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The University of Virginia School of Law was founded in Charlottesville in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson as one of the original subjects taught at his academical village, the University of Virginia. Virginia Law is the fourth-oldest active law school in the United States, the law school offers the J. D. LL. M. and S. J. D. degrees in law and hosts visiting scholars, visiting researchers and a number of legal research centers. Virginia Law is perennially regarded as one of the 10 most prestigious law schools in the United States. U. S. News & World Report currently ranks Virginia Law as tied for eighth in the nation with Michigan, in 2018, in the 2010 Super Lawyers Law School Rankings, Virginia Law ranks fourth in the nation. In the 2015 Above the Law rankings, Virginia Law ranked sixth in the nation, a 2013 Above the Law report also notes that Virginia is second in the number of graduates leading the nations top 100 firms. A study published in the Journal of Legal Education ranked Virginia Law fourth in the number of partners in the National Law Journals top 100 firms, Virginia Law also places high in clerkships, recently ranking behind only Harvard Law School and Yale Law School. The 2016 QS World University Rankings for law school, places Virginia Law in the range of 51–100 worldwide, Virginia Law recently completed an eight-year capital campaign, raising $173.9 million to enhance the student experience. The Judge Advocate Generals Legal Center and School operated by the United States Army is located next to UVA, Virginia Law is among the most selective law schools in the nation. For the class entering in the fall of 2016,297 out of 4,811 J. D. applicants matriculated, the 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles for the 2016 entering class were 164 and 170, respectively, with a median of 169. The 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.48 and 3.94, respectively, the Class of 2019 come from 39 states, the District of Columbia, and 138 undergraduate institutions. The age range was 20 to 37, 55% of the class was male, 45% female, and 24% identified themselves as people of color. 59% of the class had work experience after college, the total cost of attendance for first-year law students at Virginia Law for the 2016-2017 academic year is $78,002 for Virginia residents and $81,002 for nonresidents. The Law School maintains a roster of student organizations, including chapters of the Federalist Society, the American Constitution Society. The Virginia Law Weekly, the Law Schools student-run weekly newspaper, has published since 1948. The paper has been cited in court cases including the U. S. Supreme Court case Patterson v. New York. In addition to its news content, the VLW also contains student-submitted content which often includes humorous, the Law Weekly has won the American Bar Associations previous three Best Newspaper Awards, in 2006,2007, and 2008. Each spring over a hundred students write, direct and perform in The Libel Show and its performers roast Law School professors, student stereotypes and life in Charlottesville throughout each of its three nightly showings. Professors write and sing their response to the jokes at the penultimate performance
42.
Mary M. Schroeder
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Mary M. Schroeder is a Senior Circuit Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Schroeder received her B. A. from Swarthmore College in 1962 and her J. D. from the University of Chicago in 1965 and she received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Swarthmore College in May 2006. Schroeder practiced as an attorney with the Civil Division of the United States Department of Justice from 1965 until 1969. She served as a law clerk to Justice Jesse Addison Udall of the Arizona Supreme Court in 1970 and she joined the law firm of Lewis & Roca in Phoenix, Arizona, in 1971 and became a partner in 1973. She was appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1975 and served until 1979 and she served as Chief Judge of the Ninth Circuit from 2000 to 2007, the first woman to hold that position. Schroeder took senior status on January 1,2012, Schroeder was elected to the American Law Institute in 1974 and was elected to the ALI Council in 1993. She served as an Adviser on the Restatement Third of Agency and currently serves as an Adviser on the Restatement Third, The Law of Consumer Contracts, the northern spotted owl, a case related to the Endangered Species Act The Napster file trading software copyright infringement appeal. She is married to Milton Schroeder, a professor at the Arizona State University College of Law, mary M. Schroeder at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center
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Phoenix, Arizona
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Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U. S. state of Arizona. Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, the metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people as of 2010. Settled in 1867 as a community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers. Located in the reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus. The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s. This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly, Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state. For more than 2,000 years, the Hohokam people occupied the land that would become Phoenix, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal. The Hohokam also carried out trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua. It is believed that between 1300 and 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilizations abandonment of the area. After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel Oodham, Tohono Oodham and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache. The Oodham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam and their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes. The Tohono Oodham lived in the region as well, but their concentration was to the south. Living in small settlements, the Oodham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains and they also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javalina for meat. When the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, the Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory. In 1863 the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in what is now Maricopa County, at the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated, the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg
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Anita Hill
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Anita Faye Hill is an American attorney and academic. She is a University Professor of Social Policy, Law, and Womens Studies at Brandeis University, Hill was born in Lone Tree, Oklahoma, the youngest of the 13 children of Albert and Erma Hill, who were farmers. Her family came from Arkansas, where her great-grandparents and her maternal grandfather, Hill was raised in the Baptist faith. After graduating as valedictorian from Morris High School, Oklahoma she enrolled at Oklahoma State University and she went on to Yale Law School, obtaining her Juris Doctor degree with honors in 1980. She was admitted to the District of Columbia Bar in 1980 and began her law career as an associate with the Washington, D. C. firm of Wald, Harkrader & Ross. In 1981, she became an attorney-adviser to Clarence Thomas who was then the Assistant Secretary of the U. S. Department of Educations Office for Civil Rights. When Thomas became chairman of the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1982, Hill went along to serve as his assistant, leaving the job in 1983. Hill then became an assistant professor at the Evangelical Christian O. W. Coburn School of Law at Oral Roberts University where she taught from 1983 to 1986. In 1986, she joined the faculty at the University of Oklahoma College of Law where she taught commercial law and contracts. In 1991, President George H. W. Bush nominated Clarence Thomas, by then a federal Circuit Judge, to succeed retiring Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court. There had been organized opposition to Thomass nomination, and his confirmation seemed assured until a report of a private interview of Hill by the FBI was leaked to the press. The hearings were reopened, and Hill was called to publicly testify. Hill said in the October 1991 televised hearings that Thomas had sexually harassed her while he was her supervisor at the Department of Education and the EEOC. When questioned on why she followed Thomas to the job after he had already allegedly harassed her. The position was appealing enough to inhibit her to go back into practice with her previous firm. She only realized later in her life that this venture was a poor judgement and also explained that at that time. According to Hill, during her two years of employment as Thomass assistant, Thomas had asked her out many times. Hill also recounted an instance in which Thomas examined a can of Coke on his desk and asked, during court session, Republican Senator Orrin Hatch implied that Hill was working in tandem with slick lawyers and interest groups bent on destroying Thomas chances to join the court
