1.
Borut Pahor
–
Borut Pahor is a Slovenian politician who has been President of Slovenia since December 2012. He was Prime Minister of Slovenia from November 2008 to February 2012, a longtime president of the Social Democrats party, Pahor served several terms as a member of the National Assembly and was its chairman from 2000 to 2004. In 2004, Pahor was elected as member of the European Parliament, following the victory of the Social Democrats in the 2008 parliamentary election, Pahor was appointed as Prime Minister. In September 2011, Pahors government lost a confidence vote amidst an economic crisis and he continued to serve as the pro tempore Prime Minister until he was replaced by Janez Janša in February 2012. In June 2012, he announced he would run for the ceremonial office of President of Slovenia. He defeated the incumbent President Danilo Türk in an election, held on 2 December 2012. Pahor was born in Postojna, SR Slovenia and spent his childhood in the town of Nova Gorica and his father died at a young age and his mother, Iva Pahor Martelanc raised him as a single mother. He graduated in 1987 with a thesis on peace negotiations between members of the Non-Aligned Movement and his B. A. thesis was awarded the Student Prešeren Award, the highest academic award for students in Slovenia. According to the Slovenian press, Pahor worked as a model to pay for his university studies. Pahor became involved in party politics already in high school, at the age of 15, he became the chairman of the high school students section of the Alliance of Socialist Youth of Slovenia in Nova Gorica, the autonomous youth branch of the Communist Party. In his college years, Pahor joined the ruling League of Communists of Slovenia, in 1987, he ran for the Presidency of University Section of the Alliance of the Socialist Youth of Slovenia. This internal election was important, as it was the first election in Yugoslavia organized entirely according to democratic principles, in the election, in which the members could freely choose between two antagonistic teams, Pahors team lost to a more liberal fraction. As a consequence, the Youth Alliance emancipated from the control of the Communist Party, due to this shift, Pahor continued his political career in the main apparatus of the Communist Party. He rose to prominence in the late 1980s, when he one of the strongest supporters of the reformist wing of the Communist party, led by Milan Kučan. The same year, he was appointed to the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Slovenia, in 1990, he participated in the Slovenian delegation at the last Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia in Belgrade. As the party continued to support during the whole 1990s, falling under 10% of popular vote in 1996. In 1997, he was elected as its president on a Third way-centrist platform, Pahor was proposed as Minister of Foreign Affairs in this left wing coalition government, but the proposal failed to gain a majority in the parliament. Instead, the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia formed a coalition with the conservative Slovenian Peoples Party, based on a centrist platform, Pahors Social Democratic party remained in opposition, although it supported the government in several key decisions
2.
Anton Rop
–
Anton Rop is a Slovenian politician. Currently, he is a vice-president of European Investment Bank and he was the fourth Prime Minister of Slovenia, from 2002 to 2004. Until 2005 he was also the president of the Liberal Democratic Party, on March 20,2007, he left the party and joined the Social Democrats. He graduated from the Faculty of Economics in Ljubljana in 1984, in 1991, he was admitted to the masters degree in economics, with a thesis on state expenditure and economic growth. He has written articles about investment, market and housing topics. In his capacity as assistant director of the Institute and advisor to the government he started working in the field of privatisation and legislation drafting as early as 1992. In 1993 he was appointed State Secretary at the Ministry of Economic Relations and Development, charged with privatisation and he managed system solutions in ownership transformation and the privatisation process in Slovenia. Between 1996 and 2000 he held the office of Minister of Labour, Family, following elections to the National Assembly at the end of 2000 he was appointed minister of finance. He performed this function until December 19,2002 when he was elected prime minister and he came into conflict with President Janez Drnovšek, though they are from the same party. His government lost the October 2004 elections, and he relinquished the post of Prime Minister on November 9,2004 when Janez Janša was elected and he was member of National Assembly of Slovenia until August 2010, when he became vice-president of the European Investment Bank. Official Website to The Prime Minister of the Slovenia Republic
3.
Grosuplje
–
Grosuplje is a town in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Grosuplje and it lies just south of the capital Ljubljana in the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region, Grosuplje was first attested in written sources in 1136 as Groslupp. The settlement is known as Grasuple in the local dialect, the etymological origin of the name is unclear. One theory derives it from *Graslupoje —literally, wet, from the adjective *graslupъ, another theory derives the name from Lombard *grasslauffja rapids but is undermined by the lack of fast-flowing water in the area. Yet another theory derives it from the hypothetical Lombard name *Graslupus borrowed into Slavic as *Groslupъ, in the past the German name was Großlupp. Grosuplje is the site of a mass associated with the Second World War. The Koščak Hill Mass Grave is located in the part of the town. It contains the remains of 15 anticommunist militia members, mostly from the Dobrepolje karst polje, the parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Michael and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana. It was built in 1980 at a close to an older building dedicated to the same saint. si
4.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
–
Covering an area of 255,804 km², the SFRY was bordered with Italy to the west, Hungary to the north, Bulgaria and Romania to the east and Albania and Greece to the south. In addition, it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia, Kosovo and Vojvodina, the SFRY traces back to 29 June 1943 when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II. On 29 November 1945, the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposal of King Peter II thus ending the monarchy. Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980, rising ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s led to dissidence among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics. This led to the federation collapsing along the borders, followed by the final downfall and breakup of the federation on 27 April 1992. The term former Yugoslavia is now commonly used retrospectively, the name Yugoslavia, an Anglicised transcription of Jugoslavija, is a composite word made-up of jug and slavija. The Serbo-Croatian, Slovene and Macedonian word jug means south, while slavija denotes a land of the Slavs, thus, a translation of Jugoslavija would be South-Slavia or Land of the South Slavs. The term is intended to denote the lands occupied by the six South Slavic nations, Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Montenegrins, Slovenes, the full official name of the federation varied significantly between 1945 and 1992. Yugoslavia was formed in 1918 under the name Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, the name deliberately left the republic-or-kingdom question open. In 1963, amid pervasive liberal constitutional reforms, the name Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was introduced, the state is most commonly referred to by the latter name, which it held for the longest period of all. The most common abbreviation is SFRY, though SFR Yugoslavia was also used in an official capacity, particularly by the media. On 6 April 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers led by Nazi Germany, by 17 April 1941, Yugoslav resistance was soon established in two forms, the Royal Yugoslav Army and the Yugoslav Partisans. The Partisan supreme commander was Josip Broz Tito, and under his command the movement soon began establishing liberated territories which attracted the attentions of the occupying forces. The coalition of parties, factions, and prominent individuals behind the movement was the Peoples Liberation Front. The Front formed a political body, the Anti-Fascist Council for the Peoples Liberation of Yugoslavia. The AVNOJ, which met for the first time in Partisan-liberated Bihać on 26 November 1942, during 1943, the Yugoslav Partisans began attracting serious attention from the Germans. In two major operations of Fall Weiss and Fall Schwartz, the Axis attempted to stamp-out the Yugoslav resistance once, on both occasions, despite heavy casualties, the Group succeeded in evading the trap and retreating to safety. The Partisans emerged stronger than before and now occupied a significant portion of Yugoslavia
5.
Slovenia
–
Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a nation state in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and it covers 20,273 square kilometers and has a population of 2.06 million. It is a republic and a member of the United Nations, European Union. The capital and largest city is Ljubljana, additionally, the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia. The country, marked by a significant biological diversity, is one of the most water-rich in Europe, with a river network, a rich aquifer system. Over half of the territory is covered by forest, the human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven. Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of South Slavic, Germanic, Romance, although the population is not homogeneous, the majority is Slovene. Slovene is the language throughout the country. Slovenia is a largely secularized country, but its culture and identity have been influenced by Catholicism as well as Lutheranism. The economy of Slovenia is small, open, and export-oriented and has strongly influenced by international conditions. It has been hurt by the Eurozone crisis, started in the late 2000s. The main economic field is services, followed by industry and construction, Historically, the current territory of Slovenia was part of many different state formations, including the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, followed by the Habsburg Monarchy. In October 1918, the Slovenes exercised self-determination for the first time by co-founding the State of Slovenes, Croats, in December 1918, they merged with the Kingdom of Serbia into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. During World War II, Slovenia was occupied and annexed by Germany, Italy, and Hungary, with a tiny area transferred to the Independent State of Croatia, in June 1991, after the introduction of multi-party representative democracy, Slovenia split from Yugoslavia and became an independent country. Present-day Slovenia has been inhabited since prehistoric times, and there is evidence of habitation from around 250,000 years ago. A pierced cave bear bone, dating from 43100 ±700 BP, in the 1920s and 1930s, artifacts belonging to the Cro-Magnon such as pierced bones, bone points, and needle were found by archaeologist Srečko Brodar in Potok Cave. It shows that wooden wheels appeared almost simultaneously in Mesopotamia and Europe, in the transition period between the Bronze age to the Iron age, the Urnfield culture flourished. Archaeological remains dating from the Hallstatt period have been found, particularly in southeastern Slovenia, among them a number of situlas in Novo Mesto, in the Iron Age, present-day Slovenia was inhabited by Illyrian and Celtic tribes until the 1st century BC
6.
League of Communists of Slovenia
–
The League of Communists of Slovenia was the Slovenian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the sole legal party of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1989. It was established in April 1937 as the Communist Party of Slovenia and its initial autonomy was further amplified with the Yugoslav constitution of 1974, which devolved greater power to the various republic level branches. In 1989 Slovenia passed amendments to its constitution that asserted its sovereignty over the federation and these amendments were bitterly opposed by the leadership of Serbia under Slobodan Milošević. On 23 January 1990, the Slovene delegation, headed by Milan Kučan, left the Party Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, in April 1990, the reformed Communists lost the elections to the DEMOS coalition. In 1992, they ceased to be the largest left wing party and entered a period of radical transformation, which gained momentum with the election of Borut Pahor as the party chairman
7.
Slovenian Democratic Party
–
The Slovenian Democratic Party is liberal-conservative political party in Slovenia. In 2003, it changed its name from the Social Democratic Party of Slovenia, led by Janez Janša, the SDS is a member of the European Peoples Party, Centrist Democrat International and International Democrat Union. The Social Democratic Union of Slovenia had emerged from an independent, Tomšič however resigned soon after the founding of the party, endorsing the leadership of Jože Pučnik, a former dissident who had been forced to emigrate to Germany in the 1960s. It functioned as a broad but somehow fragmented coalition of groups with different liberal, social-liberal. In 1992, the Slovenian Democratic Union split into two parties, the wing established the Democratic Party, while the conservative faction founded the National Democratic Party. Members who have not joined either, decided to join the Social Democratic Party led by Jože Pučnik, Janša was subsequently cleared, following an inquiry. The partys radical populism, nationalistic and xenophobic rhetoric was noticed also by political scientists, moreover, the local Slovenian Catholic Church supported it more than any other Slovenian political party. Even though not a nominally Christian party, the church has stood fully and unconditionally behind it. In 1995, the National Democratic Party joined the party, which became one of the legal successors of the Slovenian Democratic Union. On 3 October 2004, the SDS won the 2004 parliamentary election with 29. 1% of the vote and 29 out of 88 seats. The SDS then formed a coalition with New Slovenia, the Slovenian Peoples Party, and Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia and it has been accused of supporting the agenda advanced by the local Slovenian Roman Catholic Church. Nevertheless, the Church maintained an attitude towards some of the partys positions. It also introduced measures to curtail the powers of the Slovenian Intelligence, the centre-left opposition also accused the SDS in general of meddling with the independent press. At the 2008 parliamentary election held on 21 September 2008, the SDS gained in popular support and it also lost one seat in Slovenian Parliament, falling to 28. With the election of the Social Democrat leader Borut Pahor as Prime Minister of Slovenia, the shadow government was formed in late December 2008, and it includes several independent members as well as members from other conservative parties. In the 2009 European elections, the SDS was the most voted-for party in Slovenia with 26. 9% of votes, more than eight points ahead of the second most voted party, the ruling Social Democrats. In 2009, the MP Franc Pukšič left the Slovenian Democratic Party and joined the Slovenian Peoples Party, on 4 December 2011, at the 2011 parliamentary election the SDS won 26. However, the SDS were able to form a four-party coalition government, after 2011, the SDS and its coalition partners Civic List, New Slovenia, Slovenian Peoples Party, and Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia proposed harsh austerity reforms
8.
Alma mater
–
Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
9.
University of Ljubljana
–
The University of Ljubljana is the oldest and largest university in Slovenia. With over 63,000 enrolled undergraduate and graduate students, it is among the largest universities in Europe and that university was disbanded in 1813, when Austria regained territorial control. During the second half of the 19th century, several claims for the establishment of a Slovene language university in Ljubljana were made. In the 1890s, a board for the establishment of a Slovenian university was founded, with Ivan Hribar, Henrik Tuma. In this way, a list of suitable faculty started to emerge, nevertheless, unfavorable political circumstances prevented the establishment of the university until the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. With the establishment of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in 1918, on November 23,1918, the first meeting of the Founding Board of Ljubljana University was called, presided over by Mihajlo Rostohar, professor of psychology at the Charles University in Prague. Together with Danilo Majaron, Rostohar convinced the Yugoslav central government in Belgrade to pass a bill establishing the university. The first lectures started on December 3 of the same year, in 1919, the university comprised five faculties, law, philosophy, technology, theology and medicine. The seat of the university was in the central Congress Square of Ljubljana in a building that had served as the State Mansion of Carniola from 1902 to 1918. The building was first designed in 1902 by Jan Vladimír Hráský, in 1941, Jože Plečniks National and University Library was completed, as one of the major infrastructure projects of the university in the interwar period. Several professors were arrested or deported to Nazi concentration camps and large numbers of students joined either the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People or the Slovenian Home Guard, some of the most brilliant students emigrated. Nevertheless, the university maintained its role and regained a limited degree of autonomy from the mid-1950s onward. It suffered a setback in autonomy from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. In 1979 it was renamed Edvard Kardelj University in Ljubljana after the Communist leader, in 1990, with the fall of Yugoslavia, it was regiven its original name. Later on, some new, modern buildings and a small scale campus were constructed in the part of the city. The University of Ljubljana has two university libraries, the National and University Library of Slovenia is the national library of Slovenia and the university library of the University of Ljubljana. It contains about 1,307,000 books and numerous text, visual, another university library is the Central Technological Library, which is also the national library and information hub of natural sciences and technology. There are over 30 libraries at individual faculties, departments, the university operates an art gallery, open since 18 June 2012
10.
Ten-Day War
–
The Ten-Day War or the Slovenian Independence War, also the Weekend War was a brief war of independence that followed the Slovenian declaration of independence on 25 June 1991. It was fought between the Slovenian Territorial Defence and the Yugoslav Peoples Army and it lasted from 27 June 1991 until 6 July 1991, when the Brioni Accords were signed. It marked the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, following the death of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito in 1980, underlying political, ethnic, religious, and economic tensions within Yugoslavia surfaced. A series of disagreements among delegates persisted until four of the six republics each made the decision to secede from Yugoslavia, supported by Germany and the Vatican, Slovenia was among those republics aiming for independence. In April 1990, Slovenia held its first democratic multi-party elections, on 23 December 1990, Slovenia held a referendum, which passed with 88. 5% of overall electorate supporting independence, with a turnout of 93. 3%. The Slovenian government was aware that the federal government in Belgrade might seek to use military force to quash Slovenias move towards independence. Immediately after the Slovenian elections, the Yugoslav Peoples Army announced a new doctrine that would apply across the country. The Tito-era doctrine of General Peoples Defence, in each republic maintained a Territorial Defence Force, was to be replaced by a centrally directed system of defence. The republics would lose their role in matters, and their TOs would be disarmed and subordinated to YPA headquarters in Belgrade. The Slovenian government resisted these moves, and successfully ensured that the majority of Slovenian Territorial Defence equipment was out of the hands of the YPA. It also declared in an amendment passed on 28 September 1990 that its TO would be under the sole command of the Slovenian government. At the same time, the Slovenian government set up a secret alternative command structure and this was an existing but antiquated institution, unique to Slovenia, which was intended to enable the republic to form an ad hoc defence structure, akin to a Home Guard. It was of importance prior to 1990, with antiquated weapons. However, the DEMOS-led government realised that the MSNZ could be adapted to provide an organisation to the TO that would be entirely in the hands of the Slovenian government. When the YPA tried to control of the Slovenian Territorial Defence. The Slovenes were aware that they would not be able to deter the YPA forces for a period of time. Under Defence Minister Janez Janša, they adopted a strategy based on an asymmetric warfare approach, TO units would carry out a guerrilla campaign, using anti-tank weapons and anti-aircraft missiles to ambush YPA units. Hit-and-run and delaying tactics were to be preferred and frontal clashes were to be avoided since in such situations the YPAs superior firepower would have been difficult to overcome
11.
Slovenian parliamentary election, 2011
–
A parliamentary election for the 90 deputies to the National Assembly of Slovenia was held on 4 December 2011. This was the first early election in Slovenias history,65. 60% of voters cast their vote. The election was won by the center-left Positive Slovenia party. The election was scheduled to take place in 2012, four years after the 2008 election. However, on 20 September 2011, the government led by Borut Pahor fell after a vote of no confidence, if this does not happen, the president dissolves the Assembly and calls for a snap election. The leaders of most parliamentary political parties expressed opinion that they preferred an early election instead of forming a new government. As no candidates were proposed by the deadline, the President Danilo Türk announced that he would dissolve the Assembly on 21 October, the question arose as to whether the President could dissolve the Assembly after the seven days, in the event that no candidate was proposed. However, since this situation is not covered in the constitution, the dissolution of the Assembly, a first in independent Slovenia, took place on October 21, a minute after midnight. Members of the Italian community elected Roberto Battelli, and members of the Hungarian community elected László Göncz as their representative. Batelli was the candidate in the Italian community, whereas in the Hungarian community, Göncz won 68. 54% of votes. In the Italian community,1,152 out of 2,711 voters voted, two new parties, both formed just weeks before the election, entered the National Assembly, with Positive Slovenia winning the election and Gregor Virants Civic List placing fourth. However, the Christian democracy centre-right New Slovenia party returned to the Assembly after being absent following the 2008 election, immediately after the election, Janković said that the victory of his party was a proof that Slovenians wanted an efficient state and that he would focus on economic growth. Shortly after the results became available, he stated he would invite all the parties to coalition talks. Analysts predicted the most likely coalition would consist of PS, SD, LGV, the leader of the SDS party Janez Janša congratulated Janković on the day of the election, stating that he was ready to cooperate, though Janković previously rejected to form a coalition with SDS. The leader of Social Democrats and incumbent Prime Minister Pahor stated that the result of his party was better than he expected, LGV, DeSUS, SLS, and NSi parties were all satisfied with the results. Foreign media reported about the win of the election by Zoran Janković as a surprising result and he also stated that the large participation at election showed the voters had preserved their trust in democracy. He congratulated the parties who succeeded to win a seat in the Assembly, according to public opinion researchers, Positive Slovenia won the election due to the mobilisation of left voters, particularly in Ljubljana. They also reported that voting in Slovenia reached proportions that were not recorded anywhere else before
12.
Positive Slovenia
–
Positive Slovenia is a centre-left political party in Slovenia, since April 2014 led by Zoran Janković. The party was founded under the name Zoran Jankovićs List – Positive Slovenia and it was renamed to Positive Slovenia in its second congress, held on 21 January 2012. On 11 October 2011, Janković, then mayor of Ljubljana, announced that he would participate in the parliamentary election. The charter of the new party was enacted on 22 October 2011, among the partys supporters were National Assembly members Matjaž Zanoškar, Cveta Zalokar Oražem, and Renata Brunskole. Milan Kučan, the first President of Slovenia, also expressed his support, citing Jankovićs work as the chairman of the chain, Mercator. Among the goals of the party that Janković emphasised were a secure, social and efficient state with a 4% GDP growth rate, Janković stated that his goal was to place Slovenia among the most successful countries in the world. Positive Slovenia won 28. 51% of the vote, thus gaining 28 parliamentary seats at the early Slovenian 2011 parliamentary election, Janković was favourite to become Prime Minister, and Positive Slovenia led coalition negotiations, primarily with the Social Democrats, Gregor Virants Civic List, and DeSUS. A preliminary coalition agreement was reached, but LGV withdrew two days later and endorsed a Slovenian Democratic Party-led centre-right government, leaving Positive Slovenia in opposition. In relation to the 2013 allegations made by the official Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia, PS submitted an initiative to dismiss Janšas cabinet, that passed. Bratušek became the first female Prime Minister of Slovenia, and Positive Slovenia became the principal governmental party. On 30 January 2014, PS applied for membership of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, on 26 April 2014, Zoran Janković was again voted as the president of the party with 422 votes for out of 763 voters. His election also caused a split in PS parliamentary group,11 deputies formed their own group, on 31 May Bratušeks splinter group formed their own party - Alliance of Alenka Bratušek. In the 2014 European election, PS received a mere 6. 61% of the vote, the party received 2. 96% of the vote in the Slovenian parliamentary election on 13 July 2014, and did not win any seats in parliament. Jankovićs decision to create a new party came together with the announcements of other new parties, such as Gregor Virants Civic List. The new party gained significant public support even before it was officially chartered, other opinion polls placed the party among the top three. The leaders of the centre-left parties whom Janković supported in the 2008 election, had reservations about Janković entering state politics, on the other hand, Janez Janša, the opposition leader, said that Janković does not bring an alternative to the politics of Slovenia. Zoran Janković, 2011–2013 Alenka Bratušek, 2013–2014 Zoran Janković, 2014– Official website
13.
Constitutional Court of Slovenia
–
The Constitutional Court of Slovenia is a special court established by the Slovenian Constitution. Since its inception, the Court has been located in the city of Ljubljana, most powers of the Constitutional Court are explicitly determined by the Constitution. The Constitution determines that also other matters may be vested in the Constitutional Court by laws, the Constitutional Court has several strictly defined procedures in which cases may be brought before it. Tito street decision, U-I-109/10 of 3 October 2011
14.
Slovenian Home Guard
–
The Slovene Home Guard was a Slovene military anti-Partisan organization during the 1943-1945 German occupation of the formerly Italian-occupied Province of Ljubljana. It consisted of former Village Sentries, part of Italian-sponsored Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia and it was closely linked to Slovenian right wing anti-Communist political parties and organizations, which provided most of the membership, taking assistance of Germans rather than the opposite. An even smaller Upper Carniolan Self-Defense, also known as the Upper Carniolan Home Guard was active in the Upper Carniola between 1944 and 1945, all three home guard units were formed almost exclusively by ethnic Slovenes. At their peak, they had a membership of around 21,000 men. Its officers and language of command were Slovene, during World War II, Slovenia was in a unique situation in Europe and only Greece shared its experience of being trisected. However, Slovenia was the one that experienced a further step—absorption and annexation into neighboring Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy. The Third Reich annexed Lower Styria, Upper Carniola, Slovenian Carinthia, and the Lower Sava Valley, Italy annexed southeast Slovenia with Ljubljana, on 24 September 1943, the SD was formed by order of SS General Rösener. German bravery medals were the only issued to the members of the SD. An individual member of the SD was a Domobranec, the plural of which was Domobranci, in its aims and ideology, the SD was anti-Partisan and anti-communist. Later, it gained autonomy and conducted most of the anti-Partisan operations in Slovenia. The SD supported their actions by publishing a regular newspaper. The majority of the SD forces were infantry, although they also possessed artillery units, the SD had no armoured units, even though several tank crews were sent to Germany for training. The SD used Italian equipment, and weapons, uniforms and equipment supplied by the Germans, almost all SD members fled Slovenia and took refuge in the Southern Austrian province of Carinthia at the end of the war. Most were returned to Yugoslavia by the British military administration, the total number of Domobranci summarily executed in mass executions by the authorities exceeds 11,400. The Slovenian Government created the Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia and they were investigated between November 2005 and October 2009. The POWs units that were not executed were placed in Yugoslav concentration camps, in the first ceremony, the Domobranci from Ljubljana, some other units from the province of Ljubljana, and members of the police corps of the Slovenian Home Guard swore oaths of allegiance. They flew the German and also, for the first time since the beginning of the occupation, the Slovenian flag, first they played the Nazi anthem and the Slovenian anthem Naprej zastava slave. After the ceremony Rösener awarded Domobranci medals and wound badges, the oath was at the insistence of the Germans, upon a threat of the dissolution of the Slovenian Home Guard
15.
Ljubljana
–
Ljubljana is the capital and largest city of Slovenia. It has been the cultural, educational, economic, political, during antiquity, a Roman city called Emona stood in the area. Ljubljana itself was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century and it was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. Situated at the middle of a route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region, it was the historical capital of Carniola. The origin of the name is unclear. In the Middle Ages, both the river and the town were known by the German name Laibach. This name was in use as an endonym until 1918. The city is called in Italian Lubiana and in Latin, Labacum or Aemona For most scholars, the problem has been in how to connect the Slovene and he supported the thesis that the name of the river derived from the name of the settlement. The name Laibach, he claimed, was actually a hybrid of German and Slovene, the symbol of the city is the Ljubljana Dragon. It is depicted on the top of the tower of Ljubljana Castle in the Ljubljana coat of arms and it symbolizes power, courage, and greatness. There are several explanations on the origin of the Ljubljana Dragon and it was there that Jason struck down a monster. This monster has evolved into the dragon that today is present in the city coat of arms and it is historically more believable that the dragon was adopted from Saint George, the patron of the Ljubljana Castle chapel built in the 15th century. In the legend of Saint George, the dragon represents the old ancestral paganism overcome by Christianity, according to another explanation, related to the second, the dragon was at first only a decoration above the city coat of arms. In the Baroque, it part of the coat of arms. Around 2000 BC, the Ljubljana Marshes in the vicinity of Ljubljana were settled by people living in pile dwellings. Prehistoric pile dwellings and the oldest wooden wheel in the world are among the most notable archeological findings from the marshland and these lake-dwelling people lived through hunting, fishing and primitive agriculture. To get around the marshes, they used dugout canoes made by cutting out the inside of tree trunks and their archeological remains, nowadays in the Municipality of Ig, have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site since June 2011, in the common nomination of six Alpine states. Around 50 BC, the Romans built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called Iulia Aemona and this entrenched fort was occupied by the Legio XV Apollinaris
16.
Socialist Republic of Slovenia
–
The Socialist Republic of Slovenia was one of the 6 republics forming the post-World War II country of Yugoslavia. It existed under different names from 29 November 1945 until 25 June 1991, the official name of the republic was Federal Slovenia until 20 February 1946, when it was renamed to the Peoples Republic of Slovenia. It retained this name until 9 April 1963, when it was again renamed, in September 1989, numerous constitutional amendments were passed by the Assembly, which introduced parliamentary democracy to the country. The word Socialist was removed from the name of the state on 7 March 1990. The socialist infrastructure was largely dissolved, the first open democratic election was held on 8 April 1990. The parliamentary elections were won by the opposition, known as the DEMOS coalition led by the dissident Jože Pučnik, at the same time, Milan Kučan, the former chairman of the League of Communists of Slovenia, was elected President of the Republic. The democratically elected parliament nominated the Christian Democratic leader Lojze Peterle as Prime Minister, during this period, Slovenia retained its old flag and coat of arms, and most of the previous symbols as it awaited the creation of new symbols that would eventually come after independence. The old national anthem, Naprej zastava slave was however replaced by the Zdravljica already in March 1990, on 23 December 1990, a referendum on independence was held in Slovenia, at which 94. 8% of the voters voted in favour of secession of Slovenia from Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991, the acts about the Slovenian independence were passed by the Assembly, following a short Ten-Day War, the military of Slovenia secured its independence, by the end of the year, its independence was recognized by the wider international community
17.
Communist Party of Slovenia
–
The League of Communists of Slovenia was the Slovenian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the sole legal party of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1989. It was established in April 1937 as the Communist Party of Slovenia and its initial autonomy was further amplified with the Yugoslav constitution of 1974, which devolved greater power to the various republic level branches. In 1989 Slovenia passed amendments to its constitution that asserted its sovereignty over the federation and these amendments were bitterly opposed by the leadership of Serbia under Slobodan Milošević. On 23 January 1990, the Slovene delegation, headed by Milan Kučan, left the Party Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, in April 1990, the reformed Communists lost the elections to the DEMOS coalition. In 1992, they ceased to be the largest left wing party and entered a period of radical transformation, which gained momentum with the election of Borut Pahor as the party chairman
18.
Yugoslav People's Army
–
The Yugoslav Peoples Army, also referred to as the Yugoslav National Army or simply by the initialism JNA, was the military of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The origins of the JNA can be found in the Yugoslav Partisan units of World War II, after the Yugoslav Partisans liberated the country from the Axis Powers, that date was officially celebrated as the Day of the Army in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In March 1945, the NOVJ was renamed the Yugoslav Army and, on its 10th anniversary, on 22 December 1951, the JNA consisted of the ground forces, air force and navy. The regions were, Belgrade, Zagreb, Skopje and Split Naval Region, of the JNAs 180,000 soldiers, more than 100,000 were conscripts. In 1990, the army had completed a major overhaul of its basic force structure. It eliminated its old divisional infantry organization and established the brigade as the largest operational unit, the army converted ten of twelve infantry divisions into twenty-nine tank, mechanized and mountain infantry brigades with integral artillery, air defense and anti-tank regiments. One airborne brigade was organized before 1990, the change created many senior field command positions that would develop relatively young and talented officers. The brigade structure had advantages at a time of declining manpower, the arms industry was dominant in the Yugoslavian economy. With annual exports of $3 billion, it was twice as large as the second largest industry and it had modern infrastructure with underground air bases and control centres in several mountains. The biggest and best known installation was the Željava Air Base, also known as the Bihać Underground Integrated Radar Control and Surveillance Centre and Air Base, in Bosnia, another important manufacturer was Utva in Serbia. The Yugoslav military-industrial complex produced tanks, armored vehicles, various pieces, anti-aircraft weapons, as well as various types of infantry weapons. The ground forces led in number of personnel, in 1991 there were about 140,000 active-duty soldiers, and over a million trained reservists could be mobilized in wartime. Each of the Yugoslav constituent republics had its own territorial defence forces which in wartime were subordinate to supreme command as an part of the defence system. The territorial defence was made up of conscripts, they were occasionally called up for war exercises. The ground forces were organised into infantry, armour, artillery, the Yugoslav Air Force had about 32,000 personnel including 4,000 conscripts, and operated over 400 aircraft and 200 helicopters. It was responsible for transport, reconnaissance, and rotary-wing aircraft as well as the air defence system. The primary air force missions were to contest enemy efforts to establish air supremacy over Yugoslavia and to support the operations of the ground forces. Most aircraft were produced in Yugoslavia, missiles were produced domestically and supplied by the Soviet Union
19.
Freedom of speech
–
Freedom of speech is the right to articulate ones opinions and ideas without fear of government retaliation or censorship, or societal sanction. The term freedom of expression is used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas. The right to freedom of expression includes the right to take, concepts of freedom of speech can be found in early human rights documents. Englands Bill of Rights 1689 legally established the right of freedom of speech in Parliament which is still in effect. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted during the French Revolution in 1789, specifically affirmed freedom of speech as an inalienable right. The Declaration provides for freedom of expression in Article 11, which states that, The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, Today, freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. This means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right not only the content. The right to freedom of speech and expression is related to other rights. As a general freedom of expression may not limit the right to privacy, as well as the honor. However greater latitude is given when criticism of public figures is involved, the right to freedom of expression is particularly important for media, which plays a special role as the bearer of the general right to freedom of expression for all. However, freedom of the press is not necessarily enabling freedom of speech, lichtenberg argues that freedom of the press is simply a form of property right summed up by the principle no money, no voice. Freedom of speech is understood to be fundamental in a democracy, the norms on limiting freedom of expression mean that public debate may not be completely suppressed even in times of emergency. One of the most notable proponents of the link between freedom of speech and democracy is Alexander Meiklejohn and he argues that the concept of democracy is that of self-government by the people. For such a system to work an informed electorate is necessary, in order to be appropriately knowledgeable, there must be no constraints on the free flow of information and ideas. According to Meiklejohn, democracy will not be true to its essential ideal if those in power are able to manipulate the electorate by withholding information, Meiklejohn acknowledges that the desire to manipulate opinion can stem from the motive of seeking to benefit society. However, he argues, choosing manipulation negates, in its means, eric Barendt has called this defense of free speech on the grounds of democracy probably the most attractive and certainly the most fashionable free speech theory in modern Western democracies. Emerson expanded on this defense when he argued that freedom of speech helps to provide a balance between stability and change, Freedom of speech acts as a safety valve to let off steam when people might otherwise be bent on revolution
20.
Mladina
–
Mladina is a Slovenian weekly left-wing current affairs magazine. Since the 1920s, when it was first published, it has become a voice of protest against those in power, now it is printed weekly throughout the country and is considered one of the most influential political magazines in the country. Mladina was first founded in 1920 as the herald of the Youth Section of the Yugoslav Communist Party in Slovenia. Thus, it was started as a youth magazine, after the prohibition of the Communist Party in 1921, the journal kept circulating in a semi-illegal position. During this period, it was the not only of Communists. Famous figures such as the poet Srečko Kosovel, writer Ludvik Mrzel, in the 1930s, during the dictatorship of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia, the journal ceased to exist due to the repressive pressure of the authorities. It was re-established during World War II, in January 1943, after 1945, it was again transformed in the official herald of the Youth Section of the Communist Party of Slovenia. By 1984, Mladina was in crisis, a new generation of editors then took charge and transformed the tired party journal into a teenagers fanzine, of which the sales at first rose to a modest 7,000 copies. However, the new image was not just a vehicle to cover pop events, revelations of corruption scandals in Slovenia drove the circulation up to 30,000. Thus, by the late 1980s Mladinas main focus became to promote democratic transformation through political criticism, at the time, Mladina was monitored by the authorities because of its pacifist stance, manifested, among other things, in its firm opposition to Yugoslavia’s arms sales to developing countries. The 2003 circulation of Mladina was 19,300 copies, making it the most read weekly in the country. Mladinas most controversial period was the spring of 1988 with the Ljubljana trial, also known as the Trial against the Four or simply as the JBTZ trial, after the initial of the four arrested men. In early 1984, in fact, four men were arrested and prosecuted for their handling of documents found at Mladinas offices. These documents clarified acts of law, to be imposed in Slovenia in an emergency. The others were two editors of the magazine, David Tasić and Franci Zavrl, and an army sergeant and we are the official press, they the alternative, claimed Mladina editors proudly and boldly at a congress on alternative youth culture in Southern Europe in Bologna in December 1988. The subsequent trial held in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, was carried out in Serbo-Croatian rather than Slovene, the trial was a unifying time for Slovenes prior to their separation from Yugoslavia and sparked protests around Ljubljana. Around 15,000 people joined a central Ljubljana protest in June of that year, as a result, the Committee for the Protection of Human Rights was set up. Generally speaking, Mladina was and is a radical newspaper, for example, in 1991, a comment in an article stated that the European policy on the Balkans was simple political idiocy
21.
Pacifist
–
Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism, or violence. The word pacifism was coined by the French peace campaigner Émile Arnaud, a related term is ahimsa, which is a core philosophy in Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism. While modern connotations are recent, having been explicated since the 19th century, in Christianity, Jesus Christs injunction to love your enemies and asking for forgiveness for his crucifiers for they know not what they do have been interpreted as calling for pacifism. In modern times, interest was revived by Leo Tolstoy in his late works, Mohandas Gandhi propounded the practice of steadfast nonviolent opposition which he called satyagraha, instrumental in its role in the Indian Independence Movement. Its effectiveness served as inspiration to Martin Luther King Jr. James Lawson, James Bevel, Thich Nhat Hanh and many others in the Civil Rights Movement. Pacifism was widely associated with the much publicized image of Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989 with the Tank Man, historians of pacifism Peter Brock and Thomas Paul Socknat define pacifism in the sense generally accepted in English-speaking areas as an unconditional rejection of all forms of warfare. Philosopher Jenny Teichman defines the form of pacifism as anti-warism. Teichmans beliefs have been summarized by Brian Orend as, a pacifist rejects war and believes there are no moral grounds which can justify resorting to war. War, for the pacifist, is always wrong, in a sense the philosophy is based on the idea that the ends do not justify the means. Pacifism may be based on moral principles or pragmatism, principled pacifism holds that at some point along the spectrum from war to interpersonal physical violence, such violence becomes morally wrong. Pragmatic pacifism holds that the costs of war and interpersonal violence are so substantial that better ways of resolving disputes must be found, some pacifists follow principles of nonviolence, believing that nonviolent action is morally superior and/or most effective. Some however, support physical violence for emergency defence of self or others, by no means is all nonviolent resistance based on a fundamental rejection of all violence in all circumstances. Many leaders and participants in such movements, while recognizing the importance of using non-violent methods in particular circumstances, have not been absolute pacifists, sometimes, as with the civil rights movements march from Selma to Montgomery in 1965, they have called for armed protection. The interconnections between civil resistance and factors of force are numerous and complex, the principle is described as difficult to abide by consistently, due to violence not being available as a tool to aid a person who is being harmed or killed. It is further claimed that such a pacifist could logically argue that violence leads to undesirable results than non-violence. Although all pacifists are opposed to war between states, there have been occasions where pacifists have supported military conflict in the case of civil war or revolution. Following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, French pacifist René Gérin urged support for the Spanish Republic, Gérin argued that the Spanish Nationalists were comparable to an individual enemy and the Republics war effort was equivalent to the action of a domestic police force suppressing crime. Advocacy of pacifism can be found far back in history and literature, during the Warring States period, the pacifist Mohist School opposed aggressive war between the feudal states
22.
Liberal Democracy of Slovenia
–
Liberal Democracy of Slovenia is a liberal and social-liberal political party in Slovenia. Between 1992 and 2004 it was the largest party in the country, in the 2011 Slovenian parliamentary election, it failed to win entry to the Slovenian National Assembly. The party was a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals, the LDS dominated Slovenian politics during the first decade following independence. Except for an interruption in 2000, it held the parliamentary majority between 1994 and 2004, when it lost the election to the conservative Slovenian Democratic Party. The loss was followed by decline, infighting and political fragmentation, in the 2011 parliamentary election on 4 December 2011, its support collapsed even further, it won only 1. 48% of the vote, not reaching the parliamentary threshold of 4%. In 1990, the well-known Slovenian sociologist, philosopher and cultural critic Slavoj Žižek was the LDS candidate for the Presidency of Slovenia, the LDS formed coalitions ruling the governments of Slovenia from 1992 to 2004, with an interruption for a few months in 2000. The first Prime Minister of Slovenia from LDS was Janez Drnovšek, at the 2004 European election, LDS won 21. 9% of the vote, which yielded 2 seats in the European Parliament out of Slovenias allocation of 7. At the 2004 elections, the LDS party suffered a loss of votes. The Slovenian Democratic Party became the largest party, and the LDS went into opposition, the party held 23 seats in the National Assembly until 2007, when 12 members resigned from the party. Following the defeat of 2004, the party suffered an internal crisis. In 2005, Anton Rop resigned as president and was succeeded by Jelko Kacin, following these events, Jelko Kacin resigned as President and was succeeded by Katarina Kresal. Following Kresals election as president, several prominent members, including former Health Minister Dušan Keber. In 2008, the party won 5, 3% of the votes and entered the coalition led by the Social Democrat Borut Pahor. In the early elections of 2011, the party failed to enter the Parliament
23.
Serbo-Croatian
–
It is a pluricentric language with four mutually intelligible standard varieties. South Slavic dialects historically formed a continuum, the turbulent history of the area, particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans, Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles, although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords. Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, from the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated on ethnic, since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard. Serbo-Croatian thus generally goes by the ethnic names Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic, with inflection, preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns, pronouns. Verbs exhibit imperfective or perfective aspect, with a complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a language with flexible word order, subject–verb–object being the default. It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gajs Latin alphabet, whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one, throughout the history of the South Slavs, the vernacular, literary, and written languages of the various regions and ethnicities developed and diverged independently. Prior to the 19th century, they were collectively called Illyric, Slavic, at that time, Serb and Croat lands were still part of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires. Officially, the language was called variously Serbo-Croat, Croato-Serbian, Serbian and Croatian, Croatian and Serbian, Serbian or Croatian, Croatian or Serbian, today, use of the term Serbo-Croatian is controversial due to the prejudice that nation and language must match. Old Church Slavonic was adopted as the language of the liturgy and this language was gradually adapted to non-liturgical purposes and became known as the Croatian version of Old Slavonic. The two variants of the language, liturgical and non-liturgical, continued to be a part of the Glagolitic service as late as the middle of the 19th century, the earliest known Croatian Church Slavonic Glagolitic manuscripts are the Glagolita Clozianus and the Vienna Folia from the 11th century. Serbo-Croatian competed with the established literary languages of Latin and Old Slavonic in the west and Persian. Old Slavonic developed into the Serbo-Croatian variant of Church Slavonic between the 12th and 16th centuries, the Baška tablet from the late 11th century was written in Glagolitic. It is a stone tablet found in the small Church of St. Lucy
24.
Slovene language
–
Slovene or Slovenian belongs to the group of South Slavic languages. It is spoken by approximately 2.5 million speakers worldwide and it is the first language of about 2.1 million Slovenian people and is one of the 24 official and working languages of the European Union. Standard Slovene is the standard language that was formed in the 18th century, mostly based on Upper and Lower Carniolan dialect groups. For example, the Resian and Torre dialects in the Italian Province of Udine differ most from other Slovene dialects, the distinctive characteristics of Slovene are dual grammatical number, two accentual norms, and abundant inflection. Although Slovene is basically an SVO language, word order is very flexible, Slovene has a T-V distinction, second-person plural forms are used for individuals as a sign of respect. Slovene and Slovak are the two modern Slavic languages whose names for themselves literally mean Slavic. Slovene is an Indo-European language belonging to the Western subgroup of the South Slavic branch of the Slavic languages, furthermore, Slovene shares certain linguistic characteristics with all South Slavic languages, including those of the Eastern subgroup, such as Bulgarian. The Slovene language also has commonalities with the West Slavic languages. Like all Slavic languages, Slovene traces its roots to the same group of languages that produced Old Church Slavonic. The earliest known examples of a distinct, written Slovene dialect are from the Freising Manuscripts, the consensus estimate of their date of origin is between 972 and 1093. These religious writings are among the oldest surviving manuscripts in any Slavic language and this linguistic border remained almost unchanged until the late 19th century, when a second process of Germanization took place, mostly in Carinthia. Between the 9th and 12th century, proto-Slovene spread into northern Istria, during most of the Middle Ages, Slovene was a vernacular language of the peasantry, although it was also spoken in most of the towns on Slovene territory, together with German or Italian. Although during this time, German emerged as the language of the nobility, Slovene had some role in the courtly life of the Carinthian, Carniolan and Styrian nobility. This is proved by the survival of certain ritual formulas in Slovene, the words Buge waz primi, gralva Venus. The first printed Slovene words, stara pravda, appeared in 1515 in Vienna in a poem of the German mercenaries who suppressed the Slovene peasant revolt. Standard Slovene emerged in the half of the 16th century, thanks to the works of Slovene Lutheran authors. During this period, German had a influence on Slovene. Many Slovene scientists before the 1920s also wrote in languages, mostly German
25.
Ig (Slovenia)
–
Ig is the largest settlement and the seat of the Municipality of Ig, central Slovenia. The name Ig was first attested in 1249 as Yge, during the Middle Ages, Ig was a regional name, and the settlement now known as Ig was called Studenec until the beginning of the 19th century. The etymology of the name Ig is unclear and it may be connected with the Slovene common noun igo yoke, or to the Slovene common noun iva goat willow, or it may derive from a pre-Slavic substratum. After the Second World War, a Yugoslav labor camp for political prisoners operated in Ig, the parish church in Ig is dedicated to Saint Martin and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana. The painting of Saint Martin in the church is a work by Josip Egartner, a second church, built on Pungrt Hill west of the main settlement, is a 14th-century building, now in ruins. It was dedicated to Saint George, in the vicinity of Ig, the remains of prehistoric pile-dwelling settlements, since 2011 protected as part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ig on Geopedia Ig municipal site
26.
Slovenian Spring
–
The history of Slovenia chronicles the period of the Slovene territory from the 5th century BC to the present. In the Early Bronze Age, Proto-Illyrian tribes settled an area stretching from present-day Albania to the city of Trieste, Alpine Slavs, ancestors of modern-day Slovenes, settled the area in the late 6th Century A. D. The Holy Roman Empire controlled the land for nearly 1,000 years, in 1918, Slovenes joined Yugoslavia, while the west of the country was annexed to Italy. Between 1945 and 1990, Slovenia was under SFRJ, the country gained its independence from Yugoslavia in June 1991, and is today a member of the European Union and NATO. The worlds oldest securely dated wooden wheel and axle was found near the Ljubljana Marshes in 2002, in the transition period between the Bronze age to the Iron age, the Urnfield culture flourished. Numerous archeological remains dating from the Hallstatt period have been found in Slovenia, with important settlements in Most na Soči, Vače, and Šentvid pri Stični. Novo Mesto in Lower Carniola, one of the most important archaeological sites of the Hallstatt culture, has nicknamed the City of Situlas after numerous situlas found in the area. In the Iron Age, present-day Slovenia was inhabited by Illyrian and Celtic tribes until the 1st century BC, what is now western Slovenia was included directly under Roman Italia as part of the X region Venetia et Histria. Important Roman towns located in present-day Slovenia included Emona, Celeia, other important settlements were Nauportus, Neviodunum, Haliaetum, Atrans, and Stridon. During the migration period, the region suffered invasions of many barbarian armies, rome finally abandoned the region at the end of the 4th century. Most cities were destroyed, while the local population moved to the highland areas. In the 5th century, the region was part of the Ostrogothic kingdom, the Slavic ancestors of present-day Slovenes settled in the East Alpine area at the end of the 6th century. Coming from two directions, North, settling in the area of todays Carinthia and west Styria and South and this Slavic tribe, also known as the Alpine Slavs, was submitted to Avar rule before joining the Slavic King Samos tribal union in 623 AD. After Samos death, the Slavs of Carniola again fell to Avar rule, while the Slavs north of the Karavanke range established the independent principality of Carantania, the eastern part of Carantania was ruled again by Avars between 745 and 795. Under Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia, Carantania, now ruled by a mixed Bavarian-Slav nobility, shortly emerged as a regional power, the first mentions of a common Slovene ethnic identity, transcending regional boundaries, date from the 16th century. During the 14th century, most of the Slovene Lands passed under the Habsburg rule, Slovenes also inhabited most of the territory of the Imperial Free City of Trieste, although representing the minority of its population. In the 16th century, the Protestant Reformation spread throughout the Slovene Lands, in the second half of the 16th century, numerous books were printed in Slovene, including an integral translation of the Bible by Jurij Dalmatin. During the Counter-Reformation in the late 16th and 17th centuries, led by the bishop of Ljubljana Thomas Chrön and Seckau Martin Brenner, nevertheless, they left a strong legacy in the tradition of Slovene culture, which was partially incorporated in the Catholic Counter-Reformation in the 17th century
27.
Lojze Peterle
–
Alojz Lojze Peterle is a Slovenian politician and Member of the European Parliament from Slovenia. He is a member of New Slovenia, part of the European Peoples Party and he was a Member of the National Assembly from 1996 to 2004. Lojze Peterle was born to a peasant family in the Lower Carniolan village of Čužnja vas near Trebnje and he attended the Novo Mesto Grammar School. In 1967, he enrolled in the University of Ljubljana, where he studied history and geography, during his student years, he started collaborating with the Christian left intellectual circle around the journal Revija 2000. In the 1980s, Peterle started working at the Institute for Urban planning of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, in the mid-1980s, he was involved in several projects of trans-regional cooperation within the Alpe-Adria regional cooperation network. In 1990, he was elected president of the newly founded Slovene Christian Democrats, Peterle became prime minister of Slovenia in May 1990 after parliamentary elections of April 1990 won by the DEMOS coalition. In 1991, the DEMOS-led Slovene Parliament declared the independence from Yugoslavia. In the elections of 1992, the Christian Democrats gained some support and became the second largest party in a highly fragmented National Assembly, the Christian Democrats entered a cross-party coalition with the Liberal Democrats and the United List of Social Democrats under the leadership of Janez Drnovšek. Peterle served as deputy minister and foreign minister from January 1993 until October 1994. The Christian Democrats did remain in the coalition, which was divided over specific policy issues. In 1996, Peterle called for the dismissal of foreign minister Zoran Thaler because of his belief that Thaler did not do enough to help Slovenias relations with Italy. Between 1996 and 2000, the Christian Democrats remained in opposition, as a consequence, Drnovšeks government fell in 2000, and Peterle became foreign minister again in the short-lived centre-right government of Andrej Bajuk from June 2000 to November 2000. In 2002, Peterle became the 13th member of the committee of the Convention on the Future of Europe. In the 2004 elections to the European Parliament, Peterle was elected for New Slovenia, in March 2006, he was elected as Vice President of the European Peoples Party for a three-year term after recovering from cancer in April 2003. Since entering the European Parliament, Peterle has been serving on the Committee on Foreign Affairs and he was also a member of the Subcommittee on Human Rights from 2004 until 2009. In addition to his assignments, Peterle has been chairing the parliaments delegation to the EU-former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Joint Parliamentary Committee since 2014. In November 2006, Peterle announced that he would be running for President of Slovenia in the 2007 presidential election. Backed by most of the government, he was considered the front-runner before the first round of the election
28.
Spomenka Hribar
–
Spomenka Hribar is a Slovenian author, philosopher, sociologist, politician, columnist, and public intellectual. She was born Spomenka Diklić in Belgrade, then the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, to a Serb father and her father died at the Glavnjača prison, where the opponents of the collaborationist state of Milan Nedić were imprisoned. After World War II, she moved with her mother to Slovenia and she spent her childhood in the village of Žiri. After finishing high school in Škofja Loka, she enrolled at the University of Ljubljana and she graduated in 1965 with a thesis on Marxs concept of freedom. Between 1965-66, she was co-editor of the student magazine Tribuna, under her solicitation, the magazine became one of the first Yugoslav student journals which also published pieces by students of theology. In 1969, she got a job at the Institute for Sociology of the University of Ljubljana, although a member of the Communist Party, she grew alienated from Marxism in the 1970s. Under the influence of the literary historian Dušan Pirjevec and the philosopher Tine Hribar, in the 1980s, Spomenka and her husband Tine Hribar became important members of a newly formed circle of critical Slovene intellectuals, gathered around the journal Nova revija. In 1983, she started writing the essay Guilt and Sin, in the essay, meant for publishing in a collective volume on Edvard Kocbek, she denounced the mass killings in Slovenia after World War II. In early 1984, the essay leaked to the officials of the League of Communists of Slovenia, in 1985, she was expelled from the Communist Party. Despite the denigration campaign, many important public figures rose to her defence, in this period, she was first called the Slovene Antigone, an epitome that has stuck to her since then. In 1989, she was one of the co-founders of the Slovenian Democratic Union, together with her husband Tine Hribar and the jurists France Bučar and Peter Jambrek She became one of the partys foremost theoreticians. In the first free elections in Slovenia in April 1990, won by the Democratic Opposition of Slovenia, between 1990 and 1991, she was very active in the endeavours for the secession of Slovenia from Yugoslavia. Together with Jože Pučnik, she emerged as the leader of the DEMOS coalition majority in the Lower Chamber of the Slovenian Parliament, after the Ten-Day War, Hribar turned against the conservative wing of her own party, the Slovenian Democratic Union. The clash resulted in the split of the party between the social liberal Democratic Party and the liberal conservative National Democratic Party, which occurred in late 1991. In 1992, Hribar was among those who pushed for the dissolution of the DEMOS coalition, before the elections of 1992, Spomenka Hribar caused a famous controversy with the article Stopping the Right Wing. In the article, she warned against the rise of right wing discourse in post-independence Slovenia, after the failure of the Democratic Party in 1992, Hribar withdrew from party politics, but remained in public life as a commentator and columnist. In her articles, she has stood up for various left liberal values in various contexts and she frequently, however, took a more nationalist stand regarding foreign policy, especially the border disputes with neighbouring Croatia. In the 1990s, Spomenka Hribar emerged as one of the strongest critics of the politician Janez Janša, the two had been close allies until 1992
29.
Irredentism
–
It is often advocated by nationalist and pan-nationalist movements and has been a feature of identity politics and cultural and political geography. An area that may be subjected to a claim is sometimes called an irredenta. Not all irredentas are necessarily involved in irredentism, the word was coined in Italy from the phrase Italia irredenta. A common way to express a claim to adjacent territories on the grounds of historical or ethnic association is by using the adjective Greater as a prefix to the country name and this conveys the image of national territory at its maximum conceivable extent with the country proper at its core. The use of Greater does not always convey an irredentistic meaning, some states formalize their irredentist claims by including them in their constitutional documents, or through other means of legal enshrinement. The Afghan border with Pakistan, known as the Durand Line, was agreed to by Afghanistan, all Afghan governments of the past century have declared, with varying intensity, a long-term goal of re-uniting all Pashtun-dominated areas under Afghan rule. The Argentine government has maintained a claim over the Falkland Islands since 1833 and it considers the archipelago part of the Tierra del Fuego Province, along with South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The 2009 constitution of Bolivia states that the country has a right over the territory that gives it access to the Pacific Ocean. This is understood as territory that Bolivia and Peru ceded to Chile after the War of the Pacific, the preamble to the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China states, Taiwan is part of the sacred territory of the Peoples Republic of China. It is the lofty duty of the entire Chinese people, including our compatriots in Taiwan, the PRC claim to sovereignty over Taiwan is generally based on the theory of the succession of states, with the PRC claiming that it is the successor state to the Republic of China. While the official name of the state remains Republic of China, Article 1 of the Constitution of the Union of the Comoros begins, The Union of the Comoros is a republic, composed of the autonomous islands of Mohéli, Mayotte, Anjouan, and Grande Comore. Mayotte, geographically a part of the Comoro Islands, was the island of the four to vote against independence from France in the referendum held December 22,1974. Mayotte is currently a department of the French Republic, all of the European colonies on the Indian subcontinent which were not part of the British Raj have been annexed by India since it gained its independence from the British Empire. An example of such territories was the 1961 Indian annexation of Goa, an example of annexation of a territory from the British Raj was the Indian integration of Junagadh. Akhand Bharat, literally Undivided India, is an irredentist call to reunite Pakistan, the call for Akhand Bharat has often been raised by mainstream Indian nationalistic cultural and political organizations such as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Bharatiya Janata Party. The region of Kashmir in northwestern India has been the issue of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, the Kashmir conflict. Multiple wars have been fought over the issue, the first one immediately upon independence, to stave off a Pakistani and tribal invasion, Maharaja Hari Singh of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir signed the Instrument of Accession with India. Kashmir has remained divided in three parts, administered by India, Pakistan and China, since then, however, on the basis of the instrument of accession, India continues to claim the entire Kashmir region as its integral part
30.
Croatia
–
Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a sovereign state between Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean. Its capital city is Zagreb, which one of the countrys primary subdivisions. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres and has diverse, mostly continental, Croatias Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The countrys population is 4.28 million, most of whom are Croats, the Croats arrived in the area of present-day Croatia during the early part of the 7th century AD. They organised the state into two duchies by the 9th century, tomislav became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Petar Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir, Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest, the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which seceded from Austria-Hungary, a fascist Croatian puppet state backed by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany existed during World War II. After the war, Croatia became a member and a federal constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991 Croatia declared independence, which came wholly into effect on 8 October of the same year, the Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration. A unitary state, Croatia is a republic governed under a parliamentary system, the International Monetary Fund classified Croatia as an emerging and developing economy, and the World Bank identified it as a high-income economy. Croatia is a member of the European Union, United Nations, the Council of Europe, NATO, the World Trade Organization, the service sector dominates Croatias economy, followed by the industrial sector and agriculture. Tourism is a significant source of revenue during the summer, with Croatia ranked the 18th most popular tourist destination in the world, the state controls a part of the economy, with substantial government expenditure. The European Union is Croatias most important trading partner, since 2000, the Croatian government constantly invests in infrastructure, especially transport routes and facilities along the Pan-European corridors. Internal sources produce a significant portion of energy in Croatia, the rest is imported, the origin of the name is uncertain, but is thought to be a Gothic or Indo-Aryan term assigned to a Slavic tribe. The oldest preserved record of the Croatian ethnonym *xъrvatъ is of variable stem, the first attestation of the Latin term is attributed to a charter of Duke Trpimir from the year 852. The original is lost, and just a 1568 copy is preserved—leading to doubts over the authenticity of the claim, the oldest preserved stone inscription is the 9th-century Branimir Inscription, where Duke Branimir is styled as Dux Cruatorvm. The inscription is not believed to be dated accurately, but is likely to be from during the period of 879–892, the area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period
31.
Neo-fascism
–
Neo-fascism is a post–World War II ideology that includes significant elements of fascism. Allegations that a group is neo-fascist may be contested, especially if the term is used as a political epithet. Some post–World War II regimes have been described as neo-fascist due to their authoritarian nature, post-fascism is a label that has been applied to several European political parties that espouse a modified form of fascism and which partake in constitutional politics. The Bolivian Socialist Falange party founded in 1937 played a role in mid-century Bolivian politics. That regime has been accused of neo-fascist tendencies and of admiration for Nazi paraphernalia, hugo Banzer Suárez, who preceded Tejada, also displayed admiration towards Nazism and fascism. Adolf Hitlers propaganda for the hegemony of Greater Germany inspired similar ideas of Indonesia Mulia and Indonesia Raya in the former Dutch colony, the first fascist party was the Partai Fasis Indonesia. Sukarno did admire Hitlers Third Reich and its vision of happiness for all, Its in the Third Reich that the Germans will see Germany at the apex above other nations in this world, he said in 1963. With the beginning of Cold War it was feared by the British government that the extradition of Italian war criminals to Yugoslavia would benefit the PCI. The PCI was expelled from power in May 1947, a month before the Paris Conference on the Marshall Plan, in 1946 a group of Fascist soldiers founded the Italian Social Movement to continue the idea of Benito Mussolini. The leader of the MSI was Giorgio Almirante, who remained at the head of the party until his death in 1988. Despite attempts in the 1970s towards a compromise between the PCI and the DC, the PCI did not have a role in executive power until the 1980s. In December 1970, Junio Valerio Borghese attempted, along with Stefano Delle Chiaie, neo-fascist parties in Italy are Tricolour Flame, New Force and the National Social Front. Lebanon – The far-right wing Christian Phalangist Party Kataeb and Lebanese Forces, backed by its own private army and inspired by the Spanish Falangists. Its core political beliefs are not neo-fascist and include the following The primacy of preserving the Lebanese nation, Party policies have been uniformly anticommunist and anti-Palestinian and have allowed no place for pan-Arab ideals. A nationalistic ideology that considers the Lebanese people, particularly Maronites and it considers Lebanese sometimes a Phoenician and sometimes a Syriac people. Independent, sovereign and pluralistic Lebanon that safeguards basic human rights, Lebanon a liberal outlet where Eastern Christianity can socially, politically and economically flourish in peace with its surrounding. It is only on this list because of its early symbolism, the military activity was common and broadly used across all pre-colonial states, through to today. All the political parties today in Lebanon have private armies, from Hezbollah to the Christian militias, Kotleba – Peoples Party Our Slovakia is a far-right political party with views considered extremist and fascist
32.
Populism
–
Populism is a political doctrine that proposes that the common people are exploited by a privileged elite, and which seeks to resolve this. The underlying ideology of populists can be left, right, or center and its goal is uniting the uncorrupt and the unsophisticated little man against the corrupt dominant elites and their camp of followers. It is guided by the belief that political and social goals are best achieved by the actions of the masses. Political parties and politicians often use the terms populist and populism as pejoratives against their opponents, such a view sees populism as demagogy, merely appearing to empathize with the public through rhetoric or unrealistic proposals in order to increase appeal across the political spectrum. Populism is most common in democratic nations, historically, academic definitions of populism vary, and people have often used the term in loose and inconsistent ways to reference appeals to the people, demagogy, and catch-all politics. The term has also used as a label for new parties whose classifications are unclear. In recent years, academic scholars have produced definitions that facilitate populist identification and comparison, in the United States and Latin America, populism has generally been associated with the left, whereas in European countries, populism is more associated with the right. In both, the tenet of populism—that democracy should reflect the pure and undiluted will of the people—means it can sit easily with ideologies of both right and left. Cas Mudde says, Many observers have noted that populism is inherent to representative democracy, after all, most recently, many observers have categorized the rise of Donald Trump in the U. S. and Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines as populist in nature. Populism has taken left-wing, right-wing, and even centrist forms, as well as forms of politics that bring together groups and individuals of diverse partisan views. The use of populist rhetoric in the United States has recently included references such as the trial lawyer lobby. Subsistence peasant movements, such as the Eastern European Green Rising militias, intellectuals who romanticize hard-working farmers and peasants and build radical agrarian movements like the Russian narodniki. Populist democracy, including calls for political participation through reforms such as the use of popular referenda. Politicians populism marked by non-ideological appeals for the people to build a unified coalition, reactionary populism, such as the white backlash harvested by George Wallace. Populist dictatorship, such as established by Getúlio Vargas in Brazil. Scholars have argued that populist elements have appeared in authoritarian movements. Conspiracist scapegoating employed by various populist movements can create a seedbed for fascism, National Socialist populism interacted with and facilitated fascism in interwar Germany. In this case, distressed middle–class populists mobilized their anger against the government, the Nazis parasitized the forms and themes of the populists and moved their constituencies far to the right through ideological appeals involving demagoguery, scapegoating, and conspiracism
33.
Demagogy
–
Demagogues overturn established customs of political conduct, or promise or threaten to do so. Demagogues have appeared in democracies since ancient Athens, demagogues have usually advocated immediate, forceful action to address a national crisis while accusing moderate and thoughtful opponents of weakness or disloyalty. Even though democracy gave power to the people, elections still tended to favor the aristocratic class. Demagogues were a new kind of leader who emerged from the lower classes, demagogues relentlessly advocated action, usually violent—immediately and without deliberation. Throughout its history, people have used the word demagogue carelessly, to disparage any leader whom the speaker thinks manipulative, pernicious. James Fenimore Cooper in 1838 identified four fundamental characteristics of demagogues, They fashion themselves as a man or woman of the common people and their politics depends on a visceral connection with the people, which greatly exceeds ordinary political popularity. They manipulate this connection, and the popularity it affords, for their own benefit. They threaten or outright break established rules of conduct, institutions, the central feature of the practice of demagoguery is persuasion by means of passion, shutting down reasoned deliberation and consideration of alternatives. Demagogues pander to passion, prejudice, bigotry, and ignorance, see below for a survey of the methods of persuasion used by most demagogues throughout history. Demagogues have arisen in democracies from Athens to the present day, 20th Century demagogues include Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and Joseph McCarthy. The Greek historian Polybius thought that democracies are inevitably undone by demagogues and he said that every democracy eventually decays into a government of violence and the strong hand, leading to tumultuous assemblies, massacres, banishments. The Athenian leader Cleon is known as a notorious demagogue mainly because of three events described in the writings of Thucydides and Aristophanes, the Athenians rescinded the resolution the following day when they came to their senses. They gave him the job, expecting him to fail, Cleon shrank at being called to make good on his boast, and tried to get out of it, but he was forced to take the command. In fact, he succeeded—by getting the general Demosthenes to do it, three years later, Cleon and his Spartan counterpart Brasidas were killed at the Battle of Amphipolis, enabling a restoration of peace that lasted until the outbreak of the Second Peloponnesian War. Modern commentators suspect that Thucydides and Aristophanes exaggerated the vileness of Cleons real character, both had personal conflicts with Cleon, and The Knights is a satirical, allegorical comedy that doesnt even mention Cleon by name. Thucydides and Aristophanes came from the classes, predisposed to look down on the commercial classes. Nevertheless, their portrayals define the archetypal example of the demagogue or rabble-rouser, alcibiades convinced the people of Athens to attempt to conquer Sicily during the Peloponnesian War, with disastrous results. He led the Athenian assembly to support making him commander by claiming victory would come easily, appealing to Athenian vanity and it should be noted, however, that Alcibiadess expedition could have succeeded if he was not denied command due to the political maneuvers of his rivals
34.
Xenophobia
–
Xenophobia is the fear of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange. Xenophobia can also be exhibited in the form of an uncritical exaltation of another culture in which a culture is ascribed an unreal, stereotyped, the terms xenophobia and racism are sometimes confused and used interchangeably because people who share a national origin may also belong to the same race. Due to this, xenophobia is usually distinguished by opposition to foreign culture, Xenophobia is a political term and not a recognized medical phobia. Dictionary definitions of xenophobia include, deep-rooted fear towards foreigners, the word comes from the Ancient Greek words ξένος, meaning strange, foreigner, and φόβος, meaning fear. In other words, xenophobia arises when people feel that their entitlement to benefit from the government is being subverted by other peoples rights, in 2014, the state of Penang held a referendum that bans foreigners from cooking local cuisines. A well-known local chef, Redzuawan Ismail, criticised this law, Xenophobia in South Africa has been present in both the apartheid and post–apartheid eras. Hostility between the British and Boers exacerbated by the Second Boer War led to rebellion by poor Afrikaners who looted British-owned shops, the Township Franchise Ordinance of 1924 was intended to deprive Indians of municipal franchise. In 1994 and 1995, gangs of armed youth destroyed the homes of foreign nationals living in Johannesburg, in 2008, a widely documented spate of xenophobic attacks occurred in Johannesburg. It is estimated that tens of thousands of migrants were displaced, property, the death toll after the attack stood at 56. In 2015, another widely documented series of attacks occurred in South Africa. This followed remarks by Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu stating that the migrants should pack their bags, as of 20 April 2015,7 people had died and more than 2000 foreigners had been displaced. The 2005 Cronulla riots resulted from strained relationsbetween white and Lebanese Australians, media related to Xenophobia at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Xenophobia at Wikiquote
35.
United States Army War College
–
The United States Army War College is a U. S. Army educational institution in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on the 500-acre campus of the historic Carlisle Barracks. It provides graduate-level instruction to senior officers and civilians to prepare them for senior leadership assignments. Each year, a number of Army colonels and lieutenant colonels are considered by a board for admission, approximately 800 students attend at any one time, half in a two-year-long distance learning program, and the other half in an on-campus, full-time resident program lasting ten months. Upon completion, the college grants its graduates a masters degree in Strategic Studies, Army applicants must have already completed the U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, the required Professional Military Education for officers in the rank of major. Majors with the specialty of Function Area 59, Strategist, formerly Strategic Plans and Policy, also attend their qualification course, the Basic Strategic Arts Program, at the college. The Army War College is one of the three senior service colleges of the U. S. Department of Defense, joined by the Naval War College for the U. S. Navy, the Army War College is a split-functional institution. While a great deal of emphasis is placed on research, students are instructed in leadership, strategy. Established from the learned in the Spanish–American War, the College was founded by Secretary of War, Elihu Root. Washington Barracks—now called Fort Lesley J. McNair—in Washington, D. C. was chosen as the site, theodore Roosevelt attended the Masonic laying of the cornerstone of Roosevelt Hall on 21 February 1903. The first president of the Army War College was Major General Samuel B. M. Young in July 1902, the College remained at Washington Barracks until the 1940s, when it was closed due to World War II. It reopened in 1950 at Fort Leavenworth, and moved one year later to its present location, the Basic Strategic Art Program is one of the academic programs taught at the U. S. Army War College. FA59 officers have deployed to combat since the onset of the Global War on Terror in 2001, since then, graduates of this program served in key positions in Iraq, Afghanistan, all combatant commands, and at the Pentagon. The Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute is located at the War College, the institutes mission is to serve as the U. S. S. S. Army heraldic entitlements for the War College What Is the War College, a May 2004 article from Slate
36.
Authoritarianism
–
Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms. Individual freedoms are subordinate to the state and there is no constitutional accountability under an authoritarian regime, modern dictatorships use an authoritarian concept to form a government. Linz distinguished new forms of authoritarianism from personalistic dictatorships and totalitarian states, several subtypes of authoritarian regimes have been identified by Linz and others. Bureaucratic-military authoritarian regimes are those governed by a coalition of military officers, mark J. Linz also has identified three other subtypes of authoritarian regime, corporatist or organic-statistic, racial and ethnic democracy and post-totalitarian. Examples include the Soviet Eastern bloc states in the mid-1980s, authoritarian regimes are also sometimes subcategorized by whether they are personalistic or populist. Personalistic authoritarian regimes are characterized by arbitrary rule and authority exercised mainly through patronage networks and coercion rather than through institutitions, personalistic authoritarian regimes have been seen in post-colonial Africa. By contrast, populist authoritarian regimes are mobilizational regimes in which a strong, charismatic, examples include Argentina under Perón, Egypt under Nasser, and Venezuela under Chávez and Maduro. Authoritarianism is characterized by highly concentrated and centralized power maintained by political repression and it uses political parties and mass organizations to mobilize people around the goals of the regime. Adam Przeworski has theorized that authoritarian equilibrium rests mainly on lies, fear, authoritarian political systems may be weakened through inadequate performance to demands of the people. Because the legitimacy of the state is dependent on performance, authoritarian states that fail to adapt may collapse, authoritarianism is marked by indefinite political tenure of the ruler or ruling party or other authority. The transition from a system to a more democratic form of government is referred to as democratization. John Duckitt suggests a link between authoritarianism and collectivism, asserting that both stand in opposition to individualism, Duckitt writes that both authoritarianism and collectivism submerge individual rights and goals to group goals, expectations and conformities. Totalitarianism is a version of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control, building on the work of Yale political scientist Juan Linz, Paul C. Concomitant role conceptions differentiate totalitarians from authoritarians, authoritarians view themselves as individual beings largely content to control, and often maintain, the status quo. The tyrant is less a person than a function to guide. Consequently, the utilisation of power for personal aggrandizement is more evident among authoritarians than totalitarians, lacking the binding appeal of ideology, authoritarians support their rule by a mixture of instilling fear and granting rewards to loyal collaborators, engendering a kleptocracy. Compared to totalitarianism, the state still maintains a certain distinction between state and society
37.
Frane Adam
–
Frane Adam is a Slovenian sociologist, editor and former dissident political activist. During the early 1970s, he was one of the leaders of the student protest movement in the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, Adam was born in Pivka, Slovenia, then part of Yugoslavia. He studied at the University of Ljubljana, where he became one of the most prominent activists in the Slovenian student movement, in 1972, he was arrested by the Communist authorities together with poet Milan Jesih. Their arrest triggered the occupation of the Faculty of Arts in Ljubljana by the students, Adam achieved his PhD in 1981 at the University of Zagreb. He continued his career as a fellow researcher at the universities of Konstanz. In the 1980s, he became, together with Gregor Tomc, one of the first Slovenian and Yugoslav sociologist to study the phenomena of social movements. In the 1980s, he was active in the civil society movement in Slovenia, between 1989-1992, he was the chairman of the Slovenian Sociological Association. He was also a fellow at the Scientific Centre for Social Research in Berlin and he is currently teaching as professor at the School of Advanced Social Studies in Nova Gorica. He also teaches at the Faculty for Social Sciences at the University of Ljubljana and he is also fellow researcher at the Institute for Developmental and Strategic Analysis in Ljubljana
38.
Culture wars
–
The culture war or culture conflict refers — in the United States — to conflict between traditionalist or conservative values and progressive or liberal values. Beginning in the 1990s, culture wars have influenced the debate over public school history and science curricula in the United States, along with many other issues. The expression culture war entered the vocabulary of United States politics with the publication of Culture Wars, in Canada, culture war refers to differing values between Western versus Eastern Canada, urban versus rural Canada, as well as conservatism versus liberalism. The phrase culture war represents a loan translation from the German Kulturkampf, in American usage the term culture war may imply a conflict between those values considered traditionalist or conservative and those considered progressive or liberal. It originated in the 1920s when urban and rural American values came into clear conflict and this followed several decades of immigration to the States by people who earlier European immigrants considered alien. It was also a result of the cultural shifts and modernizing trends of the Roaring 20s, however, James Davison Hunters 1991 book Culture Wars, The Struggle to Define America redefined the culture war in the United States of America. Hunter traces the concept to the 1960s, the perceived focus of the American culture war and its definition have taken various forms since then. James Davison Hunter, a sociologist at the University of Virginia, introduced the expression again in his 1991 publication, Culture Wars, Hunter described what he saw as a dramatic realignment and polarization that had transformed American politics and culture. Hunter characterized this polarity as stemming from opposite impulses, toward what he referred to as Progressivism, others have adopted the dichotomy with varying labels. For example, Fox News commentator Bill OReilly emphasizes differences between Secular-Progressives and Traditionalists, in 1990, commentator Pat Buchanan mounted a campaign for the Republican nomination for President against incumbent George H. W. Bush in 1992. He received a prime-time speech-slot at the 1992 Republican National Convention and he argued, There is a religious war going on in our country for the soul of America. It is a war, as critical to the kind of nation we will one day be as was the Cold War itself. But it is not the kind of change America wants and it is not the kind of change America needs. And it is not the kind of change we can tolerate in a nation that we still call Gods country, a month later, Buchanan characterized the conflict as about power over societys definition of right and wrong. He named abortion, sexual orientation and popular culture as major fronts—and mentioned other controversies, including clashes over the Confederate Flag, Christmas and he also said that the negative attention his culture war speech received was itself evidence of Americas polarization. The Culture war had significant impact on politics in the 1990s. The rhetoric of the Christian Coalition of America may have weakened president George H. W. Bushs chances for reelection in 1992 and helped his successor, Bill Clinton, on the other hand, the rhetoric of conservative cultural warriors helped Republicans gain control of Congress in 1994. The culture wars influenced the debate over state-school history curricula in the United States in the 1990s, the liberal tide that marked the 1990s briefly died down in the early 2000s, with the 9/11 attacks changing priorities towards more social cohesion, but resurfaced once the Iraq War began
