The January Uprising was an insurrection against Russian imperial rule in the Congress Kingdom of Poland and adjacent lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Sparked by nationalist aspirat
Poland - The Year 1863, by Jan Matejko, 1864, oil on canvas, 156 × 232 cm, National Museum, Kraków. Pictured is the aftermath of the failed January 1863 Uprising. Captives await transportation to Siberia. Russian officers and soldiers supervise a blacksmith placing shackles on a woman (Polonia). The blonde girl next to her represents Ruthenia. The partially naked, bleeding girl lying on the floor represents Lithuania.
Zouaves of Death (żuawi śmierci), an 1863 Uprising unit organized by François Rochebrune. From left: Count Wojciech Komorowski, Colonel Rochebrune, and Lieutenant Tenente Bella