1.
Kazakhstani tenge
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The tenge is the currency of Kazakhstan. It is divided into 100 tïın, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, attempts were made by most republics to maintain a common currency. Some politicians were hoping to at least maintain special relations among former Soviet republics, other reasons were the economic considerations for maintaining the ruble zone. The wish to preserve strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal, the break-up of the Soviet Union was not accompanied by any formal changes in monetary arrangements. The Central Bank of Russia was authorized to take over the State Bank of the USSR on 1 January 1992. It continued to ship USSR ruble notes and coins to the banks of the fourteen newly independent countries. The political situation, however, was not favorable for maintaining a common currency and these conditions were far from being met amidst the turbulent economic and political situation. During the first half of 1992, a union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them was using its position as free-riders to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit. As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to protect their markets from buyers from other states, the Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions to the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the zone began when Russia pulled out with the exchange of banknotes by the Central bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, Kazakhstan and other still in the ruble zone were pushed out. On November 12,1993, a decree of the President of Kazakhstan, the tenge was introduced on 15 November 1993 to replace the Soviet ruble at a rate of 1 tenge =500 rubles. In 1991 a special group of designers was created, Mendybay Alin, Timur Suleymenov, Asimsaly Duzelkhanov, as such, November 15 is celebrated as the Day of National Currency of Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1995, a printing factory was opened in Kazakhstan. The first consignment of tenge was printed abroad, in the UK, the first coins were minted in Germany. The word tenge in the Kazakh and most other Turkic languages means a set of scales, the origin of the word is the Turkic teŋ- which means being equal, balance. The name of currency is thus similar to the lira, pound
2.
Post box
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A post box is a physical box into which members of the public can deposit outgoing mail intended for collection by the agents of a countrys postal service. The term post box can also refer to a letter box for incoming mail. In 1653, the first post boxes are believed to have been installed in, by 1829, post boxes were in use throughout France. The first public post boxes in Poland were installed in Warsaw in 1842, a post box originally installed in the wall of the Wakefield Post Office is dated 1809 and believed to be the oldest example in Britain. It is now on display at the new Wakefield Museum, in the British Isles, the first red pillar post boxes were erected in Jersey in 1852. Roadside wall boxes first appeared in 1857 as an alternative to pillar boxes. In 1853 the first pillar box in the United Kingdom was installed at Botchergate, in 1856, Richard Redgrave of the Department of Science and Art designed an ornate pillar box for use in London and other large cities. In 1859 the design was improved, and this became the first National Standard pillar box, green was adopted as the standard colour for the early Victorian post boxes. Between 1866 and 1879 the hexagonal Penfold post box became the design for pillar boxes. The first boxes to be painted red were in London in July 1874, in 2012 to celebrate Olympic gold medals for Team GB, selected boxes are painted gold. One has been vandalised briefly with graffiti, one has been painted in the wrong town. The first public letter boxes in Russia appeared in 1848 in St. Petersburg and they were made of wood and iron. Because these boxes were lightweight and easy to steal, they disappeared frequently, later boxes were made of cast iron, the post box arrived in the late 19th century Hong Kong and were made of wood. In the 1890s, metal pillar box appeared in Hong Kong, from the 1890s to 1997 the boxes were painted red and after 1997 were painted green. The United States Post Office Department began installing public mail collection boxes in the 1850s outside post offices and on street corners in large Eastern cities. U. S. collection boxes were designed to be hung or supported. By the 1880s, these boxes were made of heavy cast iron to deter theft or vandalism. As mail volume grew, the Post Office Department gradually replaced pillar mailboxes with larger free-standing models, Mail collection box was first suggested in 1894, following the successful use of such designs in Canada, and quickly became a fixture on U. S. city street corners
3.
Service mark
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A service mark or servicemark is a trademark used in the United States and several other countries to identify a service rather than a product. When a service mark is registered, the standard registration symbol ® or Reg U. S. Pat & TM Off may be used, before it is registered, it is common practice to use the service mark symbol ℠. For example, a carrier can paint its service mark on its vehicles. Personal service providers can place their service marks on their delivery vehicles, however, if the service deals with communications, it is possible to use a service mark consisting of a sound in the process of delivering the service. Under United States law, service marks have a different standard of use in order to count as a use in commerce, a trademark normally needs to be used on or directly in association with the sale of goods, such as on a store display. As services are not defined by a product, use of a service mark on the uniforms or vehicles of service providers or in advertisements is instead accepted as a use in commerce. However, like trademarks, service marks must pass a test of distinctiveness for it to be qualified as a service mark, thrifty, Inc. attempted to submit a service mark application that described aspects of their business as being blue. The application was rejected for not being enough, and the rejection was upheld on appeal. The service mark symbol is mapped in Unicode as U+2120 ℠ Service mark, a Unicode-capable browser is needed to display this character properly, which appears similar to SM. Certification mark Marketing Service mark symbol
4.
Japan Post
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Japan Post was a government-owned corporation in Japan that existed from 2003 to 2007, offering postal and package delivery services, banking services, and life insurance. It was the nations largest employer, with over 400,000 employees, one third of all Japanese government employees worked for Japan Post. As of 2005, the President of the company was Masaharu Ikuta, lines Ltd. Japan Post also held about ¥140 trillion of the Japanese national debt in the form of government bonds. On October 1,2007 Japan Post was privatized following a political debate that was settled by the general election of 2005. Following privatization, the Japan Post Group companies operate the postal business, in 2010, privatization was put on hold. The Japanese Ministry of Finance remains the 100% shareholder, the company was born on April 2,2003, as a government-owned corporation, replacing the old Postal Services Agency. Japan Posts formation was part of prime minister Junichiro Koizumis long-term reform plan and was intended to culminate in the full privatization of the postal service. The privatization plan encountered both support and opposition across the Japanese political spectrum, including the two largest parties, the LDP and the DPJ, opponents claimed that the move would result in the closure of post offices and job losses at the nations largest employer. However, proponents contended that privatization would allow for an efficient and flexible use of the companys funds. Proponents also claimed that Japan Post had become a source of corruption. Koizumi called the privatization a major element in his efforts to curb government spending, most opposition parties supported postal privatization in principle, but criticized Koizumis bill. Many considered the bill deeply flawed because it provided for too long a period for full implementation, each of these companies would be privatized in April 2007. In 2005, the house of the Japanese legislature passed the bill to complete this reform by a handful of votes. The bill was defeated in the upper house because of scores of defections from the ruling coalition. Koizumi immediately dissolved the house and scheduled a general election to be held on September 11,2005. He declared the election to be a referendum on postal privatization, Koizumi won this election, gaining the necessary supermajority in the lower house, which he took as a mandate for reform. The final version of the bill to privatize Japan Post in 2007 was passed in October 2005, later in 2010, the privatization was put on hold, and the Japanese Ministry of Finance remains the 100% shareholder. There are two types of facilities in Japan, standard post offices, and the larger distribution centers
5.
Japan Post Holdings
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Japan Post Holdings Co. Ltd. is a Japanese state-owned conglomerate headquartered in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo. It is mainly engaged in postal and logistics business, financial window business, banking business, the company offers letters and goods transportation services, stamp sales, deposits, loans, and insurance products. There were plans to privatize the company, but these have been put on hold. As of 2013, it ranked thirteenth in the Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds largest companies, the company was founded on 23 January 2006, although it was not until October 2007 that it took over the functions of Japan Post. The group operates via four main divisions, Japan Post Service, Japan Post Network, which runs the post offices. Japan Post Bank, which deals with banking functions, Japan Post Insurance, which provides life insurance. Toll Holdings, which provides transportation and logistics Japan Post Holdings Japan Post Holdings Japan Post Holdings FT. com Japan embassy UK
6.
Postal operator
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This is a list of postal entities by country. It includes, The governmental authority responsible for postal matters, the regulatory authority for the postal sector. Postal regulation may include the establishment of policies, postal rates, postal services offered, budgeting for. Where no independent postal regulator has been established, these tasks may be undertaken by the government or the operator and they may be carried out by a single entity or spread out amongst multiple government, quasi-government or private entities. The designated postal operator of that country, notable postal operators other than the designated operator, if any, may also be listed. The following list uses the structure and terminology of the document Status and this document, published in 2009 by the Universal Postal Union, contains data for 162 of the 191 countries and territories that were then UPU members. For these countries, which are marked below, the contents are based on that document. Since this document was published, the UPU has had two changes of membership, On 10 October 2010, the Netherlands Antilles, which shared a UPU membership with Aruba, was dissolved. Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten became constituent countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. This UPU entity, formerly Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, is now known as Aruba, Curaçao, south Sudan joined the UPU on 4 October 2011. libero. it/fabioalarici/philbur. html
7.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
8.
Katakana
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Katakana is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with hiragana, kanji, and in some cases the Latin script. The word katakana means fragmentary kana, as the characters are derived from components of more complex kanji. Katakana and hiragana are both kana systems, with one or two minor exceptions, each syllable in the Japanese language is represented by one character, or kana, in each system. Katakana are characterized by short, straight strokes and sharp corners, there are two main systems of ordering katakana, the old-fashioned iroha ordering, and the more prevalent gojūon ordering. The gojūon inherits its vowel and consonant order from Sanskrit practice, in vertical text contexts, which used to be the default case, the grid is usually presented as 10 columns by 5 rows, with vowels on the right hand side and ア on top. Katakana glyphs in the row or column do not share common graphic characteristics. The 50-sound table is often amended with a character, the nasal stop ン. This can appear in positions, most often next to the N signs or, because it developed from one of many mu hentaigana. It may also be appended to the row or the a column. Here, it is shown in a table of its own, the script includes two diacritic marks that change the initial sound of a syllabogram. Both appear mutually exclusive at the right of the base character. A double dot, called dakuten, indicates a primary alteration, most often it voices the consonant, k→g, s→z, t→d and h→b, for example, secondary alteration, where possible, is shown by a circular handakuten, h→p, For example, ハ becomes パ. Diacritics, though used for over a thousand years, only became mandatory in the Japanese writing system in the half of the 20th century. Their application is limited in proper writing systems, but may be more extensive in academic transcriptions. Furthermore, some characters may have special semantics when used in smaller size after a normal one, but this does not make the script truly bicameral. The layout of the gojūon table promotes a systematic view of kana syllabograms as being pronounced with the same single consonant followed by a vowel. As a particle, it is written in hiragana and the katakana form. A small version of the katakana for ya, yu or yo may be added to katakana ending in i and this changes the i vowel sound to a glide to a, u or o, e. g. キャ /kja/
