1.
Kazakhstani tenge
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The tenge is the currency of Kazakhstan. It is divided into 100 tïın, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, attempts were made by most republics to maintain a common currency. Some politicians were hoping to at least maintain special relations among former Soviet republics, other reasons were the economic considerations for maintaining the ruble zone. The wish to preserve strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal, the break-up of the Soviet Union was not accompanied by any formal changes in monetary arrangements. The Central Bank of Russia was authorized to take over the State Bank of the USSR on 1 January 1992. It continued to ship USSR ruble notes and coins to the banks of the fourteen newly independent countries. The political situation, however, was not favorable for maintaining a common currency and these conditions were far from being met amidst the turbulent economic and political situation. During the first half of 1992, a union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them was using its position as free-riders to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit. As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to protect their markets from buyers from other states, the Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions to the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the zone began when Russia pulled out with the exchange of banknotes by the Central bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. As a result, Kazakhstan and other still in the ruble zone were pushed out. On November 12,1993, a decree of the President of Kazakhstan, the tenge was introduced on 15 November 1993 to replace the Soviet ruble at a rate of 1 tenge =500 rubles. In 1991 a special group of designers was created, Mendybay Alin, Timur Suleymenov, Asimsaly Duzelkhanov, as such, November 15 is celebrated as the Day of National Currency of Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1995, a printing factory was opened in Kazakhstan. The first consignment of tenge was printed abroad, in the UK, the first coins were minted in Germany. The word tenge in the Kazakh and most other Turkic languages means a set of scales, the origin of the word is the Turkic teŋ- which means being equal, balance. The name of currency is thus similar to the lira, pound
2.
Post box
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A post box is a physical box into which members of the public can deposit outgoing mail intended for collection by the agents of a countrys postal service. The term post box can also refer to a letter box for incoming mail. In 1653, the first post boxes are believed to have been installed in, by 1829, post boxes were in use throughout France. The first public post boxes in Poland were installed in Warsaw in 1842, a post box originally installed in the wall of the Wakefield Post Office is dated 1809 and believed to be the oldest example in Britain. It is now on display at the new Wakefield Museum, in the British Isles, the first red pillar post boxes were erected in Jersey in 1852. Roadside wall boxes first appeared in 1857 as an alternative to pillar boxes. In 1853 the first pillar box in the United Kingdom was installed at Botchergate, in 1856, Richard Redgrave of the Department of Science and Art designed an ornate pillar box for use in London and other large cities. In 1859 the design was improved, and this became the first National Standard pillar box, green was adopted as the standard colour for the early Victorian post boxes. Between 1866 and 1879 the hexagonal Penfold post box became the design for pillar boxes. The first boxes to be painted red were in London in July 1874, in 2012 to celebrate Olympic gold medals for Team GB, selected boxes are painted gold. One has been vandalised briefly with graffiti, one has been painted in the wrong town. The first public letter boxes in Russia appeared in 1848 in St. Petersburg and they were made of wood and iron. Because these boxes were lightweight and easy to steal, they disappeared frequently, later boxes were made of cast iron, the post box arrived in the late 19th century Hong Kong and were made of wood. In the 1890s, metal pillar box appeared in Hong Kong, from the 1890s to 1997 the boxes were painted red and after 1997 were painted green. The United States Post Office Department began installing public mail collection boxes in the 1850s outside post offices and on street corners in large Eastern cities. U. S. collection boxes were designed to be hung or supported. By the 1880s, these boxes were made of heavy cast iron to deter theft or vandalism. As mail volume grew, the Post Office Department gradually replaced pillar mailboxes with larger free-standing models, Mail collection box was first suggested in 1894, following the successful use of such designs in Canada, and quickly became a fixture on U. S. city street corners
3.
Service mark
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A service mark or servicemark is a trademark used in the United States and several other countries to identify a service rather than a product. When a service mark is registered, the standard registration symbol ® or Reg U. S. Pat & TM Off may be used, before it is registered, it is common practice to use the service mark symbol ℠. For example, a carrier can paint its service mark on its vehicles. Personal service providers can place their service marks on their delivery vehicles, however, if the service deals with communications, it is possible to use a service mark consisting of a sound in the process of delivering the service. Under United States law, service marks have a different standard of use in order to count as a use in commerce, a trademark normally needs to be used on or directly in association with the sale of goods, such as on a store display. As services are not defined by a product, use of a service mark on the uniforms or vehicles of service providers or in advertisements is instead accepted as a use in commerce. However, like trademarks, service marks must pass a test of distinctiveness for it to be qualified as a service mark, thrifty, Inc. attempted to submit a service mark application that described aspects of their business as being blue. The application was rejected for not being enough, and the rejection was upheld on appeal. The service mark symbol is mapped in Unicode as U+2120 ℠ Service mark, a Unicode-capable browser is needed to display this character properly, which appears similar to SM. Certification mark Marketing Service mark symbol
4.
Japan Post
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Japan Post was a government-owned corporation in Japan that existed from 2003 to 2007, offering postal and package delivery services, banking services, and life insurance. It was the nations largest employer, with over 400,000 employees, one third of all Japanese government employees worked for Japan Post. As of 2005, the President of the company was Masaharu Ikuta, lines Ltd. Japan Post also held about ¥140 trillion of the Japanese national debt in the form of government bonds. On October 1,2007 Japan Post was privatized following a political debate that was settled by the general election of 2005. Following privatization, the Japan Post Group companies operate the postal business, in 2010, privatization was put on hold. The Japanese Ministry of Finance remains the 100% shareholder, the company was born on April 2,2003, as a government-owned corporation, replacing the old Postal Services Agency. Japan Posts formation was part of prime minister Junichiro Koizumis long-term reform plan and was intended to culminate in the full privatization of the postal service. The privatization plan encountered both support and opposition across the Japanese political spectrum, including the two largest parties, the LDP and the DPJ, opponents claimed that the move would result in the closure of post offices and job losses at the nations largest employer. However, proponents contended that privatization would allow for an efficient and flexible use of the companys funds. Proponents also claimed that Japan Post had become a source of corruption. Koizumi called the privatization a major element in his efforts to curb government spending, most opposition parties supported postal privatization in principle, but criticized Koizumis bill. Many considered the bill deeply flawed because it provided for too long a period for full implementation, each of these companies would be privatized in April 2007. In 2005, the house of the Japanese legislature passed the bill to complete this reform by a handful of votes. The bill was defeated in the upper house because of scores of defections from the ruling coalition. Koizumi immediately dissolved the house and scheduled a general election to be held on September 11,2005. He declared the election to be a referendum on postal privatization, Koizumi won this election, gaining the necessary supermajority in the lower house, which he took as a mandate for reform. The final version of the bill to privatize Japan Post in 2007 was passed in October 2005, later in 2010, the privatization was put on hold, and the Japanese Ministry of Finance remains the 100% shareholder. There are two types of facilities in Japan, standard post offices, and the larger distribution centers
5.
Japan Post Holdings
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Japan Post Holdings Co. Ltd. is a Japanese state-owned conglomerate headquartered in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo. It is mainly engaged in postal and logistics business, financial window business, banking business, the company offers letters and goods transportation services, stamp sales, deposits, loans, and insurance products. There were plans to privatize the company, but these have been put on hold. As of 2013, it ranked thirteenth in the Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds largest companies, the company was founded on 23 January 2006, although it was not until October 2007 that it took over the functions of Japan Post. The group operates via four main divisions, Japan Post Service, Japan Post Network, which runs the post offices. Japan Post Bank, which deals with banking functions, Japan Post Insurance, which provides life insurance. Toll Holdings, which provides transportation and logistics Japan Post Holdings Japan Post Holdings Japan Post Holdings FT. com Japan embassy UK
6.
Postal operator
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This is a list of postal entities by country. It includes, The governmental authority responsible for postal matters, the regulatory authority for the postal sector. Postal regulation may include the establishment of policies, postal rates, postal services offered, budgeting for. Where no independent postal regulator has been established, these tasks may be undertaken by the government or the operator and they may be carried out by a single entity or spread out amongst multiple government, quasi-government or private entities. The designated postal operator of that country, notable postal operators other than the designated operator, if any, may also be listed. The following list uses the structure and terminology of the document Status and this document, published in 2009 by the Universal Postal Union, contains data for 162 of the 191 countries and territories that were then UPU members. For these countries, which are marked below, the contents are based on that document. Since this document was published, the UPU has had two changes of membership, On 10 October 2010, the Netherlands Antilles, which shared a UPU membership with Aruba, was dissolved. Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten became constituent countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. This UPU entity, formerly Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, is now known as Aruba, Curaçao, south Sudan joined the UPU on 4 October 2011. libero. it/fabioalarici/philbur. html
7.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
8.
Katakana
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Katakana is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with hiragana, kanji, and in some cases the Latin script. The word katakana means fragmentary kana, as the characters are derived from components of more complex kanji. Katakana and hiragana are both kana systems, with one or two minor exceptions, each syllable in the Japanese language is represented by one character, or kana, in each system. Katakana are characterized by short, straight strokes and sharp corners, there are two main systems of ordering katakana, the old-fashioned iroha ordering, and the more prevalent gojūon ordering. The gojūon inherits its vowel and consonant order from Sanskrit practice, in vertical text contexts, which used to be the default case, the grid is usually presented as 10 columns by 5 rows, with vowels on the right hand side and ア on top. Katakana glyphs in the row or column do not share common graphic characteristics. The 50-sound table is often amended with a character, the nasal stop ン. This can appear in positions, most often next to the N signs or, because it developed from one of many mu hentaigana. It may also be appended to the row or the a column. Here, it is shown in a table of its own, the script includes two diacritic marks that change the initial sound of a syllabogram. Both appear mutually exclusive at the right of the base character. A double dot, called dakuten, indicates a primary alteration, most often it voices the consonant, k→g, s→z, t→d and h→b, for example, secondary alteration, where possible, is shown by a circular handakuten, h→p, For example, ハ becomes パ. Diacritics, though used for over a thousand years, only became mandatory in the Japanese writing system in the half of the 20th century. Their application is limited in proper writing systems, but may be more extensive in academic transcriptions. Furthermore, some characters may have special semantics when used in smaller size after a normal one, but this does not make the script truly bicameral. The layout of the gojūon table promotes a systematic view of kana syllabograms as being pronounced with the same single consonant followed by a vowel. As a particle, it is written in hiragana and the katakana form. A small version of the katakana for ya, yu or yo may be added to katakana ending in i and this changes the i vowel sound to a glide to a, u or o, e. g. キャ /kja/
9.
Meguro
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Meguro is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. The English translation of its Japanese self-designation is Meguro City, the ward was founded on March 15,1947. Residential neighborhoods include, Jiyugaoka, Kakinokizaka, and Nakameguro, as of May 1,2015, the ward has an estimated population of 277,171 and a population density of 18,890 persons per km2. The total area is 14.67 km2, the Higashiyama shell mound in the north of the ward contains remains from the paleolithic, Jōmon, Yayoi, and Kofun periods. The area now known as Meguro was formerly two towns, Meguro proper and Hibusuma, all parts of the former Ebara District of Musashi Province. The two were merged into a Meguro ward for Tokyo City in 1932 and since then the ward has remained with no alterations to its territory, the name Meguro, meaning black eyes, derives from the Meguro Fudō of Ryūsenji. Each statue had eyes of a different color, four other special wards surround Meguro. They are Shibuya, Setagaya, Ōta, and Shinagawa, Meguro ward government is led by the city assembly with 36 elected members with current terms from May 1,2011 to April 30,2015. The chairman of the council is Yoshiaki Ito, the mayor is Eiji Aoki, an independent. His term lasts until April 24,2016, michaels Catholic Church Himonya Hachiman Shrine Ōtori Shrine Ryūsenji Yūten-ji Temple St. Route 3 Shibuya radial route Central Circular Route C2 Under construction. Public elementary and junior schools are operated by the Meguro City Board of Education. Public high schools are operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education, halca & Yucali of the hip-hop duo Halcali Sato Shori, singer and actor in male idol group Sexy Zone Official website
10.
Japanese language
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Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 125 million speakers, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language. It is a member of the Japonic language family, whose relation to language groups, particularly to Korean. Little is known of the prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words, during the Heian period, Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese. Late Middle Japanese saw changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language, the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region in the Early Modern Japanese period. Following the end in 1853 of Japans self-imposed isolation, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, English loanwords in particular have become frequent, and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative, mora-timed language with simple phonotactics, a vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or make questions. Nouns have no number or gender, and there are no articles. Verbs are conjugated, primarily for tense and voice, but not person, Japanese equivalents of adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a system of honorifics with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener. Japanese has no relationship with Chinese, but it makes extensive use of Chinese characters, or kanji, in its writing system. Along with kanji, the Japanese writing system uses two syllabic scripts, hiragana and katakana. Latin script is used in a fashion, such as for imported acronyms. Very little is known about the Japanese of this period, Old Japanese is the oldest attested stage of the Japanese language. Through the spread of Buddhism, the Chinese writing system was imported to Japan, the earliest texts found in Japan are written in Classical Chinese, but they may have been meant to be read as Japanese by the kanbun method. Some of these Chinese texts show the influences of Japanese grammar, in these hybrid texts, Chinese characters are also occasionally used phonetically to represent Japanese particles. The earliest text, the Kojiki, dates to the early 8th century, the end of Old Japanese coincides with the end of the Nara period in 794
11.
Computer
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A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The ability of computers to follow a sequence of operations, called a program, such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. The Internet is run on computers and it millions of other computers. Since ancient times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations, early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century, the first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The speed, power, and versatility of computers has increased continuously and dramatically since then, conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit, and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing, peripheral devices include input devices, output devices, and input/output devices that perform both functions. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and this usage of the term referred to a person who carried out calculations or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century, from the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the first attested use of computer in the 1640s, one who calculates, the Online Etymology Dictionary states that the use of the term to mean calculating machine is from 1897. The Online Etymology Dictionary indicates that the use of the term. 1945 under this name, theoretical from 1937, as Turing machine, devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick, later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers. The use of counting rods is one example, the abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, the Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog computer, according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions and it was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC
12.
Unicode
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Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the worlds writing systems. As of June 2016, the most recent version is Unicode 9.0, the standard is maintained by the Unicode Consortium. Unicodes success at unifying character sets has led to its widespread, the standard has been implemented in many recent technologies, including modern operating systems, XML, Java, and the. NET Framework. Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings, the most commonly used encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2. UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character, all of which have the same values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters. UCS-2 uses a 16-bit code unit for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard, UTF-16 extends UCS-2, using one 16-bit unit for the characters that were representable in UCS-2 and two 16-bit units to handle each of the additional characters. Many traditional character encodings share a common problem in that they allow bilingual computer processing, Unicode, in intent, encodes the underlying characters—graphemes and grapheme-like units—rather than the variant glyphs for such characters. In the case of Chinese characters, this leads to controversies over distinguishing the underlying character from its variant glyphs. In text processing, Unicode takes the role of providing a unique code point—a number, in other words, Unicode represents a character in an abstract way and leaves the visual rendering to other software, such as a web browser or word processor. This simple aim becomes complicated, however, because of concessions made by Unicodes designers in the hope of encouraging a more rapid adoption of Unicode, the first 256 code points were made identical to the content of ISO-8859-1 so as to make it trivial to convert existing western text. For other examples, see duplicate characters in Unicode and he explained that he name Unicode is intended to suggest a unique, unified, universal encoding. In this document, entitled Unicode 88, Becker outlined a 16-bit character model, Unicode could be roughly described as wide-body ASCII that has been stretched to 16 bits to encompass the characters of all the worlds living languages. In a properly engineered design,16 bits per character are more than sufficient for this purpose, Unicode aims in the first instance at the characters published in modern text, whose number is undoubtedly far below 214 =16,384. By the end of 1990, most of the work on mapping existing character encoding standards had been completed, the Unicode Consortium was incorporated in California on January 3,1991, and in October 1991, the first volume of the Unicode standard was published. The second volume, covering Han ideographs, was published in June 1992, in 1996, a surrogate character mechanism was implemented in Unicode 2.0, so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits. The Microsoft TrueType specification version 1.0 from 1992 used the name Apple Unicode instead of Unicode for the Platform ID in the naming table, Unicode defines a codespace of 1,114,112 code points in the range 0hex to 10FFFFhex. Normally a Unicode code point is referred to by writing U+ followed by its hexadecimal number, for code points in the Basic Multilingual Plane, four digits are used, for code points outside the BMP, five or six digits are used, as required. Code points in Planes 1 through 16 are accessed as surrogate pairs in UTF-16, within each plane, characters are allocated within named blocks of related characters
13.
Japanese IME
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Japanese input methods are the methods used to input Japanese characters on a computer. There are two methods of inputting Japanese on computers. One is via a version of Japanese called rōmaji. Some systems may also work via a user interface, or GUI. Japanese keyboards have both hiragana and Roman letters indicated, the JIS, or Japanese Industrial Standard, keyboard layout keeps the Roman letters in the English QWERTY layout, with numbers above them. Many of the symbols are the same as on English-language keyboards. The hiragana symbols are also ordered in a consistent way across different keyboards. For example, the Q, W, E, R, T, Y keys correspond to た, て, い, す, か, ん respectively when the computer is used for direct hiragana input. Since Japanese input requires switching between Roman and hiragana entry modes, and also conversion between hiragana and kanji, there are several special keys on the keyboard. This varies from computer to computer, and some OS vendors have striven to provide a consistent user interface regardless of the type of keyboard being used, on non-Japanese keyboards, option- or control- key sequences can perform all of the tasks mentioned below. On most Japanese keyboards, one key switches between Roman characters and Japanese characters, sometimes, each mode may even have its own key, in order to prevent ambiguity when the user is typing quickly. There may also be a key to instruct the computer to convert the latest hiragana characters into kanji, some keyboards have a mode key to switch between different forms of writing. This of course would only be the case on keyboards that contain more than one set of Japanese symbols, hiragana, katakana, halfwidth katakana, halfwidth Roman letters, and fullwidth Roman letters are some of the options. A typical Japanese character is square while Roman characters are typically variable in width, since all Japanese characters occupy the space of a square box, it is sometimes desirable to input Roman characters in the same square form in order to preserve the grid layout of the text. These Roman characters that have been fitted to a character cell are called fullwidth. In some fonts these are fitted to half-squares, like some monospaced fonts, often, fonts are available in two variants, one with the halfwidth characters monospaced, and another one with proportional halfwidth characters. The name of the typeface with proportional halfwidth characters is often prefixed with P for proportional, finally, a keyboard may have a special key to tell the OS that the last kana entered should not be converted to kanji. Sometimes this is just the Return/Enter key, a thumb-shift keyboard is an alternative design, popular among professional Japanese typists
14.
UTF-8
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UTF-8 is a character encoding capable of encoding all possible characters, or code points, defined by Unicode and originally designed by Ken Thompson and Rob Pike. The encoding is variable-length and uses 8-bit code units and it was designed for backward compatibility with ASCII and to avoid the complications of endianness and byte order marks in the alternative UTF-16 and UTF-32 encodings. The name is derived from Unicode Transformation Format – 8-bit, UTF-8 is the dominant character encoding for the World Wide Web, accounting for 88. 9% of all Web pages in April 2017. The Internet Mail Consortium recommended that all programs be able to display and create mail using UTF-8. UTF-8 encodes each of the 1,112,064 valid code points in Unicode using one to four 8-bit bytes, code points with lower numerical values, which tend to occur more frequently, are encoded using fewer bytes. The following table shows the structure of the encoding, the x characters are replaced by the bits of the code point. If the number of significant bits is no more than 7, the first line applies, if no more 11 bits, the second line applies, the first 128 characters need one byte. Three bytes are needed for characters in the rest of the Basic Multilingual Plane, four bytes are needed for characters in the other planes of Unicode, which include less common CJK characters, various historic scripts, mathematical symbols, and emoji. The salient features of this scheme are as follows, Backward compatibility, One-byte codes are used for the ASCII values 0 through 127, clear indication of byte sequence length, The first byte indicates the number of bytes in the sequence. The length of multi-byte sequences is determined as it is simply the number of high-order 1s in the leading byte. Self-synchronization, The leading bytes and the continuation bytes do not share values and this means a search will not accidentally find the sequence for one character starting in the middle of another character. It also means the start of a character can be found from a position by backing up at most 3 bytes to find the leading byte. Consider the encoding of the Euro sign, €, the Unicode code point for € is U+20AC. According to the table above, this will take three bytes to encode, since it is between U+0800 and U+FFFF. Hexadecimal 20AC is binary 0010000010101100, the two leading zeros are added because, as the scheme table shows, a three-byte encoding needs exactly sixteen bits from the code point. All continuation bytes contain exactly six bits from the code point, so the next six bits of the code point are stored in the low order six bits of the next byte, and 10 is stored in the high order two bits to mark it as a continuation byte. Finally the last six bits of the point are stored in the low order six bits of the final byte. The three bytes 111000101000001010101100 can be concisely written in hexadecimal, as E282 AC
15.
Japanese addressing system
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The Japanese addressing system is used to identify a specific location in Japan. When written in Japanese characters, addresses start with the largest geographical entity, when written in Latin characters, addresses follow the convention used by most Western addresses and start with the smallest geographic entity and proceed to the largest. Japanese addresses begin with the largest division of the country, the prefecture and these are generally called ken, but there are also three other special prefecture types, to for Tokyo, dō for Hokkaidō and fu for the two urban prefectures of Osaka and Kyoto. Following the prefecture is the municipality, for a large municipality this is the city. Cities with a large population, called designated cities, can be further broken down into wards. Tokyo has both ordinary cities and special wards, each of which has the status of a city, for smaller municipalities, the address includes the district followed by the town or village. In Japan, a city is separate from districts, which contain towns, for addressing purposes, municipalities may be divided into chō or machi and/or aza. There are two schemes, Municipality is divided first into machi and then into city districts. Example, 台東区 Municipality is divided into ōaza, which may be divided into aza, example, 青森市 However, exceptions abound, and the line between the schemes is often blurry as there are no clear delimiters for machi, aza, etc. Below this level, two styles of addressing are possible, building 10 in block 5 would be formally written as 5番10号. For apartment buildings, the apartment number may be appended to the building with a hyphen, in the older chiban style, still used in some rural and older city areas, the next level is the land number, optionally followed by a land number extension. The land number designates a piece of land registered in the registry. This can be written as any of 3番地5, 3番地の5 or 3番5, land not designated by the registry is known as mubanchi, with any dwellings there being bangaichi. This renders the two styles indistinguishable, but since each municipality adopts one style or the other, there is no risk of ambiguity, the apartment number may also be appended, resulting in 4-5-10-103. Street names are used in postal addresses, and most Japanese streets do not have names. In fact, many businesses have maps on their literature and business cards, in addition to the address itself, all locations in Japan have a postal code. After the reform of 1998, this begins with a number, a hyphen. A postal mark, 〒, may precede the code to indicate that the following is a postal code
