1.
Japan
–
Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
Japan
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The
Golden Hall and
five-storey pagoda of
Hōryū-ji, among the oldest wooden buildings in the world,
National Treasures, and a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Japan
Japan
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Samurai warriors face Mongols, during the
Mongol invasions of Japan. The
Kamikaze, two storms, are said to have saved Japan from Mongol fleets.
Japan
–
Samurai could
kill a commoner for the slightest insult and were widely feared by the Japanese population.
Edo period, 1798
2.
Avant-garde
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The avant-garde are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox, with respect to art, culture, and society. It may be characterized by nontraditional, aesthetic innovation and initial unacceptability, the avant-garde pushes the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. The avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism, the avant-garde also promotes radical social reforms. Several writers have attempted, with limited success, to map the parameters of avant-garde activity, the Italian essayist Renato Poggioli provides one of the best-known analyses of vanguardism as a cultural phenomenon in his 1962 book Teoria dellarte davanguardia. Other authors have attempted both to clarify and to extend Poggiolis study, bürgers essay also greatly influenced the work of contemporary American art-historians such as the German Benjamin H. D. Buchloh. Buchloh, in the collection of essays Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry critically argues for an approach to these positions. Subsequent criticism theorized the limitations of these approaches, noting their circumscribed areas of analysis, including Eurocentric, chauvinist, and genre-specific definitions. The concept of avant-garde refers primarily to artists, writers, composers and thinkers whose work is opposed to cultural values. For Greenberg, these forms were therefore kitsch, phony, faked or mechanical culture, for instance, during the 1930s the advertising industry was quick to take visual mannerisms from surrealism, but this does not mean that 1930s advertising photographs are truly surreal. In this way the autonomous artistic merit so dear to the vanguardist was abandoned and sales became the measure. It has become common to describe successful rock musicians and celebrated film-makers as avant-garde, nevertheless, an incisive critique of vanguardism as against the views of mainstream society was offered by the New York critic Harold Rosenberg in the late 1960s. Since then it has been flanked by what he called avant-garde ghosts to the one side, and this has seen culture become, in his words, a profession one of whose aspects is the pretense of overthrowing it. Avant-garde in music can refer to any form of working within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in some manner. The term is used loosely to describe the work of any musicians who radically depart from tradition altogether, although most avant-garde composers have been men, this is not exclusively the case. Women avant-gardists include Pauline Oliveros, Diamanda Galás, Meredith Monk, there are movements in theatre history that are characterized by their contributions to the avant-garde traditions in both the United States and Europe. Among these are Fluxus, Happenings, and Neo-Dada, Avant-garde – Wikipedia book Barron, Stephanie, and Maurice Tuchman. The Avant-garde in Russia, 1910–1930, New Perspectives, Los Angeles County Museum of Art Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Los Angeles, CA, Los Angeles County Museum of Art ISBN 0-87587-095-3, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-671-20422-X Berg, Hubert van den, and Walter Fähnders
Avant-garde
–
The Love of Zero, a 1927 film by
Robert Florey
Avant-garde
–
Marcel Duchamp,
Fountain, 1917. Photograph by
Alfred Stieglitz
3.
Haute couture
–
Haute couture is the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. A haute couture garment is made for a client, tailored specifically for the wearers measurements. Considering the amount of time, money, and skill allotted to each completed piece, haute couture garments are described as having no price tag. The term originally referred to Englishman Charles Frederick Worths work, produced in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century, in modern France, haute couture is a protected name that may not be used except by firms that meet certain well-defined standards. However, the term is used loosely to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing whether it is produced in Paris or in other fashion capitals such as London, Milan. In either case, the term can refer to the houses or fashion designers that create exclusive. In France, the haute couture is protected by law and is defined by the Chambre de commerce et dindustrie de Paris based in Paris. The chambre syndicale de la haute couture is defined as the commission that determines which fashion houses are eligible to be true haute couture houses. Formation of the organization was brought about by Charles Frederick Worth, an affiliated school was organized in 1930 called LEcole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture. The school helps bring new designers to help the couture houses that are present today. Since 1975, this organization has worked within the Federation Francaise, de couture, more rigorous criteria for haute couture were established in 1945. g. With that of prêt-à-porter in the public perception, almost every haute couture house also markets prêt-à-porter collections, which typically deliver a higher return on investment than their custom clothing. Falling revenues have forced a few houses to abandon their less profitable haute couture division. These houses are no longer considered haute couture houses by the original, legal usage of the term. Many top designer fashion houses such as Chanel use the word for some of their special collections, as well, the term haute couture has taken on further popular meanings referring to non-dressmaking activities, such as production of fine art, music, etc. Haute couture can be referenced back as early as the 17th Century, rose Bertin, the French fashion designer to Queen Marie Antoinette, can be credited for bringing fashion and haute couture to French culture. Visitors to Paris brought back clothing that was copied by local dressmakers. Stylish women also ordered fashion d dressed in the latest Parisian fashion to serve as models, as railroads and steamships made European travel easier, it was increasingly common for wealthy women to travel to Paris to shop for clothing and accessories
Haute couture
–
Pierre Balmain adjusting a dress on model
Ruth Ford in 1947 (photographed by
Carl Van Vechten)
Haute couture
–
Haute couture on the
runway, by
Christian Lacroix
Haute couture
–
Chanel Haute Couture Fall-Winter 2011-2012 Fashion Show by
Karl Lagerfeld
4.
Catwalk
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In fashion jargon, whats on the catwalk or similar phrasing can refer to whatever is new and popular in fashion. A runway could be as basic as a space between rows of chairs or more elaborate setups with multiple catwalks. Most runway shows are held inside, for shelter against the weather, in the 2016 Paris Fashion Week, Chanel presented an elaborate setup by designing the hall as if it were an airport. The viewing guests sat as if they were awaiting their flights while the models walked around the airport approaching ticket counters, when a model scores an exclusive for a fashion label it means that they have been picked to walk for that particular designer only. This usually launches their career and elevates their status in the fashion industry, Fashion week Hanamichi Media related to Catwalk at Wikimedia Commons
Catwalk
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Models on the catwalk
Catwalk
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Fashion model on the runway, Romantika Fashion, Sofia, Bulgaria
5.
Fruits (magazine)
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Fruits is a Japanese fashion magazine covering the fashions of the Harajuku district of Tokyo, established in 1997 by photographer Shoichi Aoki. Excerpts from the magazine were compiled to create the Phaidon Press books Fruits, an exhibition of Aokis photographs for the magazine, developed by the Powerhouse Museum, has toured museums in Australia and New Zealand. The photographs document the individualistic styles young people wear around the Harajuku district of Tokyo, if there are identifiable themes, they can broadly be described as fun, original, authentic, and the recording of emerging social trends and technology. The message seems to shout through the format of these photos. The fashion styles showcased in Fruits have a parallel concerning the disregard to conventions that punk takes to the extreme, however, unlike the punk movement, there is less, if any, of a political agenda expressed by Fruits. Fruits photographs styles which are distinct from Cosplay, which is a hobby where people dress like their favourite manga, anime, the inside contains very few ads, most of which are to advertise a shop in Harajuku. The back may include an interview with a member at the magazine. The very back shows reader-submitted pictures, street Fashion Official site Fruits Fan Community Fruits Exhibition at the Powerhouse in Sydney
Fruits (magazine)
–
Cover of issue 95.
6.
Japanese hip-hop
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Japanese hip hop is said to have begun when Hiroshi Fujiwara returned to Japan and started playing hip hop records in the early 1980s. As a result, hip hop stands as one of the most commercially viable mainstream music genres in Japan, although rather informal and small scale, the early days of Japanese hip-hop provide the history for the emergence of the cultural movement. Early hip-hop was not led by corporate interests, but rather was largely ignored by large record companies, in this respect, Japanese hip-hop offers a representation of cultural globalization, as it expanded despite criticism on the part of record companies and major media outlets. In Japan, this motivation to represent individuality was breakdancing, which was one of the edges of hip-hop at the time. The first known Japanese group to experiment with hip hop was Yellow Magic Orchestra, according to Takagi Kan, a first generation Japanese MC, I couldnt tell what was with the rap and the DJing. but with the breakdancing and graffiti art, you could understand it visually. Or rather, it wasnt understanding so much as, Whoa, with rap and DJing, I couldnt imagine what could be cool about it. Dancing has an impact that everyone can understand, when it comes to dance there is not a language barrier. Break dancing represented the foundation for the spread of Japanese hip-hop, as in Germany, much of Japan was introduced to hip hop in the fall of 1983 with the movie Wild Style. The popularity of the led to many of the artists involved in it to make a trip to Japan to promote the film. Shortly after, Japanese took up breakdancing in Tokyos Yoyogi Park, crazy-A, now the leader of Rock Steady Crew Japan, was one of the pioneers of break dancing in Yoyogi back in the early 1984. Crazy-A organizes the annual B-Boy Park, which happens every August and this was all considered the Old School Era of rap in Tokyo. There was much of what they called Soul Dancing, which helped the Japanese culture accept the dance culture. The rise of DJs was really the next step for the Japanese hip hop scene. Before 1985, there werent very many DJs on the radio, but despite the fact that DJing caught on rather quickly, it was initially thought that rapping wasnt going to have the same cache as it would be hard to rap in Japanese. Street musicians began to breakdance in Yoyogi Park, including DJ Krush who has become a world-renowned DJ after arising from the Yoyogi Park scene, in 1986 an all hip hop club opened in Shibuya. While interest in hip-hop in Japan grew some during the 1980s and early 1990s, ito Seiko, Chikado Haruo, Tinnie Punx and Takagi Kan were rappers that emerged from Japan at this time, and they proved to be rather successful. The years 1994 and 1995, marked the beginning of commercial success in Japan. The first hit was Schadaraparrs Konya wa būgi bakku by Scha Dara Parr and Ozawa Kenji, ne. and Maicca, which each sold a million copies
Japanese hip-hop
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Japanese Hip-Hop fan wearing
Wild Style T-shirt in
Yoyogi park
Japanese hip-hop
–
Japanese Hip-Hop fan sports an
Afro and shows some Japanese style
bling
7.
Tokyo
–
Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
Tokyo
–
Clockwise from top:
Nishi-Shinjuku,
Rainbow Bridge,
National Diet Building,
Shibuya,
Tokyo Skytree
Tokyo
–
Satellite photo of Tokyo's 23 Special wards taken by
NASA 's
Landsat 7
Tokyo
–
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Tokyo
–
Ginza area in 1933
8.
Harajuku
–
Harajuku is a district in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. Harajuku is the name given to a geographic area spreading from Harajuku Station to Omotesando. In popular reference Harajuku also encompasses many smaller backstreets such as Takeshita Street, Harajuku is known internationally as a center of Japanese youth culture and fashion. In the pre Edo period, the area came to be known as Harajuku was a small post town on the Kamakura Highway. It was said that in the Gosannen War, Minamoto no Yoshiie mustered his soldiers in this area, in the Edo period, an Iga clan residence was put in Harajuku to defend Edo, due to its strategic location south of the Koshu Road. Other than the mansion of the Hiroshima Domain feudal lord Asano, the livelihood of the farmers consisted mainly of rice cleaning and flour milling with the watermill at the Shibuya River. However, due to the quality of the land, production never succeeded. It is said that local farmers often performed rain-making invocations at local shrines in an attempt to improve their fortunes, there are also the tales Oyama-Afuri Shrine of Tanzawa and Worship on the day trip to Mt Haruna remaining. At the start of the Meiji period in 1868, the land around Harajuku Village was owned by the shogunate, in November of the same year, the towns and villages of Shibuya Ward, including Harajuku Village, were placed under the jurisdiction of the Tokyo Prefecture. In 1906, Harajuku Station was opened as a part of the expansion of the Yamanote Line, in 1919, with the establishment of Meiji Shrine, Omotesando was widened and reordered as a formal approach route. In 1940, the Tōgō Shrine was built and consecrated in honor of Imperial Japanese Navy Marshal-Admiral Marquis Tōgō Heihachirō, in the final period of the Pacific War in 1945, much of the area was burned to the ground during the Great Tokyo Air Raid. During the postwar occupation, military housing in the area named Washington Heights was constructed on land now occupied by Yoyogi Park and the Yoyogi National Gymnasium. Shops that appealed to the US soldiers and their families, such as Kiddyland, Oriental Bazaar, in 1964, swimming, diving and basketball events for the Tokyo Olympics were held in the neighbouring Yoyogi National Gymnasium. In 1965, the name of the area in the Japanese address system was changed from Harajuku to Jingumae. The name Harajuku has persisted due to the naming of the nearby JR East Harajuku Station. The area from Harajuku station to the area surrounding Takeshita Street was called Takeshita-cho, coming into the 1970s, fashion-obsessed youth culture experienced a transition from Shinjuku to Harajuku, then to Shibuya. Palais France, a building that sold clothing and accessories, furniture. In 1978, the fashion building Laforet Harajuku was opened, in the 1980s, Takeshita Street became known for teenage street dancing groups called takenoko-zoku
Harajuku
–
JR
Harajuku Station
Harajuku
–
Omotesando Hills, Jingumae
Harajuku
–
Cat Street,
Ura-Harajuku
9.
Aoyama, Minato, Tokyo
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Aoyama is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods of Tokyo, located in the northwest portion of Minato Ward. The area is known for its international fashion houses, cafes. During the Edo Period, Aoyama was home to temples, shrines. The name Aoyama derived from a samurai named Aoyama Tadanari who served the Tokugawa Shogunate, today, along with Shibuya and Harajuku, it is one of the most popular entertainment and shopping areas for young people in Tokyo. It is well known for its houses, restaurants. Chichibunomiya Rugby Stadium is in the North part of Aoyama. also known as Nikken Avex Group Holdings, CSK Louis Vuitton Japan JCB Comme des Garçons RIAJ Hip Land Music Corp
Aoyama, Minato, Tokyo
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Omotesando intersection on Aoyama-dori
Aoyama, Minato, Tokyo
–
Avex Group 's Headquarters
Aoyama, Minato, Tokyo
–
Comme des Garçons main branch in Aoyama.
10.
Ginza
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Ginza is a district of Chūō, Tokyo, located south of Yaesu and Kyōbashi, west of Tsukiji, east of Yūrakuchō and Uchisaiwaichō, and north of Shinbashi. It is a upscale shopping area of Tokyo, with numerous internationally renowned department stores, boutiques, restaurants. Ginza is recognized by many as one of the most luxurious shopping districts in the world, Ginza was built upon a former swamp that was filled in during the 16th century. The name Ginza comes after the establishment of a mint established there in 1612. After a devastating fire in 1872 burnt down most of the area, the government planned the construction of fireproof brick buildings and larger, better streets connecting Shimbashi Station all the way to the foreign concession in Tsukiji. Designs for the area were provided by the Irish-born architect Thomas Waters and these bricktown buildings were initially offered for sale and later were leased, but the high rent prevented many of them from being permanently occupied. Moreover, the construction was not adapted to the climate, ironically, the new Ginza was not popular with visiting foreigners, who were looking for a more Edo-styled city. Isabella Bird visited in 1878 and in 1880 implied that Ginza was less like an Oriental city than like the outskirts of Chicago or Melbourne, philip Terry, the English writer of tour guides, likened it to Broadway, not in a positive sense. Nevertheless, the area flourished as a symbol of civilization and enlightenment thanks to the presence of newspapers and magazine companies, the area was also known for its window displays, an example of modern marketing techniques. Everyone visited so the custom of killing time in Ginza developed strongly between the two world wars, most of these European-style buildings disappeared, but some older buildings still remain, most famously the Wakō building with the now-iconic Hattori Clock Tower. The building and the tower were originally built by Kintarō Hattori. Its recent history has seen it as a prominent outpost of western luxury shops, Ginza is a popular destination on weekends, when the main north-south artery is closed to traffic since the 1960s, under governor Ryokichi Minobe. Many leading fashion houses flagship stores are located here, in the area with the highest concentration of shops in Tokyo. It is one of two locations in Tokyo considered by Chevalier and Mazzalovo to be the best locations for a goods store. Prominent are Chanel, Carolina Herrera, Dior, Gucci, flagship electronic retail stores like the Sony showroom and the Apple Store are also here. Ricoh is headquartered in the Ricoh Building in Ginza, the neighborhood is a major shopping district. It is home to Wako department store, which is located in a building dating from 1894, the building has a clock tower. There are many department stores in the area, including Hankyu, Seibu, each Saturday and Sunday, from 12,00 noon until 5,00 pm, the main street through Ginza is closed off to road traffic, allowing people to walk freely
Ginza
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Wako store in Ginza
Ginza
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Ginza as it appeared in the late 1870s-1880s (Miniature model at the Edo-Tokyo Museum)
Ginza
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Ginza in the early 1900s, photographed by
William H. Rau
Ginza
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Mitsukoshi department store at Ginza.
11.
Odaiba
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Odaiba is a large artificial island in Tokyo Bay, Japan, across the Rainbow Bridge from central Tokyo. Odaiba, along with Minato Mirai 21 in Yokohama, are two of the places in the Greater Tokyo Metropolitan area where the seashore is accessible. Daiba formally refers to one district of the development in Minato Ward. Daiba in Japanese refers to the batteries placed on the islands. In 1928, the Dai-San Daiba or No.3 Battery was refurbished and opened to the public as the Metropolitan Daiba Park, from the originally planned 11 batteries, only five were ever finished. The modern island of Odaiba began to shape when the Port of Tokyo opened in 1941. Until the mid-1960s all except two batteries were removed for unhindered passage of ships or incorporated into the Shinagawa port facilities. In 1979 the then called landfill no,13, was finished directly connecting with the old No.3 Battery. No.6 Battery was left to nature, the redevelopment was scheduled to be complete in time for a planned International Urban Exposition in spring 1996. Suzukis successor Yukio Aoshima halted the plan in 1995, by which point over JPY1 trillion had been spent on the project, many of the special companies set up to develop the island became practically bankrupt. The collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble was a major factor, the area started coming back to life in the late 1990s as a tourist and leisure zone, with several large hotels and shopping malls. Tokyo Big Sight, the convention center originally built to house Governor Suzukis planned intercity convention, Odaiba is one of the venue locations in the upcoming 2020 Summer Olympics. The events to be there under the venue plan include beach volleyball at Shiokaze Park, triathlon and marathon swimming at Odaiba Marine Park. Todays Odaiba is a shopping and sightseeing destination for Tokyoites. By public transport Odaiba is accessible via the automated Yurikamome transit system from Shimbashi, the privately operated Rinkai Line runs between Shin-Kiba and Ōsaki but many trains connect directly to Shibuya, Shinjuku, and Ikebukuro. City buses provide cheaper if slower access, ferries connect Odaiba with Asakusa running along the Sumida River and the Kasai Rinkai Park in eastern Tokyo. Odaiba, The Rainbow Bridge, and other parts of the area are referenced in the Digimon Adventure franchise. The area is noted in many areas of the plot
Odaiba
–
Odaiba and the
Rainbow Bridge at night
Odaiba
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View of Odaiba from the north with
Fuji TV building in the center,
Daikanransha Ferris wheel to the left, shopping malls in the front, and Nikko hotel to the right
Odaiba
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Dai-Roku Daiba (第六台場) or "No. 6 Battery", one of the original Edo-era battery islands, as viewed from the
Rainbow Bridge. The developed area of Odaiba is in the background.
Odaiba
–
One of the cannons of Odaiba, now at the
Yasukuni Shrine. 80-pound bronze, bore: 250mm, length: 3830mm.
12.
Shinjuku
–
Shinjuku is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. As of 2015, the ward has an population of 337,556. The total area is 18.23 km², Shinjuku is surrounded by Chiyoda to the east, Bunkyo and Toshima to the north, Nakano to the west, and Shibuya and Minato to the south. The current city of Shinjuku grew out of separate towns and villages. Golden Gai, An area of tiny shanty-style bars and clubs, musicians, artists, journalists, actors and directors gather here, and the ramshackle walls of the bars are literally plastered with film posters. Shinjuku Gyoen, A large park,58.3 hectares,3.5 km in circumference, blending Japanese traditional, English Landscape, Shinjuku Ni-chōme, Tokyos best-known gay district. Nishi-Shinjuku, The area west of Shinjuku Station, historically known as Yodobashi, is home to Tokyos largest concentration of skyscrapers, several of the tallest buildings in Tokyo are located in this area, including the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, KDDI Building and Park Tower. Ōkubo, The area surrounding Okubo Station, Shin-Okubo Station and Higashi-Shinjuku Station is best known as Tokyos historic ethnic Korean neighborhood, Totsuka, The northern portion of Shinjuku surrounding Takadanobaba Station and Waseda University. The Takadanobaba area is a residential and nightlife area for students. Ushigome, A largely residential area in the portion of the city. Ichigaya, A commercial area in eastern Shinjuku, site of the Ministry of Defense, kagurazaka, A hill descending to the Iidabashi Station area, once one of Tokyos last remaining hanamachi or geisha districts, and currently known for hosting a sizable French community. Yotsuya, An upscale residential and commercial district in the southeast corner of Shinjuku, the Arakichō area is well known for its many small restaurants, bars, and izakaya. Naturally, most of Shinjuku is occupied by the Yodobashi Plateau, the Kanda River runs through the Ochiai and Totsuka areas near sea level, but the Toshima Plateau also builds elevation in the northern extremities of Totsuka and Ochiai. The highest point in Shinjuku is Hakone-san in Toyama Park,44.6 m above sea level. In 1634, during the Edo period, as the moat of the Edo Castle was built. In 1698, Naitō-Shinjuku had developed as a new station on the Kōshū Kaidō, naitō was the family name of a daimyō whose mansion stood in the area, his land is now a public park, the Shinjuku Gyoen. In 1920, the town of Naitō-Shinjuku, which comprised large parts of present-day Shinjuku, parts of Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku began to develop into its current form after the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923, since the seismically stable area largely escaped the devastation. Consequently, West Shinjuku is one of the few areas in Tokyo with many skyscrapers, the Tokyo air raids from May to August 1945 destroyed almost 90% of the buildings in the area in and around Shinjuku Station
Shinjuku
–
Skyscrapers of Shinjuku with Mt Fuji in the background.
Shinjuku
–
Man with guitar immediately south of the Shinjuku JR Station, a popular busking location
Shinjuku
–
Shinjuku at night
Shinjuku
–
Street level in Shinjuku
13.
Shibuya
–
Shibuya is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. As of May 1,2016, it has an population of 221,801. The total area is 15.11 km², the name Shibuya is also used to refer to the shopping district which surrounds Shibuya Station, one of Tokyos busiest railway stations. This area is known as one of the centers of Japan, particularly for young people. Shibuya was historically the site of a castle in which the Shibuya family resided from the 11th century through the Edo period. Following the opening of the Yamanote Line in 1885, Shibuya began to emerge as a terminal for southwestern Tokyo and eventually as a major commercial. The village of Shibuya was incorporated in 1889 by the merger of the villages of Kami-Shibuya, Naka-Shibuya and Shimo-Shibuya within Minami-Toshima County, the village covered the territory of modern-day Shibuya Station area as well as the Hiroo, Daikanyama, Aoyama and Ebisu areas. Shibuya became a town in 1909, the town of Shibuya merged with the neighboring towns of Sendagaya and Yoyohata to form Shibuya Ward of Tokyo City in 1932. Tokyo City became Tokyo Metropolis in 1943, and the special ward was established on March 15,1947. A statue of Hachikō was built adjacent to the station, during the occupation of Japan, Yoyogi Park was used as a housing compound for U. S. personnel known as Washington Heights. The U. S. military left in 1964, and much of the park was repurposed as venues for the 1964 Summer Olympics, the ward itself served as part of the athletics 50 km walk and marathon course during the 1964 games. Shibuya has achieved popularity among young people since the early 1980s. There are several famous fashion department stores in Shibuya, Shibuya 109 is a major shopping center near Shibuya Station, particularly famous as the origin of the kogal subculture. Called Ichi-Maru-kyū, which translates as 1–0–9 in Japanese, the name is actually a pun on that of the corporation that owns it — Tōkyū, during the late 1990s, Shibuya also became known as the center of the IT industry in Japan. It was often called Bit Valley in English, a pun on both Bitter Valley, the translation of Shibuya, as well as bit, the computer term for binary digits. Shibuya includes many commercial and residential districts such as Daikanyama, Ebisu, Harajuku, Hiroo, Higashi, Omotesandō, Sendagaya. The mayor is Toshitake Kuwahara, an independent backed by the Liberal Democratic Party, Shibuya mayoral election,2003 Meiji Shrine, Shinto shrine dedicated to the souls of Emperor Meiji and Empress Shōken, surrounded by a 700, 000-square-meter forest. Shinjuku Gyoen, former Imperial gardens now open to the public as a park, Yoyogi Park, once a training base for the Imperial Japanese Army, later the Washington Heights housing area for the Occupation of Japan, then the lodgings for contestants in the Tokyo Olympics
Shibuya
–
Shibuya scramble crossing at night
Shibuya
–
Shibuya in 1952
Shibuya
–
Yoyogi Park
Shibuya
–
Meiji Shrine
14.
Lolita fashion
–
Lolita is a fashion subculture originating in Japan that is based on Victorian and Edwardian clothing. The origin of the meaning is complex, and remains unclear. The movement probably started in the late 1970s when famous labels including Pink House, Milk, in the 1990s, brands such as Princess Princess began to rise in popularity which prompted the style to become popularized in Tokyo with Japanese youth. Gothic Lolita, sometimes shortened to GothLoli, is a combination of gothic, the fashion originated in the late 1990s in Harajuku. The magazine Gothic & Lolita Bible was founded in 2001
Lolita fashion
–
Two Gothic Lolita girls in
Harajuku,
Tokyo
Lolita fashion
–
Sweet Lolitas
Lolita fashion
–
A Classic Lolita in
Stockholm, Sweden
15.
Gothic Lolita
–
Lolita is a fashion subculture originating in Japan that is based on Victorian and Edwardian clothing. The origin of the meaning is complex, and remains unclear. The movement probably started in the late 1970s when famous labels including Pink House, Milk, in the 1990s, brands such as Princess Princess began to rise in popularity which prompted the style to become popularized in Tokyo with Japanese youth. Gothic Lolita, sometimes shortened to GothLoli, is a combination of gothic, the fashion originated in the late 1990s in Harajuku. The magazine Gothic & Lolita Bible was founded in 2001
Gothic Lolita
–
Two Gothic Lolita girls in
Harajuku,
Tokyo
Gothic Lolita
–
Sweet Lolitas
Gothic Lolita
–
A Classic Lolita in
Stockholm, Sweden
16.
Sweet Lolita
–
Lolita is a fashion subculture originating in Japan that is based on Victorian and Edwardian clothing. The origin of the meaning is complex, and remains unclear. The movement probably started in the late 1970s when famous labels including Pink House, Milk, in the 1990s, brands such as Princess Princess began to rise in popularity which prompted the style to become popularized in Tokyo with Japanese youth. Gothic Lolita, sometimes shortened to GothLoli, is a combination of gothic, the fashion originated in the late 1990s in Harajuku. The magazine Gothic & Lolita Bible was founded in 2001
Sweet Lolita
–
Two Gothic Lolita girls in
Harajuku,
Tokyo
Sweet Lolita
–
Sweet Lolitas
Sweet Lolita
–
A Classic Lolita in
Stockholm, Sweden
17.
Punk Lolita
–
Lolita is a fashion subculture originating in Japan that is based on Victorian and Edwardian clothing. The origin of the meaning is complex, and remains unclear. The movement probably started in the late 1970s when famous labels including Pink House, Milk, in the 1990s, brands such as Princess Princess began to rise in popularity which prompted the style to become popularized in Tokyo with Japanese youth. Gothic Lolita, sometimes shortened to GothLoli, is a combination of gothic, the fashion originated in the late 1990s in Harajuku. The magazine Gothic & Lolita Bible was founded in 2001
Punk Lolita
–
Two Gothic Lolita girls in
Harajuku,
Tokyo
Punk Lolita
–
Sweet Lolitas
Punk Lolita
–
A Classic Lolita in
Stockholm, Sweden
18.
Classic Lolita
–
Lolita is a fashion subculture originating in Japan that is based on Victorian and Edwardian clothing. The origin of the meaning is complex, and remains unclear. The movement probably started in the late 1970s when famous labels including Pink House, Milk, in the 1990s, brands such as Princess Princess began to rise in popularity which prompted the style to become popularized in Tokyo with Japanese youth. Gothic Lolita, sometimes shortened to GothLoli, is a combination of gothic, the fashion originated in the late 1990s in Harajuku. The magazine Gothic & Lolita Bible was founded in 2001
Classic Lolita
–
Two Gothic Lolita girls in
Harajuku,
Tokyo
Classic Lolita
–
Sweet Lolitas
Classic Lolita
–
A Classic Lolita in
Stockholm, Sweden
19.
Kodona
–
Lolita is a fashion subculture originating in Japan that is based on Victorian and Edwardian clothing. The origin of the meaning is complex, and remains unclear. The movement probably started in the late 1970s when famous labels including Pink House, Milk, in the 1990s, brands such as Princess Princess began to rise in popularity which prompted the style to become popularized in Tokyo with Japanese youth. Gothic Lolita, sometimes shortened to GothLoli, is a combination of gothic, the fashion originated in the late 1990s in Harajuku. The magazine Gothic & Lolita Bible was founded in 2001
Kodona
–
Two Gothic Lolita girls in
Harajuku,
Tokyo
Kodona
–
Sweet Lolitas
Kodona
–
A Classic Lolita in
Stockholm, Sweden
20.
Ikebukuro
–
Ikebukuro is a commercial and entertainment district in Toshima, Tokyo, Japan. Toshima ward offices, Ikebukuro station, and several shops, restaurants, at the center of Ikebukuro is the train and subway station, a huge urban gathering shared by the JR East lines, the Seibu Ikebukuro Line and the Tōbu Tōjō Line. It is one of the main hubs in the western Yamanote area of Tokyo. Ikebukuro Station is the third busiest station in Japan, and the world, around the station are the Seibu and Tōbu department stores. Seibu, written with the characters for West and Musashi 西武, is on the east end of the station and Tōbu, written with the characters for East and Musashi 東武, is on the west end. East of the station, on the site of Sugamo Prison, stands Sunshine 60, the Sunshine 60 contains a large and popular shopping mall, which contains various attractions including an aquarium, a Pokémon Center, and cat cafes. Adjacent to Sunshine City, on Meiji-Dori, is the Toyota Amlux Building which houses the Toyota showroom, otome Road, a leading shopping area for otaku products aimed at women, is located nearby. Marui and Don Quijote also have department stores in the area, the principal electronics retailer in Ikebukuro is Bic Camera. There is a pleasure district located in Nishi-Ikebukuro, similar to Shinjukus Kabukichō. The old village of Ikebukuro stood to the northwest of the station, most of the area on which modern Ikebukuro is built was historically known as Sugamo. In the Taishō and Shōwa periods, the low land prices attracted artists and foreign workers. Until October 1,1932 when Toshima ward was established, the area was an independent municipality of Ikebukuro-mura, the kanji for Ikebukuro literally means pond bag. Outside the west exit of Ikebukuro station near an entrance to the Fukutoshin Line is a plaque explaining how the area used to have multiple lakes. There is a statue of an owl located near the center of the city called Ikefukurō-zō. It is a play on words from the meaning of fukuro as owl. The owl statue has become a meeting place along the lines of the statue of Hachikō located outside of Shibuya Station. However, the Ikebukuro Chinatown is smaller and less populous than Yokohamas Chinatown just to the south of Tokyo, public elementary and junior high schools are operated by the Toshima Ward. Public high schools are operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education, rikkyo Ikebukuro Junior and Senior High School is in the area
Ikebukuro
–
Ikebukuro skyscrapers
Ikebukuro
–
Ikebukuro Station as seen from the
Sunshine 60 building
21.
Gyaru
–
Gyaru is a Japanese transliteration of the English word girl. Its usage peaked in the 2000s and has gradually declined, the term gradually drifted to apply to an older group, whose seeming lack of interest in work or marriage gained the word a childish image. It is now used almost interchangeably with kogal, Gyaru subculture is still a large influence in Japans fashion economy with gyaru brands branching out and becoming more accessible in rural areas. In Tokyo, more often not, a shopping center at each main train station is dedicated to offering the newest and trendiest items from popular Gal brands. Some brands are also reaching overseas by having their items easily accessible in webshops offering world-wide shipping services, a Gal Circle is a meet up of gals to hang out together. Gyaru fashion and style varies greatly dependent on the subcategory, although in general the term describes the fashion and glamour reminiscent of Brigitte Bardot with tanned skin and blonde hair. The term is often applied to those imitating the bihaku glamour style created by Ayumi Hamasaki. Styles derived from gyaru are often referred to by their subcategory name, Gyaru fashion is a type of Japanese street fashion that originated in the 1970s. Its popularity peaked in the 1990s and early 2000s, Gyaru fashion is typically characterized by having heavily bleached or dyed hair, highly decorated nails, and dramatic makeup. The makeup typically consists of dark eyeliner and fake eyelashes used in ways intended to make the eyes appear larger, clothing pieces for gyaru fashion differ depending on which gyaru style the individual chooses. Popular gyaru models, icons and idols include Tsubasa Masuwaka, Kumiko Funayama, Rie Matsuoka, Hikari Shiina, Satomi Yakuwa, Sayoko Ozaki, there are various subcategories of gals depending on the choice of fashion, and also gender. Gyaru-kei, Basically the default gyaru style and it is an umbrella term for the many subcategories or themes of gal styles. Bibinba, This look usually includes a lot of gold, and it was said to be a joke in Egg magazine about this style, and was not a serious style. Banba, Banba is a form of manba. Banbas wear less white makeup than manbas, they use more glitter. Banbas wear more extreme-looking types of false eyelashes, and colored contact lenses, banbas wear darker colors than manbas, and sometimes dress in club wear. Hime gyaru, Also known as Hime-kei and it is one of the more over the top and also one of the most expensive style of dress of all of the categories. The hime style is based on the Rococo era
Gyaru
–
Gyaru being photographed in
Ikebukuro, Tokyo, in 2009
Gyaru
–
Hime-Gyaru in
Shibuya, Tokyo
Gyaru
–
Two ganguro girls in 2008
22.
Ganguro
–
Ganguro is an alternative fashion trend among young Japanese women that started in the mid-1990s, distinguished by a dark tan and contrasting make-up liberally applied by fashionistas. Ganguro instead tanned their skin, bleached their hair and used a lot of makeup in unusual ways. Ganguro has a connection to Japanese folklore of ghosts and demons who are depicted with a similar such as those in kabuki. This connection is further underlined by the offshoot style yamanba, named after a witch in Japanese folklore. The ganguro trend faded out afterwards, although its influence can be observed in yamanba and manba styles, ganguro appeared as a new fashion style in Japan in the early 1990s and was prevalent mostly among young women. In ganguro fashion, a deep tan is combined with hair dyed in shades of orange to blonde, black ink is used as eye-liner and white concealer is used as lipstick and eyeshadow. False eyelashes, plastic facial gems, and pearl powder are added to this. Platform shoes and brightly coloured outfits complete the ganguro look, also typical of ganguro fashion are tie-dyed sarongs, miniskirts, stickers on the face, and many bracelets, rings, and necklaces. Ganguro falls into the subculture of gyaru, a slang term used for various groups of young women. This is their attempt at individuality, self-expression, and freedom, in defiance of school standards. Fashion magazines like Egg and Ageha have had a influence on the ganguro. Other popular ganguro magazines include Popteen and Ego System, the ganguro culture is often linked with para para, a Japanese dance style. However, most para para dancers are not ganguro, and most ganguro are not para para dancers, though there are many who are ganguro or gal and dance para para. One of the most famous early ganguro girls was known as Buriteri, Egg made her a star by frequently featuring her in its pages during the height of the ganguro craze. After modelling and advertising for the Shibuya tanning salon Blacky, social pressure, yamanba and manba are styles which developed from ganguro. Stickers on the face died out shortly after 2004 and, for a while, manba then became more extreme, with multicoloured and usually synthetic hair. Manba in 2008 saw a darker tan, and no facial stickers, hair was usually neon/bright colours, with pink being a favourite. Wool emulating dreadlocks, extensions, and clips were worn to make hair appear longer, clothing remained the same, although leis were worn less frequently
Ganguro
–
Two ganguro girls in Tokyo, April 2008
Ganguro
–
Two Japanese ganguro girls in the subway, August 2006
Ganguro
–
Ganguro style and a school uniform in
Shinjuku, September 2015
Ganguro
–
Manba
23.
Sarong
–
A sarong or sarung is a large tube or length of fabric, often wrapped around the waist, worn in South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, and on many Pacific islands. The fabric often has woven plaid or checkered patterns, or may be colored by means of batik or ikat dyeing. Many modern sarongs have printed designs, often depicting animals or plants, the sarong is similar to or synonymous with the lungi of South India and the izaar of the Arabian Peninsula. Sarong or sarung denotes the lower garment worn by the Indonesian men and this consists of length of fabric about a yard wide and two-and-a-half yards long. This sheet is stitched at the edges to form a tube. Malay men wear sarongs woven in a pattern, women wear sarongs dyed in the batik method, with, for example, flower motifs. However, in Javanese culture, the wearing of batik sarung is not restricted to women on formal occasions such as weddings, the sarong is common wear for women, in formal settings with a kebaya blouse. Sarongs known under a variety of names are traditionally worn by the people of Yemen. Local names for the garment include fūṭah, izaar, wizār, in Hadhramawt sarong is called ṣārūn in the interior and ṣārūm in the coastal region. In Oman, sarongs are called wizār and are white in color, similar to the Keralan mundu of South Asia. In Saudi Arabia, sarongs are known as izaar, designs can be checkered or striped as well floral or arabesque, but double plaid designs from Indonesia are also very popular. In southwestern Saudi Arabia, tribal groups have their own style of unstitched izaar and this is also worn in northern Yemen. However, the groups in Yemen each have their own design for their fūṭah. It is thought that these tribal futah resemble the original izaar as worn on the Arabian Peninsula since pre-Islamic times such as the Shendyt and they are generally worn open and unstitched in such a way that the garment does not reach over ones ankles. Other izaars, often imported from Bangladesh, are the clothing of Arab fishermen of the Persian Gulf, the Indian Ocean. It was the garment for men before the introduction of pant-like pyjamas and kaftans during the Turkish. Tube-stitched as well as open sarongs are worn, even in formal dishdasha-wearing countries, as casual sleep wear and at home. A standard lungi measures 2.12 by 1.2 metres, unlike the brightly coloured Southeast Asian sarongs, the Kerala variety is more often plain white and is worn for ceremonial or religious purposes
Sarong
–
Javanese men often wear sarongs during religious or casual occasions.
Surabaya,
East Java,
Indonesia.
Sarong
–
Sundanese sarong
weaver in
Bandung,
West Java,
Dutch East Indies, 1900–1940.
Sarong
–
Sarung denotes a length of fabric as a
garment.
Sarong
–
Yemeni men in traditional sarongs.
24.
Loose socks
–
Loose socks are a style of baggy sock worn by Japanese high school girls, as part of kogal culture. This style of socks has also become popular among American teens and college students who are fans of Japanese anime and these socks come in a variety of styles—defined by the knitting pattern of the upper. The two most popular styles are the traditional 2×2 rib knit and tube-style loose socks, which are thigh-high length tube socks worn pushed down around the ankles. They were adopted as a fashion which flattered plump calves and also expressed rebellious deviation from Japans strict dress code for school uniforms and it is used as an inspiration for photography by Akira Gomi. They are also used in Japanese fashions like Kogal and Fairy Kei
Loose socks
–
Loose socks in Japan
Loose socks
–
Traditional
Loose socks
–
Lower leg
25.
Kogal
–
Kogal is a Japanese fashion culture that involves schoolgirls wearing an outfit based on their uniform, but with very short skirts. The short skirts are worn irrespective of the season, the girls may also wear loose socks, scarves and have dyed hair. The word kogal is anglicized from kogyaru, a contraction of kōkōsei gyaru, the girls refer to themselves as gyaru, although this word is applied to several other fashion looks as well. Aside from the miniskirt or microskirt, and the socks, kogals favor platform boots, makeup. They may also dye their hair brown and get artificial suntans and they have a distinctive slang peppered with English words. They are often, but not necessarily, enrolled students, centers of kogal culture include the Harajuku and Shibuya districts of Tokyo, in particular Shibuyas 109 Building. Pop singer Namie Amuro promoted the style, Kogals are avid users of photo booths, with most visiting at least once a week, according to non-scientific polls. While critics condemned the gyaru as shallow, materialistic, and devoted to conspicuous consumption, admirers describe them as kindhearted, active women in exuberant health. The word kogal is a contraction of kōkōsei gyaru and it originated as a code used by disco bouncers to distinguish adults from minors. The term is not used by the girls it refers to and they call themselves gyaru, a Japanese pronunciation of the English word gal. The term gyaru was first popularized in 1972 by an ad for a brand of jeans. In the 1980s, a gyaru was a dressed woman. When written 子, ko means young woman, so kogyaru is sometimes understood in the sense of young gal, however, if this was the meaning originally intended, wakai gyaru would be more logical. Kogals have been accused of conspicuous consumption, living off their parents, critics decry their materialism as reflecting a larger psychological or spiritual emptiness in modern Japanese life. Some kogals support their lifestyle with allowances from wealthy parents, living a parasite single existence that grates against traditional principles of duty and industry. Others have charged that the phenomenon is less about the girls and their fashions than a media practice to fetishize school uniforms. I wish that I were in school at a different time. Now, with kogal being such an issue in Japan, nobody can see me for me and they only see me as kogal, like the ones they see on TV
Kogal
–
A kogal girl, identified by her
shortened skirt and
loose socks
Kogal
Kogal
–
A Kogal (with shortened skirt) and with
Yamanba style of makeup
Kogal
–
Girls in short skirts in icy cold (left) &
26.
Cosplayer
–
Cosplay, a contraction of the words costume play, is a performance art in which participants called cosplayers wear costumes and fashion accessories to represent a specific character. Cosplayers often interact to create a subculture and a use of the term cosplay applies to any costumed role-playing in venues apart from the stage. Any entity that lends itself to dramatic interpretation may be taken up as a subject, favorite sources include manga and anime, comic books and cartoons, video games, and live-action films and television series. The term cosplay is a Japanese portmanteau of the English terms costume, the term was coined by Nobuyuki Takahashi of Studio Hard while attending the 1984 World Science Fiction Convention in Los Angeles. He was impressed by the hall and the fans and reported on both in Japanese magazine My Anime. The coinage reflects a common Japanese method of abbreviation in which the first two moras of a pair of words are used to form an independent compound, costume becomes kosu, Costume parties or fancy dress parties were popular from the 19th century onwards. Most specific costumes described therein are for historical figures although some are sourced from fiction, one of the earliest recorded examples of costuming based on an existing character from popular media were costumes based on A. D. Condos science fiction comic character Mr. Skygack, from Mars, in 1908, a Mr. and Mrs. William Fell attended a masquerade at a skating rink in Cincinnati, Ohio wearing Mr. Skygack and Miss Dillpickles costumes. Shortly after, in 1910, a woman won first prize at masquerade ball in Tacoma. The first people to wear costumes to attend a convention were science fiction fans Forrest J Ackerman, paul and the 1936 film Things to Come, designed and created by Douglas. Ackerman later stated that he thought everyone was supposed to wear a costume at a science fiction convention, although only he and Douglas did. Fan costuming caught on, however, and the 2nd Worldcon, david Kyle won the masquerade wearing a Ming the Merciless costume created by Leslie Perri, while Robert A. W. Lowndes received second place with a Bar Senestro costume. Other costumed attendees included guest of honor E. E. Smith as Northwest Smith and both Ackerman and Douglas wearing their futuristicostumes again, masquerades and costume balls continued to be part of World Science Fiction Convention tradition thereafter. Early Worldcon masquerade balls featured a band, dancing, food, contestants either walked across a stage or a cleared area of the dance floor. Ackerman wore a Hunchbackerman of Notre Dame costume to the 3rd Worldcon in 1941, which included a designed and created by Ray Harryhausen. Douglas wore an Akka costume, the mask made by Harryhausen, to the 3rd Worldcon. Rules governing costumes became established in response to specific costumes and costuming trends, the first nude contestant at a Worldcon masquerade was in 1952 but the height of this trend was in the 1970s and early 1980s, with a few every year. This eventually led to No Costume is No Costume rule, which banned full nudity, mike Resnick describes the best of the nude costumes as Kris Lundi wearing a harpy costume to the 32nd Worldcon in 1974
Cosplayer
–
A group of cosplayers on stage at Yukicon 2014 convention in Finland
Cosplayer
–
A cosplay of
Yuna at
FanimeCon 2014
Cosplayer
–
Silent Hill cosplayers at the 2014
Nipponbashi Street Festa in
Osaka
Cosplayer
–
Padmé Amidala cosplay at
Japan Expo 2012 in France
27.
Jumpsuit
–
Jumpsuit is a piece of clothing, originally referred to the functional one-piece garments used by parachuters/skydivers. More recently, it has come to be used as a term for any one-piece garment with sleeves and legs and typically, though not always, without integral coverings for feet. The original skydivers jumpsuits were simple garments designed to insulate the body from the cold of high altitudes and minimize risk of covering important handles, today, however, the garment has found other uses. Jumpsuits are generally regarded as a garment of convenience, as they are simpler to launder, put on, unless the jumpsuit has a drop seat, however, it is necessary to remove it entirely for bathroom use. Drivers in motor racing wear jumpsuits for protection against fire and leather suits for abrasion, skiers wear insulated jumpsuits or ski suits to protect themselves from cold. Competitive skiers and speed skaters wear skin-tight jumpsuits to provide freedom of movement while minimising air resistance, skydivers wear technical jumpsuits as main sport equipment for todays sport skydiving. The jumpsuit has sometimes been mandated as a uniform, as it can be a unisex garment. Prisons in the United States and sometimes in Canada use bright orange jumpsuit uniforms for inmates for ease of identification, like other forms of distinctive prison uniforms, such clothing is easily distinguishable from that of civilians in the case of escape, thus aiding in escapees identification and recapture. University and polytechnic students in Finland and Sweden often wear jumpsuits colored according to their school or field of study at student parties, in countries with colder climates, snowsuits, or jumpsuits quilted or padded for warmth, are popular during the wintertime. Starting in the 1960s, the jumpsuit has made appearances in common. They retain connotations of the future because they have frequently featured in popular science fiction. Jumpsuits have often used as stage costumes in stage productions and by various singers. A black leather jumpsuit is part of Suzi Quatros image, catsuits, or skin-tight jumpsuits of shiny fabric, have also been popular on stage. On the original 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon series, the news TV reporter April ONeil is well known for wearing a yellow jumpsuit. The shop owner promises Sam that this Parisian nightsuit will make him look like a man of distinction, david Sugalski, also known as The Polish Ambassador, is an electronic music artist that makes use of a vintage neon-yellow Swiss jumpsuit during his live shows. In the Portal video game series, the playable protagonist, Chell, wears an orange jumpsuit. In the British TV Series, Misfits, all of the ASBO characters wear orange jumpsuits, curtis notably wears his tied off at the waist. In the Fallout video game series, humans who live in the series of fallout shelters wear blue and yellow jumpsuits with the number of the particular vault on the back
Jumpsuit
–
A man wearing a jumpsuit.
Jumpsuit
–
Formula One driver
Kimi Räikkönen in a protective one-piece auto race suit.
Jumpsuit
–
Suzi Quatro is wearing a (partly unzipped) black leather jumpsuit during a concert
28.
Kanji
–
Kanji, or kanji, are the adopted logographic Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese writing system along with hiragana and katakana. The Japanese term kanji for the Chinese characters literally means Han characters and is using the same characters as the Chinese word hànzì. Chinese characters first came to Japan on official seals, letters, swords, coins, mirrors, the earliest known instance of such an import was the King of Na gold seal given by Emperor Guangwu of Han to a Yamato emissary in 57 AD. Chinese coins from the first century AD have been found in Yayoi-period archaeological sites, however, the Japanese of that era probably had no comprehension of the script, and would remain illiterate until the fifth century AD. The earliest Japanese documents were written by bilingual Chinese or Korean officials employed at the Yamato court. For example, the correspondence from King Bu of Wa to Emperor Shun of Liu Song in 478 has been praised for its skillful use of allusion. Later, groups of people called fuhito were organized under the monarch to read, during the reign of Empress Suiko, the Yamato court began sending full-scale diplomatic missions to China, which resulted in a large increase in Chinese literacy at the Japanese court. The Japanese language had no form at the time Chinese characters were introduced. Chinese characters also came to be used to write Japanese words, around 650 CE, a writing system called manyōgana evolved that used a number of Chinese characters for their sound, rather than for their meaning. Manyōgana written in cursive style evolved into hiragana, or onna-de, that is, ladies hand, major works of Heian-era literature by women were written in hiragana. Katakana emerged via a path, monastery students simplified manyōgana to a single constituent element. Thus the two writing systems, hiragana and katakana, referred to collectively as kana, are descended from kanji. Katakana are mostly used for representing onomatopoeia, non-Japanese loanwords, the names of plants and animals, and for emphasis on certain words. In 1946, following World War II and under the Allied Occupation of Japan and this was done with the goal of facilitating learning for children and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals. The number of characters in circulation was reduced, and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established, some characters were given simplified glyphs, called shinjitai. Many variant forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially discouraged and these are simply guidelines, so many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used, these are known as hyōgaiji. The kyōiku kanji are 1,006 characters that Japanese children learn in elementary school, originally the list only contained 881 characters. This was expanded to 996 characters in 1977 and it was not until 1982 the list was expanded to its current size
Kanji
–
Chinese characters
Kanji
–
A young woman practicing kanji.
Ukiyo-e woodblock print by
Yōshū Chikanobu, 1897
Kanji
–
Nihon Shoki (720 AD), considered by historians and archaeologists as the most complete extant historical record of ancient Japan, was written entirely in kanji.
Kanji
–
A jūbako (重箱
?), which has a mixed on-kun reading.
29.
Tutu (clothing)
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The modern tutu is a dress worn as a costume in a ballet performance, often with attached bodice. It may be made of tarlatan, muslin, silk, tulle, gauze, modern tutus have two basic types, the Romantic tutu is soft and bell-shaped, reaching the calf or ankle, the Classical tutu is short and stiff, projecting horizontally from the waist and hip. The derivation of the word tutu is unknown, the word was not recorded anywhere until 1881. One theory is that it is derived from the word tulle. Another theory is that it derives from French babytalk for bottom, during that era, the abonnés were encouraged to mix with the girls in the foyer. It is suggested the expression came from the abonnés playfully patting the back of the dress with the saying pan-pan cucul. A third, related theory suggests a derivation from the more vulgar French word, during this era, women wore pantalettes as underwear, which were open at the crotch. The abonnés favoured the very front rows in the hope of a view. This is supported by the description by nineteenth-century balletomane, Charles Nuitter, fashion designers have often been involved in design for ballet. Fashion designers Cecil Beaton in England, Christian Lacroix in France, the Romantic tutu is still based on Marie Taglionis original costume, though modern materials mean it is lighter and may be more transparent. The hem falls between the knee and ankle, the Inverted Bell tutu is midway between the classical tutu and the Romantic tutu. It is made of layers of tulle which jut out similar to a classical tutu. There are several versions of the modern tutu, Classical tutu, the lower, short layers of tulle support the top layers, making them jut out from the hip. Pancake tutu, this tutu is supported by a hoop and is very flat, platter tutu, similar to the pancake tutu but sitting at the waist instead of the hip. American tutu, Very short ruffles of tulle are loosely sewn on to a pantie to give a soft effect, the story of a Swan Lake tutu. Dancewear Through the Ages An Inside Look at the Costumes of the New York City Ballet Pictures of tutus tulle skirt
Tutu (clothing)
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Alexandra Ansanelli wearing a pancake tutu
Tutu (clothing)
Tutu (clothing)
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