1.
San Diego Comic-Con
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San Diego Comic-Con International is a multi-genre entertainment and comic convention held annually in San Diego, California. The name, as given on its website, is Comic-Con International, San Diego and it is a four-day event held during the summer at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego. On the Wednesday evening prior to the opening of the event, there is a preview for professionals, exhibitors. Comic-Con International also produces two other conventions, WonderCon, held in Los Angeles, and the Alternative Press Expo and it is also the home of the Will Eisner Awards. In 2010, it filled the San Diego Convention Center to capacity with more than 130,000 attendees, the convention was founded in 1970 by Shel Dorf, Richard Alf, Ken Krueger, Mike Towry, Barry Alfonso, Bob Sourk, and Greg Bear. Detroit, Michigan-born, comics fan Shel Dorf, had, in the mid-1960s, mounted the Detroit Triple-Fan Fairs, one of the first commercial comics-fan conventions. When he moved to San Diego, California, in 1970, he organized a convention on March 21,1970. Dorf went on to be associated with the convention as president or manager, variously, Alf co-chaired the first convention with Krueger and became chairman in 1971. Following the initial gathering, Dorfs first three-day San Diego comics convention, other locations in the conventions early years included the El Cortez Hotel, the University of California, San Diego, and Golden Hall, before being moved to the San Diego Convention Center in 1991. I was quietly walking the floor stunned and in awe of just how much bigger it really was, the convention is organized by a panel of 13 board members,16 to 20 full-time and part-time workers, and 80 volunteers who assist via committees. Comic Con International is an organization, and proceeds of the event go to funding it, as well as the Alternative Press Expo. The convention logo was designed by Richard Bruning and Josh Beatman in 1995, in September 2010, the convention announced that it would stay in San Diego through 2015. In 2015, working with Lionsgate, a channel was created to host Comic-Con related content. According to the San Diego Convention and Visitors Bureau, the convention has a regional economic impact of $162.8 million. Along with panels, seminars, and workshops with comic book professionals, there are previews of upcoming feature films, like most comic-book conventions, Comic-Con features a large floorspace for exhibitors. These include media companies such as studios and TV networks, as well as comic-book dealers. And like most comics conventions, Comic-Con includes an area, as well as the Artists Alley where comics artists can sign autographs. Despite the name, artists alleys can include writers and even models, academics and comic industry professionals annually hold the Comics Arts Conference at Comic-Con, presenting scholarly studies on comics as a medium
2.
San Antonio
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San Antonio, officially the City of San Antonio, is the seventh-most populated city in the United States and the second-most populous city in the state of Texas, with a population of 1,409,019. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010, the city straddles South Texas and Central Texas and is on the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion known as the Texas Triangle. San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County, recent annexations have extended the citys boundaries into Medina County and, though for only a very tiny area near the city of Garden Ridge, into Comal County. Due to its placement, the city has characteristics of other urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas. San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio–New Braunfels Metropolitan Statistical Area, growth along the Interstate 35 and Interstate 10 corridors to the north, west and east make it likely that the metropolitan area will continue to expand. San Antonio was named for Saint Anthony of Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, the city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions, including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, which were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2015. Other notable attractions include the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, the city is home to the five-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and hosts the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest such events in the country. The U. S. Kelly Air Force Base operated out of San Antonio until 2001, the remaining portions of the base were developed as Port San Antonio, an industrial/business park and aerospace complex. San Antonio is home to six Fortune 500 companies and the South Texas Medical Center, at the time of European encounter, Payaya Indians lived near the San Antonio River Valley in the San Pedro Springs area, calling the vicinity Yanaguana, meaning refreshing waters. In 1691, a group of Spanish Catholic explorers and missionaries came upon the river and Payaya settlement on June 13 and they named the place and river San Antonio in his honor. It was years before any Spanish settlement took place, father Antonio de Olivares visited the site in 1709, and he was determined to found a mission and civilian settlement there. He directed Martin de Alarcón, the governor of Coahuila and Texas, differences between Alarcón and Olivares resulted in delays, and construction did not start until 1718. The families who clustered around the presidio and mission formed the beginnings of Villa de Béjar, on May 1, the governor transferred ownership of the Mission San Antonio de Valero to Fray Antonio de Olivares. On May 5,1718 he commissioned the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar on the west side of the San Antonio River, one-fourth league from the mission. On February 14,1719, the Marquis of San Miguel de Aguayo proposed to the king of Spain that 400 families be transported from the Canary Islands, Galicia, or Havana to populate the province of Texas. By June 1730,25 families had reached Cuba, and 10 families had sent to Veracruz before orders from Spain came to stop the re-settlement. Under the leadership of Juan Leal Goraz, the group marched overland from Veracruz to the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, due to marriages along the way, the party now included 15 families, a total of 56 persons. They joined the community established in 1718
3.
Austin, Texas
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Austin is the capital of the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. It is the 11th-most populous city in the U. S. and it is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. As of the U. S. Census Bureaus July 1,2015 estimate and it is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1,2016. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River, in 1839, the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republics first secretary of state. The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into a city and, by the 1980s, it emerged as a center for technology. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including Amazon. com, cisco, eBay, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Texas Instruments, 3M, and Whole Foods Market. Dells worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin, residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to an influx of technology. In the late 1800s, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown because of the glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name, Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars. The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U. S. for the year 2012, U. S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U. S. in 2017. Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9200 BC. When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area, the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, in 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in area for only about seven months
4.
Genevieve Cortese
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Genevieve Nicole Cortese, also known as Genevieve Padalecki, is an American actress known for her role on the television series Wildfire as Kris Furillo. She is also known for her role in Supernatural as the demon Ruby. Cortese was born in San Francisco, California and she has two brothers, Johnny and Ben, and a sister, Sarah. At the age of 13, she moved to Montana, and later to Sun Valley and she holds a BA in English and a BFA degree in drama from the Tisch School of the Arts, New York University. Cortese met actor Jared Padalecki when she guest starred on his show Supernatural during its fourth season and he proposed to her in front of their favorite painting, Joan of Arc by French realist Jules Bastien-Lepage at New Yorks Metropolitan Museum of Art in October 2009. The engagement was announced in January 2010, the pair married on February 27,2010, in Corteses hometown of Sun Valley, Idaho. On October 10,2011, the announced that they were expecting their first child together. Their first son was born in March 2012 and their second son was born in December 2013. Their third child, a daughter, was born in March 2017, Genevieve Cortese at the Internet Movie Database
5.
Sam Winchester
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Samuel Sam Winchester is a fictional character and one of the two protagonists of the American drama television series Supernatural along with his older brother Dean. He is portrayed by Jared Padalecki, Sam was born on May 2,1983 to John and Mary Winchester in Lawrence, Kansas. He is one of two characters of the series. He is the second child, four years younger than his older brother Dean. He is named after his grandfather, Samuel Campbell. When Sam was only six months old, his mother Mary was killed by the demon Azazel, Sam is saved from the ensuing fire by his father, who then gives him to a four-year-old Dean to carry outside. Since that moment, Dean has felt responsible for Sam and became Sams protector, Sam and Dean spent their childhood moving from town to town every few weeks while their father hunted supernatural beings and their mothers unknown killer. Until the age of 8, Sam believed that his mother had died in a car accident and his father was a traveling salesman, at nineteen, after a heated argument with John, Sam leaves for Stanford University, thus leaving his family and their hunting crusade behind him. At the start of the series, 22-year-old Sam is seen as a senior at Stanford, Sam also has a girlfriend, Jessica, with whom he lives and secretly plans to marry. One night, Dean comes to Sams apartment seeking his help after their father John goes missing, although reluctant at first, Sam eventually accompanies his brother. This incites him to go with Dean to find their father and to kill the demon in order to avenge the deaths of his mother, in the consequent episodes, the brothers deal with dangerous mythical creatures and urban legends such as the wendigo, Bloody Mary, and shapeshifters. During this time, Sam begins experiencing episodes of precognitive dreams, the brothers eventually split up, with Dean going to investigate a mystery his father has assigned him while Sam decides to search for their father elsewhere. The two are reunited after Dean apologizes. Later in the season, John is captured by demons, however, they soon learn that the demon who killed their mother is in possession of their fathers body. Though John begs Sam to kill him, Sam instead shoots John in the leg using the Colt, and the demon escapes. As Sam drives his father and a badly wounded Dean to a hospital, at the beginning of the second season, the Winchesters are at the Nashville hospital, with Sam and John escaping with minor injuries, while Dean is on the brink of death. In a deal with Azazel, John sacrifices his soul and the Colt in exchange for Deans life. While the boys mourn their fathers death, Sam expresses much guilt about never having a chance to reconcile with John, as the boys start to take a more active role in hunting, Sam begins to search for psychic children like him to find out Azazels plan
6.
Supernatural (U.S. TV series)
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Supernatural is an American fantasy horror television series created by Eric Kripke. It was first broadcast on September 13,2005, on The WB, starring Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester and Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester, the series follows the two brothers as they hunt demons, ghosts, monsters, and other supernatural beings. The series is produced by Warner Bros, Television, in association with Wonderland Sound and Vision. Along with Kripke, executive producers have been McG, Robert Singer, Phil Sgriccia, Sera Gamble, Jeremy Carver, John Shiban, Ben Edlund, former executive producer and director Kim Manners died of lung cancer during production of the fourth season. The series is filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia and surrounding areas and was in development for nearly ten years, as creator Kripke spent several years unsuccessfully pitching it. The pilot was viewed by an estimated 5.69 million viewers, originally, Kripke planned the series for three seasons but later expanded it to five. The fifth season concluded the main storyline, and Kripke departed the series as showrunner. The series has continued on for more seasons with new showrunners, including Sera Gamble, Jeremy Carver, Robert Singer. The series was renewed for a season, which premiered on October 7,2015. With its eleventh season, Supernatural became the longest-running American fantasy series, the series was renewed for a twelfth season, which premiered on October 13,2016. On January 8,2017, The CW renewed the show for a thirteenth season, before bringing Supernatural to television, creator Eric Kripke had been developing the series for nearly ten years, having been fascinated with urban legends since he was a child. Although he had envisioned Supernatural as a movie, he spent years unsuccessfully pitching it as a series, Kripke wanted it to be a road trip series, feeling that it was the best vehicle to tell these stories because its pure, stripped down and uniquely American. These stories exist in small towns all across the country. As he had written for The WB series Tarzan, Kripke was offered the chance to pitch show ideas to the network. However, the network disliked his tabloid reporter idea, so Kripke successfully pitched his idea of the characters being brothers. He decided to have the brothers be from Lawrence, Kansas, because of its closeness to Stull Cemetery, when it came time to name the two lead characters, Kripke decided on Sal and Dean as an homage to Jack Kerouacs road-trip novel On the Road. However, he felt that Sal was inappropriate for a main character and it was originally intended for the brothers last name to be Harrison as a nod to actor Harrison Ford, as Kripke wanted Dean to have the devil-may-care swagger of Han Solo. However, there was a Sam Harrison living in Kansas, so the name had to be changed for legal reasons, combining his interest in the Winchester Mystery House and his desire to give the series the feel of a modern-day Western, Kripke settled on the surname of Winchester
7.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
8.
Gilmore Girls
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Gilmore Girls is an American comedy-drama television series created by Amy Sherman-Palladino starring Lauren Graham and Alexis Bledel. Sherman-Palladino, her husband Daniel Palladino, David S. Rosenthal, the series debuted on October 5,2000, on The WB and remained a tent-pole to the network until its move to The CW on September 26,2006. The series originally ran for seven seasons and ended its run on May 15,2007, the show follows single mother Lorelai Gilmore and her daughter Rory, living in the fictional town of Stars Hollow, Connecticut. The town is filled with characters and is located approximately 30 minutes from Hartford. The series explores issues of family, friendship and romance, as well as generational divides, ambition, education, work, love, family, and questions of class constitute some of the series central concerns. Gilmore Girls was released to critical acclaim and it featured fast-paced dialogue filled with pop-culture references. It won one Emmy Award for makeup in 2004, the show placed No.32 on Entertainment Weeklys New TV Classics list, and was listed as one of Time magazines All-TIME100 TV Shows in 2007. In 2016, the main cast and Sherman-Palladino returned for a four-part miniseries revival titled Gilmore Girls, A Year in the Life, Lorelai Gilmore grew up with her old money parents, Richard and Emily, in Hartford, Connecticut, but always felt stifled by this environment. At age sixteen she accidentally became pregnant, and a year later left home to raise her daughter Rory in the town of Stars Hollow. Later episodes reveal that Lorelai and infant Rory were taken in by Mia, owner of the Independence Inn, Lorelai and Rory develop a very close relationship, akin to best friends, and Lorelai is proud of the independent life she has formed away from her parents. Desperation and determination lead Lorelai to approach her parents, who she has only once or twice a year since leaving home. Emily and Richard provide her with a loan in exchange for an agreement that every Friday night she, the contrasting mother–daughter relationships of Emily–Lorelai and Lorelai–Rory become a defining theme of the show. The series also focuses on both girls ambition, Rory to become a journalist, and Lorelai to open an inn with her best friend Sookie St James. Rory has three boyfriends during the run of the show - local boy Dean Forrester, bad boy Jess Mariano, the quirky townspeople of Stars Hollow are a constant presence in the show. Rory has a difficult time settling in at Chilton, struggling to match the demands of private school and she meets her first boyfriend, Dean, but the pair break up when Rory doesnt reciprocate his I love you. She is also pursued by arrogant Chilton student Tristan, but she has little interest, Lorelai begins dating Rorys English teacher, Max Medina, though their relationship is complicated by the situation. At the same time, she has a friendship with the local diner owner, Luke Danes. Rorys father, Christopher Hayden, returns and also wants Lorelai, all the while, Lorelai struggles to adjust to having her parents in her life on a regular basis
9.
New York Minute (film)
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New York Minute is a 2004 American teen comedy film starring Mary-Kate Olsen, Ashley Olsen and Eugene Levy. It was directed by Dennie Gordon and released on May 7,2004, in the film Mary-Kate and Ashley play twins with opposing personalities who have a series of misadventures around New York City. New York Minute reunited Mary-Kate and Ashley with their Full House co-star and it is the Olsen twins first theatrical film release since the 1995s It Takes Two. It was also the last film released by Dualstar Entertainment before it went into dormancy, 17-year-old identical twin sisters Jane and Roxy Ryan are completely different and never see eye to eye, and live with their father in a suburban Long Island neighborhood. Jane and Roxy board the train into New York but are thrown off together after Roxy is found without a ticket. At the station, Jane bumps into Jim, and they flirt back, meanwhile, Roxy becomes unknowingly involved in a shady black-market transaction after an illegal chip device is mistakenly planted in her bag. Bennie Bang, the man behind the plan, offers Roxy a ride in a limousine and she accepts. He locks them inside but they escape through the sun roof, meanwhile, Max Lomax, an overzealous truant officer, is on the hunt to find Roxy after news of her continuously missing school and forging absence letters from her father. Several unlucky incidents occur as they begin their journey such as Janes heels snapping and being drenched by a hobos blue slush drink. At the nearest store, Jane realizes shes left her day planner in the limo, which has her life in it including money. They are forced to take Reinaldo with them and they make their way to their destinations and decide to part ways. Roxy heads to the Simple Plan video shoot being followed by Max, when he finds out the dog, Reinaldo, has swallowed the chip, he tries to attack Jane who flees from the car and goes to find Roxy. While running from Max and Bennie, the two end up on stage with the band and crowd surf to get away, Trey is also trying to find Roxy who runs into Bennie and gets kidnapped in the trunk of his car. Meanwhile, Jane and Roxy end up in the sewer with Reinaldo with Janes speech in less than two hours. A little later, they walk into the House of Bling where Big Shirl gives them both a makeover, Max hunts them down and they escape in a cab even when Jane failed her driving test. They accidentally pick up the man that Roxy spilled her drink on in the train. Jane explains that Roxy has never been there for her and never takes life seriously, conversely, Roxy believes Jane doesnt need to take control of everything and feels shes been pushed away, since she wasnt even invited to Janes speech. Jane goes to meet Bennie who throws her in the back of a van with Reinaldo and drives her to see his mother who is in charge of the operation, they buy
10.
House of Wax (2005 film)
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House of Wax is a 2005 American-Australian horror thriller film directed by Jaume Collet-Serra and stars Elisha Cuthbert, Chad Michael Murray, Brian Van Holt, Paris Hilton and Jared Padalecki. It is a remake of the 1953 film of the same name. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival and was released in US theaters on May 6,2005 and it grossed $70 million worldwide and has a 25% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes. In 1974, a woman makes a wax mask as one of her sons eats breakfast and her husband enters with another son. After being strapped and taped into his chair, he scratches his mothers hand, then she slaps the child across the face. In 2005, Carly Jones, her twin brother Nick, her boyfriend Wade, her best friend Paige, Paiges boyfriend Blake, when night falls, the group sets up camp. A stranger in a pickup truck visits their campsite, shines his lights, the next morning, Wade discovers that his fan belt is broken. Carly and Paige wander into the woods, and Carly falls down a hill, the two arrive at Ambrose, which is virtually a ghost town. Unable to find an attendant at the gas station, they wander into the church, there, they meet a mechanic named Bo, who offers to sell them a fan belt after the funeral. While waiting for the services to end, Carly and Wade visit the wax museum, the gas station does not have the right size fan belt, so they follow Bo to his house. Wade is knocked out by Bos twin brother, Vincent, outside, Carly realizes Bo is the one who visited them the night before, after noticing his cars broken headlight. She runs to the church for help, but finds that it is populated only by wax sculptures, Bo captures Carly and brings her to the cellar of the gas station, where she is restrained. Meanwhile, Wade is stripped naked and strapped to a chair to be covered in wax, Nick, Dalton, Paige, and Blake realize they will not arrive at the game in time and turn around. Nick and Dalton arrive in Ambrose to find Carly and Wade, Nick visits the gas station, where he questions Bo about Carlys whereabouts. When she tries to gain Nicks attention, Bo cuts off the tip of Carlys finger, Nick fends off Bo and frees Carly. Meanwhile, Dalton finds Wade, who is alive but unable to move due to the wax. Attempting to peel off the wax, Dalton realizes that he is unintentionally removing Wades skin in the process, Vincent finds Dalton and slashes Wades face with a machete, killing him. After a chase through the museum, Vincent catches Dalton and decapitates him, at the campsite, Vincent kills Blake and chases Paige to a sugar mill, where he kills her
11.
Polish Americans
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Polish Americans are Americans who have total or partial Polish ancestry. There are an estimated 9.5 million Polish Americans, representing about 3% of the U. S. population, Polish Americans are the largest Slavic ethnic group in the United States, second largest Central and Eastern European group and the eighth largest immigrant group overall. The first Polish settlers arrived at Walter Raleighs failed Roanoke Colony in 1585, in 1608 Polish settlers came to the Virginia Colony as skilled craftsmen. Two early immigrants, Kazimierz Pułaski and Tadeusz Kościuszko, led armies in the Revolutionary War and are remembered as national heroes, overall, more than one million Poles and Polish subjects have immigrated to the United States, primarily during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many immigrants were classified as Russian, German, and Austrian by the U. S. Complicating the U. S, the Polish American Cultural Center places a figure of Americans who have some Polish ancestry at 19-20 million. Some Jews from Poland even assimilated into cities which were Polish bastions in order to conceal their Jewish identities, from 1870 to 1914, Poles and Polish subjects formed a significant part of the wave of immigration from Germany, Imperial Russia, and Austria Hungary. The main Ethnically-Polish-American organizations were founded because of high Polish interest in the Catholic church, parochial schools, since 1914, the United States has seen a small amount of emigration from Poland, and the coming of age of numerous generations of fully assimilated Polish Americans. The income levels have gone up from well below average, to above average, outside of Republican and Democratic politics, politics such as those of Agudath Israel of America, a branch of Poalei Agudat Yisrael, have heavily involved Polish-Jewish Americans. Lopata argues that Poles differed from most ethnics in America, in several ways, first, they did not plan to remain permanently and become Americanized. Instead, they came temporarily, to money, invest. Their intention was to ensure for themselves a desirable social status in the old world, however, many of the temporary migrants had decided to become permanent Americans. Many found manual labor jobs in the mines of Pennsylvania and the heavy industries, of the Great Lakes cities of Chicago, Pittsburgh, Detroit, Buffalo, Milwaukee, Cleveland. The U. S. Therefore, some say, of the 10 million Polish Americans, Therefore, the actual amount of Americans of at least partial Polish ancestry, could be well over 10 million. In the 2011 United States Census Bureaus Population Estimates, there are between 9,365,239 and 9,530,571 Americans of Polish descent, historically, Polish-Americans have assimilated very quickly to American society. Between 1940 and 1960, only 20 percent of the children of Polish-American ethnic leaders spoke Polish regularly, in the early 1960s,3,000 of Detroits 300,000 Polish-Americans changed their names each year. Language proficiency in Polish is rare in Polish-Americans, as 91. 3% speak English only. In 1979, the 8 million respondents of Polish ancestry reported that only 41.5 percent had single ancestry, whereas 57. 3% of Greeks, 52% of Italians and Sicilians, and 44% of Ukrainians had done so. By educational attainment, the U. S. Census estimates that 37. 6% have bachelors degrees or higher, the median household income for those of Russian ancestry has been reported as higher on the U. S. Census, at $70,310
12.
German Americans
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The German American ethnic group consists of Americans who have full or partial German ancestry. With an estimated size of approximately 46 million in 2014, German Americans are the largest of the groups reported by the US Census Bureau in its American Community Survey. The group accounts for about 1⁄3 of the total ethnic German population in the world, none of the German states had American colonies. In the 1670s the first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the British colonies, settling primarily in New York, immigration continued in very large numbers during the 19th century, with eight million arrivals from Germany. Between 1820 and 1870 over seven and a half million German immigrants came to the United States — more than doubling the population of the country. By 2010, their population grew to 49.8 million immigrants, there is a German belt that extends all the way across the United States, from eastern Pennsylvania to the Oregon coast. The state of Pennsylvania has 3.5 million people of German ancestry and they were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom, and pushed out of Europe by shortages of land and religious or political oppression. Many arrived seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, the arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where Germania—German-speaking districts—soon emerged, German Americans established the first kindergartens in the United States, introduced the Christmas tree tradition, and introduced popular foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers to America. The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become Americanized and hardly can be distinguished, traditional Oktoberfest celebrations and the German-American Day are popular festivities. There are major events in cities with German heritage including Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, San Antonio. The Germans included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values and they generally opposed womens suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 and he was followed in 1608 by five glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders. The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was Germantown, Pennsylvania, large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to 1760s, with Pennsylvania the favored destination. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons, often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as indentured servants. Large sections of Pennsylvania and upstate New York attracted Germans, most were Lutheran or German Reformed, many belonged to small religious sects such as the Moravians and Mennonites. German Catholics did not arrive in number until after the War of 1812, in 1709, Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or Palatine region of Germany escaped conditions of hardship, traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London. Anne, Queen of Great Britain, helped them get to her colonies in America, the trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease typhus
13.
Scottish Americans
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Scottish Americans or Scots Americans are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Scotland. Scottish Americans are closely related to Scotch-Irish Americans, descendants of Ulster Scots, in the 2013 American Community Survey 5,310,285 were identified as Scottish and 2,976,878 of Scotch-Irish descent. Large scale emigration from Scotland to America began in the 1700s after the Battle of Culloden where the Clan structures were broken up, the Scots went in search of a better life and settled in the thirteen colonies, mainly around South Carolina and Virginia. The table shows the ethnic Scottish population in the United States from 1700 to 2013, in 1700 the total population of the American colonies was 250,888, of whom 223,071 were white and 3. 0% were ethnically Scottish. In the 2000 census,4.8 million Americans self-reported Scottish ancestry,1. 7% of the total US population, another 4.3 million self-reported Scotch-Irish ancestry, for a total of 9.2 million Americans self-reporting some kind of Scottish descent. Americans of Scottish descent outnumber the population of Scotland, where 4,459,071 or 88. 09% of people identified as ethnic Scottish in the 2001 Census. A Christian bard from the Hebrides accompanied Bjarni Herjolfsson on his voyage around Greenland in 985/6 which sighted the mainland to the west. The first Scots recorded as having set foot in the New World were a man named Haki, the Scottish couple were runners who scouted for Thorfinn Karlsefnis expedition in c. 1010, gathering wheat and the grapes for which Vinland was named, the controversial Zeno letters have been cited in support of a claim that Henry Sinclair, earl of Orkney, visited Nova Scotia in 1398. In the early years of Spanish colonization of the Americas, a Scot named Tam Blake spent 20 years in Colombia and he took part in the conquest of New Granada in 1532 with Alonso de Heredia. He arrived in Mexico in 1534-5, and joined Coronados 1540 expedition to the American Southwest, Scottish-American naturalist John Muir is perhaps best known for his exploration of Californias Sierra Nevada mountains during the 19th century. After the Union of the Crowns of Scotland and England in 1603, King James VI, a Scot, promoted joint expeditions overseas, the first permanent English settlement in the Americas, Jamestown, was thus named for a Scot. The earliest Scottish communities in America were formed by traders and planters rather than farmer settlers, the hub of Scottish commercial activity in the colonial period was Virginia. Regular contacts began with the transportation of indentured servants to the colony from Scotland, trade between Scotland and the American colonies was finally regularized by the parliamentary Act of Union of Scotland and England in 1707. Scots arriving in Florida and the Gulf Coast traded extensively with Native Americans, American bluegrass and folk music styles have roots in the Appalachian ballad culture of Scottish and the Scotch-Irish Americans. There has also been a tradition of influences between Scottish American and African American communities. Psalm-singing and gospel music are a mainstay of African American churchgoers, the great influx of Scots Presbyterians into the Carolinas introduced African slaves to this form of worship. The style of gospel-singing was also influenced by Scottish Gaelic-speaking settlers from the Western Isles, the first foreign tongue spoken by some slaves in America was Scottish Gaelic picked up from Gaelic-speakers from the Western Isles
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French Americans
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French Americans, also called Franco-Americans, comprise Americans who identify themselves to have full or partial French or French Canadian heritage. About 10.4 million U. S. residents are of French or French Canadian descent, an additional 750,000 U. S. residents speak a French-based creole language, according to the 2011 census. While Americans of French descent make up a percentage of the American population. This has inhibited the development of an unified French American identity as is the case with other European American ethnic groups, unlike other immigrants who came to the United States of America from other countries, some French Americans arrived prior to the founding of the United States. In many parts of the country, like the Midwest and Louisiana, they were the founders of some of these villages, cities, while found throughout the country, French Americans are most numerous in New England, northern New York, the Midwest, and Louisiana. French is the fourth language in the country, behind English, Spanish. Often, French Americans are identified more specifically as being of French Canadian, Cajun, historically, the French Canadians in Canada had among the highest birth rates in world history, which is why their population was large even though immigration from France was relatively low. They also moved to different regions within Canada, namely Québec, Ontario, many of the early male migrants worked in the lumber industry in both regions, and, to a lesser degree, in the burgeoning mining industry in the upper Great Lakes. Louisiana Creole people refers to those who are descended from the settlers in Louisiana, especially those of French. The term is now applied to individuals of mixed-race heritage. Those of mixed race also sometimes have African and Native American ancestry, as a group, the mixed-race Creoles rapidly began to acquire education, skills, businesses and property. They were overwhelmingly Catholic, spoke Colonial French, and kept up many French social customs, modified by other parts of their ancestry, the free people of color married among themselves to maintain their class and social culture. The French-speaking mixed-race population came to be called Creoles of color, the Cajuns of Louisiana have a unique heritage. Their ancestors settled Acadia, in what is now the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and part of Maine in the 17th and early 18th centuries. In 1755, after capturing Fort Beauséjour in the region, the British Army forced the Acadians to either swear an oath of loyalty to the British Crown or face expulsion. Thousands refused to take the oath, causing them to be sent, penniless, over the next generation, some four thousand managed to make the long trek to Louisiana, where they began a new life. The name Cajun is a corruption of the word Acadian, many still live in what is known as the Cajun Country, where much of their colonial culture survives. During the War of 1812, Louisiana residents of French origin took part on the American side in the Battle of New Orleans, jean Lafitte and his Baratarians later were honored by US General Andrew Jackson for their contribution to the defense of New Orleans
15.
English Americans
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In the 2014 American Community Survey, English Americans are of the total population. Eight out of the ten most common surnames in the United States are of English origin or having possible mixed British Isles heritage, scotch-Irish Americans are for the most part descendants of Lowland Scots and Northern English settlers who colonized Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century. The English were the top group, with 66% saying they were a good thing for the United States. Ben J. Wattenberg argues that this demonstrates an general American bias against Hispanics. English immigrants in the 19th century, as other groups. They began migrating in large numbers without state support, Americans of English heritage are often seen, and identify, as simply American due to the many historic cultural ties between England and the U. S. and their influence on the countrys population. While there may be reasons for this, after centuries of intermarriage and internal geographic mobility. For these reasons, no part of the pluralist American society is so difficult to describe as a separate entity as the English. The original 17th-century settlers were overwhelmingly English and it was conducted on August 2,1790. The ancestry of the 3,929,214 population in 1790 has been estimated by various sources by sampling last names in the very first United States official census and assigning them a country of origin. The estimate results indicate that people of English ancestry made up about 47. 5% of the population or 60. 9% of the European American population. Some 80. 7% of the total United States population was of European heritage, around 757,208 were of African descent with 697,624 being slaves. Of the remaining population, more than 75% was of British origin, in the 2000 census,24.5 million Americans reported English ancestry,8. 7% of the total U. S. population. This estimate is probably a serious undercount by over 30 million given that, in the 1980 census, as many as 80 million Americans may be wholly or partly of English ancestry. In 1980,23,748,772 Americans claimed wholly English ancestry, in 1860, an estimated 11 million or almost 35% of the population of the United States was wholly or primarily of English ancestry. The population has increased by almost ten times the numbers in 1860, in total, there are estimated to be around 678,000 British born expatriates in the United States with the majority of these being English. English Americans are found in numbers throughout America, particularly in the Northeast, South. Dark blue and purple colours indicate a percentage, highest in the east and west
16.
Presidential Scholars Program
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The United States Presidential Scholars Program is a program of the Department of Education that recognizes the academic achievements of distinguished US citizens graduating high school. It is described as one of the Nations highest honors for high school students in the United States of America, in 1979 it was expanded to recognize students who demonstrate exceptional scholarship and talent in the visual, creative, and performing arts. In 2015, the program was expanded again to recognize students who demonstrate ability and accomplishment in career. Annually, the presidentially-appointed White House Commission on Presidential Scholars chooses up to 161 U. S, Presidential Scholars from among that years senior class. To commemorate their achievements, the scholars are individually awarded the Presidential Medallion in a ceremony sponsored by the White House, all candidates are invited to apply to the program in January of their graduation year. Semifinalists are announced in Mid-April and all Scholars are announced the first week of May, the National Recognition Program in Washington, DC usually occurs in June. The United States Department of Education then examines the test records for the top 30 males, the combined file of scores from the top male examinees and top female examinees are then ranked from high to low in each state. The scores associated with the top 20 male examinees and top 20 female examinees are used to identify the candidates in each state, when ties occur in the threshold score, more than 20 persons of that gender are invited in that state. In addition, each Chief State School Officer may nominate up to ten male and ten candidates, residing in the CSSOs jurisdiction. Additionally, the program is partnering with several organizations that will each nominate up to 10 candidates from their individual programs. Each year approximately 4,000 students are invited to apply to the program, candidates then go through a rigorous application process where they must submit candidacy materials, including essays, self-assessments, secondary school reports, and transcripts. Candidates are evaluated on their achievement, personal characteristics, leadership, service, and other extracurricular activities. In mid-April approximately 800 Semifinalists are chosen by a committee of qualified individuals experienced in secondary and post-secondary education. Six to twenty Semifinalists are identified for each state/jurisdiction, the number of Semifinalists identified per state/jurisdiction is proportionate to the number of candidates for that state. In May, the White House Commission on Presidential Scholars makes the selection of up to 161 Presidential Scholars. One male student and one female Scholar are chosen from each state, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, in addition, up to fifteen Scholars are chosen at-large. The National YoungArts Foundation reviews approximately 12,000 candidates annually of 15- to 18-year-old artists in the fields of visual, literary, performing, from these they select the top 600-700 artists in the nation as National Winners. 171 of these Winners travel to Miami, Florida for National YoungArts Week and these 171 Winners are then narrowed down to 60 nominees that are recommended to the White House Commission on Presidential Scholars
17.
National Speech and Debate Association
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The Association provides competitive speech and debate activities, resources, training, scholarship opportunities, and advanced recognition. The National Speech and Debate Association is the oldest and largest high school speech and it is one of four major national organizations that direct high school competitive speech and debate events in the United States. The others are the National Catholic Forensic League or NCFL, the National Christian Forensics and Communications Association or NCFCA, the National Speech and Debate Association Board of Directors meets semi-annually for rules revision. On May 17,2013, the National Forensic League Board of Directors voted to change the name of the organization to the National Speech, members of the National Speech & Debate Association are expected to abide by the Code of Honor, adopted on September 23,2007. The Code of Honor was initially proposed by Harold Keller, a member of the Board of Directors, the Code of Honor consists of an oath and five tenets. Bruno E. Jacob, a professor at Ripon College, first envisioned the League after receiving a letter that inquired whether an honor society existed for high school debaters. Noting that no such society existed, Jacob drafted and circulated a proposal for what would become Americas oldest and largest high school debate, the League welcomed its first member school on March 28,1925. The National Forensic League grew in membership and organization during the next few years. In 1926, the League chartered 100 high schools, in 1927, it began publishing The Bulletin, a newsletter that served as the forerunner to today’s Rostrum magazine. Chapter manuals, jeweled insignia pins, and other organizational items emerged during this time, one of the most significant changes came in 1930, when Jacob proposed a national speech tournament for League members. The following year, the first National Tournament was held at Ripon College, a school from Miami, Oklahoma, won the first national championship in high school debate. The League continued to grow during the Great Depression, National Tournament winners appeared on an NBC network program and CBS broadcast the championship debate. In 1938, the first Student Congress was held in conjunction with the National Tournament, to encourage and channel its growth, the board of directors voted to increase requirements for membership and degrees while abolishing most of its student fees. It was hoped that this practice would promote excellence while increasing access to League opportunities, with the onset of World War II, the League suspended its national tournament. However, at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, as World War II neared its end, the concept of service points was written into the League’s constitution to promote service among League members. The national tournament resumed in 1947, in the mid-20th century, the League experienced another growth spurt. Jacob resigned his position at Ripon College in order to devote his full attention to the National Forensic League. He traveled approximately 20,000 miles a year, mostly by car, visiting members of the League, at the same time, the League was incorporated and engaged its first assistant secretary to increase its services to members
18.
University of Texas at Austin
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Founded in 1881 as The University of Texas, its campus is in Austin, Texas—approximately 1 mile from the Texas State Capitol. The institution has the nations seventh-largest single-campus enrollment, with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty, UT Austin was inducted into the American Association of Universities in 1929, becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected. It is a center for academic research, with research expenditures exceeding $550 million for the 2014–2015 school year. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory, among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, the Wolf Prize, the Emmy Award, the Turing Award, and the National Medal of Science, as well as many other awards. UT Austin student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference and its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university. The first mention of a university in Texas can be traced to the 1827 constitution for the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. Although Title 6, Article 217 of the Constitution promised to establish education in the arts and sciences. On April 18,1838, An Act to Establish the University of Texas was referred to a committee of the Texas Congress. On January 26,1839, the Texas Congress agreed to set aside fifty leagues of land towards the establishment of a publicly funded university, in addition,40 acres in the new capital of Austin were reserved and designated College Hill. In 1845, Texas was annexed into the United States, interestingly, the states Constitution of 1845 failed to mention higher education. On February 11,1858, the Seventh Texas Legislature approved O. B,102, an act to establish the University of Texas, which set aside $100,000 in United States bonds toward construction of the states first publicly funded university. The legislature also designated land reserved for the encouragement of railroad construction toward the universitys endowment, Texas secession from the Union and the American Civil War delayed repayment of the borrowed monies. At the end of the Civil War in 1865, The University of Texas endowment was just over $16,000 in warrants, the more valuable lands reverted to the fund to support general education in the state. The legislature additionally appropriated $256,272.57 to repay the funds taken from the university in 1860 to pay for frontier defense, the 1883 grant of land increased the land in the Permanent University Fund to almost 2.2 million acres. Under the Act of 1858, the university was entitled to just over 1,000 acres of land for every mile of railroad built in the state. On March 30,1881, the legislature set forth the structure and organization. By popular election on September 6,1881, Austin was chosen as the site, galveston, having come in second in the election was designated the location of the medical department. On November 17,1882, on the original College Hill, smite the earth, smite the rocks with the rod of knowledge and fountains of unstinted wealth will gush forth
19.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
20.
Jensen Ackles
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Jensen Ross Ackles is an American actor and director. He also starred as the lead in the box office success My Bloody Valentine 3D and portrayed Jason Todd in the animated film Batman. Ackles currently stars as Dean Winchester on the CW series Supernatural, Ackles was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Donna Joan and Alan Roger Ackles, an actor. He has a brother, Josh, and a sister, Mackenzie, Ackles had planned to study sports medicine at Texas Tech University and to become a physical therapist, but instead moved to Los Angeles to start his acting career. After modelling on and off since the age of 4, Ackles began to concentrate on a career in 1996. He appeared in several guest roles on Mr. Rhodes, Sweet Valley High, Ackles departed Days of our Lives in 2000 and went on to appear in the mini-series Blonde, about the life of Marilyn Monroe. He also auditioned for the role of the young Clark Kent on Smallville, next he appeared in a guest role on the James Cameron television series Dark Angel on Fox in 2001 as serial killer Ben/X5-493, the brother of main character Max/X5-452. His character died in the episode, but Ackles returned to the show as a regular in the second season as Bens sane clone. He remained with the show until its cancellation in 2002 and he joined the cast of the WBs hit show Dawsons Creek during its final season, playing CJ, Jen Lindleys lover. Afterward, Ackles filmed several episodes of the unaired series Still Life for Fox before it was abruptly dropped and he also had a small role in the 2004 short film The Plight of Clownana. Ackles returned to Vancouver in 2004 to become a regular on Smallville playing the assistant football coach Jason Teague, who was also the newest romantic interest for Lana Lang. He also had a role in the 2005 film Devour in which Ackles father, actor Alan Ackles, also had a role playing the father of Ackles character. In 2005, Ackles joined the cast of the WB show horror/drama series Supernatural where he stars as Dean Winchester, Dean and his brother Sam drive throughout the United States hunting paranormal predators, fighting demons and angels, and dealing with all manner of fantasy & sci-fi genre. The show is currently in its season on the CW. It owns the title of the longest-running North American sci-fi series in history, in the summer of 2007, Ackles took on the role of Priestly in the independent comedy Ten Inch Hero. The film began hitting the festival circuit in early 2007. In February 2009, the film was released on DVD exclusively by Blockbuster Home Video and he also appeared on stage from June 5–10,2007 with Lou Diamond Phillips in A Few Good Men at Casa Mañana Theatre in Fort Worth, Texas, as Lt. Daniel Kaffee. Ackles received strong praise for his work in this role, which was also his professional theatre debut, in the summer of 2008, Ackles was cast in the remake of the cult film My Bloody Valentine 3D, which opened nationwide on January 16,2009
21.
Fox Broadcasting Company
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The Fox Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. It is the third largest major network in the world based on total revenues, assets. Launched on October 9,1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks, Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets, although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U. S. network. Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U. S, the network is named after sister company 20th Century Fox, and indirectly for producer William Fox, who founded one of the movie studios predecessors, Fox Film. Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters, 20th Century Fox had been involved in television production as early as the 1950s, producing several syndicated programs. Following the demise of the DuMont Television Network in August of that year after it became mired in financial problems. 20th Century Fox would also produce original content for the NTA network, KTTV in Los Angeles, KRIV in Houston, WFLD-TV in Chicago, and KRLD-TV in Dallas. In October 1985, 20th Century Fox announced its intentions to form a television network that would compete with ABC, CBS. The plans were to use the combination of the Fox studios, organizational plans for the network were held off until the Metromedia acquisitions cleared regulatory hurdles. Then, in December 1985, Rupert Murdoch agreed to pay $325 million to acquire the remaining equity in TCF Holdings from his original partner, Marvin Davis. These first six stations, then broadcasting to a reach of 22% of the nations households. Except for KDAF, all of the original owned-and-operated stations are part of the Fox network today. Like the core O&O group, Foxs affiliate body consisted of independent stations. The Fox Broadcasting Company launched at 11,00 p. m. Eastern and its inaugural program was a late-night talk show, The Late Show, which was hosted by comedian Joan Rivers. By early 1987, Rivers quit The Late Show after disagreements with the network over the creative direction. The network expanded its programming into prime time on April 5,1987, with Children and the sketch comedy series The Tracey Ullman Show. Fox added one new show per week over the several weeks, with the drama 21 Jump Street. On July 11, the network rolled out its Saturday night schedule with the premiere of the drama series Werewolf
22.
A Ring of Endless Light (film)
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A Ring of Endless Light is a 2002 Disney Channel Original Movie based on the Madeleine LEngle book of the same name filmed on location in Australia, and starring Mischa Barton in the main lead role. It is one of two Disney adaptations of novels by Madeleine LEngle, the other being A Wrinkle in Time, in the U. S. it was aired on August 23,2002. When 16-year-old Vicky Austin, her sister Suzy and little brother Rob visit their grandfather on Seven Bay Island and her beloved grandfather, the retired Reverend Eaton, seems to be seriously ill, but tries to pretend that nothing is wrong. Vicky met the rich but emotionally troubled Zachary Gray the previous summer, another boy, 17-year-old Adam Eddington, recruits Vicky to help him with a research project, working with a dolphin called Basil. Vicky discovers she can communicate telepathically with the dolphin and his mate -, Vicky copes as best she can with the increasing stress placed on her by her grandfathers illness, especially once he admits to her that he is dying of leukemia. Eventually they succeed, saving their dolphin friend from the net just as Vickys grandfather arrives with the Coast Guard. The excitement is too much for Reverend Eaton, however, who soon afterward. He leaves behind a new book for Vicky in which to write her poetry. Vicky decides to follow her heart and her talents rather than her parents plans for her, in the book, a family friend has just died while trying to save the life of Vickys troubled friend Zachary Gray. Shortly thereafter, a baby dies, a marine biologist of Vickys acquaintance is nearly killed in an accident. In the film, Vickys grandfather is dying and some dolphins are threatened by fishing nets. The fishing nets storyline, which does not appear in the novel, is standard Disney fare in that it involves young characters behaving heroically in an adventure setting. Its climax, in one of the major characters is tangled in a net and nearly drowns. Vickys on screen love life is also different from what appears in the book. In the film, Zachary does not try to commit suicide, instead the film shows Zach involved in positive activities, most notably joining forces with Adam to expose the illegal fishing methods. In the film, Adam and Zachary are rivals, and Leo does not appear, family relationships in the film have been similarly changed and streamlined. Vickys parents are absent for most of the film, whereas they are much present in the novel. In the film, Vickys parents expect her to study science, while in the book, Vickys older brother John is not mentioned, and his interest in astronomy is given to Suzy instead
23.
Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 film)
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Cheaper by the Dozen is a 2003 American family comedy film which takes its title from the autobiographical book of the same name by Frank B. The film was directed by Shawn Levy, narrated by Bonnie Hunt, the film was released on December 25,2003 by 20th Century Fox, ultimately grossing just over $190 million worldwide. Tom unexpectedly receives an offer from his old friend and football teammate, to coach at his alma mater in his hometown of Evanston, Tom accepts the offer, and demands all the children vote on moving. Despite losing the vote, Tom has the family return to Evanston for a better home. The atmosphere at the Bakers new house is tense and the situation at school is even worse, when her book is ready to pick up for publication, Kate is required to do a national book tour to promote it. As a result, Nora drives off with Hank, while Tom lectures them for their prank, after Kate departs for her book tour, Tom realizes that he cannot handle the children on his own after a chaotic night. However, the children causing trouble at school. Kate overhears from the children about the chaos and cancels the tour to take charge of the situation. Kates publisher decides to create an additional promotion for her book by inviting Oprah Winfrey to tape a segment about the Bakers in their home instead. Despite much coaching from Kate, the Bakers are not able to demonstrate the loving, when Mark becomes upset that his pet frog has died, a heated fight erupts moments before the segment starts, leading the cameramen to call Winfrey to cancel it. Mark runs away home, prompting the Bakers to find him. Tom indulges a hunch that Mark is trying to run back to the Bakers old home, reuniting with the rest of their family, the Bakers begin to address their issues with each other, and Tom ultimately resigns from his position at his alma mater with Shake. A sequel, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, was released in the United States on December 21,2005, other compositions used in the movie are Classical Gas by Mason Williams and Carl Orffs O Fortuna, among others. On Metacritic, which determines a normalized rating from mainstream critics, despite initial reactions, the film was given Two Thumbs Up from Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper on their television show, and became a box office hit. Ashton Kutcher was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor for his performance in this, the film was released on VHS and DVD on April 6,2004. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11, cS1 maint, BOT, original-url status unknown Cheaper by the Dozen at the Internet Movie Database Cheaper by the Dozen at Rotten Tomatoes Cheaper by the Dozen at AllMovie Movie stills
24.
Tom Welling
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Thomas John Patrick Tom Welling is an American actor, director, producer, and model best known for his role as Clark Kent in The WB/CW superhero drama Smallville. A high school athlete, Welling initially worked in construction and, in 1998, in 2000, he made a successful transition to television. He has been nominated for and received awards for his role as Clark Kent. In 2001, he had a role as Rob Karate Rob Meltzer in the second season of the CBS legal drama Judging Amy. He has also involved behind the camera as an executive producer. His films include Cheaper by the Dozen, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, The Fog, The Choice, Welling was born on April 26,1977, in the lower Hudson Valley, New York. His family moved frequently, making stops in Wisconsin, Delaware, Welling attended Okemos High School in Okemos, Michigan, where he started acting in plays, but then switched into sports. Welling played baseball and soccer, but his favorite sport is basketball, Welling is one of four children with two older sisters, Rebecca and Jamie. His younger brother, Mark Welling, is also an actor, originally a construction worker, Welling was discovered in 1998 at a party in Nantucket by a catalog camera scout who suggested he try modeling. Welling modelled for Louisa Modeling Agency until 2000, when he relocated to Los Angeles, there he modelled for Tommy Hilfiger, Abercrombie & Fitch, and Calvin Klein while pursuing an acting career. In 2000, Welling appeared in Angela Vias music video Picture Perfect where he played Vías love interest, Welling has stated that he did not like modelling and that he was not good at it because it was all on the outside or from an external point of view. He pursued acting because he wanted to express a range of emotions, but Welling still models occasionally and appeared in the May 2008 issue of Vogue, the so-called Superhero Issue. In his first major acting role, Welling played karate teacher Rob Karate Rob Meltzer, a love interest of Amy Gray in the second season of the CBS legal drama Judging Amy. Welling was originally signed for three episodes, after receiving enthusiastic fan reviews, the producers kept him for three more, Welling also had a small role in the UPN science fiction sitcom Special Unit 2, and he appeared in the pilot episode of the FOX sitcom Undeclared. Welling was cast in the WB superhero drama Smallville after a search for an actor to play Clark Kent. I called and got him on the phone and he said, next thing I know, there are literally seven people on the other line and almost in unison they say, Tom, you got it. The pilot aired in October 2001 and became the highest rated debut for The WB, Welling told TV Guide that he turned down the lead role twice, but after reading the script, decided to take the job. Like Christopher Reeve, he was not a Superman fan prior to being cast as Clark Kent, in fact, he said, he continues to not read Superman comics, I made a conscious decision to stay away from that material
25.
MacGyver
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MacGyver is an American action-adventure television series created by Lee David Zlotoff. Henry Winkler and John Rich were the executive producers, the show ran for seven seasons on ABC in the United States and various other networks abroad from 1985 to 1992. The series was filmed in Los Angeles during seasons one, two, and seven, and in Vancouver during seasons three through six, the shows final episode aired on April 25,1992 on ABC. Educated as a scientist in Physics at Western Tech, MacGyver served in the U. S. Army as a Bomb Team Technician/EOD during the Vietnam War. Resourceful and possessing an encyclopedic knowledge of the sciences, he solves complex problems by making things out of ordinary objects. He favors non-violent resolutions and prefers not to handle a gun, the series was a moderate ratings success and gained a loyal following. It was popular in the United States and around the world, two television movies, MacGyver, Lost Treasure of Atlantis and MacGyver, Trail to Doomsday, aired on ABC in 1994. A spin-off series, Young MacGyver, was planned in 2003, merchandise for MacGyver includes games, toys, print media and an original audio series. A reboot series of the same name premiered on September 23,2016 on CBS, All of MacGyvers exploits on the show were ostensibly vetted by consulting scientists for the shows writers to ensure a basis on scientific principles. Several episodes, including the pilot, begin with a cold open, MacGyver often narrates a story from his childhood relating to his current situation. He resolves this situation quickly, and the story commences after the opening credits. The credits refer to such a sequence as the Opening Gambit—it occurs far more commonly in earlier episodes than in later ones. This segment is often written and directed by a different team than the story of the episode. After the credits, the story plays out in standard three-act structure. In many episodes, the sequence occurs after the opening credits and often does not involve MacGyver on a mission. In the same manner as the Opening Gambit sequences, these segments often do not directly relate to the main story. Richard Dean Anderson as Angus MacGyver, an agent who prefers not to carry or use a gun. However, MacGyver is willing to use a gun, its parts, or its bullets in non-standard ways
26.
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen
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Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen, also known as the Olsen twins collectively, are American fashion designers and former child actresses. The fraternal twins made their debut as infants playing Michelle Tanner on the television series Full House. At the age of six, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen began starring together in TV, film, and video projects, through their company Dualstar, the Olsens joined the ranks of the wealthiest women in the entertainment industry at a young age. The twins were born in Sherman Oaks, California to David Dave Olsen, despite being very similar in appearance, they are not identical, but sororal twins. They have a brother, Trent, and a younger sister, actress Elizabeth, as well as a half-sister, Courtney Taylor. The twins parents divorced in 1995, Taylor and Jake are from their fathers marriage to McKenzie. The Olsen twins have English and Norwegian ancestry, in 1987, at the age of six months, the twins were cast in the role of Michelle Tanner on the ABC sitcom Full House. They began filming at nine months old, in order to comply with child labor laws that set strict limits on how long a child actor may work, the sisters took turns playing the role. The Olsens continued to portray Michelle throughout the run, which concluded in 1995. In 1992, Mary-Kate and Ashley shared the role of Michelle Tanner when they guest-starred on the Full House crossover episode of Hangin with Mr. Cooper, while starring on Full House, the Olsens also began appearing in films for video and television. The first such film, To Grandmothers House We Go, debuted in 1992 and featured cameos from several other Full House actors. In 1993, the Olsens established the company Dualstar, which would produce the twins subsequent films and videos, including that years Double, Double, Toil and Trouble, a series of musical mystery videos called The Adventures of Mary-Kate & Ashley premiered in 1994 and continued through 1997. In 1995, following the end of Full House, the Olsens made their film debut in It Takes Two, co-starring Steve Guttenberg. In the same year, they introduced a video series. Which continued to new entries until 2000. The following year, the Olsens appeared in an episode of All My Children, in 1997, they appeared once again as guest stars in an episode of Sister Sister. Also, in 1998, the returned to series television with another ABC sitcom, Two of a Kind. The series lasted one season but aired in reruns on cable for several years afterward
27.
Flight of the Phoenix (2004 film)
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The film stars Dennis Quaid and Giovanni Ribisi. Flight of the Phoenix opened in the U. S. on December 17, the film was a box-office failure, and received generally mixed reviews, criticism was geared toward its similarity to the 1965 film, while praise related to the acting, direction and visuals. When an Amacore oil rig in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia proves unproductive, Captain Frank Towns and co-pilot A. J. are sent to shut down the operation and transport the crew out of the desert. However, en route to Beijing, a major dust storm disables one engine, Kyle falls to his death and the crash kills Dr. Gerber and Newman. Their cargo consists of used parts and tools from the rig, the crew, and Elliot. When the dust storm ends, it becomes apparent that they are 200 miles off course with only a supply of water. Jeremy thinks about walking to get help, but Rady explains that July is the hottest in the Gobi, in the middle of the night, Davis goes out to urinate without informing anybody, trips, gets lost in a sandstorm, and dies. The group panics after a search for him, and Kelly argues with Frank, who says that walking out of the desert would fail. The group initially agrees but reconsiders after Elliot, claiming to be an engineer, pitches a radical idea. Frank initially refuses, which causes Liddle to wander off on his own in protest and he comes across a valley littered with debris, cargo from the aircraft, which dropped out when the tail was torn open. Among the debris he discovers the bullet-ridden and stripped body of Kyle, Liddle says he will only go back with him if they build the plane, and Frank agrees. They struggle for several weeks building the new aircraft, through dust storms, lack of water, Rady christens it Phoenix after the legendary bird. Later, it is revealed that Elliots aircraft design experience has been restricted to the design of aircraft, much to the anger of everyone, especially Ian. However, they eventually are able to construct the new aircraft and take off, through a series of photos, we see what became of the survivors when they made it back to civilization. All have been revitalized by the experience, Frank and A. J, Burns said, I probably did three drafts of it, and that was it. This is the only film Burns has writing credit on that he did not also direct, director John Moore scouted locations in Morocco and Australia before looking at, and quickly choosing, Namibia as the crash site. Where most of the takes place, was only a 20 minute-drive from the coastal town of Swakopmund. The set was the site of mishaps, A ferry sank during transportation of a major set piece across a river
28.
Dennis Quaid
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Dennis William Quaid is an American actor known for a wide variety of dramatic and comedic roles. First gaining widespread attention in the 1980s, his career rebounded in the 1990s after he overcame an addiction to drugs, for his role in Far from Heaven he won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor and several other accolades. Quaid was born in Houston, Texas, the son of Juanita B, nita Quaid, a real estate agent, and William Rudy Quaid, an electrician. Quaid has English, Irish, Scots-Irish, and Cajun ancestry, Quaid dropped out of the University of Houston before graduating and moved to Hollywood to pursue an acting career. He initially had trouble finding work but began to notice when he appeared in Breaking Away. Known for his grin, Quaid has appeared in comedic and dramatic roles. Quaid had starring roles in the films Enemy Mine, Innerspace and he also achieved acclaim for his portrayal of Jerry Lee Lewis in Great Balls of Fire. In 1989, he appeared throughout the Bonnie Raitt music video for the song Thing Called Love. He continued to garner positive reviews in a variety of films, Quaid was also the guest star of a season 2 episode of Muppets Tonight. I. Joe, The Rise of Cobra, and Pandorum, in 2009, Quaid guest starred in an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants, playing Mr. Krabs grandfather, Captain Redbeard. He portrayed U. S. President Bill Clinton, alongside Michael Sheen as Tony Blair and Hope Davis as Hillary Clinton, in 2012 and 2013, Quaid played Sheriff Ralph Lamb in the CBS TV drama series Vegas. In 2017 he starred in A Dogs Purpose, billed as a celebration of the connection between humans and their dogs. He received nominations for Best Supporting Actor from the Golden Globe Awards, the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards, Quaid was also honored with a Distinguished Alumni Award from his alma mater, the University of Houston, in April 2012. Quaid has been married three times and has three children, Quaid and his first wife, actress P. J. Soles, were married on November 25,1978. On February 14,1991, Quaid married actress Meg Ryan, Quaid and Ryan fell in love during the shooting of their second film together, D. O. A. Quaid and Ryan have a son, Jack Henry and they announced their separation on June 28,2000, saying they had been separated six weeks by then. Their divorce was finalized July 16,2001, Meg Ryan later revealed to InStyle Quaid had been unfaithful to her for a long time while they were married. Quaid dated model Shanna Moakler in 2001 and they were together when she was approached by Playboy, and they discussed it before she posed nude in the magazine
29.
Hugh Laurie
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James Hugh Calum Laurie OBE is an English actor, writer, director, musician, singer and comedian. From 2004 to 2012, he played Dr. Gregory House, Laurie was listed in the 2011 Guinness World Records as the most watched leading man on television and was one of the highest-paid actors in a television drama, earning £250,000 per episode in House. Laurie has portrayed Senator Tom James in HBO political satire Veep since 2015, in 2016 Laurie appeared in the BBC / AMC miniseries The Night Manager, and received the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, his third overall. The youngest of four children, he has a brother named Charles Alexander Lyon Mundell Laurie. He had a relationship with his mother, Patricia. He notes that his mother was Presbyterian by character, by mood and his father, William George Ranald Mundell Laurie, was a doctor who won an Olympic gold medal in the coxless pairs at the 1948 London Games. Lauries parents, who were of Scottish descent, attended St. Columbas Presbyterian Church of England in Oxford and he notes that belief in God didnt play a large role in my home, but a certain attitude to life and the living of it did. He followed this by stating, pleasure was something that was treated with great suspicion, I was going to say it had to be earned but even the earning of it didnt really work. It was something to this day, I mean, I carry that with me, I find pleasure a difficult thing, I dont know what you do with it, I dont know where to put it. He has stated, I dont believe in God, but I have this idea that if there were a God, or destiny of some kind looking down on us, that if he saw you taking anything for granted hed take it away. Laurie was brought up in Oxford and attended the Dragon School from ages seven to 13 and notes that he was, in truth, Not much given to things of a bookey nature, spent a large part of youth smoking Number Six and cheating in French vocabulary tests. Laurie went on to Eton College, which he describes as the most private of private schools and he attributes his attending Selwyn College, Cambridge, as a result of family tradition as his father went to Cambridge and I applied to the same college. Laurie notes his father had a bout as an oarsman at Cambridge. He studied for a degree in archaeology and anthropology, specialising in social anthropology, in 1980, Laurie and his rowing partner, J. S. Palmer, were runners-up in the Silver Goblets coxless pairs for Eton Vikings rowing club, later, Laurie also achieved a Blue while taking part in the 1980 Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race. Cambridge lost that year by five feet, during this time, Laurie was training for up to eight hours a day and was on course to become an Olympic-standard rower. Laurie is a member of Leander Club, one of the oldest rowing clubs in the world and he was also a member of the Hermes Club and the Hawks Club. Forced to abandon rowing during a bout of fever, Laurie joined the Cambridge Footlights
30.
Elisha Cuthbert
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Elisha Ann Cuthbert is a Canadian actress and model. In 2013, Maxim magazine named her TVs most beautiful woman, at the age of 14, Cuthbert made her feature film debut in the 1997 family-drama Dancing on the Moon. Her first major role came in the 1998 drama film Airspeed alongside Joe Mantegna. Subsequently, Cuthbert appeared in the role in the films The Quiet. From 2011 to 2013, Cuthbert starred as Alex Kerkovich in the three seasons of the ABC comedy Happy Endings. Elisha Ann Cuthbert was born November 30,1982, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, the daughter of Patricia, a housewife, and Kevin and she grew up in Greenfield Park, Quebec. She also lived in Toronto, Ontario, before moving onto acting, in 2000, she graduated from Centennial Regional High School and moved to Los Angeles at the age of 17. When she was nine, Cuthbert started modelling childrens clothing and also became a foot model and she made her first televised appearance as an extra in the horror-themed series for children, Are You Afraid of the Dark. She later became a regular on the show, Cuthbert co-hosted Popular Mechanics for Kids with Jay Baruchel, filmed in Montreal. Her reporting captured the attention of Hillary Clinton, who invited her to the White House, Cuthbert landed a role in a feature film in the family drama Dancing on the Moon. She appeared in other Canadian family films and in an airplane thriller, in 2000, Cuthbert co-starred in Believe, a Canadian film with Ricky Mabe. The following year, she starred in the Canadian television movie, Lucky Girl, soon after her move to Hollywood, she was cast as Kim Bauer, daughter of federal agent Jack Bauer, in the television series 24. She appeared in the shows first three seasons, but not in its fourth, she guest-starred in two episodes in the fifth season. She also reprised her role as Kim Bauer in 24, The Game and again guest-starred in five episodes of the seventh season and she began her Hollywood film career with small roles in Old School, which grossed $87 million. Her next film, Love Actually, earned $246.4 million worldwide and her first break in a major film role was in 2004, The Girl Next Door. She played a star, Danielle, opposite Emile Hirsch. She had reservations about the part, but was persuaded by director Luke Greenfield and she researched the role, speaking to adult actresses from Wicked Pictures and Vivid Entertainment. The film was compared to Risky Business, although Cuthbert said her character was not directly based on Rebecca De Mornays, critics were divided, some praised the film for boldness, others, notably Roger Ebert, called it gimmicky and exploitative
31.
Chad Michael Murray
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Chad Michael Murray is an American actor, spokesperson, writer and former fashion model. Popular among teenagers and young adults in the early 2000s, he has featured on the covers of numerous magazines, including Rolling Stone, People, Vanity Fair. Murray was born in Buffalo, New York and he is the son of Rex Murray, an air traffic controller, and was abandoned by his mother at a young age. His abandonment issues were the reasons he took the part of Lucas Scott. He has three brothers, one half-brother and one sister, Murray attended Clarence High School in Clarence, New York. He became a fan of literature, and was involved in playing football. In his late teens, he broke his nose and this led to reports during his career that he had received a nose job. Murray clarified in a 2004 interview, I got jumped in a Burger King when I was 18 and had my nose put on the side of my face. It was three guys – what the hell was I supposed to do, the doctors didnt even bother running X-rays. But it wasnt a nose job – I hate the fact that people say it was a nose job, in 1999, Murray moved to Hollywood where he supported himself modeling for such clients as Skechers, Tommy Hilfiger and Gucci. Then he was cast in the role of rich brat, Tristan DuGrey on Gilmore Girls and he appeared in several guest starring television roles, including an episode of Undressed and an episode of Diagnosis, Murder. Murray portrayed the role Charlie Todd on the television series Dawsons Creek in 2001. In 2003, he appeared in film, Aftermath, A Long Way Home. Murray then appeared in the Walt Disney Pictures feature film, Freaky Friday alongside Lindsay Lohan, the film was a major box office success, garnering a total of $110,222,438 in the United States alone. Critics were mostly positive in their reviews of the film, movies and an 88% Certified Fresh approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Murray also appeared in the television film The Lone Ranger where he portrayed the role of Luke Hartman, later in the year of 2003, Murray won the main role of Lucas Scott in the successful WB television series One Tree Hill. The series quickly became the channels biggest hit with over 4.50 million viewers on the first seasons finale, the series was The WBs most successful and top rated television program when it first aired in 2003 and continued receiving top ratings for The CW. After Murray gained mainstream fame and media exposure, he became a spokesperson for several high-profile deals
32.
Paris Hilton
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Paris Whitney Hilton is an American businesswoman, socialite, television and media personality, model, actress, singer, and DJ. She is the great-granddaughter of Conrad Hilton, the founder of Hilton Hotels and her lifestyle and rumored short-lived relationships made her a feature of entertainment news and tabloid magazines, and Hilton was proclaimed New Yorks leading It girl in 2001. In 2003, a sex tape with Hilton and her then-boyfriend Rick Salomon, in 2004, Hilton released her book Confessions of an Heiress, which became a New York Times Best Seller. R. Rotem, Dr. Luke, Fernando Garibay and Kara DioGuardi on a pop album, Hiltons debut single Stars Are Blind was released worldwide in June 2006 and quickly became an instant hit around the world including number one in Scotland. The self-titled album, Paris, was released worldwide on August 22,2006, the album reached number six on the Billboard 200, and has since sold over 600,000 copies worldwide. Her other acting credits include Bottoms Up, National Lampoons Pledge This, the Hottie and the Nottie, Repo. The Genetic Opera and Sofia Coppolas film The Bling Ring, in 2012, Hilton announced her DJ career and made her debut at the São Paulo Pop Music Festival. Although her performance was criticized, she one of the highest-paid celebrity DJs. That same year, she returned to music, signing a record deal with Lil Waynes. Critics and admirers have said that Hilton is famous for being famous, exemplifying the celebutante, a celebrity not through talent or work and she has parlayed her media fame into perfumes and a fashion line with her endorsement, her fragrances have earned $1.5 billion. There are currently three Paris Hilton apartment complexes and 44 Paris Hilton stores worldwide, with products including perfumes, handbags, watches, Hilton earns over $10 million a year from product sales. Hiltons perfume products alone have brought in over $2.5 billion in revenue, and, as of 2005, was paid about $300,000 for appearances in clubs and events. Hilton was born in New York City and her mother, Kathy Hilton, is a socialite and former actress, her father, Richard Howard Rick Hilton, is a businessman. Hilton is the oldest of four children, she has one sister, Nicholai Olivia Nicky Hilton and her paternal great-grandfather was Conrad Hilton, who founded Hilton Hotels. Hilton has Norwegian, German, Italian, English, Irish and she moved frequently in her youth, living in a suite in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in Manhattan, Beverly Hills and the Hamptons. As a child she was friends with other socialites, including Ivanka Trump, Nicole Richie, growing up in Los Angeles, Hilton attended the Buckley School and St. Paul the Apostle School, finishing elementary school in 1995. Her freshman year of school was spent at the Marywood-Palm Valley School in Rancho Mirage. In 1996, Hilton and her family left California for the East Coast, at age 16, Hilton spent one year at the Provo Canyon School for emotionally troubled teens
33.
Cry Wolf (2005 film)
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Cry Wolf is a 2005 American horror film directed by Jeff Wadlow, co-written by Wadlow and Beau Bauman, and starring Julian Morris, Jon Bon Jovi, Lindy Booth, Jared Padalecki and Gary Cole. The film was released in the United States on September 16,2005, Owen Matthews arrives at Westlake Preparatory Academy. That night Owens roommate, Tom, tells him they are sneaking out, after meeting his new journalism teacher, Mr. Walker, Owen and Tom meet everyone for lunch. They discuss the police finding a body, Becky, after it was dragged through the woods by a wolf. The group considers who could have murdered Becky, when Dodger proposes expanding Cry Wolf to the entire school, Owen suggests creating a fake e-mail telling everyone about a serial killer who goes from campus to campus killing students. They describe the killer as wearing a ski mask, a camouflage jacket. That night, they out the e-mail. The next day, the school has spread the story in the e-mail. Owen receives an instant message from someone using the name Wolf, Tom and Owen accuse Dodger, but she claims she was studying with Regina. Tom and Owen find their dorm room trashed, when the instant messenger comes up on Owens laptop, they find a piercing stud and blood on Owens keyboard. Tom blames Regina, who has a recipe for fake blood, when accused, she insists she was on a field trip. Believing Dodger is lying, Owen confronts her, Dodger informs him that she was visiting her mother. Deciding that Randall is behind the odd behavior, Owen tries tracking him down, Owen once again seeks out Dodger, and finds her kissing Mr. Walker. In his journalism class the day, when Owen reaches into his bag for supplies. Mr. Walker escorts Owen to the Headmistresss office, Owen tells Mr. Walker that he knows about his relationship with Dodger, and that he will tell the headmistress if Walker reveals the knife. Mr. Walker agrees not to say anything, on the night of Halloween, Wolf attacks Owen. Thinking Tom was trying to prank him, Owen goes to leave with Toms car, the attacker ends up being Mercedes, who was trying to prove that attackers can be women. The following day, Owen and Mercedes meet with the headmistress, the rest of the group is forced to stay at school over the weekend
34.
MTV
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MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
35.
Room 401
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Room 401 is a hidden camera/reality television series on MTV, executive produced by Ashton Kutcher and Jason Goldberg. It is named after the room Harry Houdini died in at Detroits Grace Hospital in 1926, the show also used some of his famous acts. Room 401 took unaware victims into the center of pranks that played like mini horror movies, from the reanimation of the dead, to chain-saw mishaps, each episode contains four scares or pranks. The show was hosted by Jared Padalecki from the CWs Supernatural, getting Crabby, Two women witness a man pull his chest apart and crabs come out. The Claw, A woman wants her friend to win her something from a claw machine and he Sees Dead People, Two crime scene cleaners go to a crime scene and one of the men witnesses the dead mans spirit sitting up from his body. Lend a Hand, Two men go to work at a meat factory, ice Carving, An accident with a chainsaw operator leaves an ice sculptor alive, but in two pieces. Jar Head, While cleaning a warehouse two guys find a mysterious head preserved in a jar that blinks and talks, a supernatural taxi driver disappears after being pulled over by the police. Note, This prank was featured in VH1s special 40 Greatest Pranks 2, lose Your Head, A guy on the bus is barely able to hold onto his head. Note, This prank was featured in VH1s special 40 Greatest Pranks 2, beauty Is Only Skin Deep, A young woman is pushed underneath the waters of a hottub and emerges elderly. Return to Sender, A man in a diaper comes out of a small, fasten Your Seat Belts, A man is pulled through an airplane turbine in front of a womans eyes, and then comes up to her two minutes later, completely unharmed. Scrubbing In, A man has poisonous fish and another goes through his stomach, out for Blood, This blood bank worker watches in horror as a man doesnt have the time to wait for a nurse to draw his blood. Just a Trim, One woman finds a new reason to stay away from hair driers, move to the Back of the Bus, A delivery man magically survives getting slammed by an oncoming bus. Current Events, An ominous article in the newspaper leaves two girls scared out of their minds, hit the Nail on the Head, Safety takes a vacation at this construction site. Gutterball, You should always watch your hands near the bowling ball dispenser, I See Dead People in High Def, Something is very wrong with the TVs in this warehouse. He Likes It Hot, Be careful with the wasabi at this sushi restaurant, a cab full of friends has a run-in with the most aggressive beggar ever. Bump in the Night, A group of night hikers comes across a mysterious, pull It Through, Plumbers hate using a snake to unclog drains. Crazy Laundry, A mental health inmate takes his cues from the movies and escapes in a laundry bin, cupids Arrow, A crossbow range really isnt the best place for a first date. Hand-full, A meat-packer learns his lesson about wearing jewelry around giant food processors, cracked Mirror, When cleaning out a dead persons apartment, dont look in the mirrors
36.
Thomas Kinkade
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William Thomas Kinkade III was an American painter of popular realistic, pastoral, and idyllic subjects. He is notable for the marketing of his work as printed reproductions. He characterized himself as Thomas Kinkade, Painter of Light, a phrase he protected through trademark, according to Kinkades company,1 in every 20 American homes owns a copy of one of his paintings. Despite wide commercial success throughout his life, Kinkade is generally held in low esteem by art critics, his paintings have been described as maudlin. William Thomas Kinkade was born on January 19,1958, in Sacramento County and he grew up in the town of Placerville, graduated from El Dorado High School in 1976, and attended the University of California, Berkeley, and the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena. He married Nanette Willey in 1982, and the couple had four daughters, Merritt, Chandler, Winsor and Everett and he and his wife had been separated for over a year before his death in 2012. Some of the people who mentored and taught Kinkade prior to college were Charles Bell, Wessels encouraged Kinkade to go to the University of California at Berkeley. Kinkades relationship with Wessels is the subject of a film released in 2008. After two years of education at Berkeley, Kinkade transferred to the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena. In June 1980, Kinkade spent a summer traveling across the United States with his college friend James Gurney, the two of them finished their journey in New York and secured a contract with Guptill Publications to produce a sketching handbook. Two years later they produced The Artists Guide to Sketching, which was one of Guptill Publications best-sellers that year, the success of the book led them both to Ralph Bakshi Studios where they created background art for the 1983 animated feature film Fire and Ice. While working on the film, Kinkade began to explore the depiction of light, after the film, Kinkade earned his living as a painter, selling his originals in galleries throughout California. Recurring features of Kinkades paintings are their glowing highlights and pastel colors, rendered in highly idealistic values of American scene painting, his works often portray bucolic and idyllic settings such as gardens, streams, stone cottages, lighthouses and Main Streets. His hometown of Placerville was the inspiration for many of his street and he also depicted various Christian themes including the Christian cross and churches. Kinkade said he was placing emphasis on the value of simple pleasures, a self-described devout Christian, Kinkade believed he gained his inspiration from his religious beliefs and that his work was intended to contain a larger moral dimension. He also said that his goal as an artist was to people of all faiths. Many pictures contain specific allusions to Bible passages. He also painted the portrait for Yankee Stadium
37.
Peter O'Toole
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Peter Seamus OToole was a British-Irish stage and film actor. He achieved international recognition playing T. E. Lawrence in Lawrence of Arabia for which he received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor, in 2002, OToole was awarded the Academy Honorary Award for his career achievements. He was additionally the recipient of four Golden Globe Awards, one British Academy Film Award, some sources give his birthplace as Connemara, County Galway, Ireland, while others cite St James University Hospital, Leeds, England. Peter had a sister, Patricia. He grew up in the Hunslet, south Leeds, son of Constance Jane Eliot, a Scottish nurse, and Patrick Joseph Spats OToole, when OToole was one year old, his family began a five-year tour of major racecourse towns in Northern England. He was brought up as a Catholic, I used to be scared stiff of the nuns, their whole denial of womanhood – the black dresses and the shaving of the hair – was so horrible, so terrifying. Of course, thats all been stopped, theyre sipping gin and tonic in the Dublin pubs now, and a couple of them flashed their pretty ankles at me just the other day, he said. Upon leaving school OToole obtained employment as a trainee journalist and photographer on the Yorkshire Evening Post, as reported in a radio interview in 2006 on NPR, he was asked by an officer whether he had something he had always wanted to do. His reply was that he had wanted to try being either a poet or an actor. At RADA, he was in the class as Albert Finney, Alan Bates. OToole described this as the most remarkable class the academy ever had, OToole began working in the theatre, gaining recognition as a Shakespearean actor at the Bristol Old Vic and with the English Stage Company, before making his television debut in 1954. He first appeared on film in 1959 in a role in The Day They Robbed the Bank of England. OTooles major break came when he was chosen to play T. E. Lawrence in Sir David Leans Lawrence of Arabia, after Marlon Brando proved unavailable and his performance was ranked number one in Premiere magazines list of the 100 Greatest Performances of All Time. The role introduced him to US audiences and earned him the first of his eight nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor, T. E. Lawrence, portrayed by OToole, was selected in 2003 as the tenth-greatest hero in cinema history by the American Film Institute. OToole was one of several actors to be Oscar-nominated for playing the role in two different films, he played King Henry II in both Becket and The Lion in Winter. OToole played Hamlet under Laurence Oliviers direction in the production of the Royal National Theatre in 1963. He demonstrated his comedic abilities alongside Peter Sellers in the Woody Allen-scripted comedy Whats New Pussycat and he appeared in Seán OCaseys Juno and the Paycock at Dublins Gaiety Theatre. In 1969, he played the role in the film Goodbye, Mr. Chips
38.
Friday the 13th (2009 film)
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Friday the 13th is a 2009 American slasher film written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift, and directed by Marcus Nispel. The film is a reboot of the Friday the 13th film series, which began in 1980, Nispel also directed the 2003 remake of Tobe Hoopers The Texas Chain Saw Massacre. Shannon and Swift wrote the screenplay for the 2003 crossover Freddy vs. Jason, Friday the 13th follows Clay Miller as he searches for his missing sister, Whitney, who is captured by Jason Voorhees while camping in woodland at Crystal Lake. The 2009 film was conceived as an origin story. The character Jason Voorhees was redesigned as a lean, quick killer with a backstory that allows the viewer to feel a little sympathy for him, but not enough that he would lose his menace. In keeping with the tone of the film, Jasons mask was recreated from a mold of the mask used for Part III. Friday the 13th includes some of Harry Manfredinis musical score from the previous Friday the 13th films because the producers recognized its iconic status, Friday the 13th was released in theaters on Friday, February 13,2009. As of July 2014, it is the second-highest grossing film in the Friday the 13th film series, and has earned over $91.3 million worldwide. On June 13,1980, a young Jason Voorhees watches as his mother Pamela is beheaded by a camp counselor, who was trying to escape Mrs. Voorheess murder spree around Camp Crystal Lake. Almost thirty years later, a group of friends—Wade, Richie, Mike, Whitney and that night, an adult Jason, kills everyone except Whitney, whom he captures since she resembles his mother at a young age. Six weeks later, Trent, his girlfriend Jenna, Chelsea, Bree, Chewie, Nolan, meanwhile, Whitneys brother Clay Miller arrives at the lake to search for her. Clay visits Trents cabin, and Jenna agrees to help him search for Whitney, as they search, Jason kills Chelsea and Nolan while they are wakeboarding on the lake. Clay and Jenna search the old Crystal Lake campgrounds where they see Jason hauling a body into the camp house. Jenna and Clay run to warn the others about Jason, who arrives, Jason kills Chewie and Lawrence outside the cabin and sneaks inside and kills Bree. Trent, Clay, and Jenna escape the cabin, but Trent is killed when he reaches the main road, Jason chases Clay and Jenna back to the campgrounds, where Clay discovers Jasons lair and finds his sister chained to a wall. Clay frees Whitney, and all three try to escape as Jason arrives and they find an exit, but Jenna is killed before she can escape. Jason corners Clay and Whitney, Whitney confuses Jason by pretending to be Pamela, Clay dumps Jasons corpse into the lake, but before Clay and Whitney leave, Jason bursts through the wooden dock and grabs Whitney. They agreed and spent over a year obtaining the rights from Paramount Pictures, New Line
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Supernatural (season 4)
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The fourth season of Supernatural, an American fantasy horror television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered September 18,2008, and concluded on May 14,2009, on The CW. The angels intervene to rescue Dean from Hell and bring him back to life after he was trapped there in the season finale No Rest for the Wicked. The demons are led by the Winchesters enemy, and Deans murderer, however, it becomes increasingly clear that something is wrong with Heaven and that the angels have their own agendas. Despite an initially happy reunion, tension grows between Sam and Dean because Dean fears Sams growing demonic powers and distrusts Sams returning demonic ally Ruby, U. S. viewers in millions refers to how many Americans watched the episode live or on the day of broadcast. The mythology was expanded more in the fourth season with the introduction of angels. While Kripke originally did not want angels to be featured in the series, Kripke feels this ended up benefiting the series, believing the brothers-centric episodes to be more interesting than the epic ones of the third season. Thus, the war was depicted in the writers scruffy, angsty, the writing staff felt that the fourth seasons mythology had been the best since the first season. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating for Supernaturals fourth season, official website List of Supernatural episodes at the Internet Movie Database List of Supernatural season 4 episodes at TV. com Supernatural at epguides. com
40.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially the Met, is located in New York City and is the largest art museum in the United States, and is among the most visited art museums in the world. Its permanent collection contains two million works, divided among seventeen curatorial departments. The main building, on the edge of Central Park along Manhattans Museum Mile, is by area one of the worlds largest art galleries. A much smaller second location, The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan, contains a collection of art, architecture. On March 18,2016, the museum opened the Met Breuer museum at Madison Avenue in the Upper East Side, it extends the museums modern, the Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, Indian, and Islamic art. The museum is home to collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, as well as antique weapons. Several notable interiors, ranging from first-century Rome through modern American design, are installed in its galleries, the Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day and it opened on February 20,1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, the museum is also home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world. A number of interiors, ranging from 1st century Rome through modern American design, are permanently installed in the Mets galleries. In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Met organizes and hosts traveling shows throughout the year. The director of the museum is Thomas P. Campbell, a long-time curator and it was announced on February 28th,2017 that Campbell will be stepping down as the Mets director and CEO, effective June. On March 1st,2017 the BBC reported that Daniel Weiss shall be the acting CEO until a replacement is found, Beginning in the late 19th century, the Met started to acquire ancient art and artifacts from the Near East. From a few tablets and seals, the Mets collection of Near Eastern art has grown to more than 7,000 pieces. The highlights of the include a set of monumental stone lamassu, or guardian figures. The Mets Department of Arms and Armor is one of the museums most popular collections. Among the collections 14,000 objects are many pieces made for and used by kings and princes, including armor belonging to Henry VIII of England, Henry II of France, Rockefeller donated his more than 3, 000-piece collection to the museum. The Mets Asian department holds a collection of Asian art, of more than 35,000 pieces, the collection dates back almost to the founding of the museum, many of the philanthropists who made the earliest gifts to the museum included Asian art in their collections
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Sun Valley, Idaho
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Sun Valley is a resort city in Blaine County in central Idaho, in the western United States. The resort is adjacent to the city of Ketchum and within the greater Wood River valley, the population was 1,406 at the 2010 census, down from 1,427 in 2000. The elevation of Sun Valley is 5,920 feet above sea level, the area is served by Friedman Memorial Airport in Hailey, approximately 15 miles south. Visitors to Sun Valley are relatively close to the Sawtooth National Recreation Area, accessed over Galena Summit on Highway 75, Bald Mountain, or Baldy, has a summit of 9,150 feet and a vertical drop of 3,400 feet. The treeless Dollar at 6,638 feet has a vertical drop of 628 feet. The term Sun Valley is used generally to speak of the region surrounding the city, including the neighboring city of Ketchum. The region has been a home to the rich and famous since first being brought to public attention by Ernest Hemingway in the late 1930s. The first destination resort in the U. S. was developed by W. Averell Harriman. The success of the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, a lifelong skier, Harriman determined that America would embrace a destination mountain resort, similar to those he enjoyed in the Swiss Alps, such as St. Moritz and Davos. During the winter of 1935–36, Harriman enlisted the services of an Austrian count, Felix Schaffgotsch, to travel across the western U. S. to locate an ideal site for a winter resort. The Count toured Mount Rainier, Mount Hood, Yosemite, the San Bernardino Mountains, Zion, Rocky Mountain National Park, the Wasatch Mountains, Pocatello, Jackson Hole, and Grand Targhee areas. Late in his trip and on the verge of abandoning his search for a location for a mountain resort development. A U. P. employee in Boise had casually mentioned that the spur to Ketchum cost the company more money for snow removal than any other branch line. Harriman visited several weeks later and agreed, the 3, 888-acre Brass Ranch was purchased for about $4 per acre and construction commenced that spring, it was built in seven months for $1.5 million. Pioneering publicist Steve Hannigan, who had successfully promoted Miami Beach, the centerpiece of the new resort was the Sun Valley Lodge, which opened 81 years ago in December 1936. The 220-room, X-shaped lodges exterior was constructed of concrete, poured inside rough-sawn forms, the wood grain was impressed on the concrete finish, which was acid-stained brown to imitate wood. The Swiss-style Sun Valley Inn and village were part of the initial resort. Hannigan wanted swimming pools at the resort, so people wont think skiing is too cold, both the Lodge and the Inn have heated outdoor swimming pools, circular in shape
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To Write Love on Her Arms
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Based in Melbourne, Florida, TWLOHA seeks to connect people to treatment centers, websites, books, support groups and other resources. TWLOHA also encourages people to have honest conversations about these issues, a large portion of the work is dedicated to bridging the gap between traditional treatment and the lives of people who need help. Examples of this include music festivals and tours, social networking sites, wanting to support existing professional help organizations rather than replace them, TWLOHA also sends a portion of donations directly to such causes as Hopeline, InTheRooms. com, S. A. F. E. Alternatives, Minding Your Mind, and Kids Helpline, TWLOHA was founded by Jamie Tworkowski in March 2006. Prior to that, the seeds of the group were sown by a written by Tworkowski, about 19-year-old Renee Yohe. Tworkowskis story, written in February 2006, chronicles Yohes life five days before she entered treatment, unable to get Yohe checked into a treatment center in the meantime, friends offered moral support. We become her hospital and the possibility of healing fills our living room with life, TWLOHA began operating as a non-profit organization in October 2006 under the umbrella of Fireproof Ministries. On April 30,2010, TWLOHA left Fireproof and TWLOHA, the TWLOHA team is made up of 12 full-time staff members and a rotating group of approximately 6 interns. The organization had their offices in Cocoa, FL until 2011 when they moved to downtown Melbourne, in addition to the story, T-shirts were printed and sold in Orlando to fund Yohes drug treatment, and a Myspace page was created to serve as home base for the project. On the FAQ for TWLOHAs official website, it stated that Renee has finished rehab, Yohe published a collection of journals in a book titled Purpose for the Pain. Yohes story, and the story, has also been turned to a major motion picture titled Day One. Yohe was portrayed by actress Kat Dennings, and Chad Michael Murray portrayed Tworkowski, actors Corbin Bleu and Rupert Friend also starred in the film. Supporters have said September 10–17 is TWLOHA Week and many write LOVE on their arms during that week, however, there are some regions that observe this day on November 13. The organization address this event and clarified that it was something they did not create, TWLOHA has risen to prominence through endorsements of celebrities and bands, often seen wearing TWLOHA T-shirts during concerts and events. Jon Foreman of the band Switchfoot was reportedly the first person to one of the T-shirts on stage. Professional soccer players, including Abby Wambach, Ali Krieger, Ashlyn Harris, in March 2015 actor Jared Padalecki designed a new T-shirt for TWLOHA. Actor Joaquin Phoenix has shown support for the organization, the band Between the Trees has written and performed two songs about Renee Yohe, A Time For Yohe and The Way She Feels, while the band Skillet wrote and performed the song The Last Night. TWLOHA has been invited to set up booths on tour with artists, including Switchfoot, Anberlin, The Rocket Summer
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Addiction
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Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite adverse consequences. The two properties that characterize all addictive stimuli are that they are reinforcing and intrinsically rewarding, ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions. Due to the relationship between ΔFosB expression and addictions, it is used preclinically as an addiction biomarker. ΔFosB expression in these neurons directly and positively regulates drug self-administration and reward sensitization through positive reinforcement, classic hallmarks of addiction include impaired control over substances or behavior, preoccupation with substance or behavior, and continued use despite consequences. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification, the only behavioral addiction recognized by the DSM-5 is gambling addiction. The term addiction is misused frequently to refer to other behaviors or disorders, particularly dependence. Addiction is the use of a substance or performance of a behavior that is independent of withdrawal. Cognitive control and stimulus control, which is associated with operant and classical conditioning, cognitive control, and particularly inhibitory control over behavior, is impaired in both addiction and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Stimulus-driven behavioral responses that are associated with a rewarding stimulus tend to dominate ones behavior in an addiction. The term behavioral addiction correctly refers to a compulsion to engage in a natural reward – which is a behavior that is inherently rewarding – despite adverse consequences, reviews of preclinical studies indicate that long-term frequent and excessive consumption of high fat or sugar foods can produce an addiction. Gambling is a natural reward which is associated with behavior and for which clinical diagnostic manuals. There is evidence from functional neuroimaging that gambling activates the reward system, similarly, shopping and playing videogames are associated with compulsive behaviors in humans and have also been shown to activate the mesolimbic pathway and other parts of the reward system. Based upon this evidence, gambling addiction, video game addiction, there are a range of genetic and environmental risk factors for developing an addiction that vary across the population. Roughly half of a risk for developing an addiction is derived from genetics. However, even in individuals with a low genetic loading. In other words, anyone can become an addict under the right circumstances, adolescence represents a period of unique vulnerability for developing addiction. Not only are more likely to initiate and maintain drug use. Statistics have shown that those who start to drink alcohol at a younger age are more likely to become dependent later on, about 33% of the population tasted their first alcohol between the ages of 15 and 17, while 18% experienced it prior to this
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