1.
New Orleans
–
New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
2.
Hip hop music
–
It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
3.
Roc Nation
–
Roc Nation, LLC is an American entertainment company founded by Jay Z & Jay Brown in 2008. The company has offices in New York City, London, Nashville, Austin, the company also has partnerships with global management companies Three Six Zero Urban Media Global Network Collective and Philymack. Rj Entertainment World Wide based in Austin, Texas In 2008, the firm has a multi-year partnership with live event company Live Nation. In June 2009, Roc Nation signed a 4-year distribution deal with Sony Music, in 2010, Roc Nation partnered with London-based entertainment company Three Six Zero Group. In February 2013, Roc Nation signed a music publishing administration deal with Warner/Chappell Music. In April 2013, Roc Nation formed a new sports management division, Roc Nation Sports, shortly thereafter, Roc Nation Sports also launched a boxing promotion division. After the Sony deal expired, in April 2013, Roc Nation signed a partnership with Universal Music. In February 2015, Roc Nation and Three Six Zero Group announced the formation of Three Six Zero Entertainment, a division representing clients in film, television and the literary arts. In November 2016, the administrator of Princes estate authorized a copyright lawsuit against Roc Nation for putting 15 Prince albums up on the streaming service Tidal. In beginning of March 2017, Roc Nation announced the formation of Arrive, jahlil Beats Lab Ox Ludwig Göransson L1 Stress Roc Nation albums discography Roc Nation singles discography RocNation. com
4.
Jay-Z
–
Shawn Corey Carter, known professionally as Jay Z, is an American rapper, businessman, and investor. He is one of the musicians of all time, having sold more than 100 million records. MTV ranked him the Greatest MC of all time in 2006, Rolling Stone ranked three of his albums—Reasonable Doubt, The Blueprint, and The Black Album —among the 500 greatest albums of all time. In 2014, Forbes estimated his net worth at nearly $520 million, Jay Z co-owns the New York 40/40 Club sports bar, and is the co-creator of the clothing line Rocawear. He is the president of Def Jam Recordings, co-founder of Roc-A-Fella Records. He also founded the sports agency Roc Nation Sports and is a certified NBA, as an artist, he holds the record for most number one albums by a solo artist on the Billboard 200 with 13. He has also had four number ones on the Billboard Hot 100, in 2009, he was ranked the tenth-most successful artist of the 2000s by Billboard as well as the fifth top solo male artist and fourth top rapper behind Eminem, Nelly, and 50 Cent. He was also ranked the 88th-greatest artist of all time by Rolling Stone, Jay Z married Singer-Songwriter Beyoncé in 2008. Shawn Carter was born in Brooklyn, New York, and was raised in Marcy Houses and he and his three siblings were raised by their mother, Gloria Carter after their father, Adness Reeves abandoned the family. Reeves would later meet and reconcile with Jay Z before dying from liver failure in 2003, Jay Z claims in his lyrics that in 1982, at the age of 12, he shot his older brother in the shoulder for stealing his jewelry. Along with future rapper AZ, Carter attended Eli Whitney High School in Brooklyn until it was closed down, according to his interviews and lyrics, during this period he sold crack cocaine and was shot at three times. According to his mother, Carter used to wake up his siblings at night banging out drum patterns on the kitchen table and she bought him a boom box for his birthday, sparking his interest in music. He began freestyling and writing lyrics, known as Jazzy around the neighborhood, Carter later adopted the showbiz/stage name Jay-Z in homage to his mentor Jaz-O. He would drop the hyphen in 2013, Jay Z can be briefly heard on several of Jaz-Os early recordings in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including The Originators and Hawaiian Sophie. Jay Z became embroiled in several battles with rapper LL Cool J in the early 1990s and he first became known to a wide audience on the posse cut Show and Prove on the 1994 Big Daddy Kane album Daddys Home. When I would leave the stage to go change outfits, I would bring out Jay Z and Positive K and let them freestyle until I came back to the stage. The young Jay Z appeared on a song by Big L, Da Graveyard, and on Mic Geronimos Time to Build. His first official rap single was called In My Lifetime, for which he released a music video, an unreleased music video was also produced for the B-side I Cant Get with That
5.
Rapping
–
The components of rapping include content, flow, and delivery. Rap differs from spoken-word poetry in that rap is performed in time to a beat. Rapping is often associated with and an ingredient of hip-hop music. Rapping is also used in Kwaito music, a genre originated in Johannesburg, South Africa. Another form of rap that predates hip hop was boxer Muhammad Alis rhythmic poetry used to taunt his opponents in the 1960s and 1970s, rapping can be delivered over a beat, typically provided by a DJ, turntablist or Beatboxer, or without accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies an area between speech, prose, poetry, and singing. The word, as used to describe quick speech or repartee, the word had been used in British English since the 16th century. It was part of the African American dialect of English in the 1960s meaning to converse, today, the terms rap and rapping are so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably. The English verb rap has various meanings, such as to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow, as well to utter sharply or vigorously, to rap out a command. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives a date of 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning to utter sharply, vigorously and it is these meanings from which the musical form of rapping derives, and this definition may be from a shortening of repartee. A rapper refers to a performer who raps, by the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to H. Rap was used to describe talking on records as early as 1971, on Isaac Hayes album Black Moses with track names such as Ikes Rap, Ikes Rap II, Ikes Rap III, Hayes husky-voiced sexy spoken raps became key components in his signature sound. Del the Funky Homosapien similarly states that rap was used to refer to talking in a manner in the early 1970s. Back then what rapping meant, basically, was you trying to convey something—youre trying to convince somebody, thats what rapping is, its in the way you talk. Rapping can be traced back to its African roots, centuries before hip-hop music existed, the griots of West Africa were delivering stories rhythmically, over drums and sparse instrumentation. Such connections have been acknowledged by modern artists, modern day griots, spoken word artists, mainstream news sources. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s, Wald went so far as to call hip hop the living blues. A notable recorded example of rapping in blues music was the 1950 song Gotta Let You Go by Joe Hill Louis, not just jazz music and lyrics but also jazz poetry
6.
Myspace
–
Myspace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos. It is headquartered in Beverly Hills, California, Myspace was acquired by News Corporation in July 2005 for $580 million. From 2005 to 2009, Myspace was the largest social networking site in the world, since then, the number of Myspace users has declined steadily in spite of several redesigns. As of March 2017, Myspace was ranked 3,178 by total Web traffic, Myspace had a significant influence on pop culture and music and created a gaming platform that launched the successes of Zynga and RockYou, among others. Despite an overall decline, in 2015 Myspace still had 50.6 million unique visitors and has a pool of nearly 1 billion active and inactive registered users. In June 2009, Myspace employed approximately 1,600 employees, in June 2011, Specific Media Group and Justin Timberlake jointly purchased the company for approximately $35 million. In August 2003, several employees with Friendster accounts saw potential in its social networking features. The group decided to mimic the popular features of the website. Within 10 days, the first version of Myspace was ready for launch, a complete infrastructure of finance, human resources, technical expertise, bandwidth, and server capacity was available for the site. The project was overseen by Brad Greenspan, who managed Chris DeWolfe, Josh Berman, Tom Anderson, the first Myspace users were eUniverse employees. The company held contests to see who could sign up the most users, eUniverse used its 20 million users and e-mail subscribers to breathe life into Myspace, and move it to the head of the pack of social networking websites. A key architect was tech expert Toan Nguyen who helped stabilize the Myspace platform when Brad Greenspan asked him to join the team. Despite over ten times the number of developers, Friendster, which was developed in JavaServer Pages, could not keep up with the speed of development of Myspace and cfm. The MySpace. com domain was owned by YourZ. com, Inc. intended until 2002 for use as an online data storage. By 2004, it was transitioned from a storage service to a social networking site. A friend, who worked in the data storage business. DeWolfe suggested they charge a fee for the basic Myspace service, Brad Greenspan nixed the idea, believing that keeping Myspace free was necessary to make it a successful community. Myspace quickly gained popularity among teenage and young adult social groups, in February 2005, DeWolfe held talks with Mark Zuckerberg over acquiring Facebook but DeWolfe rejected Zuckerbergs $75 million asking price
7.
Jon Brion
–
Jon Brion is an American rock and pop multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter, composer and record producer. Brion also works as a solo artist and released his solo album, Meaningless. Brion was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey and he came from a musical family, his mother, LaRue, was an administrative assistant and singer, and his father, Keith Brion, was a band director at Yale. His brother and sister became a composer/arranger and a violinist, respectively, Brion had difficulties at Hamden High School and at the age of 17 left education, opting instead to play music professionally. From 1980–85 Jon was part of the band The Excerpts, along with Stephen Harris, Dean Falcone, Jim Balga, in the early 1980s, Brion and musician/producer Bill Murphy began a writing collaboration in New Haven, Connecticut. They eventually enlisted bassist Don Riff Fertman and together formed The Bats, the Bats released a single, Popgun and one album How Pop Can You Get. on Gustav records in 1982. The recordings had much critical acclaim, but little success. In 1987, Brion moved to Boston, where he played solo gigs, formed the short-lived band Worlds Fair and became a member of the last touring version of Aimee Manns new wave band Til Tuesday. He contributed guitar work to Jellyfishs 1993 album Spilt Milk, and in 1994, joined Dan McCarroll, Buddy Judge and he also played guitar on The Wallflowers hit song One Headlight. Brion played numerous instruments on Sam Phillips 1996 release Omnipop, Brion is featured as keyboardist and drummer on Marianne Faithfulls 2003 album, Kissin Time, and co-wrote a song, City of Quartz, for her next work, 2005s Before the Poison. After being recognized as a session player, Brion branched out into production on then-girlfriend Manns 1993 solo debut, Whatever. He has also produced albums by Fiona Apple, Rufus Wainwright, Eleni Mandell, Rhett Miller, Robyn Hitchcock, Brad Mehldau and Evan Dando, and co-produced Kanye Wests Late Registration in 2005. In the fall of 2002, Brion began producing the album Extraordinary Machine with Fiona Apple, Brions versions leaked onto the Internet, where the album gained a cult following long before its official release. Brion worked and performed on some of the tracks for Sean Lennons 2006 album Friendly Fire, lennon said that working with him was how I would imagine its like to work with Prince. Its like having a weird alien prodigy in your room, more recently, Brion has produced recordings by British pop performer Dido, Spoon, and Keane, as well as 2010s False Priest by Of Montreal. Brion also produced Best Coasts second album which was released in early 2012, Brion was signed to the Lava/Atlantic label in 1997, but was released from his contract after turning in his solo debut album Meaningless, the album was released independently in 2001. He is rumored to be working on his second solo album at Abbey Road Studios. Brion is a film composer, having started scoring by frequently working with director Paul Thomas Anderson
8.
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (soundtrack)
–
The soundtrack album for Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind was released by Hollywood Records on March 16,2004. It features the score, composed by Los Angeles musician Jon Brion, the Polyphonic Spree, The Willowz, and Don Nelson. Beck, in a collaboration with Jon Brion, provides a version of the Korgis Everybodys Got to Learn Sometime. Many of the songs either revolve around memories or the sun. Jon Brion provided much of the music for the film, although only one track features his singing, his next soundtrack would feature seven vocal songs. The garage rock band The Willowz contributed two songs to the soundtrack, and would later contribute songs to director Michel Gondrys next film The Science of Sleep. Mr. Blue Sky isnt featured in the film, but plays in the theatrical trailer, brions song Showtime on this soundtrack should not be confused with the song Showtime he wrote for the film Magnolia. Three filmi songs from old Hindi movies can be playing in the background. All three songs are listed in the original soundtrack credits, several albums were mentioned in the shooting script and appeared in the final cut of the film. Among these are Brian Enos Music for Airports, the version by Bang on a Can, Björks Homogenic. All tracks by Jon Brion, except where noted, the track first appeared in 2007 on Jay Electronicas Myspace page. I Wonder Music Video - Music video for the song I Wonder
9.
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
–
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is a 2004 American romantic science fiction comedy-drama film written by Charlie Kaufman and directed by Michel Gondry. It follows a couple who have erased each other from their memories. Pierre Bismuth created the story with Kaufman and Gondry, the ensemble cast includes Jim Carrey, Kate Winslet, Kirsten Dunst, Mark Ruffalo, Elijah Wood and Tom Wilkinson. The title of the film is a quotation from Eloisa to Abelard by Alexander Pope, the film uses elements of the psychological thriller and a nonlinear narrative to explore the nature of memory and romantic love. It opened in North America to wide acclaim on March 19,2004 and it won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, and Winslet received a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actress. The film developed a following in the years after its release. Shy, soft-spoken Joel Barish and the unrestrained free-spirit Clementine Kruczynski begin a relationship on a Long Island Rail Road train from Montauk and they are almost immediately drawn to each other despite their different personalities, though both had felt the need to travel to Montauk that day. Although they do not realize it at the time, Joel and Clementine are, in fact, former lovers, after a fight, Clementine had hired the New York City firm Lacuna, Inc. to erase all of her memories of their relationship. Upon discovering this from his friends Rob and Carrie, Joel was devastated and decided to undergo the procedure himself, much of the film subsequently takes place in Joels mind, during this memory erasure procedure. As his memories are erased, he tries to evade the erasing effects of the procedure by hiding Clementine in remote parts of his subconscious, Joel finds himself revisiting them in reverse. Upon seeing happier times of love with Clementine from earlier in their relationship, he struggles to preserve at least some memory of her, despite his efforts to either hide the memories or wake up and stop the process, the memories are slowly erased. He comes to the last remaining memory of Clementine, the day he had first met her at a house in Montauk. As this memory disintegrates around them, she tells him, Meet me in Montauk, separate, but related, story arcs, which revolve around the employees of Lacuna, are revealed during Joels memory erasure. Patrick, one of the Lacuna technicians performing the erasure, uses Joels memories, mary, the Lacuna receptionist, is dating the other memory-erasing technician, Stan. On learning this, she asks Stan whether he knew about this, mary then quits her job and steals the companys records, and mails the two former clients their records from Lacuna. The film returns to the present, after Joel and Clementine have met aboard the train, Joel beckons Clementine to start over, Clementine initially resists, pointing out it could go the same way. Joel accepts this, and they decide to attempt a relationship anyway, on Metacritic, the film has a score of 89 out of 100, based on 41 reviews, indicating universal acclaim. Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a four stars, referring to Kaufman as the most gifted screenwriter of the 2000s
10.
Exhibit C
–
Exhibit C is a song by American hip hop recording artist and record producer Jay Electronica. The song, produced by Just Blaze, was released to iTunes on December 22,2009, as an EP with explicit, clean, the song, produced by Just Blaze, samples Billy Stewarts Cross My Heart. Jay has stated that the song was produced in only 15 minutes for the purpose of premiering a new song on Angela Yees show on Shade 45, the lyrics reference a time when Jay was homeless in New York City. Despite not having an album or major label support, the song received airplay on stations like WQHT, the EP cover art is a tinted photograph of inventor Nikola Tesla sitting in the Colorado Springs experimental station with his Magnifying Transmitter. The instrumental became very popular among artists, with several rappers such as Fabolous, Cassidy, Crooked I, Joell Ortiz, Bobby Creekwater, AZ. Saigon, Charles Hamilton, B. o. B, Childish Gambino, Twista, Papoose, Game, Lil B, Cashis, recording their own versions of the song. Mos Def has performed the song live, the song has received rave reviews from critics. NME said, Exhibit C is the most accomplished piece of conscious rap this millennium — perhaps ever, shaheem Reid of MTV. com said it is one of those special hip-hop records that you hear and instantly love. Wes Flexner of The Other Paper says the song has created a feeling that hasnt existed since Common Senses 1994 single I Used to Love H. E. R. Both songs make everyone, regardless of their current role in life, on July 25,2010 MTV2s Sucker Free Summit award show awarded Exhibit C with the Instant Classic Award
11.
Sucker Free
–
Sucker Free, known as Sucker Free Daily on weekdays and then Sucker Free Countdown on Sundays, was MTV2s sole hip-hop video block. Previously, Sucker Free aired weekdays for one hour, then sporadically until the week leading to February 28,2010. Sucker Free Countdown, its 2-hour top 15 countdown, aired Sundays at 11AM ET/PT, Sucker Free originated from a block branding of hip-hop videos on MTV2 Sundays in 2002, and eventually became the branding of MTVs main hip-hop program weekdays from 2006 until 2008. In October 2012, the show was re branded as The Week in Jams, Sucker Free debuted on May 29,2006. Its previous moniker, Direct Effect, debuted on September 25,2000, from its start, it was marketed and produced almost like a hip-hop version of TRL. M. Hours before the end in 2008. A limited archive of Sucker Free Countdown can be seen on Sucker Frees web site on MTV2, in response to the PTCs report, Procter & Gamble proposed withdrawing advertising from BET and MTV. An executive for MTV responded, This report unfairly and inaccurately paints MTV with a brush of irresponsibility, during the time outlined in this report we did not receive a single complaint about the content of the videos. We take our responsibility to our viewers very seriously, and have a self-imposed standards group that looks at every video and appropriately rates all of our programming. Sucker Free Daily debuted on 3/15/10, the Daily edition is only half an hour block of hip-hop videos and aired originally Mondays-Thursdays at 7, 30AM ET/PT. MTV. com describes SFD as a music block of videos from Mondays-Thursday. As of March 21,2010, Sucker Free Countdown was hosted by DJ Envy, as of June 27,2010, Sucker Free Countdown expanded to 2.5 hours and returned as a top 20 video countdown. As of March 22,2011, Sucker Free Daily moved to 8, as of April 19,2011, Sucker Free Daily moved back to 7, 30AM ET / PT Tuesdays-Fridays. As of June 26,2011, Sucker Free Countdown returned to its previous 2-hour format, as of October 28,2012, Sucker Free Countdown was re-branded as The Week in Jams, which was announced on October 11,2012. An additional airing appears on MTV Jams, where “Sucker Free Countdown” focused primarily on music, “The Week in Jams” will expand focus on the latest in the hip hop lifestyle, from music to fashion, gear to sports and, of course, real talk. Sucker Free Latino debuted in 2006 on the Latino-oriented MTV network MTV Tres, in 2009, the show was cut of its host and other familiar elements and aired as a top 5 countdown known as SFL5. SFL5 ran Tuesdays at 10PM ET/PT, when MTV Tres re-launched in 2010 as Tr3s, SFL5 was not included in the new programming line-up and effectively cancelled. Sucker Free at the Internet Movie Database
12.
Magnolia Projects
–
The Magnolia Projects, officially the C. J. Peete Projects, also known as Da Wild Magnolia, was one of the Housing Projects of New Orleans. As part of the redevelopment, the area has been renamed Harmony Oaks. The project was among the largest, housing approximately 2,100 people and it is infamous nationwide for both its legendary violent-crime rates as well as spawning a number of world-famous Hip Hop artists. They referred to it as Magnolia, Home of the Soulja, located in the part of Uptown New Orleans known as Central City, it was bounded by Louisiana Avenue, South Claiborne Avenue, La Salle Street and Washington Avenue. The Magnolia Projects are located within the 11th and 12th Wards of New Orleans, at its height, the Magnolia projects had 1403 units. The first part of the project was constructed in 1941, bordered by Louisiana Avenue, Magnolia Street, Washington Avenue, in 1955, the complex was expanded north past Clara Street, incorporating about six additional city blocks. Toledano Street was re-aligned during the 1955 expansion, resulting in the disappearance of a three block long street named Belmont Place. The only remnants of Belmont Place are three houses facing Toledano before it joins with Louisiana Avenue. During the Jim Crow laws era of segregation, the citys main medical care facility for African-Americans. The first three African American mayors of New Orleans were born at Flint Goodridge, from 1952 through 1978, the manager was Cleveland Joseph Peete. In the 1980s and 1990s conditions in the projects have been neglected and declined severely, in 1998 demolition of portions of the projects began as part of a Housing Authority of New Orleans revitalization plan. By 2005, only the 1955 expansion had been razed, the majority of the remaining buildings were vacant and fenced off, with only a portion still occupied, when the area flooded in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Redevelopment work has been delayed in the aftermath of the flood which devastated the majority of the city. The plans include 460 units, a Recovery School District school, 2/3 of the community will be mixed-use and mixed-income, with the rest being market value apartments and town homes. The new Harmony Oaks, redeveloped on the old Magnolia Projects site, is located on some 41 acres southeast of the intersection of Claiborne and Louisiana Aves. The site is bounded by Washington Ave. to the east, LaSalle St. and Freret St. to the south, Louisiana and Toledano Aves. to the west, and S. Claiborne Ave. to the north. The redeveloped projects is a continuation of New Orleans move towards new urbanism favoring urban neighborhood development over suburban sprawl, in the 1990s and early 2000s, the projects were often cited as among the countrys most dangerous. To make it safer, the landlords began taking a line on policies
13.
Hurricane Katrina
–
Hurricane Katrina was the costliest natural disaster and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. The storm is ranked as the third most intense United States landfalling tropical cyclone. Overall, at least 1,245 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods, total property damage was estimated at $108 billion, roughly four times the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 in the United States. Early the following day, the new depression intensified into Tropical Storm Katrina, the cyclone headed generally westward toward Florida and strengthened into a hurricane only two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach and Aventura on August 25. After very briefly weakening to a storm, Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26. The storm caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas, much of it due to the storm surge, severe property damage occurred in coastal areas, such as Mississippi beachfront towns, over 90 percent of these were flooded. Boats and casino barges rammed buildings, pushing cars and houses inland, over fifty breaches in New Orleanss hurricane surge protection were the cause of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina on August 29,2005. Eventually 80% of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded, according to a modeling exercise conducted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, two-thirds of the deaths in Greater New Orleans were due to levee and floodwall failure. All of the studies concluded that the USACE, the designers and builders of the levee system as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965, is responsible. This is mainly due to a decision to use shorter steel sheet pilings in an effort to save money, exactly ten years after Katrina, J. Many other government officials were criticized for their responses, especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco, several agencies including the United States Coast Guard, National Hurricane Center, and National Weather Service were commended for their actions. They provided accurate hurricane weather tracking forecasts with sufficient lead time, Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23,2005, as the result of an interaction of a tropical wave and the remains of Tropical Depression Ten. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24, the tropical storm moved towards Florida, and became a hurricane only two hours before making landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of August 25. The storm weakened over land, but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico, on August 27, the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale, becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification, but caused the storm to nearly double in size, the storm rapidly intensified after entering the Gulf, growing from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours. This rapid growth was due to the movement over the unusually warm waters of the Loop Current. Katrina attained Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1800 UTC that day, with sustained winds of 175 mph. However, this record was broken by Hurricane Rita
14.
Nomad
–
A nomad is a member of a community of people who live in different locations, moving from one place to another. Among the various ways nomads relate to their environment, one can distinguish the hunter-gatherer, as of 1995, there were an estimated 30–40 million nomads in the world. Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and game, is by far the oldest human subsistence method, pastoralists raise herds, driving them, or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover. Nomadism is also a lifestyle adapted to regions such as steppe, tundra, or ice and sand. For example, many groups in the tundra are reindeer herders and are semi-nomadic and these nomads sometimes adapt the use of high technology such as solar photovoltaics to reduce their dependence on diesel fuel. These groups are known as peripatetic nomads, a nomad is a person with no settled home, moving from place to place as a way of obtaining food, finding pasture for livestock, or otherwise making a living. The word Nomad comes from a Greek word that one who wanders for pasture. Most nomadic groups follow an annual or seasonal pattern of movements and settlements. Nomadic peoples traditionally travel by animal or canoe or on foot, today, some nomads travel by motor vehicle. Most nomads live in tents or other portable shelters, Nomads keep moving for different reasons. Nomadic foragers move in search of game, edible plants, the Australian Aborigines, Negritos of Southeast Asia, and San of Africa, for example, traditionally move from camp to camp to hunt and to gather wild plants. Some tribes of the Americas followed this way of life, Pastoral nomads make their living raising livestock, such as camels, cattle, goats, horses, sheep, or yaks. These nomads travel to find more camels, goats, and sheep through the deserts of Arabia, the Fulani and their cattle travel through the grasslands of Niger in western Africa. Some nomadic peoples, especially herders, may move to raid settled communities or avoid enemies. Nomadic craftworkers and merchants travel to find and serve customers and they include the Lohar blacksmiths of India, the Romani traders, and the Irish Travellers. Most nomads travel in groups of families called bands or tribes and these groups are based on kinship and marriage ties or on formal agreements of cooperation. A council of adult males makes most of the decisions, though some tribes have chiefs, in the case of Mongolian nomads, a family moves twice a year. These two movements would generally occur during the summer and winter, the winter location is usually located near mountains in a valley and most families already have their fixed winter locations
15.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
16.
Philadelphia
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
17.
Baltimore
–
Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
18.
Detroit
–
Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
19.
Denver
–
Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
20.
Atlanta
–
Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
21.
J Dilla
–
Yancey died in 2006 of the blood disease thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. James Yancey was the eldest of four including a sister, Martha. The family lived at a house near McDougall and Nevada. He developed a vast musical knowledge from his parents—his mother is an opera singer. According to his mother, he could match pitch perfect harmony by two-months old, to the amazement of musician friends and he began collecting vinyl at the age of two and would be allowed to spin records in the park, an activity he enjoyed tremendously as a child. Along with a range of musical genres, Yancey developed a passion for hip hop music. After transferring from Davis Aerospace Technical High School to Detroit Pershing High School, he met classmates T3 and Baatin, the three formed a rap group called Slum Village. He also took up beatmaking using a tape deck as the center of his studio. During these teenage years he stayed in the basement alone with his collection of records. He later told Pete Rock when they met years later that I was trying to be you, in 1992, he met experienced Detroit musician Amp Fiddler, who was impressed by what Jay Dee was able to accomplish with such limited tools. Amp Fiddler let Jay Dee use his MPC, which he learned quickly. In 1995, Jay Dee and MC Phat Kat formed 1st Down and that same year he recorded Yester Years EP with 5 Elementz. In the year 1996, he formed the group Slum Village along with T3 and Baatin, and recorded the debut, Fan-Tas-Tic in his home studio. Upon its release in 1997, the quickly became popular with fans of Detroit hip hop, as well as gaining the attention of Q-Tip. However, J Dilla felt uncomfortable with the comparison and often voiced it in several interviews and it was kinda fucked up because people automatically put us in that category. That was actually a category that we didn’t actually wanna be in, I thought the music came off like that, but we didn’t realize that shit then. I mean, you listen to the lyrics of the shit. Niggas was talking about getting head from bitches and it was like a nigga from Native Tongues never woulda said that shit
22.
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
–
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy film directed by Mel Stuart, and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka. It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl, the film tells the story of Charlie Bucket as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonkas chocolate factory with four other children from around the world. Filming took place in Munich in 1970, and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30,1971, with a budget of just $3 million, the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run. It then made an additional $21 million during its re-release by Warner Bros. under the Family Entertainment banner in 1996, the film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales. In 1972, the received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score, and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy. The movie introduced the song The Candy Man, which went on to become a hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, until 1977, Paramount distributed the film. From then on, all the rights to the film were handed over to Warner Bros. for home entertainment purposes starting in the 1980s, a group of children go to a candy shop in Kaiserslautern, Germany. Charlie Bucket, whose family is poor, stares through the window as the shop owner sings The Candy Man, walking home, he passes Willy Wonkas chocolate factory. A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allinghams poem The Fairies, and tells Charlie, Nobody ever goes in, Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and four bedridden grandparents. Wonka disappeared, but three years later began selling candy, the origin of Wonkas labor force is unknown. Wonka announces to the world that he has hidden five Golden Tickets in chocolate Wonka Bars, the finders of these tickets will be given a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate. As each winner is heralded to the world on TV, a man whispers to them, the fifth ticket is supposedly found by a millionaire in Paraguay. Charlie finds money in a gutter, using it to buy a Wonka Bar and he uses the change to buy a Wonka Bar for Joe. The newspapers reveal that the Paraguayan millionaire faked his ticket, when Charlie opens the Wonka Bar, Charlie returns home with his news. Joe is so elated that he finds he can walk, Charlie chooses him as his chaperone, the next day, Wonka greets the ticket winners. Each signs a contract before the tour. The factory includes a river of chocolate, edible mushrooms, lickable wallpaper, Wonkas workers are small men known as Oompa-Loompas
23.
Erykah Badu
–
Erica Erykah Abi Wright, better known as Erykah Badu, is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, disc jockey, activist, and actress. Badus career began after opening a show for DAngelo in 1994 in her hometown, record label executive Kedar Massenburg was highly impressed with her performance and her first album, Baduizm, was released on February 11,1997. It spawned three singles, On & On, Next Lifetime and Otherside of the Game, the album was certified triple Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Badus first live album, Live, was released on November 18,1997 and was certified double Platinum by the RIAA, Badus second studio album, Mamas Gun, was released on October 31,2000. It spawned three singles, Bag Lady, which became her first top 10 single on the Billboard Hot 100 peaking at #6, Didnt Cha Know. the album was certified Platinum by the RIAA. Badus third album, Worldwide Underground, was released on September 16,2003 and it generated three singles, Love of My Life, Danger and Back in the Day with Love becoming her second song to reach the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #9. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA, Badus fourth album, New Amerykah Part One, was released on February 26,2008. It spawned two singles, Honey and Soldier, New Amerykah Part Two was released in 2010 and fared well both critically and commercially. It contained the lead single Window Seat, which led to controversy. Influenced by R&B, 1970s soul, and 1980s hip hop and her work has often been compared to jazz great Billie Holiday. Early in her career, Badu was recognizable for her eccentric style and she was a core member of the Soulquarians. As an actress, she has played a range of supporting roles in movies including Blues Brothers 2000, The Cider House Rules. She also speaks at length in the documentaries Before the Music Dies, Erykah Badu was born Erica Abi Wright in Dallas, Texas on February 26,1971. Her mother raised her, her brother Eevin, and her sister Nayrok alone after their father, to provide for her family, the childrens paternal grandmother often helped to look after them while Badus mother, Kolleen Maria Wright, worked as an actress in theatrical productions. Influenced by her mother, Badu had her first taste of business at the age of four. By the age of 14, Badu was free-styling for a radio station alongside such talent as Roy Hargrove. In her youth, she had decided to change the spelling of her first name from Erica to Erykah, the term kah signifies the inner self. She adopted the surname Badu because it is her favorite jazz scat sound, also, among the Akan people in Ghana, it is the term for the 10th-born child
24.
Gilles Peterson
–
Gilles Peterson is a disc jockey and record label owner in England. His labels have included Acid Jazz, Talkin Loud, and Brownswood Recordings, Peterson has been associated with the careers of artists of the 1990s, such as Erykah Badu, Roni Size, and Jamiroquai. Peterson started his career on radio stations. He then worked on stations in London, notably the dance music station Kiss FM. In 1998, he was hired by BBC Radio 1, and in 1998 he began hosting a program on BBC Radio 6 Music that played a variety of genres, including jazz, hip hop, electronica, and soul. He hosts a radio program that is broadcast on seven European countries. Peterson became popular on SoundCloud with a base of more than 3 million listeners, featuring mixes. Born to a mother from Paris, France, and a father from Zürich, Switzerland and he became known on the London circuit as a DJ specialising in the new breed of acid jazz, drawing on the jazz, funk and Latin fusions of the 1970s. First heard as a DJ on the London pirate radio station Radio Invicta, he went on to host Mad On Jazz on BBC Radio London in 1986–87, then ran club night at Dingwalls in Camden Town. Upon leaving BBC London in 1986, Peterson took up a new residency at Dingwalls in Camden, coinciding with the rise of acid house in UK clubland, the popularity of Sunday Afternoon at Dingwalls grew and grew, establishing itself as a legendary session. Peterson now curates a number of live music events in the UK and internationally including the Worldwide Festival in the south of France. That club, and one of Petersons best remembered club sessions, was Talkin Loud Sayin Something at the old Dingwalls club in Camden, North West London which ran from the late 1980s until March 1991. Peterson played alongside fellow London DJ Patrick Forge at most of the Dingwalls sessions, as well as separately at many other club nights. In March 1990, Peterson became a jockey on Londons first-ever dedicated jazz station 102.2 Jazz FM. The three-hour show was stripped into sections including the Samba 60, artists as diverse as the Freestyle Fellowship, Sérgio Mendes and Leon Thomas would all appear on the same playlist. He was forced to leave the station after making anti-war comments during the first Gulf War, September 1990 saw London pirate dance music station Kiss 100 FM become legal when it acquired a licence and started to broadcast from the Holloway Road in North London. Patrick Forge was then given the space to create his own show, Peterson moved over to Kiss FM himself after being fired by Jazz FM. In his shows on Kiss FM he played acts as diverse as Josh Wink, Gang Starr and he was then hired by BBC Radio 1 in 1998
25.
Master of ceremonies
–
A master of ceremonies, abbreviated M. C. also called compère and announcer, is the official host of a ceremony, a staged event or similar performance. The master of ceremonies sometimes also refers to the officer during an official state function. Today, the term often connotes a master of ceremonies who presents performers, speaks to the audience, entertains people, in addition, the term also exists in various chivalric orders and fraternal orders. The term originated in the Catholic Church, the Master of Ceremonies is an official of the Papal Court responsible for the proper and smooth conduct of the elegant and elaborate rituals involving the Pope and the sacred liturgy. He may also be an involved in the proper conduct of protocols and ceremonials involving the Roman Pontiff, the Papal Court. Examples of official liturgical books prescribing the rules and regulations of liturgical celebrations are Cæremoniale Romanum, the office of the Master of Ceremonies itself is very old. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the most ancient ceremonials and rituals of the Catholic Church are the Ordines Romani, names of Masters of Ceremonies are known since the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. However, copies of books prescribing the forms of rituals, rites and it is reasonable to assume that the ceremonials themselves pre-date Gelasius. However, documentary evidence from the late Roman period is scarce or lost, the ceremonies and practices of the Byzantine emperors are also known to have influenced the papal court. At a large Catholic church or cathedral, the Master of Ceremonies organizes and rehearses the proceedings and he may also have responsibility for the physical security of the place of worship during the liturgy. At major festivities such as Christmas and Easter, when the liturgies are long and complex, the current papal Master of Ceremonies is Monsignor Guido Marini, who succeeded Archbishop Piero Marini. Masters of Ceremonies at weddings and private events also ensure the coordination of their event, became an alternative title for a rapper and for their role within hip hop music and culture. The term is used as a term of distinction, referring to an artist with good performance skills. An MC focuses on skills, lyrical ability, and subject matter, in any comedy show, the compère is the host of the evenings events, but the precise role and responsibilities will vary depending on the country, venue and style of event. The compère will normally do longer bits at the start of the show and after any interval and they may also be required to make announcements, such as birthdays, anniversaries and bar promotions. In some circles the title Master of Ceremonies is also known as Minister of Ceremonies, in the 1940 Disney film, Fantasia, Deems Taylor is the films Master of Ceremonies. Media related to Master of ceremonies at Wikimedia Commons
26.
Jack Kerouac
–
Jack Kerouac was an American novelist and poet. He is considered a literary iconoclast and, alongside William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, Kerouac is recognized for his method of spontaneous prose. Thematically, his work covers such as Catholic spirituality, jazz, promiscuity, Buddhism, drugs, poverty. He became a celebrity and, with other beats, a progenitor of the hippie movement. In 1969, aged 47, Kerouac died from bleeding due to long-term alcohol abuse. Since his death, Kerouacs literary prestige has grown, and several previously unseen works have been published, Jack Kerouac was born on March 12,1922 in Lowell, Massachusetts, to French Canadian parents, Léo-Alcide Kéroack and Gabrielle-Ange Lévesque. There is some confusion surrounding his name, partly because of variations on the spelling of Kerouac and his reason for that statement seems to be linked to an old family legend that the Kerouacs had descended from Baron François Louis Alexandre Lebris de Kerouac. Kerouacs baptism certificate lists his name simply as Jean Louis Kirouac, Kerouacs father Leo had been born into a family of potato farmers in the village of Saint-Hubert-de-Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec. Jack also had stories on the etymology of his surname, usually tracing it to Irish, Breton. In one interview he claimed it was from the name of the Cornish language, another version was that the Kerouacs had come to Cornwall from Ireland before the time of Christ and the name meant language of the house. In still another interview he said it was an Irish word for language of the water, Kerouac, derived from Kervoach, is the name of a town in Brittany in Lanmeur, near Morlaix. Jack Kerouac later referred to 34 Beaulieu Street as sad Beaulieu, the Kerouac family was living there in 1926 when Jacks older brother Gerard died of rheumatic fever, aged nine. This deeply affected four-year-old Jack, who would say that Gerard followed him in life as a guardian angel. This is the Gerard of Kerouacs novel Visions of Gerard and he had one other sibling, an older sister named Caroline. Kerouac was referred to as Ti Jean or little John around the house during his childhood, Kerouac spoke French until he learned English at age six, he did not speak English confidently until his late teens. He was a child who was devoted to his mother. She was a devout Catholic, who instilled this deep faith into both her sons, Kerouac would later say that his mother was the only woman he ever loved. After Gerard died, his mother sought solace in her faith, while his father abandoned it, wallowing in drinking, gambling, and smoking
27.
Nas
–
Nasir Bin Olu Dara Jones, better known by his stage name Nas /ˈnɑːz/, is an American rapper, record producer, actor and entrepreneur. The son of jazz musician Olu Dara, Nas has released eight consecutive platinum and multi-platinum albums and has sold over 25 million records worldwide. He is also an entrepreneur through his own label, he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and is the owner of a Fila sneaker store. He is currently signed to Mass Appeal Records and his musical career began in 1991 as featured artist on Main Sources Live at the Barbeque. His debut album Illmatic received universal acclaim from critics and the hip hop community and is frequently ranked as one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time. Nas follow-up It Was Written debuted at one on the Billboard 200, stayed on top for four consecutive weeks. From 2001 to 2005, Nas was involved in a publicized feud with rapper Jay Z. Nas signed to Def Jam in 2006. In 2010, he released Distant Relatives, an album with reggae artist Damian Marley. His eleventh studio album, Life Is Good was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Nas is often named as one of the greatest hip hop artists. MTV ranked him at number 5 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time, in 2012, The Source ranked him number two on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time. In 2013, Nas was ranked fourth on MTVs Hottest MCs in the Game list. About. com ranked him first on their list of the 50 Greatest MCs of All Time in 2014, nasir bin Olu Dara Jones was born September 14,1973, in Brooklyn, New York. His father, Olu Dara, is a jazz and blues musician and his mother, Fannie Ann Jones, was a Postal Service worker from North Carolina. He has one sibling, a brother named Jabari Fret who is best known as Jungle and his father took his name Olu Dara from the Yoruba people. His African DNA indicates he has roots in countries with high Yoruba populations Nigeria, Benin, Togo and Ghana – as well as Mali, the Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Congo, and Senegal. His matrilineal DNA haplogroup is of African origin, found among the Yoruba and he also found that his Y-DNA traces directly back to Scandinavia, through which he is a descendant of the Vikings. As a young child, Nas and his family relocated to the Queensbridge Houses in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens and his neighbor, Willy Ill Will Graham, influenced Nass interest in hip hop by playing him records. His parents divorced in 1985, and he dropped out of school after the eighth grade and he educated himself about African culture through the Five Percent Nation and the Nuwaubian Nation
28.
Pharoahe Monch
–
Troy Donald Jamerson, better known by his stage name Pharoahe Monch, is an American rapper from Queens, New York. He is known for his lyrics, complex delivery, and internal. Monch released three albums as part of the rap duo Organized Konfusion with partner Prince Poetry, The self-titled Organized Konfusion, Stress, The Extinction Agenda, the duo handled a large amount of production on these albums themselves. All albums received critical reviews, but moderate sales. As a result, the duo split up after recording their final album The Equinox in 1997, Prince Poetry has since denied the possibility of an Organized Konfusion reunion. Pharoahe Monch then signed to Rawkus Records, an indie label, after making several guest appearances on albums like the best-selling Rawkus compilation Soundbombing II, Monchs much-hyped debut, Internal Affairs was released in 1999. The first single of the album, Simon Says, became a hit single and it was also featured in the 2000 cinematic releases Charlies Angels and Boiler Room. Despite its success, the song caused controversy when Monch was later sued for the use of a sample from Akira Ifukubes Gojira Tai Mosura in the hook. The uncleared sample use caused a halting in his albums distribution, after Internal Affairs and the controversy over its hit song, Pharoahe would not release another solo project for several years. He did still make some songs and guest appearances however, in 2000 he featured with Mos Def and Nate Dogg on the hit song Oh No from the Rawkus compilation record Lyricist Lounge 2. He contributed the song Fuck You to the Training Day soundtrack in 2001, in 2003 Pharoahe released his final single through Rawkus Records, Agent Orange, a war inspired song which revisited the 1991 Organized Konfusion track Releasing Hypnotical Gases. Pharoahe is also affiliated with the rap group The HRSMN, although not a member of the group, he is constantly linked to someday join the group when/if they ever expand. There were rumors his next album, at first tentatively titled Innervisions, was to be released under Denaun Porters new Shady Records imprint Runyon Ave. On December 19,2006, Pharoahe Monch released his first and only official mixtape, The Awakening, hosted by Clinton Sparks, in June 2007, Monch released his second solo album Desire to critical acclaim. Monch said about the album. its very soulful, very gospel, the albums lead single was the self-produced track Push, with Lets Go as its B-Side. The songs music video and single were released in late September 2006, Pharoahe Monch released a second music video entitled When the Gun Draws at a Brooklyn music festival in February 2007. The track was inspired by a song he did with Prince Po entitled Stray Bullet which was featured on the Stress, a final video was made for the title track Desire in late 2007. It was directed by New Zealand director Andy Morton and shot on the Rock the Bells tour with full band, the video features both MeLa Machinko and Showtyme
29.
Guilty Simpson
–
Byron Simpson, better known by his stage name Guilty Simpson is a rapper from Detroit, Michigan. He was previously known as Guilt, in order to set himself apart from the others, he added his last name to become Guilty Simpson. He is signed to Stones Throw Records and he is also known for being a favorite of the late producer J Dilla. His debut album, Ode to the Ghetto includes production from J Dilla, as well as frequent collaborators Madlib. Along with Sean Price and Black Milk, Guilty Simpson formed the rap trio Random Axe. Simpson is also affiliated with the Detroit hip hop collective Almighty Dreadnaughtz and his major influences were Big Daddy Kane, N. W. A, Scarface, and Kool G Rap. He is currently working on a new album produced by Katalyst of hip hop producer group Quakers. 2007, Stray Bullets 2009, Madlib Medicine Show Vol. R, gunna from Dirty District, Vol.1 from The Album For The D by Producer No. Success by Fatt Father from Fatt Father Psycho by D3CCPT from Psycho 12 Strategies by Shawn Jackson from First Of All
30.
9th Wonder
–
Patrick Denard Douthit, better known as 9th Wonder, is a hip hop record producer, record executive, DJ, lecturer, and rapper from Midway, North Carolina, U. S. As of 2010, 9th Wonder raps under the name of 9thmatic, 9th Wonder has a smooth and soulful production style that relies on samples from artists such as Al Green and Curtis Mayfield. 9th Wonders first significant career breakthrough came in 2003 when, as an up-and-coming producer, released through internet outlets, the album garnered significant attention and acclaim. The producer has said that he was not thinking in terms of using it to generate a buzz or promote his skills at that point, the album has since been credited as starting the now regular trend for unofficial home-made remixes of whole albums. 9th Wonder began his career as the producer for the group Little Brother. As part of Little Brother he gained recognition and critical acclaim for his production on their debut 2003 release, Jay-Zs studio engineer Young Guru was impressed with his work, and contacted 9th Wonder, which led to 9th Wonder producing Threat for Jay-Zs 2003 The Black Album. On the album, 9th Wonder produced the tracks Girl and Is She the Reason, 9th Wonder left Little Brother in 2007. On October 29,2007, 9th Wonder made a public appearance on BETs Rap City. Madlib, Jean Grae and Erykah Badu appeared as well, in 2010, he appeared on BETs 106 & Park countdown with David Banner. 9th Wonder, E. Jones, and rapper J. Cole served as the producers of the soundtrack to the EA Sports video game NBA Elite 11. 9th Wonder and J. Cole also appear as characters in NBA Jam with a team name of Cole & Wonder. 9th Wonder debuted his rapping alter-ego 9thmatic in late 2009, 9thmatic appeared on songs with Khrysis and Sean Boog, Big Remo, Murs and Thee Tom Hardy. 9th Wonder worked with Mississippi rapper David Banner on an album entitled Death of a Pop Star which was released on December 21,2010. After forming Jamla Records in 2010, he went on produce for Jill Scott, Dilated Peoples, Big Boi of Outkast. In January 2009, 9th Wonder announced plans to start two independent record labels, Jamla and The Academy, under his imprint Its A Wonderful World Music Group. Jamla originally consisted of Skyzoo, GQ, Rapsody, Tyler Woods and Big Remo, while The Academy consisted of Thee Tom Hardy, Actual Proof, TP, the Academy artists were later folded into the Jamla label. Halo and Heather Victoria were announced as the newest members of IWWMG in October 2010, Jamla Records now consists of artists GQ, Rapsody, Actual Proof, TP, Halo, & Heather Victoria. In July 2010, 9th Wonder officially debuted his team for IWWMG
31.
YouTube
–
YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
32.
Jason Goldwatch
–
Jason Goldwatch is an American music video director and commercial director who is a Co-Founder and Executive Creative Director of Decon, a creative agency and record label based in New York. He is best known for his work with Kid Cudi, Pharrell Williams, Linkin Park, Evidence, Action Bronson, Goldwatch has also partnered with The Alchemist for the experimental performance art group Media Muerte. Goldwatch was born in San Francisco, where he attended San Francisco School of the Arts before going to Cal Arts and he worked at several production companies before touring with Dilated Peoples as their videographer. In 2000, he partnered with Peter Bittenbender on One Big Trip, One of the most recognizable aspects about the music videos by Goldwatch is that he credits himself at the beginning of each video. He has said it was a decision he made early on to establish his personal brand. Evidence - Mr Slow Flow Evidence - To Be Continued,1 ”Revenge of the Robots” – Def Jux documentary The Journey of Mr. Rager - Documentary about Kid Cudi
33.
Decon
–
Decon is a New York-based creative studio. Housing production, creative, strategy and music divisions, the company creates campaigns on behalf of brands, the soundtrack was released as a double-sided DVD/CD in 2002 with Hieroglyphic Imperium Records - it is thought to be the first hip-hop-centric release in the hybrid format. In 2012, Decon earned a Promax Award for work on NBCUniversals Green Week campaign and that year, Misha Louy and Sacha Jenkins both joined as partners, expanding the Production and Entertainment divisions. Decon Records is the independent record label that is a division of Decon and it got its start releasing underground hip-hop recordings. In 2013, Decon Records was noted as one of Billboard’s 50 Best Independent Labels in America, other early Decon Records projects include partnering with The Roots to establish Okayplayer Records. The label provided further releases from Aceyalone as well as RJD2’s Magnificent City Instrumentals, in 2008, the label released an album from frequent Talib Kweli and Mos Def collaborator, 88-Keys, called The Death of Adam. The album featured Kid Cudi and Redman and was produced by Kanye West. The video for the lead single “Stay Up. ” was directed by Decon co-founder Jason Goldwatch, the following year, Decon licensed RJD2’s “A Beautiful Mine” as the theme song for the AMC show Mad Men. That year, Decon released Jay Electronicas Just Blaze-produced tracks Exhibit A, while collaborating with Decon Records, Jay won two awards from MTV and signed a deal with Roc Nation. The Alchemist’s Russian Roulette, Gangrene’s Vodka & Ayahuasca, and Roc Marciano’s Reloaded all made the HipHopDX2012 records of the awards list. And were favorably reviewed in Complex Magazine, XXL singled out Roc Marciano’s Decon Records release, Reloaded, as the “Best Slept-On Album” of that year. Early album releases saw Decon working alongside Project Blowed and Okayplayer, in 2011, Decon earned recognition from Billboard as one of the 50 Best Indie Labels in America. Aaron Cohen- Potential Fans List of advertising agencies List of record labels Official website Decon discography at Discogs
34.
ITunes
–
ITunes is a media player, media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple Inc. It is used to play, download, and organize digital downloads of music and video on personal computers running the macOS, the iTunes Store is also available on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Application software for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch can be downloaded from the App Store. ITunes 12.5 is the most recent major version of iTunes, available for Mac OS X v10.9.5 or later and Windows 7 or later, it was released on September 13,2016. ITunes 12.2 added Apple Music to the application, along with the Beats 1 radio station, soundJam MP, developed by Bill Kincaid and released by Casady & Greene in 1998, was renamed iTunes when Apple purchased it in 2000. Jeff Robbin, Kincaid, and Dave Heller moved to Apple as part of the acquisition and they simplified SoundJams user interface, added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support. On January 9,2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at Macworld San Francisco, originally a Mac OS 9-only application, iTunes began to support Mac OS X when version 2.0 was released nine months later, which also added support for the original iPod. Version 3 dropped Mac OS9 support but added smart playlists, in April 2003, version 4.0 introduced the iTunes Store, in October, version 4.1 added support for Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Introduced at Macworld 2005 with the new iPod Shuffle, Version 4.7, Version 7.0 introduced gapless playback and Cover Flow in September 2006. In March 2007, iTunes 7.1 added support for Windows Vista, iTunes lacked support for 64-bit versions of Windows until the 7.6 update on January 16,2008. ITunes is supported under any 64-bit version of Windows Vista, although the iTunes executable is still 32-bit, the 64-bit versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 are not supported by Apple, but a workaround has been devised for both operating systems. Version 8.0 added Genius playlists, grid view, iTunes 9 added Homeshare, enabling automatic updating of purchased items across other computers on the same subnet and offers a new iTunes Store UI. Genius Mixes were added, as well as improved app synchronization abilities and it also adds iTunes LPs to the store, which provides additional media with an album. Apple added iTunes Extras as well to the store, which adds content usually reserved for films on DVD, both iTunes LPs and Extras use web-standards HTML, JavaScript and CSS. iTunes acts as a front end for Apples QuickTime media framework. Officially, it is required in order to manage the data of an iPod, iPhone, or iPad. In addition, users are able to add PDF files to their library, the PDFs can be synchronized with and read on several devices except the regular iPod. iTunes 8.0 saw the removal of several options in the Preferences window. For example, iTunes once gave users the option to display arrows beside the selected songs title, artist, album and these arrows are no longer removable, except through the direct editing of a preferences file. ITunes keeps track of songs by creating a library, allowing users to access
35.
2010 Bonnaroo Music Festival
–
The 2010 Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival was held on June 10–13,2010. The line-up was announced Tuesday, February 9, although the original release date was scheduled for February 2. It was broadcast live on YouTube, pre-sale tickets went on sale November 27,2009. The majority of artists were announced on Bonnaroos official MySpace and Twitter pages over a span of nine hours, on March 4, Ween, John Butler Trio, Umphreys McGee, Galactic, The Gossip, and Circa Survive were added to the line-up. On March 11, it was announced that Conan OBrien would stop at the festival during The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour, recordings of Tenacious Ds performance on June 11 were released for free on the Live Music Archive. B. o. B The Other Tent, Tokyo Police Club Edward Sharpe & the Magnetic Zeros Dr. Australia Green Day, Rock Band Experience 2010 NBA Finals Game 5 As in 2009, no Superjam took place
36.
Sean Combs
–
Sean John Combs, also known by his stage names Puff Daddy, Puffy, P. Diddy and Diddy, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, actor, record producer and entrepreneur. He was born in Harlem and was raised in Mount Vernon and he worked as a talent director at Uptown Records before founding his label Bad Boy Entertainment in 1993. His debut album No Way Out has been certified seven times platinum and was followed by successful albums such as Forever, The Saga Continues. in 2009 Combs formed the musical group Diddy – Dirty Money and released the critically well-reviewed and commercially successful album Last Train to Paris. Combs has won three Grammy Awards and two MTV Video Music Awards, and is the producer of MTVs Making the Band, in 2016 Forbes estimated Combs net worth at $750 million. Sean John Combs was born on November 4,1969 in Harlem in Manhattan, New York City, and was raised in Mount Vernon, New York. His mother, Janice, was a model and teachers assistant and his father, at age 33, Melvin was shot to death while sitting in his car on Central Park West, when Combs was 2 years old. Combs graduated from the Roman Catholic Mount Saint Michael Academy in 1987 and he played football for the academy, and his team won a division title in 1986. Combs said that he was given the nickname Puff as a child, after dropping out of Howard University in 1990, after two years as a business major, Combs became an intern at New Yorks Uptown Records. While talent director at Uptown, he helped develop Jodeci and Mary J. Blige, in his college days Combs had a reputation for throwing parties, some of which attracted up to a thousand participants. In 1991, Combs promoted an AIDS fundraiser with Heavy D held at the City College of New York gymnasium, the event was oversold, and a stampede occurred in which nine people died. In 1993, after being fired from Uptown, Combs established his new label Bad Boy Entertainment as a joint venture with Arista Records, taking then-newcomer The Notorious B. I. G. with him. Both The Notorious B. I. G. and Craig Mack quickly released hit singles, followed by successful LPs, Combs signed more acts to Bad Boy, including Carl Thomas, Faith Evans,112, Total, and Father MC. The Hitmen, his production team, worked with Jodeci, Mary J. Blige, Usher, Lil Kim, TLC, Mariah Carey, Boyz II Men, SWV, Aretha Franklin. Mase and The Lox joined Bad Boy just as a widely publicized rivalry with the West Coasts Death Row Records was beginning, Combs and The Notorious B. I. G. were criticized and parodied by Tupac Shakur and Suge Knight in songs and interviews during the mid-1990s. During 1994–1995, Combs produced several songs for TLCs CrazySexyCool, which finished the decade as number 25 on Billboards list of top pop albums of the decade, in 1997, under the name Puff Daddy, Combs recorded his first commercial vocal work as a rapper. His debut single, Cant Nobody Hold Me Down, spent 28 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and his debut album, No Way Out, was released on July 1,1997, through Bad Boy Records. Originally titled Hell up in Harlem, the album underwent several changes after The Notorious B. I. G. was killed on March 9,1997, several of the labels artists made guest appearances on the album. No Way Out was a significant success, particularly in the United States, four other singles, Cant Nobody Hold Me Down, Its All About the Benjamins, Been Around the World, and Victory, were also released
37.
Jeezy
–
Jay Wayne Jenkins, better known by his stage name Young Jeezy, is an American rap artist from Atlanta, Georgia. In 1998, he launched the label imprint CTE World, aside from his solo career, Jeezy is the de facto leader of the southern hip hop group United Streets Dopeboyz of America, and is a former member of the Bad Boy Records rap group Boyz n da Hood. Jeezy is also known for helping pioneer the hip hop subgenre trap music, alongside fellow Atlanta-based rappers T. I. Jeezy embarked on his music career in 2001, as Lil J, with the release of Thuggin Under the Influence. He later joined Boyz n da Hood in 2005, the year his solo major label debut Lets Get It. Its lead single Soul Survivor, which features R&B singer Akon and his subsequent albums, The Inspiration and The Recession, both yielded chart-topping singles. Jay Wayne Jenkins was born in Columbia, South Carolina and relocated to Atlanta, because his parents were separated, custody of him transferred between family members frequently. In an interview with XXL magazine, he described his childhood as empty, in 1994, he spent nine months in YCA, a boot camp in Fort Stewart, Georgia, for narcotics possession. Jeezy released his first independent album, Thuggin Under the Influence and it featured artists such as Freddy J. Kinky B, Fidank, and Lil Jon, who also produced some of the tracks. In 2003, Jeezy released Come Shop wit Me, a set featuring completely new tracks with some songs from T. U. I. Jeezy signed with Bad Boy Records in 2004 and joined the group Boyz n da Hood, whose self-titled album was released in June 2005 and peaked at #5 on the Billboard 200 albums charts. In May 2004, Jazze Phas manager Henry Noonie Lee showed Young Jeezys demo to his friend Shakir Stewart, Vice President Artist, Stewart fell in love with it the first time heard it and took it to L. A. Reid. Reid recognised the talent and gave Stewart the green light to sign him, as the hottest thing on the street at the time, various labels - including Warner and Interscope – were after his signature. However, Young Jeezy decided he wanted to be in business with Stewart, as a result, signed with Def Jam Records. Young Jeezys debut single off his album, And Then What featuring Mannie Fresh. Young Jeezys major label debut, Lets Get It, Thug Motivation 101, was released on July 26,2005 and it debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200, selling 172,000 copies in its first week and was later certified Platinum by the RIAA. The second single off the album, Soul Survivor featuring Akon reached #4 on the Billboard Hot 100, the third single, My Hood, reached #77 on the Billboard Hot 100. In an interview with HitQuarters, A&R Shakir Stewart said that Jeezy had recorded over 60 songs for the album, in interviews and on several records, Young Jeezy has affirmed his resistance to commercialism in his music. Maintaining his street credibility, according to Young Jeezy, is of the utmost concern to him as an artist, in 2005, Young Jeezy was featured in several popular hip hop songs including Gucci Manes Icy and Boyz n da Hoods Dem Boyz
38.
Royce da 5'9"
–
Ryan Daniel Montgomery, better known by his stage name Royce da 5′9″, is an American rapper from Detroit, Michigan. The editors of About. com ranked him No.30 on their list of the Top 50 MCs of Our Time. In a interview with DJ Vlad on YouTube, Royce stated that his early stage name prior to the Royce nickname was R-Dog. He moved to Oak Park, Michigan when he was 10 years old, Royces name comes from his height,5 feet 9 inches. Similar instances suggest that his name has numerous meanings besides his height and he started rapping at age 18, influenced mainly by Ras Kass, Redman, Tupac Shakur, The Notorious B. I. G. Esham, Detroits Most Wanted, and N. W. A, when the project was heavily bootlegged, Royce left the label for Koch to re-record some of the album, eventually releasing it in 2002 as Rock City. While the album did not sell well, the DJ Premier-produced single Boom gained Royce some underground recognition. Royce appeared on Eminems major-label debut studio album The Slim Shady LP, however, many of the CDs pressed and released did not have this song on them. Royce and Eminem also released a track called Renegades, from which Royces vocals would later be replaced with Jay-Zs on the latters The Blueprint, through Eminem, Royce would also be introduced to both Dr. Dre and execs at Game Recordings. After Royces manager Kino stated, I’ve seen Em sit Dre down like a pupil and coach him on rhymes. on a phone interview, Royce refused to fire his manager Kino, thus Royces relationship with Dre ended. Royce had an out with D12, including mutual friend. This resulted in a drawn-out, public rivalry between the rapper and five of the six members, with Royce releasing three diss tracks aimed at the group. The first diss track, Shit on You, was recorded over the instrumental of D12s song with the same name, Malcolm X was the second diss track, which featured Tré Little. D12 responded with Smack Down which was recorded over 50 Cents Back Down instrumental, Proof also recorded a diss track entitled Many Men. This was recorded over 50 Cents Many Men instrumental, Proof later released another diss with The Purple Gang called Beef Is Ova. Royce responded with his third track, which was recorded over 50 Cents In Da Club instrumental titled Death Day. In the summer of 2003, D12 member Proof confronted Royce outside a club in Detroit, violence erupted between the rappers entourage, leading to the Police being called, and Proof and Royces arrest. The two were detained overnight in adjacent cells where they talked out their differences and ended the feud, a few years later Royce released Malcolm X in 2007 off his Bar Exam mixtape which reignited the feud briefly
39.
Lucy Liu
–
Lucy Liu /ˈluː/ is an American actress, voice actress, director, producer, singer and artist. In 2008, she starred in an ABC comedy-drama, Cashmere Mafia, the show was one of only a few American television shows to have an Asian American series lead. In 2012, Liu joined the cast of the TNT series Southland in the role of Jessica Tang. Lucy Liu was born on December 2,1968 in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City, in high school, she adopted a middle name, Alexis. She is the youngest of three born to Cecilia, who worked as a biochemist, and Tom Liu, a trained civil engineer who sold digital clock pens. Lius parents originally came from Beijing and Shanghai and emigrated to Taiwan as adults before meeting in New York and she has an older brother, Alex, and an older sister, Jenny. Her parents worked many jobs while Lucy and her siblings were growing up, Liu has stated that she grew up in a diverse neighborhood. She learned to speak Mandarin at home and began studying English when she was 5 and she studied the martial art kali-eskrima-silat as a hobby when she was young. Liu attended Joseph Pulitzer Middle School, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1986 and she later enrolled at New York University and transferred to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where she was a member of the Chi Omega sorority. Liu earned a degree in Asian languages and cultures. Liu worked as a waitress at the Ann Arbor Comedy Showcase club circa 1988–89, Liu was discovered by an agent at the age of 21 while traveling on the subway. As a member of the Basement Arts student-run theater group, she auditioned in 1989 for the University of Michigans production of Alice in Wonderland during her year of college. Although she had tried out for only a supporting part. While queuing up to audition for the musical Miss Saigon in 1990, she told The New York Times, There arent many Asian roles, in May 1992, Liu made her New York stage debut in Fairy Bones, directed by Tina Chen. Liu had small roles in films and TV, marking her debut, Liu originally auditioned for the role of Nelle Porter, and the character Ling Woo was later created specifically for her. Lius part on the series was originally temporary, but high audience ratings secured Liu as a permanent cast member, in Payback, Liu portrayed Pearl, a high-class BDSM prostitute with links to the Chinese mafia. Liu was cast as Alex Munday in the film Charlies Angels, alongside Drew Barrymore, the film opened in November 2000 and earned more than $125 million in the United States. Charlies Angels earned a total of more than $264 million
40.
Prodigy (rapper)
–
Albert Johnson, better known by his stage name Prodigy, is an American rapper and one half of the hip hop duo Mobb Deep with Havoc. He is the great-great-grandson of the founder of Morehouse College, born in Hempstead, New York, Prodigy became a member of the duo Mobb Deep. He comes from a musical family—his grandfather, Budd Johnson, and his mother, Fatima Johnson, was a member of The Crystals. Its next release, Murda Muzik, was heavily bootlegged while still in its stage, leaking, onto the streets and over the internet. He started work on his solo album H. N. I. C. Part 2, which was previewed on his official mixtape The Return of the Mac on the independent label Koch Records, the mixtape single and mixtape video are called Mac 10 Handle. Pt.2 was released through Voxonic Inc. of which Prodigy is an equity holder, in late 2009, Mobb Deep was released from its contract with 50 Cents G-Unit label. He recently served a sentence in Mid-State medium-security prison, following a plea agreement stemming from a gun-possession charge. He was officially released on March 7,2011, Prodigy released an autobiography during spring 2011 entitled My Infamous Life, The Autobiography of Mobb Deep’s Prodigy. It was co-written with Laura Checkoway and was published by Touchstone Books, Prodigy was recently featured in the 2011 documentary Rhyme and Punishment a film that documents Hip-Hop artists who have been incarcerated. The film documents Prodigys trial and his last days before starting his prison sentence, during 2011, Prodigy released a free EP called The Ellsworth Bumpy Johnson EP which is his first project since being released from prison. On April 21, a song titled The Type, with Curren$y, was released on Curren$ys free album, Prodigy has spoken out against the secret society Illuminati. In 2013, Prodigy released his collaboration album with The Alchemist titled Albert Einstein. Then on April 1,2014, Mobb Deep released The Infamous Mobb Deep their eighth studio album, in August 2016, he released an untitled EP of 5 tracks, released in partnership with BitTorrrent, an association that Prodigy had been working up for a while. November 6,2003, Prodigy was arrested in Cohoes, New York and charged with third degree criminal possession of a weapon, police reportedly recovered a.25 caliber handgun and marijuana on his person. October 26,2006, Prodigy was arrested in New York City and he was pulled over in a $120,000 customized bulletproof SUV after making an illegal u-turn around 2,15 AM. After conducting a search of the vehicle, police recovered a.22 caliber handgun in the center console, october 8,2007, Prodigy was sentenced to serve three and a half years in prison for illegal possession of a firearm. Originally facing a sentence of 15 years in prison, Prodigy struck a deal with the prosecution
41.
Mobb Deep
–
Mobb Deep is an American hip hop duo from the Queensbridge Houses in New York City. The group consists of Havoc and Prodigy and is one of the most critically acclaimed hardcore East Coast Hip-Hop groups and they are known for their dark, hardcore delivery as exemplified in Shook Ones. Mobb Deep has become one of the most successful rap duos in hip hop, Mobb Deeps net worth is $10 million USD. Two of their albums have been successes, The Infamous. The group briefly disbanded in 2012 but has since reunited, in 1993, Havoc and Prodigy, released their debut album, Juvenile Hell, which was promoted by the single Peer Pressure. Also that year, Havoc made a guest appearance on the Black Moon album Enta Da Stage on a song titled U Da Man, in 1994 the duo released a single titled Shook Ones Part 1. The group saw its first major success with their album, The Infamous. Mobb Deep catapulted to the top of the hardcore hip-hop scene through Havoc, in this album, Mobb Deep portrayed the struggles of living in New York Citys Queensbridge Houses where Havoc grew up. Following the release of The Infamous, Mobb Deep became some of the most prolific artists of the East Coast, the production of this album was very dark and sample-based thanks to Havoc, who produced the beats from this point forward. Furthermore, the hit single Shook Ones Pt. II, a remix to the hit Shook Ones, jay-Z, Wu-Tang Clan, and fellow Queensbridge rapper Nas. Nas as well as Method Man and Raekwon of the Wu Tang Clan appear on Hell on Earth. In 1996, they appeared on the Red Hot Organizations compilation CD, America is Dying Slowly alongside Biz Markie, Wu-Tang Clan and Fat Joe among many other prominent Hip Hop artists. This compilation was meant to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic among African American men and this compilation was heralded as a masterpiece by The Source Magazine. 1997 Mobb Deep was featured on Frankie Cutlass Politics & Bullsh*t album track title Know Da Game which also features Kool G Rap, in 1998, the duo collaborated with reggae dancehall artist Bounty Killer on the track Deadly Zone for the soundtrack to Blade. In 1999, they released the highly anticipated Murda Muzik album which and this resulted in delays in the official album release. Shortly afterward, Prodigy released his solo album H. N. I. C in which he collaborated with fellow artists like. Mobb Deep was part of the infamous East Coast vs West Coast Hip Hop rivalry that was fueled and increasingly promoted by the private media. The beef started when Snoop Dogg and the West Coast group, Tha Dogg Pound, released New York, New York which Mobb Deep, along with Capone-N-Noreaga and this song was released during rapper Tupac Shakurs final days of incarceration
42.
The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
–
The film stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale. Notable for its use of Technicolor, fantasy storytelling, musical score and it was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, but lost to Gone with the Wind. It did win in two categories, including Best Original Song for Over the Rainbow and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart. However, the film was a box office disappointment on its release, earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget. It was MGMs most expensive production at that time, and did not completely recoup the studios investment and turn a profit until theatrical re-releases starting in 1949. The film was named the most-viewed motion picture on television syndication by the Library of Congress, designation on the registry calls for efforts to preserve it for being culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant. It is also one of the few films on UNESCOs Memory of the World Register, the Wizard of Oz is often ranked on best-movie lists in critics and public polls. It is the source of many quotes referenced in popular culture. It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming, noel Langley, Florence Ryerson, and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay, but uncredited contributions were made by others. The songs were written by Edgar Yip Harburg and Harold Arlen, the musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart. The film begins in Kansas, which is depicted in a sepia tone, Dorothy Gale lives with her dog Toto on the farm of her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. Dorothys dog gets in trouble with a neighbor, Miss Almira Gulch. However, Dorothys family and the farmhands are all too busy to pay attention to her, Miss Gulch arrives with permission from the sheriff to have Toto euthanized. She takes him away, but he escapes and returns to Dorothy and they meet Professor Marvel, a phony but kindly fortune teller, who realizes Dorothy has run away and tricks her via his crystal ball into believing that Aunt Em is ill so that she must return home. She races home just as a tornado strikes. Unable to get into her familys storm cellar, she seeks safety in her bedroom, a wind-blown window sash hits her in the head, knocking her out. The house is picked up and sent spinning in the air by the twister, the farmhouse crashes in Munchkinland in the Land of Oz, where the film changes to Technicolor. Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as their heroine, as the house has landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East, leaving only her stocking feet exposed
43.
Soulja Boy
–
DeAndre Cortez Way, known professionally as Soulja Boy Tell Em, or simply Soulja Boy, is an American rapper, record producer, actor and entrepreneur. In September 2007, his debut single Crank That peaked at one on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100. The single was initially self-published to the internet, and later became a hit in the United States for seven non-consecutive weeks starting in September 2007. On August 17, Way was listed at number 18 on the Forbes list of Hip-Hop Cash Kings of 2010 for earning $7 million for that year. Way has released three albums and one independent album, his debut studio album Souljaboytellem. com was certified platinum by the RIAA. The DeAndre Way sold only 100,000 copies, Way was born in Chicago and moved to Atlanta at the age of six, where he became interested in rap music. At age 14, he moved to Batesville, Mississippi, with his father who provided a studio for Way to explore his musical ambitions. In November 2005, Way posted his songs on the website SoundClick, following positive reviews on the site, he established accounts on YouTube and Myspace. In March 2007, he recorded Crank That and released his first independent album Unsigned & Still Major, Da Album Before da Album, followed by a low-budget video demonstrating the Crank That dance. By the end of May 2007, Crank That had received its first airplay and Way met with Mr. Collipark to sign a deal with Interscope Records. On August 12,2007, the song was used on the television series Entourage, Ways major label debut album, Souljaboytellem. com, was released in the United States on October 2, peaking at number four on both the Billboard 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. The album was recorded using just the demo version of FL Studio. For the 50th Grammy Awards, Way was nominated for Best Rap Song with Crank That, Souljaboytellem. com received a favorable review from Allmusic, but received mainly negative reviews from other sources such as Entertainment Weekly. Several reviewers credited Soulja Boy with spearheading a new trend in hip-hop, the follow-up to souljaboytellem. com, iSouljaBoyTellem, was released on December 16,2008 to negative critical reception. The first single from the album, Bird Walk, peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and it was performed on YouTube Live on November 22,2008, with an introduction from MC Hammer. Kiss Me Thru the Phone, with Sammie, followed, peaking at three on the Hot 100 and number one on the Hot Rap Tracks charts. Chris Brown was originally Ways first choice to sing the hook, Way then tried to do it on his own with Auto-Tune but he found it unacceptable. It sold over 2,000,000 digital copies in the United States, on January 26,2009, Way released the third single Turn My Swag On
44.
Ronald Reagan
–
Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
45.
A Time For Choosing
–
The speech launched Reagan into national prominence. Many versions of the speech exist, since it was altered over many weeks, Reagan, though he campaigned for Goldwater, did not use A Time for Choosing until October 27,1964, when it was part of a pre-recorded television program, Rendezvous with Destiny. In his autobiography, An American Life, Reagan recalled going to bed that night hoping I hadnt let Barry down, speaking for Goldwater, Reagan stressed his belief in the importance of smaller government. In the speech, he revealed his motivation, The Founding Fathers knew a government cant control the economy without controlling people. And they knew when a government sets out to do that, it must use force, so we have come to a time for choosing. He also said, You and I are told we must choose between a left or right, but I suggest there is no such thing as a left or right, There is only an up or down. Up to mans age-old dream – the maximum of individual freedom consistent with law, the speech raised $1 million for Goldwaters campaign, and is considered the event that launched Reagans political career. The sponsor has been identified, but unlike most television programs, as a matter of fact, I have been permitted to choose my own words and discuss my own ideas regarding the choice that we face in the next few weeks. I have spent most of my life as a Democrat, I recently have seen fit to follow another course. I believe that the issues confronting us cross party lines, now, one side in this campaign has been telling us that the issues of this election are the maintenance of peace and prosperity. The line has used, Weve never had it so good. But I have a feeling that this prosperity isnt something on which we can base our hopes for the future. No nation in history has survived a tax burden that reached a third of its national income. Today,37 cents out of every dollar earned in this country is the tax collectors share and we havent balanced our budget 28 out of the last 34 years. Weve raised our debt limit three times in the last twelve months, and now our national debt is one and a half times bigger than all the debts of all the nations of the world. We have 15 billion dollars in gold in our treasury, we dont own an ounce, foreign dollar claims are 27.3 billion dollars. And weve just had announced that the dollar of 1939 will now purchase 45 cents in its total value, do they mean peace, or do they mean we just want to be left in peace. There can be no peace while one American is dying some place in the world for the rest of us
46.
Five-Percent Nation
–
Specifically, Clarence 13X denied that the Nations biracial founder Wallace Fard Muhammad was Allah and instead taught that the black man was himself God personified. Initially, the Nation of God and Earth, as it is today, was viewed as little more than an offshoot of the Nation of Islam. The New York City areas of Harlem and Brooklyn were named after notable Islamic cities by members of the organization, other areas include Detroit, New Jersey, Chicago, Queens, Connecticut, St. Louis, Seattle, and Dallas. The Nation of God and Earth teaches that people are the original people of the planet Earth. The Nation teaches that Supreme Mathematics and Supreme Alphabet, a set of principles created by Clarence 13X, is the key to understanding humankinds relationship to the universe. The Nation does not believe in a mystery God but instead teaches that the Asiatic Blackman is God and his name is Allah. The Nation of God and Earth was founded by Clarence 13X after he left the Nation of Islams Temple Number Seven in Harlem and that same year Clarence met James Howell, a sea merchant, who would later become Justice, and Clarences closest associate until his death. Clarence proselytized the streets of Harlem to teach others his views based on his interpretation of NOI teachings, after failing to reach elder adults whom he saw as already set in their ways, he found success with street youth. On October 10,1964, this group formed the First Nine Born of what became known as the Five Percent Nation, or later the Nation of Gods. In December of that year, Clarence was shot in a basement gambling den called the Hole, after surviving the shooting, he assumed the name Allah, and, according to some, boasted that he was immortal. He taught the 120 Lessons to his followers, but instead of teaching them to be Muslims. The women who came into Clarence 13Xs growing movement to study along with the males were taught they were symbolic of the planet Earth, in this system, the numbers from one to nine, and zero all represent principles and concepts. Coming together to discuss the Supreme Mathematics is the most fundamental regimen of the NGE, whenever members meet, they discuss about the Supreme Mathematics and 120 Lessons and relate them to life. Representatives of the Nation of God and Earth view themselves as their own God, Gods and Earths sometimes refer to themselves as scientists, implying their search for knowledge and proof. According to the Five Percenter Newspaper, God first means that it is no longer a judicial argument, culture is the practices and principles of a people at any given time. The teachings of the Nation of God and Earth are passed on through an oral tradition. The 10% can also include the governments of the world that deceive, the remaining 5% are the Poor Righteous Teachers—those who do not subscribe to the teachings of the 10%, as they know and teach that God is the Asiatic Blackman. The Supreme Mathematics is a system of understanding numerals alongside concepts, the Supreme Mathematics is thought to be the highest system of numerology in the NGE, used to give qualitative value to numbers in addition to quantity
