Jean-Baptiste Ventura, born Rubino, was an Italian soldier, mercenary in India, general in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Sarkar-i-Khalsa, and early archaeologist of the Punjab region of the Sikh Empire.
Oil painting of Jean-Baptiste Ventura
General Rubino Ventura and Maharaja Ranjiit Singh in Lahore in 1825
A late night gathering of Sikhs with Maharaja Ranjit Singh and General Ventura outside the walls of Lahore, ca.1830
Sketch from Charles Grey's European Adventurers of Northern India (Lahore: 1929)
The Sikh Empire was a regional power based in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. It existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered by the British East India Company in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It was forged on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous misls. At its peak in the 19th century, the empire extended from Gilgit and Tibet in the north to the deserts of Sindh in the south and from the Khyber Pass in the west to the Sutlej in the east as far as Oudh. It was divided into four provinces: Lahore, which became the Sikh capital; Multan; Peshawar; and Kashmir from 1799 to 1849. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 12 million in 1831, it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British Empire.
The expanding Sikh Empire in 1809. The Cis-Sutlej states are visible south of the Sutlej River
Ranjit Singh holding court in 1838
The Indian subcontinent in 1805.
Detail from ‘Darbar (royal court) of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’, gouache, ca.1850