1.
2012 Cannes Film Festival
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The 65th annual Cannes Film Festival was held from 16 to 27 May 2012. Italian film director Nanni Moretti was the President of the Jury for the main competition, french actress Bérénice Bejo hosted the opening and closing ceremonies. The festival opened with the US film Moonrise Kingdom, directed by Wes Anderson, the main announcement of the line-up took place on 19 April. The official poster of the festival features Marilyn Monroe, to mark the 50th anniversary of her death, the Palme dOr was awarded to Austrian director Michael Haneke for his film Amour. Haneke previously won the Palme dOr in 2009 for The White Ribbon, the jury gave the Grand Prize to Matteo Garrones Reality, while Ken Loachs The Angels Share was awarded the Jury Prize. The official selection was announced on 19 April at Grand Hôtel in Paris, the festivals artistic leader Thierry Frémaux responded that people should not focus only on the competition films, The selection is an ensemble, you have to consider the whole package. The following entries were selected, out of more than 1,700 submissions from 320 different schools, the following films were selected, Feature films Short films The line-up for the International Critics’ Week was announced on 23 April at the sections website. The following films were selected, Feature films Short and medium length films Special Screenings The following films were screened in the Cannes Classics section. The Hungarian montage film Final Cut, Ladies and Gentlemen, directed by György Pálfi, was selected as the film for the Cannes Classics section. Haneke previously won the award for The White Ribbon in 2009, Love tells the story of an elderly couple preparing for death. During his acceptance speech, the director said A very, very big thanks to my actors who have made this film and they are the essence of this film. Moretti said that none of the winners had been selected unanimously and he revealed that Holy Motors, Paradise, Love and Post Tenebras Lux were the entries that most had divided the jury
2.
Piolenc
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Piolenc is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur region in southeastern France. Piolenc is located 6 km north of Orange, and about 27 km north of Avignon, piolenc is an historical Cluniac site member. Piolenc was the birthplace, Jean-Louis Trintignant, actor André-Philippe Corsin The town is twinned with Kirchheim am Neckar, in Baden-Württemberg, communes of the Vaucluse department INSEE Town council website
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Vaucluse
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The Vaucluse is a department in the southeast of France, named after the famous spring, the Fontaine-de-Vaucluse. The name Vaucluse derives from the Latin Vallis Clausa as the valley ends in a cliff face from which emanates a spring whose origin is so far in. Vaucluse was created on 12 August 1793 out of parts of the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Drôme, the then rural department was, like the nearby city of Lyon, a hotbed of the French Resistance in World War II. Vaucluse is bordered by the Rhône to the west and the River Durance to the south, mountains occupy a significant proportion of the eastern half of the department, with Mont Ventoux, also known as the Giant of Provence, dominating the landscape. Other important mountain ranges include the Dentelles de Montmirail, the Monts de Vaucluse, fruit and vegetables are cultivated in great quantities in the lower-lying parts of the department, on one of the most fertile plains in southern France. The Vaucluse département has a large exclave within the Drôme department. Vaucluse is also known for its karst, including the karst spring Fontaine de Vaucluse after which Vauclusian Risings are named, important urban centres include Avignon, Orange, Carpentras, Cavaillon, and Apt
4.
Nadine Trintignant
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Nadine Trintignant is a French film director, producer, editor, screenwriter, and novelist. She is known for making films that surround the topic of family and relationships, such as Ça narrive quaux autres and her film Mon amour, mon amour was nominated for the Palme dor at the 1967 Cannes Film Festival. A native of Nice, Nadine Trintignant was born as Nadine Marquand on November 11,1934 and she is the sister of late actors Christian Marquand and Serge Marquand. In 1960, she married French actor Jean-Louis Trintignant, who had starred in several of her early films. The couple had three children, a daughter, actress Marie Trintignant, another daughter, Pauline, and a son, actor and they remained together until their separation in 1976. Following their split, Trintignant started a relationship with French director Alain Corneau, Trintignant and Corneau lived together for 37 years until his death in 2010. Trintignant has suffered the loss of two of her three children, in her films, Trintignant has focused greatly on the topics of family and relationships, often borrowing from events of her own life. Much of her work place during the 1970s, which was a time of great advancement for woman filmmakers in France. Trintignants interest in feminist issues and the perils of the couple can be seen in many of her films, such as Mon amour, Mon amour. However, her identity as a feminist was not limited to her filmmaking, in 1971, she placed her name on the Manifesto of the 343, published in the French magazine Le Nouvel Observateur. The article was signed by 343 women including Trintignant who admitted to having abortions in order to raise awareness of reproductive rights. At the age of 15, Trintignant’s first experience with the industry was working as a lab assistant. Trintignant made her debut with her 1965 short film Fragiliteé. The film was nominated for the Palme d’or award at the 1967 Cannes Film Festival, following the death of her nine-month-old daughter Pauline in 1970, Trintignant wrote and directed Ça n’arrive qu’aux autres, a semi-autobiographical film related to her personal tragedy. The 1971 film starred Catherine Deneuve and Marcello Mastroianni as a couple who must cope with the death of their infant daughter, trintignants next film Défense de savoir was released in 1973, followed by Le Voyage de noces in 1976. In 1991, Trintignant joined 30 filmmakers to create Contre LOubli for Amnesty International, Trintignant collaborated with her daughter Marie for the segment on José Ramon Garcia-Gomez of Mexico. Trintignants most recent directorial credit is for the 2003 film Colette, une femme libre, Trintignant has penned several novels alongside her work as a filmmaker throughout the years such as Ton Chapeau au vestiaire, Combien denfants, and Le Jeune homme de la rue de France. Following the death of her daughter Marie, Trintignant wrote the memoir Marie, trintignants 1967 Film Mon amour mon amour, which she both wrote and directed, was nominated for the Palme dor award at the Cannes Film Festival of the same year
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Marie Trintignant
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Marie Trintignant was a French actress. She was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, the daughter of actor Jean-Louis Trintignant and his wife, the French film director, producer. She first appeared on screen aged four in her mothers film My Love, when Maries baby sister Pauline died when Marie was eight, she became withdrawn and virtually stopped speaking. Throughout her early life she was afflicted by severe shyness, but despite this and she had such a strong affection for animals that she had first dreamt of becoming a veterinarian, but the acting heritage proved too strong. Cats dont raise dogs, she said succinctly, Trintignant was the mother of four sons, Roman with drummer Richard Kolinka, Paul with actor François Cluzet, Léon with Mathias Othnin-Girard and Jules with director Samuel Benchetrit. Not long before her death she sang a duet in the song Pièce montée des grands jours on an album with the title by French folksinger Thomas Fersen in 2003. Marie Trintignant at the Internet Movie Database Marie Trintignant at AllMovie Marie Trintignant at Find A Grave
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France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
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Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
8.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
9.
Brigitte Bardot
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Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot is a French actress, singer and fashion model, who later became an animal rights activist. She was one of the best known sex symbols of the 1950s and 1960s and was referred to by her initials. She started her career in 1952. After appearing in 16 routine comedy films that had limited international release, Bardot caught the attention of French intellectuals. She later starred in Jean-Luc Godards 1963 film Le Mépris, for her role in Louis Malles 1965 film Viva Maria. Bardot was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress, from 1969 to 1978, Bardot was the official face of Marianne to represent the liberty of France. Bardot retired from the entertainment industry in 1973, during her career in show business, she starred in 47 films, performed in several musical shows and recorded over 60 songs. She was awarded the Legion of Honour in 1985 but refused to accept it, after her retirement, she established herself as an animal rights activist. During the 2000s, she generated controversy by criticizing immigration and Islam in France and has been fined five times for inciting racial hatred, Bardot was born in Paris, the daughter of Louis Bardot and Anne-Marie Toty Bardot. Louis had a degree and worked with his father, Charles Bardot. Louis and Anne-Marie married in 1933, Bardot grew up in an upper middle-class Roman Catholic observant home. When she was seven she was admitted to the Cours Hattemer and she went to school three days a week, and otherwise studied at home. This gave time for lessons at Madame Bourgets dance studio three days a week, Brigittes mother also enrolled Brigittes younger sister, Marie-Jeanne, in dance. Marie-Jeanne eventually gave up dancing lessons and did not tell her mother, in 1947, Bardot was accepted to the Conservatoire de Paris. For three years she attended classes by Russian choreographer Boris Knyazev. One of her classmates was Leslie Caron, the other ballerinas nicknamed Bardot Bichette. At the invitation of an acquaintance of her mother, she modelled in a show in 1949. In the same year, she modelled for a fashion magazine Jardin des Modes managed by journalist Hélène Lazareff, aged 15, she appeared on an 8 March 1950 cover of Elle and was noticed by a young film director, Roger Vadim, while babysitting
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Roger Vadim
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Roger Vadim was a French screenwriter, film director and producer, as well as an author, artist and occasional actor. His best-known works are visually lavish films with erotic qualities, such as And God Created Woman, Barbarella, Vadim was born as Roger Vadim Plemiannikov in Paris. His mother, Marie-Antoinette, was a French writer, and essayist, Vadim studied journalism and writing at the University of Paris, without graduating. At age 19, he became assistant to film director Marc Allégret, whom he met while working at the Theatre Sarah Bernhardt, Vadim was celebrated for his romances/marriages to beautiful actresses. In his mid-30s, he lived with the teenaged Catherine Deneuve, by whom he had a child, Christian Vadim and he was also involved with actress Cindy Pickett. Later, he cohabited with screenwriter Ann Biderman for several years, announcing their engagement in 1984 and he told a story about how he lost his virginity. When he was 16, he spent the summer in Normandy, out of doors that night, she introduced him to the art of love and what amazed him most was that what Hemingway had written came true--the earth moved under him. Not until somewhat later did he realize that Allied ships were bombarding the coast in preparation for the D-day invasion and he was someone in whom there was so much satisfaction to the end of his life. The films merely reflected his happiness, nathalie, his eldest child, told Fonda biographer Patricia Bosworth, Jane was the love of my fathers life. My attitude is that if this makes me a little money it will be a tiny compensation for all the money I helped those actresses make. He also wrote plays and books of fiction, including LAnge Affame. Vadim died of cancer at age 72 on February 11,2000 and he was survived by his widow, Marie-Christine Barrault, and his four children. Ex-wives Bardot, Fonda, Schneider and Stroyberg were all in attendance at his funeral and he is interred at St. Tropez Cemetery. The Naked Heart Blackmailed En Effeuillant la Marguerite/Mademoiselle Striptease And God Created Woman Sait-on jamais, sois belle et tais-toi/Be Beautiful but Shut up Les Bijoutiers du Clair de Lune/The Night Heaven Fell Les liaisons dangereuses/Dangerous Liaisons Blood and Roses La Bride sur le cou/Please Not Now. Manhattan The Assassinated Young Girl Rich and Famous Into the Night Roger Vadim at the Internet Movie Database Roger Vadim at Find a Grave
11.
And God Created Woman (1956 film)
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And God Created Woman is a French drama film directed by Roger Vadim and starring Brigitte Bardot. Though not her first film, it is recognized as the vehicle that launched Bardot into the public spotlight and immediately created her sex kitten persona. An English-language remake of the film was directed by Vadim and released in 1988, Juliette is an 18-year-old orphan with a high level of sexual energy. These factors cause a stir and attract the attentions of most of the men around her and her first suitor is the much older and wealthy Eric Carradine. He wants to build a new casino in town, but his plans are blocked by a shipyard on the stretch of land which he needs for the development. Antoine, the eldest Tardieu son, returns home for the weekend to discuss the situation and his intentions are short-term, and he spurns her by leaving town without her. Tiring of her antics, Juliettes guardians threaten to send her back to the orphanage. To keep her in town, Carradine pleads with Antoine to marry her, which he laughs off, despite being in love with his older brother, she accepts. When Antoine is contracted to return home for good, the trouble starts for the newlyweds, in a huff, Juliette takes off in a boat belonging to the family, gets in trouble, and has to be saved by Antoine. The pair are washed up on a beach, and make love. She takes to her bed, claiming to have a fever and she confesses to Michels little brother Christian about her fling with Antoine on the beach. Maman hears about it, tells Michel when he comes home, Michel goes to their room to talk with Juliette, but she has gone off to the Bar des Amis to drink and dance. Michel goes looking for her, but Antoine locks him inside, Michel tries to shoot the lock away, but it doesnt work. He winds up having to fight his brother for the key, Juliettes friend Lucienne calls Eric to tell him how bizarre Juliette is acting, and Eric comes over to collect her, but Juliette refuses to go. Eventually, Michel catches up with Juliette at the Bar, but she refuses to talk with him. Michel orders her to stop, but she pays him no heed, just as hes about to shoot her, Eric steps in and takes a bullet in his hand. Antoine offers to drive Eric to a doctor, and they leave the Bar, Michel angrily slaps Juliette four times, and Juliette smiles at him. On their way to the doctor, Eric tells Antoine that hes going to him out of St Tropez
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Algiers
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Algiers is the capital and largest city of Algeria. In 2011, the population was estimated to be around 3,500,000. An estimate puts the population of the metropolitan city to be around 5,000,000. Algiers is located on the Mediterranean Sea and in the portion of Algeria. The casbah and the two form a triangle. A Phoenician commercial outpost called Ikosim which later developed into a small Roman town called Icosium existed on what is now the quarter of the city. The rue de la Marine follows the lines of what used to be a Roman street, Roman cemeteries existed near Bab-el-Oued and Bab Azoun. The city was given Latin rights by Emperor Vespasian, the bishops of Icosium are mentioned as late as the 5th century. The present-day city was founded in 944 by Bologhine ibn Ziri and he had earlier built his own house and a Sanhaja center at Ashir, just south of Algiers. Although his Zirid dynasty was overthrown by Roger II of Sicily in 1148, the city was wrested from the Hammadids by the Almohads in 1159, and in the 13th century came under the dominion of the Ziyanid sultans of Tlemcen. Nominally part of the sultanate of Tlemcen, Algiers had a measure of independence under amirs of its own due to Oran being the chief seaport of the Ziyanids. As early as 1302 the islet of Peñón in front of Algiers harbour had been occupied by Spaniards, thereafter, a considerable amount of trade began to flow between Algiers and Spain. However, Algiers continued to be of little importance until after the expulsion of the Moors from Spain. In 1510, following their occupation of Oran and other towns on the coast of Africa, in 1516, the amir of Algiers, Selim b. Teumi, invited the corsair brothers Aruj and Hayreddin Barbarossa to expel the Spaniards, Aruj came to Algiers, ordered the assassination of Selim, and seized the town and ousted the Spanish in the Capture of Algiers. Hayreddin, succeeding Aruj after the latter was killed in battle against the Spaniards in the Fall of Tlemcen, was the founder of the pashaluk, Algiers from this time became the chief seat of the Barbary pirates. Formally part of the Ottoman Empire but essentially free from Ottoman control, starting in the 16th century Algiers turned to piracy, repeated attempts were made by various nations to subdue the pirates that disturbed shipping in the western Mediterranean and engaged in slave raids as far north as Iceland. The United States fought two wars over Algiers attacks on shipping, among the notable people held for ransom was the future Spanish novelist Miguel de Cervantes, who was captive in Algiers almost five years, and who wrote two plays set in Algiers of the period
13.
A Man and a Woman
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A Man and a Woman is a 1966 French film written and directed by Claude Lelouch and starring Anouk Aimée and Jean-Louis Trintignant. The film is notable for its photography, which features frequent segues between full color, black-and-white, and sepia-toned shots, and for its memorable musical score by Francis Lai. A Man and a Woman had a total of 4,272,000 admissions in France and was also the 6th highest-grossing film of the year, in the United States, the film earned $14,000,000. A sequel, A Man and a Woman,20 Years Later was released in 1986. A young widow, Anne Gauthier, is raising her daughter Françoise alone following the death of her husband who worked as a stuntman and who died in a movie set accident that she witnessed. Still working as a script supervisor, Anne divides her time between her home in Paris and Deauville in northern France where her daughter attends boarding school. A young widower, Jean-Louis, is raising his son Antoine alone following the death of his wife Valerie who committed suicide after Jean-Louis was in a fatal crash during the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Still working as a car driver, Jean-Louis divides his time between Paris and Deauville where his son also attends boarding school. One day Anne and Jean-Louis meet at the Deauville boarding school after Anne misses the last train back to Paris, Jean-Louis offers her a lift and the two become acquainted during the drive home, enjoying each others company. When he drops her off, he asks if she would like to drive up together the following weekend, after a busy week at the track preparing for the next race, Jean-Louis calls and they meet early Sunday morning and drive to Deauville in the rain. Clearly attracted to other, they enjoy a pleasant Sunday lunch with their children who get along well. Later that afternoon they go for a boat ride followed by a walk on the beach at sunset, Jean-Louis spends the following week preparing for and driving in the Monte Carlo Rally in southeast France. Every day, Anne closely follows news reports of the race, of the 273 cars that started the race, only 42 were able to finish, including Jean Louiss white Mustang, number 184. Watching the television coverage of the conclusion of the race, Anne sends Jean-Louis a telegram that reads and that night at a dinner for the drivers at the Monte Carlo Casino, Jean-Louis receives the telegram and leaves immediately. He jumps into the car he used during the race and drives through the night to Paris, telling himself that when a woman sends a telegram like that. Along the way he imagines what their reunion will be like, at her Paris apartment, Jean-Louis learns that Anne is in Deauville, so he continues north. Jean-Louis finally arrives in Deauville and finds Anne and the two playing on the beach. When they see other, they run into each others arms
14.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
15.
Sergio Corbucci
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Sergio Corbucci was an Italian film director. He is best known for his very violent spaghetti westerns and he is the older brother of screenwriter and film director Bruno Corbucci. He started his career by directing mostly low-budget sword and sandal movies, among his first spaghetti westerns were the films Grand Canyon Massacre, as well as Minnesota Clay, his first solo directed spaghetti western. Corbuccis first commercial success was with the spaghetti western Django, starring Franco Nero. Vamos a matar, Companeros, which also starred Tomas Milian, the last film of the Mexican Revolution trilogy - The Mercenary and Compañeros being the first two in the installment - was What Am I Doing in the Middle of the Revolution. After Django, Corbucci made many other westerns, which made him the most successful Italian western director after Sergio Leone and one of Italys most productive. His most famous of these pictures was The Great Silence, a dark and gruesome western starring a mute action hero, the film was banned in some countries for its excessive display of violence. Corbucci also directed Navajo Joe, starring Burt Reynolds as the character, a Navajo Indian opposing a group of bandits that killed his tribe, as well as The Hellbenders. Ringo and his Golden Pistol starring Mark Damon, other spaghetti westerns he directed include Gli specialisti, La Banda J. S. Cronaca criminale del Far West, with Tomas Milian and The White the Yellow, corbuccis westerns were dark and brutal, with the characters portrayed as sadistic anti heroes. His films featured very high body counts and scenes of mutilation, Django especially is considered to have set a new level for violence in westerns. In the 1970s and 1980s Corbucci mostly directed comedies, often starring Adriano Celentano, many of these comedies were huge successes at the Italian box-office, although they were barely released abroad. His movies were taken seriously by contemporary critics and he was considered an exploitation director. Sergio Corbucci at the Internet Movie Database Sergio Corbucci at Find a Grave
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The Great Silence
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The Great Silence, also known by its alternative UK title The Big Silence, is a 1968 revisionist Spaghetti Western film directed and co-written by Sergio Corbucci. Conceived by Corbucci as a politically-charged allegory inspired by the deaths of Ernesto Che Guevara and Malcolm X, the films plot takes place in Utah prior to the Great Blizzard of 1899. It pits a mute gunslinger, fighting in the defence of a group of outlaws and a young widow, against a group of ruthless bounty killers led by Loco. Distributed in most territories by 20th Century Fox, The Great Silence was theatrically released to a mediocre reception in Italy. The film was withheld from release in the United States until 2001, controversial for its bleak and dark tone, the films reputation grew, and it gained a cult following in the wake of its release. The Great Silence is now regarded by fans and authorities on Spaghetti Westerns as one of the greatest films of the genre. Praise has gone to the acting, the utilization of snowbound landscapes, Ennio Morricones score, Henry Pollicut, a corrupt Utahn banker and justice of the peace, has a man named Gordon and his wife murdered by two bounty killers. To prevent Gordons son giving them away, one of the killers slices the boys throat, years later, the son, armed with a Mauser C96, exacts his revenge by assassinating the bounty killer and shooting Pollicuts right-hand thumb. Sometime later, in 1898, a blizzard has swept the frontier. As a result, much of the community is forced to steal in order to survive, Pollicut, seeking to make a profit, places prices on the thieves heads, attracting the attention of a bounty killer gang led by Loco. As they prey on the outlaws, Gordons son, now going by the moniker Silence, works with the bandits, Silence operates on a principle whereby he provokes his enemies into drawing their weapons first so he can kill them in self-defense. One of the outlaws, a man named James Middleton, leaves the safety of the group to be with his wife. James is subsequently killed by Loco when he takes Pauline hostage, vengeful, Pauline writes to Silence, requesting him to kill Loco. On his way, Burnett encounters the outlaws, who steal his horse for food, after getting lost in the snow, he finds a stagecoach travelling to Snow Hill, on which he meets Silence, and later, Loco. Upon arrival, Silence meets Pauline, who promises to raise his reward, Pauline attempts to sell her house to Pollicut, who demands that she becomes his mistress – his reason for putting a bounty on her husband. Silence leaves for the saloon, and attempts to provoke Loco into drawing. Instead, Loco severely beats him before Silence fights back, angered, Loco attempts to shoot him, but he is stopped by Burnett, who arrests him for attempted murder and prepares to take him to a prison in Tonopah. Before leaving, Burnett requests that the townspeople provide food for the outlaws, meanwhile, Pauline becomes romantically and sexually involved with Silence while tending his wounds
17.
Valerio Zurlini
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Valerio Zurlini was an Italian film director, stage director and screenwriter. During his law studies in Rome, he started working in the theatre, in 1943, he joined the Italian resistance. Zurlini became a member of the Italian Communist Party and he filmed short documentaries in the immediate post-war period and in 1954 directed his first feature film, The Girls of San Frediano, his only comedy. In 1958 together with Leonardo Benvenuti, Piero De Bernardi and Alberto Lattuada Zurlini won the Silver Ribbon for Best Script for Lattuadas Guendalina, Zurlini made his name as a director with his second feature film, Violent Summer, starring Eleonora Rossi Drago and Jean Louis Trintignant. In 1961 Zurlini filmed Girl with a Suitcase, a successful intimist drama, starring Claudia Cardinale, who became a star in Italy, and Jacques Perrin. In 1962 Zurlinis film Family Diary earned him the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival, Zurlini had a masterful skill for screen adaptations. Both The Girls of San Frediano and Family Diary were based on Vasco Pratolinis work, Zurlini admired the work of Italian novelist Giorgio Bassani and hoped to adapt his novel The Garden of the Finzi-Continis, which was subsequently directed by Vittorio De Sica in 1971. His 1965 film The Camp Followers was entered into the 4th Moscow International Film Festival where it won the Special Silver Prize. Zurlinis last film, The Desert of the Tartars, produced by Jacques Perrin, in 1977 he was a member of the jury at the 10th Moscow International Film Festival. In the same year, with this film Zurlini, he won both the David di Donatello for Best Director and the Silver Ribbon for Best Director, the visual style of Zurlinis adaptations was informed by Giorgio de Chirico, Giorgio Morandi and Ottone Rosais paintings. During the last years of his life Zurlini taught at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome and he killed himself in Verona on 26 October 1982. After Zurlinis death his work fell into obscurity, but regained popularity in the 2000s. In the early 2000s several Zurlini retrospectives were met with success internationally, in 2006 the NoShame Films released The Desert of the Tartars, Violent Summer and Girl With a Suitcase on DVD. The Girls of San Frediano Guendalina Violent Summer Girl with a Suitcase Family Diary Le soldatesse Seduto alla sua destra The Professor The Desert of the Tartars Toffetti, ISBN 88-7180-076-1 Valerio Zurlini at the Internet Movie Database
18.
Estate Violenta
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It is set in the Italian seaside resort of Riccione in July 1943, around the time of the dismissal of Benito Mussolini, during the Allied invasion of Sicily in World War II. Estate violenta is Zurlinis second feature film, with which he made his name as a director, Carlo Caremoli arrives in Riccione, and enjoys life together with his friends at his fathers villa. Riccione is still peaceful, and only a few things remind about the war fought in the south, on seaside holiday, the youth witness a German fighter flying low over the beach and causing panic among the crowd. Carlo tries to protect a little girl who runs toward him, and meets her mother, Roberta. Meanwhile, Maddalena, the sister of Robertas deceased husband, arrives from Catanzaro. Maddalena spends time with Carlos friends, and together with Roberta, is invited to a circus, however, the show is interrupted by an air raid blackout, and the friends proceed to a nighttime party at Carlos villa. After watching flares in the sky, the men and women form couples and start dancing to a record of Temptation, Carlo with his girlfriend Rosanna. The camera cuts between Carlo and Roberta, staring at each other passionately, Carlo asks Roberta for the next dance, and the couple end up kissing in the garden, which deeply hurts Rosanna. The next day, Roberta initially refuses to admit her feelings to Carlo. Meanwhile, on July 25, the news of Mussolinis ouster is announced, Carlo and Roberta continue to go on dates. However, Carlos father is forced to flee, and his villa is confiscated, Carlo meets Roberta once again and spends a night with her, provoking discontent from her mother, and Maddalena decides to leave. During a curfew, a patrol discovers the couple on the beach, as his father has fled, he has no chance to renew it anymore. Roberta proposes that he hide at her villa in Rovigo, however, during the trip the tracks are bombed by the Allies, and the couple barely escape death. After the air raid, Roberta gets back on the train, but Carlo refuses to join her until the war is over, mar del Plata Film Festival, Best Actress. Nastro dArgento, Best Actress, Best Score, Estate violenta at the Internet Movie Database Estate violenta at AllMovie USA DVD information
19.
The Desert of the Tartars
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The cast also included Iranian film veteran actor Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz. It is based on the Dino Buzzatis novel The Tartar Steppe, the film omits certain parts of the novel, especially those relating to the lives of Drogos friends in his home town. It was filmed in Arg-e Bam, Iran, and was released on 29 October 1976 in Italy and it was shown as part of the Cannes Classics section of the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. The films visual style was influenced by the work of Italian painter Giorgio de Chirico, the film tells the story of a young officer, Giovanni Drogo, and the time that he spent guarding the Bastiani Fortress, an old, unmaintained border fortress. It is noted for its scenery, the lighting and cinematography, Giovanni Drogo Vittorio Gassman, Count Giovanbattista Filimore Giuliano Gemma, Magg. Matis Helmut Griem, Lt. Simeon Philippe Noiret, General Fernando Rey, Lt. Col. Nathanson Laurent Terzieff, Lt. Pietro Von Hamerling Jean-Louis Trintignant, rovine Max von Sydow, Cpt. Ortiz Giuseppe Pambieri, Lt. Rathenau Francisco Rabal, M. Dal romanzo di Dino Buzzati al film di Valerio Zurlini
20.
Ettore Scola
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Ettore Scola was an Italian screenwriter and film director. He received a Golden Globe for Best Foreign Film in 1978 for his film A Special Day, Scola was born in Trevico, Avellino, Campania. He entered the industry as a screenwriter in 1953, and directed his first film, Lets Talk About Women. In 1974 Scola enjoyed international success with We All Loved Each Other So Much, the film won the Golden Prize at the 9th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1976 he won the Prix de la mise en scène at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival for Brutti, Scola made further successful films, including A Special Day, That Night In Varennes, What Time Is It. and Captain Fracassas Journey. He directed close to 40 films in some 40 years and his film Passione damore, adapted from a nineteenth-century novel, was adapted by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine into the award-winning musical Passion. He was a member of the jury at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival, Scola died in Rome on January 19,2016 at the age of 84. Lets Talk About Women Thrilling Hard Time for Princes The Devil in Love Will Our Heroes Be Able to Find Their Friend Who Has Mysteriously Disappeared in Africa. 2001, 23rd Moscow International Film Festival Best Director for Concorrenza sleale 2001, Taormina Arte Award at Taormina Film Fest Ettore Scola at the Internet Movie Database
21.
Bernardo Bertolucci
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Bernardo Bertolucci is an Italian director and screenwriter, whose films include The Conformist, Last Tango in Paris,1900, The Last Emperor, The Sheltering Sky, Stealing Beauty and The Dreamers. In recognition of his work, he was presented with the inaugural Honorary Palme dOr Award at the ceremony of the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. Since 1979, he has married to screenwriter Clare Peploe. Bertolucci was born in the Italian city of Parma, in the region of Emilia-Romagna and he is the elder son of Ninetta, a teacher, and Attilio Bertolucci, who was a poet, a reputed art historian, anthologist and film critic. His mother was born in Australia, to an Italian father, Bertolucci had one brother, the theatre director and playwright Giuseppe. His cousin was the film producer Giovanni Bertolucci, with whom he has worked on a number of films, Bertolucci initially wished to become a poet like his father. With this goal in mind, he attended the Faculty of Modern Literature of the University of Rome from 1958 to 1961, shortly after, Bertolucci left the University without graduating. In 1962, at the age of 22, he directed his first feature film, produced by Tonino Cervi with a screenplay by Pasolini, the film is a murder mystery, following a prostitutes homicide. Bertolucci uses flashbacks to piece together the crime and the person who committed it, the film which shortly followed was his acclaimed Before the Revolution. Bertolucci caused controversy in 1972 with the film Last Tango in Paris, starring Marlon Brando, Maria Schneider, Jean-Pierre Léaud and Massimo Girotti. The film presents Brandos character, Paul, as he uses an affair to cope with the violent death of his wife by emotionally and physically dominating a young woman. The depictions of Schneider, then 19 years old, were regarded as exploitative, in one scene, Paul anally rapes Jeane using butter as a lubricant. The use of butter was not in the script, Bertolucci and Brando had discussed it and she said in 2007 that she had cried real tears during the scene and had felt humiliated and a little raped. In 2013 Bertolucci said he had withheld the information from her to generate a reaction of frustration. Brando alleged that Bertolucci had wanted the characters to have real sex, because of the scandal surrounding the films release, Schneider became a drug addict and suicidal. She later became a rights advocate, in particular fighting for more female film directors, more respect for female actors. Criminal proceedings were brought against Bertolucci in Italy for the anal-sex scene, an Italian court revoked Bertoluccis civil rights for five years and gave him a four-month suspended prison sentence. Bertolucci appeared on the Radio Four programme Front Row on April 29,2013, during the making of Last Tango in Paris, Bertolucci toyed with the idea of adapting Dashiell Hammetts book Red Harvest into a feature film
22.
The Conformist (1970 film)
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The Conformist is a 1970 political drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. The screenplay was written by Bertolucci based on the 1951 novel The Conformist by Alberto Moravia, the film stars Jean-Louis Trintignant and Stefania Sandrelli, and features Gastone Moschin, Enzo Tarascio, Fosco Giachetti, José Quaglio, Dominique Sanda and Pierre Clémenti. The film was a co-production of Italian, French, and West German film companies, Bertolucci makes use of the 1930s art and decor associated with the Fascist era, the middle-class drawing rooms and the huge halls of the ruling elite. The film opens with Marcello Clerici in Paris finalizing preparations to assassinate his former college professor and it frequently returns to the interior of a car driven by Manganiello as the two of them pursue the professor and his wife. In one of these flashbacks we see him as a boy during World War I and he is socially humiliated by his schoolmates until he is rescued by chauffeur Lino. In another flashback Marcello and his fiancee Giulia discuss the necessity of his going to confession in order for her parents to them to marry. Marcello admits he thinks little of his new wife but craves the normality that a marriage with children will bring. Now married, Marcello finds himself ordered to assassinate his old acquaintance and teacher, Professor Quadri, using his marriage as a convenient cover he takes Giulia on their honeymoon to Paris where he can carry out the mission. While visiting Quadri he falls in love with Anna - the professors young wife -, Giulia and Anna dress extravagantly and go to a dance hall with their husbands where Marcellos commitment to the Fascists is tested by Quadri. Manganiello is also at the hall, having been following Marcello for some time. Marcello returns the gun that he has given and secretly gives Manganiello the location of Quadris country house where the couple plan to go the following day. Even though Marcello has warned Anna not to go to the country with her husband and has apparently persuaded her that she should leave her husband, on a deserted woodland road Fascist agents conspire to stop Quadris car with a false accident scene. When he attempts to help an apparently stricken driver he is attacked and stabbed to death by men who appear from the woods. Anna sees her husband being murdered, and realising the danger to herself runs to a car that had been behind them for help. When Anna sees that the passenger in the rear of the car is Marcello, she begins to scream uncontrollably, Marcello merely watches without emotion as she is pursued through the woods and finally shot to death. The ending of the takes place in 1943 during the fall of Benito Mussolini. He is called by Italo, his friend and former Fascist. While walking with Italo, they overhear a conversation between two men and Marcello recognizes one of them as Lino, who attempted to seduce him when he was a boy
23.
Dino Risi
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Dino Risi was an Italian film director. With Mario Monicelli, Luigi Comencini, Nanni Loy and Ettore Scola, Risi had two brothers, an older brother, Fernando, a cinematographer and a younger brother, Nelo a director and writer. At the age of twelve, Risi became an orphan and was looked after by relatives and he studied medicine and later became a psychiatrist. Risi started his career in cinema as an assistant director to cinema such as Mario Soldati. Later he began directing his own films and was credited with giving early opportunities to future acting stars such as Sophia Loren and his 1966 film Treasure of San Gennaro was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Silver Prize. In 2002, he was awarded the Golden Lion – Honorary Award at the Venice Film Festival for his life-time work, two of his films, Il giovedì and Il commissario Lo Gatto, were shown in a retrospective section on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival. He died on 7 June 2008 at his residence in Rome and he was 91 and is survived by two children, Claudio and Marco. Dino Risi at the Internet Movie Database BBC obituary
24.
Il Sorpasso
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Il Sorpasso is a 1962 Italian cult movie comedy film co-written and directed by Dino Risi and starring Vittorio Gassman, Jean-Louis Trintignant and Catherine Spaak. It is considered Risis masterpiece and one of the famous examples of Commedia allitaliana film genre. The film starts in a hazy, sun-baked and seemingly empty Rome on an August morning during Ferragosto holiday, the young man tells him to come up and make the call himself. Tired of studying for the day and falling prey to Brunos enthusiasm, thus begins a cruise along the Via Aurelia, the Roman road that also gives the name to Brunos beloved car. Roberto is unwilling or unable to part from this casual acquaintance despite having almost nothing in common with him, Bruno is loud, brash, risk taking, a bit coarse and a braggart, to boot. He drives recklessly, speeding and constantly attempting il Sorpasso — the impatient, but he is also charming and likable. And Roberto, being his complete opposite, feels drawn to Brunos impulsive, over two days of highs and lows across the coasts of Lazio and Tuscany, the two men fall into various adventures while gradually managing to learn something of each other. When, for example, the duo spontaneously drops in on Robertos relatives, en route, and later he finds out about Brunos failed marriage and young daughter, revealing a life not nearly as carefree as Bruno pretends to lead. When this free-wheeling road-trip movie crescendos to its ending, the bonding and emerging friendship between the two men is cut short. Spurred on by a seemingly transformed Roberto, Bruno speeds while attempting to overtake another car on the curve of a cliffside road. This risky maneuver results in a fatal accident, the younger man goes over a rocky cliff in the car, leaving a bloodied and shocked Bruno on the curves edge. When a motorway cop arrives and asks Bruno for Robertos last name, the movie is considered as one of the best examples of Commedia allItaliana. The Roman customizer crew Emporio Elaborazioni Meccaniche dedicated a customized bike to the movie and they named a MotoGuzzi V11 cafe racer, Sorpasso
25.
Under Fire (film)
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Under Fire is a 1983 American political thriller film set during the last days of the Nicaraguan Revolution that ended the Somoza regime in 1979 Nicaragua. It stars Nick Nolte, Gene Hackman and Joanna Cassidy, the musical score by Jerry Goldsmith, which featured well-known jazz guitarist Pat Metheny, was nominated for an Academy Award. The editing by Mark Conte and John Bloom was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Editing. The Film was shot in the Mexican states of Chiapas, ABC cameraman Jack Clark was shooting incidental footage, and caught the entire episode on tape. The footage was shown on television in the United States and became a major international incident. The incident was the straw for the Carter Administrations relationship with Somoza. Under Fire opened October 21,1983 in 816 theaters, earning $1,837,768 its opening weekend, the film went on to gross a total of $5,696,391 in North America. Under Fire received a response from critics and holds an 88% positive Fresh rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. Nolte is great to watch as the photographer with the beer gut. Hackman never really convinced me that he could be an anchorman and he convinced me that he thought he could be one. Joanna Cassidy takes a role that could have dismissed as the girl and fills it out as a fascinating. Under Fire surrounds these performances with a sense of place and becomes, somewhat surprisingly. Its silly enough to use a real, bloody war as the backdrop - the excuse, for the 2012 film Django Unchained, director Quentin Tarantino used the musical cue Nicaragua from Jerry Goldsmiths score during the arrival scene at the Candie Plantation known as Candyland. List of American films of 1983 Under Fire at the Internet Movie Database Under Fire at AllMovie Under Fire at Box Office Mojo Under Fire movie script sfy. ru
26.
Confidentially Yours
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Confidentially Yours is a 1983 French film directed by François Truffaut. It is based on the novel The Long Saturday Night, by the American author Charles Williams and he died the next year, aged 52, after being diagnosed with a brain tumor. The film had a total of 1,169,635 admissions in France and was the 39th highest-grossing film of the year. Jacques Massoulier is murdered while hunting at the place as Julien Vercel. As the police discover that Marie-Christine Vercel, Juliens wife, was Massouliers mistress, but his secretary, Barbara Becker, while not quite convinced he is innocent, defends him and leads her private investigations
27.
Three Colours: Red
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Three Colors, Red is a 1994 film co-written, produced, and directed by Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski. It is the film of The Three Colors Trilogy, which examines the French Revolutionary ideals, it is preceded by Blue. Kieślowski had announced that this would be his film, which proved true with the directors sudden death in 1996. Red is about fraternity, which it examines by showing characters whose lives gradually become closely interconnected, Red was highly acclaimed, and was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Director for Kieślowski. It was also selected as the Swiss entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, during her work as a model she poses for a chewing-gum campaign and during the photo shoot the photographer asks her to look very sad. While walking back home, Auguste, a neighbour of Valentines, drops a set of books, notices that a chapter of the Criminal Code opened at random. As she drives back to her apartment, Valentine is distracted while adjusting the radio and she tracks down the owner, a reclusive retired judge, Joseph Kern. He seems unconcerned by the accident or the injuries sustained by Rita, Valentine takes Rita to a veterinarian, where she learns that Rita is pregnant. Later, money is delivered to her apartment from an unnamed sender, whilst Valentine is walking Rita the next day the dog runs away and Valentine eventually finds her back at Kerns house. She asks and he confirms that the money sent to her came from him and he then tells Valentine she can have the dog. A short time later Valentine finds Kern eavesdropping on his neighbours private telephone conversations, the judge challenges Valentine to go tell the neighbours and initially she goes to do so. She visits the house, which appears, on the surface, to contain a contented nuclear family. She returns to Kerns house and Kern tells her that it would make no difference if she denounced him for his spying because the lives he listens to would eventually turn into hell anyway. She leaves saying that she feels nothing but pity for him, whilst visiting Kern, Valentine hears a phone conversation between her neighbour, Auguste, and his girlfriend, Karin. They discuss if they should go bowling, Valentine covers her ears but from the very little she hears she concludes that they love each other. Later, Auguste takes his exam and passes it and becomes a judge, Karin asks if he was asked any questions regarding the article that was open when he dropped his books. Karin gives him a fountain pen as a gift and he wonders what the first judgment he signs with it will be. That evening, Kern writes a series of letters to his neighbours and the court confessing his activities, later, at the law courts, he sees Karin make the acquaintance of and begin to flirt with another man
28.
Michael Haneke
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Michael Haneke is an Austrian film director and screenwriter best known for films such as Funny Games, Caché, The White Ribbon and Amour. His work often examines social issues, and depicts the feelings of estrangement experienced by individuals in modern society, Haneke has worked in television‚ theatre and cinema. Besides working as a filmmaker, Haneke also teaches film direction at the Film Academy Vienna. At the 2009 Cannes Film Festival, his film The White Ribbon won the Palme dOr, in 2012, his film Amour premiered and competed at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. The film received five Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay and it won in the category of Best Foreign Language Film. Haneke has made films in French, German and in English, in 2013 Haneke won the Prince of Asturias Award for the arts. Haneke was born in Munich, Germany, the son of the German actor and director Fritz Haneke and his stepfather, the composer Alexander Steinbrecher, had later married the mother of actor Christoph Waltz. After graduating, he became a critic and from 1967 to 1970 he worked as editor. He made his debut as a director in 1974. Hanekes feature film debut was 1989s The Seventh Continent, which served to trace out the violent, three years later, the controversial Bennys Video put Hanekes name on the map. Haneke achieved great success in 2001 with the critically successful French film The Piano Teacher and it won the prestigious Grand Prize at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival and also won its stars, Benoît Magimel and Isabelle Huppert, the Best Actor and Actress awards. He has worked with Juliette Binoche, after she expressed interest in working with him, Haneke frequently worked with real-life couple Ulrich Mühe and Susanne Lothar – thrice each. His film, The White Ribbon, premiered at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival, in 2012, his film Amour also won the Palme dOr. Haneke says that films should offer more space for imagination and self-reflection. Films that have too much detail and moral clarity, Haneke says, are used for consumption by their viewers. It is often difficult for people to ascertain Hanekes philosophy and the messages he wishes to illustrate in his works. His 2012 film Amour won the Best Foreign Language Oscar and was nominated for the Best Picture Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards, in 2013 he was the subject of the documentary film Michael H – Profession, Director. Haneke has directed a number of productions in German, which include works by Strindberg, Goethe
29.
Amour (2012 film)
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Amour is a 2012 French-language romantic drama film written and directed by the Austrian filmmaker Michael Haneke, starring Jean-Louis Trintignant, Emmanuelle Riva and Isabelle Huppert. The narrative focuses on a couple, Anne and Georges. Anne suffers a stroke which paralyses her on the side of her body. The film is a co-production among the French, German, and Austrian companies Les Films du Losange, X-Filme Creative Pool, Amour was screened at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Palme dOr. At the age of 85, Emmanuelle Riva is the oldest nominee for Best Actress in a Leading Role, at the 25th European Film Awards, Amour was nominated in six categories, winning in four, including Best Film and Best Director. At the 47th National Society of Film Critics Awards it won the awards for Best Film, Best Director, at the 66th British Academy Film Awards it was nominated in four categories, winning for Best Leading Actress and Best Film Not in the English Language. Emmanuelle Riva became the oldest person to win a BAFTA, at the 38th César Awards it was nominated in ten categories, winning in five, including Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor and Best Actress. They return home to find someone has unsuccessfully tried to break into their apartment. The next morning while they are eating breakfast, Anne silently suffers a stroke and she sits in a catatonic state, not responding to Georges. She comes around as Georges is about to get help, Georges thinks she was playing a prank on him. Anne is unable to pour herself a drink, Anne undergoes surgery on a blocked carotid artery, but the surgery goes wrong, leaving her paralyzed on her right side and confined to a wheelchair. She makes Georges promise not to send her back to the hospital or into a nursing home, Georges becomes Annes dutiful, though slightly irritated, caretaker. One day, Anne tells Georges that she doesnt want to go on living, however, she soon suffers a second stroke that leaves her demented and incapable of coherent speech. Georges continues to look after Anne, despite the strain it puts on him, Georges begins employing a nurse three days a week. Their daughter, Eva, wants her mother to go into care and he employs a second nurse, but fires her after he discovers she is mistreating his wife. One day, Georges sits next to Annes bedside and tells her a story of his childhood, as he reaches the storys conclusion, he picks up a pillow and smothers her. Georges returns home with bundles of flowers in his hands, which he proceeds to wash and he picks out a dress from Annes wardrobe and writes a long letter. He tapes the bedroom door shut and catches a pigeon which has flown in from the window, in the letter, Georges explains that he has released the pigeon
30.
Picardy
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Picardy is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is now part of the new region of Hauts-de-France and it is located in the northern part of France. The historical province of Picardy stretched from north of Noyon to Calais, via the whole of the Somme department, the province of Artois separated Picardy from French Flanders. From the 5th century the area was part of the Frankish Empire, and in the period it encompassed the six countships of Boulogne, Montreuil, Ponthieu, Amiénois, Vermandois. According to the 843 Treaty of Verdun the region part of West Francia. The name Picardy was not used until the 12th or 13th century, during this time, the name applied to all lands where the Picard language was spoken, which included all the territories from Paris to the Netherlands. In the Latin Quarter of Paris, people identified a Picard Nation of students at Sorbonne University, during the Hundred Years War, Picardy was the centre of the Jacquerie peasant revolt in 1358. From 1419 onwards, the Picardy counties were gradually acquired by the Burgundian duke Philip the Good, in 1477, King Louis XI of France led an army and occupied key towns in Picardy. By the end of 1477, Louis would control all of Picardy, in the 16th century, the government of Picardy was created. This became a new region of France, separate from what was historically defined as Picardy. The new Picardy included the Somme département, the half of the Aisne département. In 1557, Picardy was invaded by Habsburg forces under the command of Emmanuel Philibert, after a seventeen-day siege, St. Quentin would be ransacked, while Noyon would be burned by the Habsburg army. In the 17th century, a disease similar to English sweat originated from the region. It was called Suette des picards or Picardy sweat, the sugar industry has continued to play a prominent role in the economy of the region. One of the most significant historical events to occur in Picardy was the series of battles fought along the Somme during World War I. From September 1914 to August 1918, four major battles, including the Battle of the Somme, were fought by British, French, and German forces in the fields of Northern Picardy. In 2009, the Regional Committee for local government reform proposed to reduce the number of French regions, Picardy would have disappeared, and each department would have joined a nearby region. The Oise would have incorporated in the Île-de-France, the Somme would have been incorporated in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais
31.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
32.
Monaco Grand Prix
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The Monaco Grand Prix is a Formula One motor race held each year on the Circuit de Monaco. The circuit has been called an exceptional location of glamour and prestige. The race is held on a course laid out in the streets of Monaco, with many elevation changes and tight corners as well as a tunnel. In spite of the low average speeds, it is a dangerous place to race. It is the only Grand Prix that does not adhere to the FIAs mandated 305-kilometre minimum race distance, the event was part of the pre-Second World War European Championship and was included in the first World Championship of Drivers in 1950. It was designated the European Grand Prix two times,1955 and 1963, when title was an honorary designation given each year to one Grand Prix race in Europe. Graham Hill was known as Mr. Monaco due to his five Monaco wins in the 1960s, brazils Ayrton Senna won the race more times than any other driver, with six victories, winning five races consecutively between 1989 and 1993. Fernando Alonso is the driver to have won the race in consecutive years for different constructors, winning for Renault in 2006. Like many European races, the Monaco Grand Prix predates the current World Championship, the principalitys first Grand Prix was organised in 1929 by Antony Noghès, under the auspices of Prince Louis II, through the Automobile Club de Monaco. Alexandre Noghès, Antonys father, was founding president of the ACM, the ACM made their first foray into motorsport by holding the Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo in 1911. Their application was refused due to the lack of a major event held wholly within Monacos boundaries. The rally could not be considered as it used the roads of other European countries. To attain full national status, Noghès proposed the creation of an automobile Grand Prix in the streets of Monte Carlo, Noghès obtained the official support of Prince Louis II. Noghès also gained support for his plans from Monegasque Louis Chiron, Chiron thought that the topography of the location would be well suited to setting up a race track. The first race, held on 14 April 1929, was won by William Grover-Williams driving a Bugatti, the first Grand Prix Automobile de Monaco was an invitation-only event, but not all of those invited decided to attend. The leading Maserati and Alfa Romeo drivers decided not to compete, Mercedes sent their leading driver Rudolf Caracciola to drive a Mercedes SSK. Caracciola drove a race, bringing his SSK up to second position at the end of the race. The race was won by Williams driving a Bugatti Type 35B painted dark green, another driver who competed using a pseudonym was Georges Philippe, the Baron Philippe de Rothschild
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24 Hours of Le Mans
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The 24 Hours of Le Mans is the worlds oldest active sports car race in endurance racing, held annually since 1923 near the town of Le Mans, France. It is one of the most prestigious races in the world and is often called the Grand Prix of Endurance. The event represents one leg of the Triple Crown of Motorsport, other events being the Indianapolis 500, since 2012, the 24 Hours of Le Mans has been a part of the FIA World Endurance Championship. In 2017, it will be the round of the season. The race has over the years inspired imitating races all over the globe, popularizing the 24-hour format at places like Daytona, Nürburgring, Spa-Francorchamps, and Bathurst. The American Le Mans Series and Europes Le Mans Series of multi-event sports car championships were spun off from 24 Hours of Le Mans regulations. At a time when Grand Prix motor racing was the dominant form of motorsport throughout Europe, Le Mans was designed to present a different test. Instead of focusing on the ability of a car company to build the fastest machines and this encouraged innovation in producing reliable and fuel-efficient vehicles, because endurance racing requires cars that last and spend as little time in the pits as possible. At the same time, the layout of the track necessitated cars with better aerodynamics, while this was shared with Grand Prix racing, few tracks in Europe had straights of a length comparable to the Mulsanne. Additionally, because the road is public and thus not as meticulously maintained as permanent racing circuits, racing puts more strain on the parts, increasing the importance of reliability. The oil crisis in the early 1970s led organizers to adopt a fuel economy formula known as Group C that limited the amount of each car was allowed. Although it was abandoned, fuel economy remains important as new fuel sources reduced time spent during pit stops. Such technological innovations have had an effect and can be incorporated into consumer cars. This has also led to faster and more exotic supercars as manufacturers seek to develop road cars in order to develop them into even faster GT cars. Additionally, in recent years hybrid systems have been championed in the LMP category as rules have changed to their benefit. The race is held in June, leading at times to very hot conditions for drivers, particularly in closed vehicles with poor ventilation, the race begins in mid-afternoon and finishes the following day at the same hour the race started the previous day. Over the 24 hours, modern competitors often cover distances well over 5,000 km, the record is 2010s 5,410 km, six times the length of the Indianapolis 500, or approximately 18 times longer than a Formula One Grand Prix. Drivers and racing teams strive for speed and avoiding damage, as well as managing the cars consumables, primarily fuel, tires
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Claude Lelouch
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Claude Barruck Joseph Lelouch is a French film director, writer, cinematographer, actor and producer. Lelouch was born in the 9th arrondissement of Paris, the son of Charlotte and his father was born to an Algerian Jewish family and his mother was a convert to Judaism. His father gave him a camera to him a fresh start after his failure in the baccalaureat. He started his career with reportage – one of the first to film life in the Soviet Union. He also filmed sporting events like the 24 Hours of Le Mans and his first full-length film as director, Le Propre de lhomme, was decried by the critics – Claude Lelouch, remember this name well, because you will not hear it again – Cahiers du cinéma said. La femme spectacle, following prostitutes, women shopping, going for nose-jobs, was censored for its misogynist tendency, a Man and a Woman changed his fortunes and was met with favour even by the Cahiers group. The 1981 musical epic Les Uns et les Autres is widely considered as his masterpiece and his 1976 film, Cétait un rendez-vous, purportedly features a Ferrari 275 GTB being driven at extreme speed through the streets of Paris at dawn. The entire short is shot from the point of view of the car, legend has it that Lelouch was arrested after it was first shown publicly. In a 2006 interview, Lelouch stated that he drove his own Mercedes-Benz 450SEL6.9 in the film and he has collaborated more than two dozen times with composer Francis Lai. They scored a hit with the piece chabadabada for the film A Man and a Woman sung by Nicole Croisille and Pierre Barouh. He is the father of 7 children, in 1993 he was the President of the Jury at the 18th Moscow International Film Festival. 2016, Commander in the Order of the Crown, lelouchs A Man and a Woman won the Palme dOr at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival, as well as two Oscars including Best Foreign Language Film. His 1967 film, Vivre pour vivre, was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar, in 1971, he won the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Directing for Le Voyou. Media related to Claude Lelouch at Wikimedia Commons Claude Lelouch at the Internet Movie Database
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Screenwriter
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One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
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Film director
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A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
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Vilnius
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Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city, with a population of 542,664 as of 2015. Vilnius is located in the southeast part of Lithuania and is the second largest city in the Baltic states, Vilnius is the seat of the main government institutions of Lithuania as well as of the Vilnius District Municipality. Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies and its Jewish influence until the 20th century has led to it being described as the Jerusalem of Lithuania and Napoleon named it the Jerusalem of the North as he was passing through in 1812. In 2009, Vilnius was the European Capital of Culture, together with the Austrian city of Linz, the name of the city originates from the Vilnia River. The city has also known by many derivate spellings in various languages throughout its history. The most notable names for the city include, Polish, Wilno, Belarusian, Вiльня, German, Wilna, Latvian, Viļņa, Russian, Вильнюс, Yiddish, ווילנע , Czech. A Russian name from the time of the Russian Empire was Вильна/Вильно, the name Vilna is still used in Finnish, Portuguese, Spanish, and Hebrew. Wilna is still used in German, along with Vilnius, the neighborhoods of Vilnius also have names in other languages, which represent the languages spoken by various ethnic groups in the area. Historian Romas Batūra identifies the city with Voruta, one of the castles of Mindaugas, during the reign of Vytenis a city started to emerge from a trading settlement and the first Franciscan Catholic church was built. These letters contain the first unambiguous reference to Vilnius as the capital, According to legend, Gediminas dreamt of an iron wolf howling on a hilltop and consulted a pagan priest for its interpretation. He was told, What is destined for the ruler and the State of Lithuania, is thus, the Iron Wolf represents a castle and a city which will be established by you on this site. This city will be the capital of the Lithuanian lands and the dwelling of their rulers, the location offered practical advantages, it lay within the Lithuanian heartland at the confluence of two navigable rivers, surrounded by forests and wetlands that were difficult to penetrate. The duchy had been subject to intrusions by the Teutonic Knights, Vilnius was the flourishing capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the residence of the Grand Duke. Gediminas expanded the Grand Duchy through warfare along with strategic alliances and marriages, at its height it covered the territory of modern-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Transnistria, and portions of modern-day Poland and Russia. His grandchildren Vytautas the Great and Jogaila, however, fought civil wars, during the Lithuanian Civil War of 1389–1392, Vytautas besieged and razed the city in an attempt to wrest control from Jogaila. The two later settled their differences, after a series of treaties culminating in the 1569 Union of Lublin, the rulers of this federation held either or both of two titles, Grand Duke of Lithuania or King of Poland. In 1387, Jogaila acting as a Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland Władysław II Jagiełło, the city underwent a period of expansion. The Vilnius city walls were built for protection between 1503 and 1522, comprising nine city gates and three towers, and Sigismund August moved his court there in 1544
