1.
Montreal
–
Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
Montreal
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Montreal as seen from the
Champlain Bridge;
McGill University;
Saint Joseph's Oratory; the
Old Montreal featuring the
Montreal Clock Tower and the
Jacques Cartier Bridge during the
Montreal Fireworks Festival; a view of the
Notre-Dame Basilica from
Place d'Armes; and the
Olympic Stadium.
Montreal
–
The Montreal Harbour in 1889.
Montreal
–
Saint Jacques Street (formerly St. James Street), in 1910
Montreal
–
Bonsecours Market in autumn.
2.
Quebec
–
Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
Quebec
–
The arrival of
Samuel de Champlain, the father of
New France, on the site of
Quebec City.
Quebec
–
Flag
Quebec
–
Michel's falls on
Ashuapmushuan River in
Saint-Félicien,
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean.
Quebec
–
View of
Jacques-Cartier River from Andante mountain.
3.
Lyrical Abstraction
–
It is a descriptive term characterizing a type of abstract painting related to Abstract Expressionism, in use since the 1940s. Many well known abstract expressionist painters like Arshile Gorky seen in context have been characterized as doing a type of painting described as lyrical abstraction, whose works related to characteristics of contemporary American abstract expressionism. The art movement Abstraction lyrique was born in Paris after the war, at that time, the artistic life in Paris, which had been devastated by the Occupation and Collaboration, resumed with numerous artists exhibited again as soon as the Liberation of Paris in mid-1944. According to the new forms that characterised some artists, the movement was named by the art critic, Jean José Marchand. Some art critics also looked at this movement as an attempt to restore the image of artistic Paris, Lyrical abstraction was opposed not only to the Cubist and Surrealist movements that preceded it, but also to geometric abstraction. Lyrical abstraction was, in ways, the first to apply the lessons of Kandinsky. For the artists, lyrical abstraction represented an opening to personal expression. S. A, Lyrical Abstraction was opposed not only to l’Ecole de Paris remains of pre-war style but to Cubist and Surrealist movements that had preceded it, and also to geometric abstraction. Lyrical Abstraction was in ways the first to apply the lessons of Kandinsky. For the artists in France, Lyrical Abstraction represented an opening to personal expression, in Belgium, Louis Van Lint figured a remarkable example of an artist who, after a short period of geometric abstraction, has moved to a lyrical abstraction in which he excelled. At the Drouin gallery one could see Jean Le Moal, Gustave Singier, Alfred Manessier, Roger Bissière, Wols and others. In March 1951 was held the larger exhibition Véhémences confrontées in the gallery Nina Dausset where for the first time were presented side to side French and it was organised by the critic Michel Tapié, whose role in the defense of this movement was of the highest importance. With these events, he déclared that « the lyrical abstraction is born » and it was, however, a fairly short reign, which was quickly supplanted by the New realism of Pierre Restany and Yves Klein. Starting around 1970, this movement has been revived by a new generation of artists born during or immediately after the Second World War, some of its key promoters include Paul Kallos, Georges Romathier, Michelle Desterac, and Thibaut de Reimpré. American Lyrical Abstraction is an art movement that emerged in New York City, Los Angeles, Washington, DC, characterized by intuitive and loose paint handling, spontaneous expression, illusionist space, acrylic staining, process, occasional imagery, and other painterly and newer technological techniques. Lyrical Abstraction led the way away from minimalism in painting and toward a new freer expressionism, many of them had been Minimalists, working with various monochromatic, geometric styles, and whose paintings publicly evolved into new abstract painterly motifs. American Lyrical Abstraction is related in spirit to Abstract Expressionism, Color Field painting, Tachisme refers to the French style of abstract painting current in the 1945–1960 period. Very close to Art Informel, it presents the European equivalent to Abstract Expressionism, the Sheldon Museum of Art held an exhibition from 1 June until 29 August 1993 entitled Lyrical Abstraction, Color and Mood. Many artists began moving away from geometric, hard-edge, and minimal styles, toward more lyrical, sensuous and these lyrical abstractionists sought to expand the boundaries of abstract painting, and to revive and reinvigorate a painterly tradition in American art
Lyrical Abstraction
–
John Hoyland, Lebanon, 2007. John Hoyland (1934-2011), was one of England's leading
abstract painters.
Lyrical Abstraction
–
Ronnie Landfield, For
William Blake 1968, a/c, 110 x 256 inches, exhibited: Tower 49, NYC, January 3, 2002–November 15, 2002. His work was included in the Lyrical Abstraction exhibitions at the Whitney Museum in 1970, the Sheldon Museum in 1993 and at the Boca Raton Museum in 2009.
Lyrical Abstraction
–
John Seery, East, 1973,
National Gallery of Australia. Seery's work was included in the Lyrical Abstraction exhibitions at the Whitney Museum in 1970 and at the Boca Raton Museum in 2009.
Lyrical Abstraction
–
Thornton Willis "Red Wall" 1969, Acrylic on Canvas, 103x108 inches.
4.
Tachisme
–
Tachisme is a French style of abstract painting popular in the 1940s and 1950s. The term is said to have been first used with regards to the movement in 1951 and it is often considered to be the European equivalent to abstract expressionism, although there are stylistic differences. It was part of a larger movement known as Art Informel. Another name for Tachism is Abstraction lyrique, COBRA is also related to Tachisme, as is Japans Gutai group. After World War II the term School of Paris often referred to Tachisme, according to Chilvers, the term tachisme was first used in this sense in about 1951 and it was given wide currency by Michel Tapié in his book Un Art autre. Tachisme was a reaction to Cubism and is characterized by spontaneous brushwork, drips and blobs of paint straight from the tube, Art Informel was more about the absence of premeditated structure, conception or approach than a mere casual, loosened or relaxed art procedure. Gutai and Informel Post-war art in Japan and France, 1945—1965
Tachisme
–
Serge Poliakoff Composition: Gray and Red, 1964
5.
Order of Canada
–
The Order of Canada is a Canadian national order, admission into which is the second highest honour for merit in the system of orders, decorations, and medals of Canada. It comes second only to membership in the Order of Merit, membership is accorded to those who exemplify the orders Latin motto, desiderantes meliorem patriam, meaning they desire a better country, a phrase taken from Hebrews 11,16. Appointees to the order are recommended by a board and formally inducted by the governor general or the sovereign. As of October 2016,6,699 people have been appointed to the Order of Canada, including scientists, musicians, politicians, artists, athletes, business people, and film stars, benefactors, and others. Some have resigned or have been removed from the order, while other appointments have been controversial, appointees are presented with insignia and receive the right to armorial bearings. Pearson, who was assisted with the establishment of the order by John Matheson. Laurent, Hugh MacLennan, David Bauer, Gabrielle Roy, Donald Creighton, Thérèse Casgrain, Wilder Penfield, Arthur Lismer, M. J. Coldwell, Edwin Baker, Alex Colville, and Maurice Richard. From the Order of Canada grew a Canadian honours system, thereby reducing the use of British honours, by the 1980s, Canadas provinces began to develop their own distinct honours and decorations. The Canadian monarch, seen as the fount of honour, is at the apex of the Order of Canada as its Sovereign, followed by the governor general, who serves as the fellowships Chancellor. Thereafter follow three grades, which are, in order of precedence, Companion, Officer, and Member, each incumbent governor general is also installed as the Principal Companion for the duration of his or her time in the viceregal post and continues as an extraordinary Companion thereafter. As of March 2016, there have twenty one honorary appointments. There were originally, in effect, only two ranks to the Order of Canada, Companion and the Medal of Service, there was, however, also a third award, the Medal of Courage, meant to recognize acts of gallantry. This latter decoration fell in rank between the two levels, but was anomalous within the Order of Canada, being a separate award of a different nature rather than a middle grade of the order. Lester Pearsons vision of a structure to the order was thus fulfilled. Companions of the Order of Canada have demonstrated the highest degree of merit to Canada and humanity, up to 15 Companions are appointed annually, with an imposed limit of 165 living Companions at any given time, not including those appointed as extraordinary Companions or in an honorary capacity. As of October 2015, there are 143 living Companions, none being honorary, since 1994, substantive members are the only regular citizens who are empowered to administer the Canadian Oath of Citizenship. As of October 2015, there were 1,123 living Officers, Members of the Order of Canada have made an exceptional contribution to Canada or Canadians at a local or regional level, group, field or activity. As many as 136 Members may be appointed annually, not including extraordinary Members and those inducted on an honorary basis, as of October 2015, there were 2,225 living Members, none being honorary
Order of Canada
–
Order of Canada
Order of Canada
–
Governor General Michaëlle Jean, then Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada, poses with a full group of Order of Canada appointees at the 101st investiture ceremony banquet in the Tent Room of
Rideau Hall, 11 April 2008
Order of Canada
–
Ribbon bar
Order of Canada
–
Lorne Michaels wearing a Member's lapel pin during a formal event
6.
National Order of Quebec
–
The order contains three grades, each with accordant post-nominal letters and place in the Canadian order of precedence for honours, decorations, and medals. This body is mandated to short-list candidates and forward their suggestions to the Governor-in-Council. Any person born, living, or who has lived in Quebec, save for anyone serving as a Member of the National Assembly of Quebec, is eligible to be nominated and names may be submitted posthumously. The Cabinet may also, without the input of the Council of the National Order of Quebec, promotion through the grades is possible for both substantive and honorary members. Admission recognizes conspicuous meritorious actions that improve or support Quebec and/or its language, upon admission into the Order of Quebec, members are presented with various insignia of the organization—a medallion, miniature, and button. On the reverse of the badge is inscribed the orders motto—Honneur au peuple du Québec —and a serial number at the base of the vertical bar. Each member will also receive miniature versions of their insignia, identical in appearance save for size, a lapel pin is also used for wear on casual civilian clothing. The ribbon for miniatures is 18 millimetres wide, the ceremony takes place in the Salon Rouge of the parliament building in Quebec City, though exceptions are sometimes made when inductees cannot be present. The insignia remain property of the Crown in Right of Quebec and must be returned upon a cessation of membership in the society. Nana Mouskouri OQ, Greek singer, appointed 2013
National Order of Quebec
–
Ordre national du Québec National Order of Quebec
7.
James Wilson Morrice
–
James Wilson Morrice was a significant Canadian landscape painter. He studied at the Académie Julian in Paris, France, where he lived for most of his career, james Morrice Street in New Bordeaux, Ahuntsic-Cartierville, Montreal is named in his memory. Morrice was born in Montreal, the son of a wealthy merchant, in 1890 he left to study painting in England. The next year he arrived in Paris, where he studied at the Académie Julian from 1892-7, at Julians he befriended Charles Conder and Maurice Prendergast, and also met Robert Henri. Morrice continued to live in Paris until the First World War, somerset Maugham, Arnold Bennett, and Clive Bell. In the winter of 1911-12 he shared a studio with Matisse in Tangiers, with the advent of World War I, Morrice fled to Montreal, and then to Cuba. There he began to succumb to alcoholism, the output of his last period is uneven and infrequent. In the summer of 1922 he travelled to Algiers, where he painted with Albert Marquet and this would be the last time that he painted, as his health began to rapidly deteriorate. He died, aged 58, in Tunis, morrices paintings before the turn of the century are thinly painted and inspired by Whistler, both in sentiment and in treatment of colour. Just prior to World War I he began to paint, in a thicker style, some of his works during his Caribbean period are considered his best and are painted in a loose style influenced by Van Gogh. Prow of a Gondola, Venice,1897 National Gallery of Canada Return from School,1901 Quai des Grands-Augustins,1903, the National Gallery of Canada The Ferry, Quebec,1906. NGC House in Santiago,1915 Tate Gallery Village Street, West Indies,1919, Montreal Museum of Fine Arts In 1958, works by Morrice along with those of Jacques de Tonnancour, Anne Kahane and Jack Nichols represented Canada at the Venice Biennale. Web site by Morrice specialist Lucie Dorais Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online A large gallery of paintings by Morrice on the National Gallery of Canadas website, a Concise History of Canadian Painting, Second Edition. Don Mills, Oxford University Press Canada
James Wilson Morrice
–
James Wilson Morrice
James Wilson Morrice
–
Paris Canal 1900
Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal
James Wilson Morrice
–
Dieppe, 1906
James Wilson Morrice
–
Street Scene Pink Sky Paris ca 1908
Art Gallery of Ontario
8.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
9.
Joan Mitchell
–
Joan Mitchell was an American second generation abstract expressionist painter and printmaker. She was a member of the American abstract expressionist movement, even much of her career took place in France. Along with Lee Krasner, Grace Hartigan, Helen Frankenthaler, Shirley Jaffe and Sonia Gechtoff, she was one of her eras few female painters to gain critical and her paintings and editioned prints can be seen in major museums and collections across the United States and Europe. Mitchell was born in Chicago, Illinois, the daughter of dermatologist James Herbert Mitchell and she lived on Chestnut Street in the Streeterville neighborhood and attended high school at Francis W. Parker School in the Lincoln Park neighborhood. Mitchell studied at Smith College in Massachusetts and The Art Institute of Chicago, a $2,000 travel fellowship allowed her to study in Paris and Provence in 1948—49, and she also traveled in Spain and Italy. Mitchell is recognized as a principal figure—and one of the few female artists—in the second generation of American Abstract Expressionists, by the early 1950s, she was regarded as a leading artist in the New York School. Her paintings are expansive, often covering two separate panels, landscape was the primary influence on her subject matter. She painted on unprimed canvas or white ground with gestural, sometimes violent brushwork and she has described a painting as an organism that turns in space. An admirer of van Goghs work, Mitchell observed in one of his final paintings – Wheatfield with Crows – the symbology of death, suicide, hopelessness, depression and darkness. With her sense that Wheatfield with Crows was a note, she painted a painting called No Birds as a response. After moving to Paris in 1959, Mitchell began painting in a studio on the rue Fremicourt in the 15th arrondissement of Paris. The marks on these works were said to be extraordinary, The paint flung and squeezed on to the canvases, spilling and spluttering across their surfaces and smeared on with the artists fingers. The artist herself referred to the work created in this period of the early 1960s as very violent and angry, but by 1964 she was trying to get out of a violent phase and into something else. Mitchell said that she wanted her paintings to convey the feeling of the sunflower and some of them come out like young girls. In 1951, Mitchells work was exhibited in the landmark Ninth Street Show alongside that of Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, in 1952, she had her first solo exhibition at the New Gallery. In October 1957, the first major feature on her work appeared in ARTnews. In 1972, Mitchell staged her first major exhibition, entitled “My Five Years in the Country, ” at the Everson Museum of Art in Syracuse. December 1988 saw Mitchells first retrospective exhibition, which she referred to as being art-historized live and it featured 54 paintings produced from 1951 to 1987
Joan Mitchell
–
No Birds (1987/88).
Joan Mitchell
–
Untitled (1960) sold at auction for $11.9 million in 2014, a record for a female artist.
10.
Giverny
–
Giverny is a commune in the Eure department in northern France. It is best known as the location of Claude Monets garden, Giverny sits on the right bank of the River Seine where the river Epte meets the Seine. The village lies 80 km from Paris, west and slightly north, a settlement has existed in Giverny since neolithic times and a monument uncovered attests to this fact. Archeological finds have included bootees dating from Gallo-Roman times and to the earlier 1st, the town was known in ancient deeds as Warnacum. The cultivation of grapes has been an occupation of the inhabitants of Giverny since Merovingian times, the village church dates from the Middle Ages and is built partially in the Romanesque style, though additions have since been made. The village has remained a rural setting with a modest population and has since seen a boom in tourism since the restoration of Monets house. Claude Monet noticed the village of Giverny while looking out of a train window and he made up his mind to move there and rented a house and the area surrounding it. In 1890 he had money to buy the house and land outright. Monet lived in the house with its famous pink crushed brick façade from 1883 until his death in 1926 and he and many members of his family are interred in the village cemetery. Beginning around 1887, a number of American Impressionist artists settled to work in Giverny, drawn by the landscapes, the atmosphere. These included Willard Metcalf, Louis Ritman, Theodore Wendel, soon many American extended their visits from summer through the entire year. American painter Theodore Earl Butler married Monets stepdaughter and sometime-model Suzanne Hoschedé there in 1892, frederick Carl Frieseke spent every summer from 1906 through 1919 in a residence next door to Monets. The term Decorative Impressionism was coined in 1911 to describe Friesekes work, in December 1910, six of the Giverny artists were given a show at the Madison Gallery in New York which termed them The Giverny Group. World War I largely marked the end of the art colony, the house became a popular tourist attraction, particularly in the summer when the flowers are in bloom. The Hôtel Baudy was a center of life in the Giverny heyday. It is now still a café and restaurant, with period decoration, communes of the Eure department Katherine M. Bourguignon, Impressionist Giverny
Giverny
–
Water lilies in Claude Monet's garden in Giverny
Giverny
–
Monet's house in Giverny, Normandy
Giverny
–
Monet's "Water Lily Pond" in his garden at Giverny, painted 1899.
Giverny
11.
Monet
–
Monets ambition of documenting the French countryside led him to adopt a method of painting the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons. From 1883 Monet lived in Giverny, where he purchased a house and property, Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the fifth floor of 45 rue Laffitte, in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. He was the son of Claude Adolphe Monet and Louise Justine Aubrée Monet. On 20 May 1841, he was baptized in the parish church, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, as Oscar-Claude. Despite being baptized Catholic, Monet later became an atheist, in 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. His father wanted him to go into the familys ship-chandling and grocery business and his mother was a singer, and supported Monets desire for a career in art. On 1 April 1851, Monet entered Le Havre secondary school of the arts, locals knew him well for his charcoal caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs. Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from Jacques-François Ochard, a student of Jacques-Louis David. On the beaches of Normandy around 1856 he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin, Boudin taught Monet en plein air techniques for painting. Both received the influence of Johan Barthold Jongkind, on 28 January 1857, his mother died. At the age of sixteen, he left school and went to live with his widowed, childless aunt, when Monet traveled to Paris to visit the Louvre, he witnessed painters copying from the old masters. Having brought his paints and other tools with him, he would go and sit by a window. Monet was in Paris for several years and met other painters, including Édouard Manet and others who would become friends. After drawing a low number in March 1861, Monet was drafted into the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year period of military service. His prosperous father could have purchased Monets exemption from conscription but declined to do so when his son refused to give up painting. While in Algeria Monet did only a few sketches of scenes, a single landscape. In a Le Temps interview of 1900 however he commented that the light, after about a year of garrison duty in Algiers, Monet contracted typhoid fever and briefly went absent without leave. Following convalescence, Monets aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete a course at an art school and it is possible that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind, whom Monet knew, may have prompted his aunt on this matter
Monet
–
Claude Monet, photo by
Nadar, 1899.
Monet
–
Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant), 1872; the painting that gave its name to the style.
Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris
Monet
–
The Woman in the Green Dress,
Camille Doncieux, 1866,
Kunsthalle Bremen
Monet
–
Le déjeuner sur l'herbe, (right section), 1865–1866, with
Gustave Courbet,
Frédéric Bazille and Camille Doncieux, first wife of the artist,
Musée d'Orsay,
Paris
12.
Surrealism
–
Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. The aim was to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream, leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was, above all, a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I, the word surrealist was coined by Guillaume Apollinaire and first appeared in the preface to his play Les Mamelles de Tirésias, which was written in 1903 and first performed in 1917. The Dadaists protested with anti-art gatherings, performances, writings and art works, after the war, when they returned to Paris, the Dada activities continued. Meeting the young writer Jacques Vaché, Breton felt that Vaché was the son of writer. He admired the young writers anti-social attitude and disdain for established artistic tradition, later Breton wrote, In literature, I was successively taken with Rimbaud, with Jarry, with Apollinaire, with Nouveau, with Lautréamont, but it is Jacques Vaché to whom I owe the most. Back in Paris, Breton joined in Dada activities and started the literary journal Littérature along with Louis Aragon and they began experimenting with automatic writing—spontaneously writing without censoring their thoughts—and published the writings, as well as accounts of dreams, in the magazine. Breton and Soupault delved deeper into automatism and wrote The Magnetic Fields, continuing to write, they came to believe that automatism was a better tactic for societal change than the Dada form of attack on prevailing values. They also looked to the Marxist dialectic and the work of such theorists as Walter Benjamin, freuds work with free association, dream analysis, and the unconscious was of utmost importance to the Surrealists in developing methods to liberate imagination. They embraced idiosyncrasy, while rejecting the idea of an underlying madness, as Salvador Dalí later proclaimed, There is only one difference between a madman and me. Beside the use of analysis, they emphasized that one could combine inside the same frame, elements not normally found together to produce illogical. The more the relationship between the two juxtaposed realities is distant and true, the stronger the image will be−the greater its emotional power, the group aimed to revolutionize human experience, in its personal, cultural, social, and political aspects. They wanted to people from false rationality, and restrictive customs. Breton proclaimed that the aim of Surrealism was long live the social revolution. To this goal, at various times Surrealists aligned with communism and anarchism, in 1924 two Surrealist factions declared their philosophy in two separate Surrealist Manifestos. That same year the Bureau of Surrealist Research was established, leading up to 1924, two rival surrealist groups had formed. Each group claimed to be successors of a revolution launched by Guillaume Apollinaire, the other group, led by Breton, included Louis Aragon, Robert Desnos, Paul Éluard, Jacques Baron, Jacques-André Boiffard, Jean Carrive, René Crevel and Georges Malkine, among others. Goll and Breton clashed openly, at one point literally fighting, at the Comédie des Champs-Élysées, in the end, Breton won the battle through tactical and numerical superiority
Surrealism
–
Max Ernst,
The Elephant Celebes (1921),
Tate, London
Surrealism
–
Cover of the first issue of
La Révolution surréaliste, December 1924.
Surrealism
–
Yvan Goll, Surréalisme, Manifeste du surréalisme, Volume 1, Number 1, October 1, 1924, cover by
Robert Delaunay
Surrealism
–
André Masson. Automatic Drawing. 1924. Ink on paper, 23.5 x 20.6 cm.
Museum of Modern Art, New York.
13.
Abstract expressionism
–
Abstract Expressionism is a post–World War II art movement in American painting, developed in New York in the 1940s. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve international influence and put New York City at the center of the art world. In the United States, Alfred Barr was the first to use this term in 1929 in relation to works by Wassily Kandinsky, technically, an important predecessor is surrealism, with its emphasis on spontaneous, automatic, or subconscious creation. Jackson Pollocks dripping paint onto a canvas laid on the floor is a technique that has its roots in the work of André Masson, Max Ernst, and David Alfaro Siqueiros. His long essay Totem Art had considerable influence on artists as Martha Graham, Isamu Noguchi, Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko. Around 1944 Barnett Newman tried to explain Americas newest art movement, paalen is mentioned twice, other artists mentioned are Gottlieb, Rothko, Pollock, Hofmann, Baziotes, Gorky and others. Motherwell is mentioned with a question mark, additionally, it has an image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic. In practice, the term is applied to any number of working in New York who had quite different styles. Yet all four artists are classified as abstract expressionists, Abstract expressionism has many stylistic similarities to the Russian artists of the early 20th century such as Wassily Kandinsky. Why this style gained mainstream acceptance in the 1950s is a matter of debate, American social realism had been the mainstream in the 1930s. It had been influenced not only by the Great Depression, but also by the muralists of Mexico such as David Alfaro Siqueiros, the political climate after World War II did not long tolerate the social protests of these painters. Abstract expressionism arose during World War II and began to be showcased during the early forties at galleries in New York such as The Art of This Century Gallery. The McCarthy era after World War II was a time of censorship in the United States, but if the subject matter were totally abstract then it would be seen as apolitical. Or if the art was political, the message was largely for the insiders, many of the sculptors listed participated in the Ninth Street Show, a famous exhibition curated by Leo Castelli on East Ninth Street in New York City in 1951. Although the abstract expressionist school spread throughout the United States, the major centers of this style were New York City. At a certain moment the canvas began to appear to one American painter after another as an arena in which to act, what was to go on the canvas was not a picture but an event. In the 1940s there were not only few galleries but also few critics who were willing to follow the work of the New York Vanguard, there were also a few artists with a literary background, among them Robert Motherwell and Barnett Newman, who functioned as critics as well. Hess, the editor of ARTnews, championed Willem de Kooning
Abstract expressionism
–
Jackson Pollock,
No. 5, 1948, oil on
fiberboard, 244 × 122 cm. (96 × 48 in.), private collection
Abstract expressionism
–
David Smith,
Cubi VI (1963),
Israel Museum,
Jerusalem. David Smith was one of the most influential American sculptors of the 20th century.
Abstract expressionism
–
Mark Tobey, Canticle, 1954. Tobey, like Pollock, was known for his calligraphic style of allover compositions.
Abstract expressionism
–
Willem de Kooning, Woman V, 1952–1953. De Kooning's series of Woman paintings in the early 1950s caused a stir in the
New York City avant-garde circle.
14.
Jackson Pollock
–
Paul Jackson Pollock, known professionally as Jackson Pollock, was an American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. He was well known for his style of drip painting. During his lifetime, Pollock enjoyed considerable fame and notoriety, he was a major artist of his generation, regarded as reclusive, he had a volatile personality, and struggled with alcoholism for most of his life. In 1945, he married the artist Lee Krasner, who became an important influence on his career, Pollock died at the age of 44 in an alcohol-related single-car accident when he was driving. In December 1956, four months after his death, Pollock was given a retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. A larger, more comprehensive exhibition of his work was held there in 1967, in 1998 and 1999, his work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA and at The Tate in London. Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming, in 1912, the youngest of five sons and his parents, Stella May and LeRoy Pollock, were born and grew up in Tingley, Iowa and were educated at Tingley High School. Pollocks mother is interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa and his father had been born with the surname McCoy, but took the surname of his adoptive parents, neighbors who adopted him after his own parents had died within a year of each other. Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian, they were of Irish and Scots-Irish descent, LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government, moving for different jobs. Stella, proud of her familys heritage as weavers, made, in November 1912, Stella took her sons to San Diego, Jackson was just 10 months old and would never return to Cody. He subsequently grew up in Arizona and Chico, California, while living in Echo Park, California, he enrolled at Los Angeles Manual Arts High School, from which he was expelled. He had already been expelled in 1928 from another high school, during his early life, Pollock explored Native American culture while on surveying trips with his father. In 1930, following his older brother Charles Pollock, he moved to New York City, bentons rural American subject matter had little influence on Pollocks work, but his rhythmic use of paint and his fierce independence were more lasting. In the early 1930s, Pollock spent a summer touring the Western United States together with Glen Rounds, an art student. Pollock was introduced to the use of paint in 1936 at an experimental workshop in New York City by the Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros. He later used paint pouring as one of techniques on canvases of the early 1940s, such as Male and Female. After his move to Springs, he began painting with his canvases laid out on the studio floor, from 1938 to 1942 Pollock worked for the WPA Federal Art Project. Henderson engaged him through his art, encouraging Pollock to make drawings, jungian concepts and archetypes were expressed in his paintings
Jackson Pollock
–
Photographer
Hans Namuth extensively documented Pollock's unique painting techniques.
Jackson Pollock
–
No. 5, 1948
Jackson Pollock
–
Pollock's studio in
Springs, New York
Jackson Pollock
–
Jackson Pollock's grave in the rear with Lee Krasner's grave in front in the
Green River Cemetery
15.
Impasto
–
Impasto is a technique used in painting, where paint is laid on an area of the surface very thickly, usually thick enough that the brush or painting-knife strokes are visible. Paint can also be mixed right on the canvas, when dry, impasto provides texture, the paint appears to be coming out of the canvas. The word impasto is Italian in origin, in that language it means dough or mixture, Italian usage of impasto includes both a painting and a potting technique. According to Websters New World College Dictionary, the noun of impasto is pasta. Oil paint is the medium for impasto painting, due to its thickness. Acrylic paint can also be used for impasto by adding heavy body acrylic gels, Impasto is generally not possible in watercolour or tempera without the addition of thickening agent due to the inherent thinness of these media. An artist working in pastels can produce a limited impasto effect by pressing a soft pastel firmly against the paper, first, it makes the light reflect in a particular way, giving the artist additional control over the play of light on the painting. Second, it can add expressiveness to the painting, the viewer being able to notice the strength, third, impasto can push a painting into a three-dimensional sculptural rendering. The first objective was originally sought by such as Rembrandt, Titian. Much later, the French Impressionists created entire canvases of rich impasto textures, vincent van Gogh used it frequently for aesthetics and expression. Still more recently, Frank Auerbach has used such heavy impasto that some of his paintings become almost three-dimensional, because impasto gives texture to the painting, it can be opposed to flat, smooth, or blending techniques. Selected examples of paintings which make use of the impasto technique Media related to Impasto at Wikimedia Commons Lindberg. Alfred Currier, Impasto National Portrait Gallery, London
Impasto
–
Still Life: Vase with Pink Roses is an oil painting on canvas completed by
Vincent van Gogh in 1890, which makes extensive use of the impasto technique.
Impasto
–
Crags and Crevices by
Jane Frank (1960). As with many
abstract expressionist works (and many so-called "
action paintings " as well), impasto is a prominent feature.
Impasto
–
Taos Mountain, Trail Home by
Cordelia Wilson (1920). An early 20th century landscape entirely executed with a bold impasto technique.
Impasto
–
Vsevolod Bazhenov, 1953, Altai Mountains
16.
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
–
It is the permanent home of a continuously expanding collection of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, early Modern and contemporary art and also features special exhibitions throughout the year. The museum was established by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1939 as the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, under the guidance of its first director and it adopted its current name after the death of its founder, Solomon R. Guggenheim, in 1952. In 1959, the museum moved from rented space to its current building, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, the cylindrical building, wider at the top than the bottom, was conceived as a temple of the spirit. Its unique ramp gallery extends up from ground level in a long, the building underwent extensive expansion and renovations in 1992 and from 2005 to 2008. The museums collection has grown organically, over eight decades, and is founded several important private collections. The collection is shared with the museums sister museums in Bilbao, Spain, in 2013, nearly 1.2 million people visited the museum, and it hosted the most popular exhibition in New York City. Solomon R. Guggenheim, a member of a mining family, had been collecting works of the old masters since the 1890s. In 1926, he met artist Hilla von Rebay, who introduced him to European avant-garde art, in abstract art that she felt had a spiritual. Guggenheim completely changed his strategy, turning to the work of Wassily Kandinsky. He began to display his collection to the public at his apartment in the Plaza Hotel in New York City, as the collection grew, he established the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, in 1937, to foster the appreciation of modern art. The foundations first venue for the display of art, the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, opened in 1939 under the direction of Rebay, in midtown Manhattan. By the early 1940s, the foundation had accumulated such a collection of avant-garde paintings that the need for a permanent museum building had become apparent. In 1943, Rebay and Guggenheim wrote a letter to Frank Lloyd Wright asking him to design a structure to house, Wright accepted the opportunity to experiment with his organic style in an urban setting. It took him 15 years,700 sketches, and six sets of working drawings to create the museum, in 1948, the collection was greatly expanded through the purchase of art dealer Karl Nierendorfs estate of some 730 objects, notably German expressionist paintings. By that time, the collection included a broad spectrum of expressionist and surrealist works, including paintings by Paul Klee, Oskar Kokoschka. Nevertheless, she left a portion of her collection to the foundation in her will, including works by Kandinsky, Klee, Alexander Calder, Albert Gleizes, Mondrian. The museum was renamed the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 1952, Rebay conceived of the space as a temple of the spirit that would facilitate a new way of looking at the modern pieces in the collection. She wrote to Wright that each of these great masterpieces should be organized into space, would test the possibilities to do so
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
–
from Fifth Avenue
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
–
Albert Gleizes, 1915, Composition pour Jazz, oil on cardboard, 73 x 73 cm
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
–
The museum's atrium
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
–
Museum under construction in photo taken on Nov. 12, 1957
17.
B. C. Binning
–
Bertram Charles Binning, popularly known as B. C. Binning, was a leading Canadian artist, Binning, from a family of architects himself, taught that art, architecture and life are intimately connected. Binning invited Richard Neutra, one of the architects in the Modernism movement in California. He and his culturally aware wife Jessie Binning provided many opportunities in their home for artist, writers, bert and Jessie Binning fostered close ties with the most recognized figures in art in Vancouver. They were friends with Lawren Harris and his wife, artist Bess Harris and it was an exciting time in the world art scene too. The oppressive constraints of Victorian attitudes toward art and architecture were being thrown off, in Europe it was the time of Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, and the De Stijl movements. In Binnings personal artistic practice he revealed his lifestyle, the drawings exude humour and love, a friend cutting a dogs hair, a picnic view from a high perch, self-portraits of self-portraits. Innovative and intelligent, his hospitality to students, colleagues and world figures alike made him a well-loved professor, the paintings, internationally recognised and exhibited regularly, are composed and formal yet saturated with his leisurely weekends sailing the B. C. Coast with Jessie. The nautical themes and the layered, regal, simple, ship forms portray a unique architectural style, the celebratory touches are often primary colours. The expanses of painted shapes are purely those of the coast he knew best, Binnings monumental accomplishments on the scene of Vancouvers art and architecture placed the city on the cultural map internationally. In 1946 he helped to found the Art in Living Group, in 1954, works by Binning, along with those of Paul-Émile Borduas, and Jean-Paul Riopelle represented Canada at the Venice Biennale. His visits to Japan and collaborative personality made him an important figure in the negotiations for the Nitobe Garden at U. B. C and he founded and presided over the U. B. C. Festival of the Contemporary Arts, a mold-breaking yearly avant-garde celebration spanning the decade of the 1960s in Vancouver, eventually he helped found the Department of Fine Art at U. B. C. and headed it. He presented many papers internationally, was on advisory boards, received innumerable grants, awards, fellowships, one-man shows and he became an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1971. In 1997, the Bauhaus-influenced home Binning designed for himself in 1941 in West Vancouver was declared a National Historic Site of Canada and his widow Jessie, surviving him by 3 decades, had lived and managed his legacy there until then. When Jessie died in 2007 at the age of 101, the ownership, the Land Conservancy has made the house available to the public through pre-arranged tours and special events. His work continues to be shown regularly in Metro Vancouver - lately at the Vancouver Art Gallery, Burnaby Art Gallery and West Vancouver Museum, Binning started his studies in 1927 at the Vancouver School of Decorative and Applied Arts under Frederick Varley and later taught at the school. In 1938-39, he took a leave of his teaching duties to study in London, England under Mark Gertler, Bernard Meninsky and, most significantly
B. C. Binning
–
Plaque in front of the B.C. Binning house in West Vancouver
18.
Venice Biennale
–
The Venice Biennale is an arts organization based in Venice, and also the original and principal exhibition it organizes. The organization changed its name to the Biennale Foundation in 2009, while the exhibition is called the Art Biennale to distinguish it from the organisation. The Art Biennale, a visual art exhibition, is so called as it is held biennially. A year later, the council decreed to adopt a by invitation system, to reserve a section of the Exhibition for foreign artists too, to works by uninvited Italian artists. The first Biennale, I Esposizione Internazionale dArte della Città di Venezia was opened on April 30,1895 by the Italian King and Queen, Umberto I, the first exhibition was seen by 224,000 visitors. In 1910 the first internationally well-known artists were displayed- a room dedicated to Gustav Klimt, a show for Renoir. A work by Picasso was removed from the Spanish salon in the central Palazzo because it was feared that its novelty might shock the public, by 1914 seven pavilions had been established, Belgium, Hungary, Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia. During World War I, the 1916 and 1918 events were cancelled, in 1920 the post of mayor of Venice and president of the Biennale was split. The new secretary general, Vittorio Pica brought about the first presence of avant-garde art,1922 saw an exhibition of sculpture by African artists. Between the two World Wars, many important modern artists had their work exhibited there, in 1928 the Istituto Storico dArte Contemporanea opened, which was the first nucleus of archival collections of the Biennale. In 1930 its name was changed into Historical Archive of Contemporary Art, in 1933 the Biennale organised an exhibition of Italian art abroad. From 1938, Grand Prizes were awarded in the art exhibition section, during World War II, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted,1942 saw the last edition of the events. The Film Festival restarted in 1946, the Music and Theatre festivals were resumed in 1947, the Art Biennale was resumed in 1948 with a major exhibition of a recapitulatory nature. Peggy Guggenheim was invited to exhibit her famous New York collection,1949 saw the beginning of renewed attention to avant-garde movements in European—and later worldwide—movements in contemporary art. Abstract expressionism was introduced in the 1950s, and the Biennale is credited with importing Pop Art into the canon of art history by awarding the top prize to Robert Rauschenberg in 1964. From 1948 to 1972, Italian architect Carlo Scarpa did a series of interventions in the Biennales exhibition spaces. In 1954 the island San Giorgio Maggiore provided the venue for the first Japanese Noh theatre shows in Europe,1956 saw the selection of films following an artistic selection and no longer based upon the designation of the participating country. The 1957 Golden Lion went to Satyajit Rays Aparajito which introduced Indian cinema to the West,1962 included Arte Informale at the Art Exhibition with Jean Fautrier, Hans Hartung, Emilio Vedova, and Pietro Consagra
Venice Biennale
–
The 65th
Venice International Film Festival. The
Golden Lion is awarded to the best film screened in competition at the festival.
Venice Biennale
–
Detail of exhibition.
Venice Biennale
–
Biennalist Giardini Main Entrance
Venice Biennale
–
View of "Pump Room", a work by the Hungarian artist Balázs Kicsiny at the Venice Biennale in 2005.
19.
Charles Comfort
–
Charles Fraser Comfort, OC was a Canadian painter, sculptor, teacher, writer and administrator. Born near Edinburgh, Scotland, Comfort moved to Winnipeg in 1912 with his family and his father found work with the treasury department for the city of Winnipeg. Comfort as the eldest child had to work from an age to help support his family. Comfort saved money to attend the Art Students League of New York under Robert Henri, still working part-time for Brigdens commercial studio, he was temporarily transferred to Toronto in 1919. While in Toronto, Comfort joined the Arts and Letters Club, taking life-study classes, Comfort visited the Group’s inaugural 1920 exhibition, which inspired Comfort to work on landscape paintings, a theme he continued throughout his lifetime. Comfort returned to Winnipeg in 1922 for his first exhibition of watercolours at the Winnipeg Art Gallery, during this time, he met LeMoine Fitzgerald and Walter J. Phillips. It was not until 1925 that Comfort painted his first oil painting, when he returned to Toronto where he befriended Will Ogilvie, who may have influenced this switch to oil. In 1928 he painted a watercolour portrait of violinist Alexander Chuhaldin with his Amati violin. In the 1930s, Comfort regularly worked as an illustrator as well as a teacher at the Ontario College of Art. He subsequently held by a position at the University of Toronto. He taught primarily painting techniques, including mural-painting, and other studio courses later in his career at the university and he was commissioned to design a mural for Toronto’s North American Life Building in 1932, the first in many he completed. The following year he met the American Precisionist Charles Sheeler, one of the artist’s most celebrated works, Tadoussac of 1935, suggests the influence of Sheeler due to its clear crisp colours and shapes. In 1936, Comfort rented a studio next to an occupied by A. Y. Jackson, in the Studio Building, a warehouse made famous by the Group of Seven artists, and the following year he designed the exterior frieze and interior murals for the Toronto Stock Exchange. Comfort helped initiate Canada’s World War II War Art program and served as a war artist in World War II. He was one of the organizers of the 1941 Kingston Conference, furthermore, he was a founding member of the Federation of Canadian Artists and contributed to the 1951 Massey Report, which led to the founding of the Canada Council. An organization that Comfort helped establish, each of the murals depicted a different national or provincial park, Comforts was Banff National Park. After the war, Comfort served on the Board of Directors and various committees at the Art Gallery of Toronto and he received an honorary doctorate from Mount Allison University in 1958
Charles Comfort
–
Comfort painting in the area around
Ortona,
Italy, on duty as a WWII war artist.
Charles Comfort
–
Comfort's
Tadoussac of 1935.
Charles Comfort
–
Toronto Stock Exchange facade, with Comfort's frieze
Charles Comfort
–
Comfort's now controversial Captain Vancouver, completed in 1939.
20.
National Gallery of Canada
–
The National Gallery of Canada, located in the capital city of Ottawa, Ontario, is one of Canadas premier art galleries. The Gallery is now housed in a glass and granite building on Sussex Drive with a view of the Canadian Parliament buildings on Parliament Hill. The building was designed by Moshe Safdie and opened in 1988, the Gallerys former director Jean Sutherland Boggs was chosen especially by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to oversee construction of the national gallery and museums. Marc Mayer was named the director, succeeding Pierre Théberge. In 1911, the Gallery moved to the Victoria Memorial Museum, in 1913, the first National Gallery Act was passed outlining the Gallerys mandate and resources. In 1962, the Gallery moved to the Lorne Building site, adjacent to the British High Commission, the building has since been demolished for a 17 storey office building that is to house the Federal Finance Department. The museum moved into its current building on Sussex Drive in 1988, in 1985, the newly created Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography, formerly the Stills Photography Division of the National Film Board of Canada, was affiliated to the National Gallery. The CMCPs mandate, collection and staff moved to its new location in 1992, at 1 Rideau Canal, in 1998, the CMCPs administration was amalgamated to that of the National Gallerys. In 2000, the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada chose the National Gallery as one of the top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium, although its focus is on Canadian art, it holds works by many noted American and European artists. It has a contemporary art collection with some of Andy Warhols most famous works. In 1990 the Gallery bought Barnett Newmans Voice of Fire for $1.8 million, since that time its value has appreciated sharply. In 2005, the Gallery acquired a painting by Italian Renaissance painter Francesco Salviati for $4.5 million and its most famous painting is likely The Death of General Wolfe by Anglo-American artist Benjamin West. In 2005, a sculpture of a giant spider, Louise Bourgeoiss Maman, was installed in the plaza in front of the Gallery. The Canadian collection, the most comprehensive in Canada, holds works by Louis-Philippe Hébert, Tom Thomson, the Gallery organizes its own exhibits which travel across Canada and beyond, and hosts shows from around the world, often co-sponsored with other national art galleries and museums. The Gallerys collection has been built up through purchase and donations, much of the collection was donated, notably the British paintings donated by former Governor General Vincent Massey and that of the Southam family. The museum features Canadian, Native and Inuit art, American and European painting, sculpture, prints and drawings, modern and contemporary art and photographs. After the convent was demolished in 1972, the chapel was dismantled, stored and reconstructed within the gallery as a work of art in 1988. Francis Bacon, Study for Portrait No.1 Hans Baldung, Eve, the Serpent and Death Pompeo Batoni, Vulcan at his forge
National Gallery of Canada
–
National Gallery of Canada
National Gallery of Canada
–
View of the National Gallery of Canada from Parliament Hill
National Gallery of Canada
–
The interior of National Gallery of Canada
National Gallery of Canada
–
Louise Bourgeois '
Maman (1999) stands outside the National Gallery of Canada's main entrance
21.
Fondation Maeght
–
The Maeght Foundation or Fondation Maeght is a museum of modern art on the Colline des Gardettes, a hill overlooking Saint-Paul de Vence in the southeast of France about 25 km from Nice. It was established by Marguerite and Aimé Maeght in 1964 and houses paintings, sculptures, collages, ceramics, the building was designed by the Spanish architect Josep Lluís Sert, houses more than 12,000 pieces of art and attracts on average,200,000 visitors. There is a chapel dedicated to Saint Bernard, in memory of Bernard. The foundation is entirely independently funded with no reliance on state subsidies, adrien Maeght is the chairman of the foundations administrative council, which also includes Isabelle Maeght and her sister Yoyo Maeght. Nuits de la Fondation Maeght Vol.1 by Albert Ayler Fondation Maeght Nights, Volume 1 &2 by Sun Ra Arkestra http, //www. fondation-maeght. com http, //www. maeght. com
Fondation Maeght
–
The Fondation Maeght building and grounds in Saint-Paul de Vence, France.
22.
Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes
–
The Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes is a municipal museum of fine arts in the French city of Rennes, the capital of Brittany. Its collections range from ancient Egypt antiquities to the Modern art period and make the one of the most important in France outside Paris. The museum was established in 1794 during the French Revolution like most of the main French museums and its first collections were the confiscated artworks of the churches and public buildings of Rennes. It comprised drawings, prints, paintings, antiques and sculptures, the museums collections continued to expand during the 19th and the 20th centuries thanks to donations and acquisitions. The building housing the museum was built between in 1847 and 1855 but it is only since 1911 that it is devoted to the museums collections. The building and the rooms have been restored and modified several times. The collection include paintings created between the 14th and 20th centuries, primitive and Renaissance painting is represented with works by Paris Bordone, Paolo Veronese, Leandro Bassano, Maarten van Heemskerck and of the School of Fontainebleau. The 17th century is one of the highlights of the museum, italian painting is featured with Ludovico Carracci, Guercino, Pietro da Cortona, Guido Reni and also Luca Giordano. Dutch and Flemish painting is represented by Rubens, Jacob Jordaens, Gaspar De Crayer, Peter Lely, Adriaen Brouwer, Adriaen van Ostade, Matthias Stom, Gerrit van Honthorst, 19th-century holdings are important with some 300 paintings in the collection. At that time Brittany was a destination for academist and modern painters. The drawings holdings are one of the treasures of the museum as they include very valuable pieces and rare names, official Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes website—
Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes
–
The Musée des beaux-arts de Rennes
Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes
–
The newborn child,
Georges de La Tour, oil on canvas, 1645-1648.
Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes
–
The Immaculate Conception,
Bernardino Campi, 1560s.
Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes
–
Young man's back,
Parmigianino, 1520s.
23.
Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson
–
Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson is a city in Les Pays-den-Haut Regional County Municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada. It is partially named after and situated on the shore of Lake Masson. In 1868, the Lac-Masson Post Office opened, in 1959, the Town of Estérel was formed on the eastern side of Lake Masson when it separated from Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson. On October 10,2001, the Parish Municipality of Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson and the Town of Estérel were merged to become the Town of Sainte-Marguerite–Estérel. Population trend, Population in 2011,2740 Population in 2006,24982001 to 2006 population change,15. 1% Population in 2001,2170 Population in 1996,2251 Population in 1991,1571 = Revised count
Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson
–
Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson
Sainte-Marguerite-du-Lac-Masson
–
Jukebox in the Alpine Inn, 1942
24.
Centre Georges Pompidou
–
It was designed in the style of high-tech architecture by the architectural team of Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, along with Gianfranco Franchini. Because of its location, the Centre is known locally as Beaubourg and it is named after Georges Pompidou, the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard dEstaing. As of 2006, the Centre Pompidou has had over 180 million visitors since 1977 and more than 5,209,678 visitors in 2013, including 3,746,899 for the museum. The sculpture Horizontal by Alexander Calder, a mobile that is 7.6 m tall, was placed in front of the Centre Pompidou in 2012. Hoping to renew the idea of Paris as a city of culture and art. Paris also needed a large, free library, as one did not exist at this time. At first the debate concerned Les Halles, but as the settled, in 1968. A year later in 1969, the new president adopted the Beaubourg project, in the process of developing the project, the IRCAM was also housed in the complex. By the mid-1980s, the Centre Pompidou was becoming the victim of its huge and unexpected popularity, its activities. By 1992, the Centre de Création Industrielle was incorporated into the Centre Pompidou, since re-opening in 2000 after a three-year renovation, the Centre Pompidou has improved accessibility for visitors. Now they can access the escalators if they pay to enter the museum. The Centre was designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano, British architect Richard Rogers, the project was awarded to this team in an architectural design competition, the results of which were announced in 1971. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate, world-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer, Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up the jury which would select one design out of the 681 entries. National Geographic described the reaction to the design as love at second sight, an article in Le Figaro declared Paris has its own monster, just like the one in Loch Ness. The Pritzker jury said the Pompidou revolutionised museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, the Centre was built by GTM and completed in 1977. The building cost 993 million 1972 French francs, renovation work conducted from October 1996 to January 2000 was completed on a budget of 576 million 1999 francs. The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely, the works by de Saint-Phalle. Video footage of the fountain appeared frequently throughout the French language telecourse, the Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers, such as mimes and jugglers
Centre Georges Pompidou
–
Centre Georges Pompidou
Centre Georges Pompidou
–
Building technology
Centre Georges Pompidou
–
Pablo Picasso 's works in the Centre
Centre Georges Pompidou
–
The
Centre Pompidou-Metz.
25.
Isle-aux-Grues
–
Isle-aux-Grues is an island situated on the Saint Lawrence River, measuring about 7 kilometres long and 2 kilometres wide. It is the inhabited island among the twenty-one which make up the Isle-aux-Grues archipelago. The island has an airstrip which is the access to the island during the winter. Isle-aux-Grues is also served by a ferry during the summer, children from Isle-aux-Grues attend school in Montmagny, Quebec, travelling by plane each day. The Franco-Canadian painter Jean-Paul Riopelle died on the island on 12 March 2002, on May 19,2010 at about 3,30 p. m. Eastern time, a Cessna 172 airplane carrying four people crashed on Isle-aux-Grues, killing three people initially. The fourth later died in hospital
Isle-aux-Grues
–
Isle-aux-Grues
26.
Sam Francis
–
Samuel Lewis Francis was an American painter and printmaker. Sam Francis was born in San Mateo, California, the son of Katherine Lewis Francis and Samuel Augustus Francis, Sr. The 1935 death of his mother, who had encouraged his interest in music affected him deeply, Francis served in the United States Air Force during World War II before being injured during test flight maneuvers. He was in the hospital for years, and it was while there, after being visited by artist David Park in 1945. Once out of the hospital he returned to Berkeley, this time to study art and he received both his BA degree and MA degree from University of California, Berkeley, where he studied botany, medicine and psychology. Francis was initially influenced by the work of abstract expressionists such as Mark Rothko, Arshile Gorky and he spent the 1950s in Paris, having his first exhibition there at the Galerie Nina Dausset in 1952. While in Paris he became associated with Tachisme, and had his work championed by art critics Michel Tapié, between 1950 and 1958 Francis spent time and painted in Paris, the south of France, Tokyo, Mexico City, Bern and New York. His artistic development was affected by his exposure to French modern painting, Asian culture, after his 1953 painting Big Red was included in the 1956 exhibition Twelve Artists at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, Francis began a rapid rise to international prominence. Francis painted large murals for the Kunsthalle, Basel in 1956-8 and for the Chase Manhattan Bank, between 1960 and 1963 he created several series of works, including the Blue Balls series. Consisting of biomorphic predominantly blue forms and drips, these works referenced the pain that resulted from the tuberculosis that he suffered in 1961. Francis returned to California during the 1960s and continued painting, mainly in Los Angeles, in 1965 Francis started a series of paintings that featured large areas of open canvas, minimal color and strong line. His work evolved further after he began intensive Jungian analysis with Dr. James Kirsch in 1971 and began paying attention to his dreams. Francis works of the early 1970s have been referred to as Fresh Air pictures, created by adding pools, drips and splatters of color to wet bands of paint applied with a roller, these works re-asserted the artists interest in color. By 1973–4 many of Francis paintings featured a grid or matrix made up of crossing tracks of color. Many of these works were large in scale, measuring up to twenty feet long. After 1980 the formal structure of the grid gradually disappeared from Francis work and he was extremely active as a printmaker, creating numerous etchings, lithographs and monotypes, many of which were executed in Santa Monica at the Litho Shop, which Francis owned. In 1984 Francis founded The Lapis Press with the goal of producing unusual and he died in Santa Monica and was buried in Olema, in Marin County, California. Sam Francis was married five times, and was the father of four children and he was married from 1947 through 1952 to Vera Miller, a high school girlfriend, then to California painter Muriel Goodwin then to Japanese painter Teruko Yokoi with whom he had a daughter, Kayo
Sam Francis
–
Sam Francis in 1968
Sam Francis
–
Black and Red, oil on canvas 1950–1953,
Honolulu Museum of Art © Sam Francis Foundation, California/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
27.
Samuel Beckett
–
Samuel Barclay Beckett was an Irish avant-garde novelist, playwright, theatre director, and poet, who lived in Paris for most of his adult life and wrote in both English and French. He is widely regarded as among the most influential writers of the 20th century, Becketts work offers a bleak, tragicomic outlook on human existence, often coupled with black comedy and gallows humour, and became increasingly minimalist in his later career. He is considered one of the last modernist writers, and one of the key figures in what Martin Esslin called the Theatre of the Absurd. Beckett was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature for his writing, which—in new forms for the novel and he was elected Saoi of Aosdána in 1984. The Becketts were members of the Anglican Church of Ireland, the family home, Cooldrinagh in the Dublin suburb of Foxrock, was a large house and garden complete with tennis court built in 1903 by Samuels father, William. Samuel Beckett was born on Good Friday,13 April 1906, to William Frank Beckett, a quantity surveyor and descendant of the Huguenots, and Maria Jones Roe, a nurse, Beckett had one older brother, Frank Edward Beckett. At the age of five, Beckett attended a local playschool, where he started to learn music, in 1919, Beckett went to Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh. A natural athlete, Beckett excelled at cricket as a left-handed batsman, later, he was to play for Dublin University and played two first-class games against Northamptonshire. As a result, he became the only Nobel literature laureate to have played first class cricket, Beckett studied French, Italian, and English at Trinity College, Dublin from 1923 to 1927. He was elected a Scholar in Modern Languages in 1926, Beckett graduated with a BA and, after teaching briefly at Campbell College in Belfast, took up the post of lecteur danglais at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris from November 1928 to 1930. While there, he was introduced to renowned Irish author James Joyce by Thomas MacGreevy and this meeting had a profound effect on the young man. Beckett assisted Joyce in various ways, one of which was research towards the book that became Finnegans Wake, in 1929, Beckett published his first work, a critical essay entitled Dante. Becketts close relationship with Joyce and his family cooled, however, Becketts first short story, Assumption, was published in Jolass periodical transition. In 1930, Beckett returned to Trinity College as a lecturer, in November 1930, he presented a paper in French to the Modern Languages Society of Trinity on the Toulouse poet Jean du Chas, founder of a movement called le Concentrisme. It was a parody, for Beckett had in fact invented the poet and his movement that claimed to be at odds with all that is clear. Beckett later insisted that he had not intended to fool his audience, when Beckett resigned from Trinity at the end of 1931, his brief academic career was at an end. He spent some time in London, where in 1931 he published Proust, two years later, following his fathers death, he began two years treatment with Tavistock Clinic psychoanalyst Dr. Wilfred Bion. Aspects of it became evident in Becketts later works, such as Watt, in 1932, he wrote his first novel, Dream of Fair to Middling Women, but after many rejections from publishers decided to abandon it
Samuel Beckett
–
Beckett in 1977
Samuel Beckett
–
Samuel Beckett Walk, Paris (France).
Samuel Beckett
–
Portrait of Samuel Beckett by
Reginald Gray, painted in Paris, 1961 (from the collection of Ken White, Dublin).
Samuel Beckett
–
Tomb of Samuel Beckett at the Cimetière de
Montparnasse
28.
La Joute
–
La Joute is a public sculptural installation by Quebec artist Jean-Paul Riopelle, a member of the Automatiste movement. It is currently located in Place Jean-Paul-Riopelle in the Quartier international de Montréal, the ensemble of bronze sculptures contains a central fountain surrounded by a number of freestanding abstract animal and human figures inside and outside the fountain basin. The fountain operates on a sequence that takes about 32 minutes to complete. It begins a few minutes before the half-hour, every hour from 7 to 11 p. m. during the summer, the sequence starts when the fountain jet expands to form a dome over the sculptures. Then at the end of the park the grates on the ground start to mist. The 12 grates each mist, one after the other in sequence, after about 18 minutes, machines inside the fountain start to produce a particularly dense cloud. The fountain jet then turns into a dribble, the flame lasts for about seven minutes. The misting stops, and then the fire is doused by the fountain which has restarted, the mist sequence, without the fire in the fountain, occurs every hour throughout the day. The statue was located in the Parc Olympique, in the Hochelaga-Maisonneuve district of Montreal. In September 2013 a program of renovation was announced, but with no schedule, photographs of the sculpture La Joute at the Quartier international de Montréal web site - including schedule of operation
La Joute
–
La Joute, by Jean-Paul Riopelle, during the flaming phase of its kinetic cycle
