Jean Lannes

Jean Lannes
Jean Lannes
	Marshal Lannes by Julie Volpelière, 1834; (after François Gérard)
Nickname(s)	Roland of the Grande Armée
Born	10 April 1769; Lectoure, Kingdom of France
Died	31 May 1809 (aged 40); Ebersdorf, Austrian Empire
Buried	Panthéon, Paris
Allegiance	Kingdom of France; French First Republic; First French Empire
Years of service	1792–1809
Rank	General of Division
Battles/wars	French Revolutionary Wars,; Napoleonic Wars Battle of Montebello (1800); Battle of Austerlitz; Battle of Saalfeld; Battle of Friedland; Battle of Tudela; Second Siege of Zaragoza; Battle of Aspern-Essling †;
Awards	Marshal of the Empire,; Légion d'honneur (Grand Cross),; Name inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe,; Titular Prince of Siewierz and Duke of Montebello
Relations	Gustave Olivier Lannes de Montebello (son)

Jean Lannes, 1st Duc de Montebello, Prince de Siewierz (10 April 1769 – 31 May 1809), was a Marshal of the Empire. He was one of Napoleon's most daring and talented generals. Napoleon once commented on Lannes: "I found him a pygmy and left him a giant". A personal friend of the emperor, he was allowed to address him with the familiar "tu", as opposed to the formal "vous".

Early life[edit]

Lannes' birth house in Lectoure

Sous-Lieutenant Lannes of the 2nd battalion of the Gers in 1792

Lannes was born in the small town of Lectoure, in the Gers department in the south of France. He was the son of a Gascon small merchant, Jeannet Lannes (1733–1812, son of Jean Lannes (d. 1746), a farmer, and wife Jeanne Pomiès (d. 1770) and paternal grandson of Pierre Lane and wife Bernarde Escossio, both died in 1721), and wife Cécile Fouraignan (1741–1799, daughter of Bernard Fouraignan and wife Jeanne Marguerite Laconstère), and he was apprenticed in his teens to a dyer. He had little education, but his great strength and proficiency in many sports caused him in 1792 to be elected sergeant-major of the battalion of volunteers of Gers, which he had joined on the breaking out of war between Spain and the French republic. He served through the campaigns in the Pyrenees in 1793 and 1794, and rose by distinguished conduct to the rank of chef de brigade. However, in 1795, on the reform of the army introduced by the Thermidorians, he was dismissed from his rank.^[1]

Campaigns of Italy and Egypt[edit]

Lannes at the battle of Bassano (1796)

He re-enlisted as a simple volunteer in the French Armée d'Italie, and in its campaign of 1796, he again fought his way up to high rank, being eventually made a general of brigade by orders of Napoleon. He was distinguished in every battle. At the Battle of Bassano, he captured two enemy flags with his own hands^[2] and was wounded in the Battle of the Bridge of Arcole while aiding Bonaparte to escape the Austrian advance. He was chosen by Bonaparte to accompany him to Egypt as commander in one of Kléber's brigades, in which capacity he greatly distinguished himself, especially on the retreat from Syria. He was wounded at the Battle of Abukir. He went back to France with Bonaparte, and assisted him in his 1799 coup. After Bonaparte's take over and appointment as Consul of France, Lannes was promoted to the ranks of general of division and commandant of the consular guard. Back with the Armée d'Italie, Lannes commanded the advanced guard in the crossing of the Alps in 1800, was instrumental in winning the Battle of Montebello, from which he afterwards took his title, and bore the brunt of the Battle of Marengo.^[1]

Service to the Empire[edit]

Jean Lannes' victory at the battle of Saalfeld (1806)

In 1801, Napoleon sent him as ambassador to Portugal. Opinions differ as to his merits in this capacity; Napoleon never made such use of him again. Lannes purchased the seventeenth-century Château de Maisons, near Paris, in 1804 and had one of its state apartments redecorated for a visit from Napoleon.

On the establishment of the empire, he was created a Marshal of France (1804) and commanded once more the advanced guard of a great French army in the campaign of Austerlitz. At Austerlitz, he had the left of the Grande Armée. In the 1806-07 campaign, he was at his best, commanding his corps with the greatest credit in the march through the Thuringian Forest, the action of Saalfeld (which is studied as a model today at the French Staff College) and the Battle of Jena. His leadership of the advanced guard at Friedland was even more prominent. ^[1]

In 1807, Napoleon recreated the duchy of Siewierz (Sievers), and he granted it to Lannes after Prussia was forced to cede all her acquisitions from the 2nd and 3rd partitions of Poland.

After this, Lannes was to be tested as a commander-in-chief, for Napoleon took him to Spain in 1808 and gave him a detached wing of the army, with which he won a victory over Castaños at Tudela on 22 November. In January 1809, he was sent to attempt the capture of Saragossa, and by 21 February, after one of the most stubborn defences in history, he was in possession of the place. He said, "this damned Bonaparte is going to get us all killed" after his last campaign in Spain. In 1808, Napoleon created him duc de Montebello, and in 1809, for the last time, gave him command of the advanced guard. He took part in the engagements around Eckmühl and the advance on Vienna. With his corps, he led the French army across the Danube and bore the brunt, with Masséna, of the terrible battle of Aspern-Essling. On 22 May 1809, he received a mortal wound. His eldest son was made a peer of France by Louis XVIII.^[1]

Death[edit]

Death of Marshal Lannes at Essling (1809)

On 22 May 1809, during a lull in the second day of the Battle of Aspern-Essling, Marshal Lannes went and sat down at the edge of a ditch, his hand over his eyes and his legs crossed. As he sat there, plunged in gloomy meditation on having seen his friend, General de Brigade Pouzet, decapitated mid-conversation by a cannonball, a second cannonball fired from a gun at Enzersdorf ricocheted and struck him just where his legs crossed. The knee-pan of one was smashed, and the back sinews of the other torn. The Marshal said, "I am wounded; it's nothing much; give me your hand to help me up." He tried to rise, but could not. He was carried to the tête de pont, where the chief surgeons proceeded to dress his wound. One of the marshal's legs was amputated within two minutes by Dominique Jean Larrey. He bore the operation with great courage; it was hardly over when Napoleon came up and, kneeling beside the stretcher, wept as he embraced the marshal. On 23 May, he was transported by boat to the finest house in Kaiserebersdorf. Eight days later, he succumbed to his wounds at daybreak on 31 May. Lannes was initially buried in Les Invalides, Paris, but in 1810, he was exhumed and reinterred in the Panthéon national after a grandiose ceremony.

Family[edit]

He married twice, in Perpignan, 19 March 1795 to Paulette Méric, whom he divorced because of infidelity in 1800, after she had given birth to an illegitimate son while he was campaigning in Egypt:

Jean-Claude Lannes de Montebello (Montauban, 12 February 1799 – 1817), who died unmarried and without issue,

He married secondly at Dornes on 16 September 1800 to Louise Antoinette, Comtesse de Guéhéneuc (Paris, 26 February 1782 – Paris, 3 July 1856), by whom he had five children:

Louis Napoléon (30 July 1801 – 19 July 1874)
Alfred-Jean (11 July 1802 – 20 June 1861)
Jean-Ernest (20 July 1803 – 24 November 1882)
Gustave-Olivier (4 December 1804 – 25 August 1875)
Josephine-Louise (4 March 1806 – 8 November 1889)

one who succeeded in his titles and three others who used the courtesy title of Baron. One of his direct descendants, Philippe Lannes de Montebello, was until 2008 the director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Assessment[edit]

Tomb of Lannes in the Panthéon, Paris

Lannes ranks with Louis Nicolas Davout and André Masséna as the ablest of all of Napoleon's marshals. He was continually employed in tasks requiring the utmost resolution and daring, and more especially when the emperor's combinations depended upon the vigour and self-sacrifice of a detachment or fraction of the army. It was thus with Lannes at Friedland and at Aspern as it was with Davout at Austerlitz and Auerstädt, and Napoleon's estimate of his subordinates' capacities can almost exactly be judged by the frequency with which he used them to prepare the way for his own shattering blow. Dependable generals with the usual military virtue, or careful and exact troop leaders like Soult and Macdonald, are kept under Napoleon's own hand for the final assault which he himself launched; the long hours of preparatory fighting against odds of two to one, which alone made the final blow possible, he entrusted only to men of extraordinary courage and high capacity for command. In his own words, he found Lannes a pygmy, and left him a giant. Lannes's place in his affections was never filled.^[1]

Notes[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Chisholm 1911.
^ Dunn-Pattison, p. 120.

References[edit]

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lannes, Jean". Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Dunn-Pattison, R P (1909), Napoleon's Marshals, Little, Brown & co.