1.
Berea, Kentucky
–
Berea is a home rule-class city in Madison County, Kentucky, in the United States. The town is best known for its art festivals, historic restaurants and buildings, and as the home to Berea College, the population was 13,561 at the 2010 census. It is one of the towns in Kentucky, having increased by 27. 4% since 2000. Due to the number of arts and crafts produced, Berea is a tourist attraction. It hosts several festivals throughout the year. Berea also hosts a Spoonbread Festival in mid-September, which features a bread traditionally served with a wooden spoon. Berea is a city of the Richmond−Berea Micropolitan Statistical Area. It was formally incorporated by the assembly in 1890. In 1850 this area, called the Glade, was a community of scattered farms with a racetrack, in 1853, rich and politically ambitious Cassius Marcellus Clay gave Reverend John Gregg Fee a free tract of land in the Glade. With local supporters and other abolitionist missionaries from the American Missionary Association, Fee named Berea after a biblical town Berea in Macedonia, northern Greece, where the people received the Word with all readiness of mind. Founded in 1855, Berea College was the only interracial and coeducational college in the South for nearly forty years and its motto is God has made of one blood all peoples of the Earth, a paraphrase of Acts 17,26. Reverend Fee modeled it on Oberlin College in Ohio and hoped it would become a beacon to Northern students. Pro-slavery supporters expelled Fee and his followers from Berea in 1859, Fee had delivered an address at the Pilgrim Church in Brooklyn, New York, in the pulpit of Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. Fees remarks were reported in the New York Times, but were misrepresented in the Louisville Courier, subsequently, everyone at the college was given ten days to leave the state. Most lived in Cincinnati or nearby towns for several years. Starting in 1864, during the American Civil War, John G. Fee applied his energies to improving conditions for slaves at Camp Nelson who had volunteered for the Union Army. He started with preaching but saw there were other pressing needs for them and he helped arrange for construction of facilities to support them and their families at the camp, including housing, a hospital, church and school. After the war, African-American families came to Berea to take part in its education, for years it included instruction in preparatory grades for college
Berea, Kentucky
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Berea City Hall
Berea, Kentucky
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Atop East Pinnacle Of Berea College Forest
Berea, Kentucky
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Entering Berea College Forest
Berea, Kentucky
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Boone Tavern
2.
Singer-songwriter
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Singer-songwriters are musicians who write, compose, and perform their own musical material, including lyrics and melodies. The genre began with the folk-acoustic tradition, singer-songwriters often provide the sole accompaniment to an entire composition or song, typically using a guitar or piano. Singer-songwriter is used to define popular music artists who write and perform their own material, such an artist performs the roles of composer, lyricist, vocalist, instrumentalist, and often self-manager. Most records by artists have a similarly straightforward and spare sound that placed emphasis on the song itself. The term has also used to describe songwriters in the rock, folk, and pop music genres including Henry Russell, Aristide Bruant, Hank Williams. Song topics include political protest, as in the case of the Almanac Singers, Pete Seeger, the concept of a singer-songwriter can be traced to ancient bardic oral tradition, which has existed in various forms throughout the world. Poems would be performed as chant or song, sometimes accompanied by a harp or other similar instrument, after the invention of printing, songs would be written and performed by ballad sellers. Usually these would be versions of existing tunes and lyrics, which were constantly evolving and this developed into the singer-songwriting traditions of folk culture. The term singer-songwriter in North America can be traced back to singers who developed works in the blues and folk music style. Early to mid-20th century American singer-songwriters include Lead Belly, Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Lemon Jefferson, T-Bone Walker, Blind Willie McTell, Lightnin Hopkins, Son House, the tradition of writing topical songs was established by this group of musicians. This focus on social issues has greatly influenced the singer-songwriter genre, artists who had been primarily songwriters, notably Carole King, Townes Van Zandt, and Neil Diamond, also began releasing work as performers. In contrast to the approach of most prior country and folk music. The adjectives confessional and sensitive were often used singer-songwriter style, in the rock band era, members were not technically singer-songwriters as solo acts. However, many were singer-songwriters who created songs with band members. Many others like Eric Clapton found success as singer-songwriters in their later careers, there were hints of cross-pollination, but rock and folk music had remained largely separate genres, often with different audiences. An early attempt at fusing elements of folk and rock was highlighted in the Animals House of the Rising Sun, dylan plugged an entire generation into the milieu of the singer-songwriter. In the mid- to late 1960s, bands and singer-songwriters began to proliferate the underground New York art/music scene. Lotti Golden, in her Atlantic debut album Motor-Cycle, chronicled her life in NYCs East Village in the late 60s counterculture, visiting subjects such as gender identity, kate Bush remained distinctive throughout with her idiosyncratic style
Singer-songwriter
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Woody Guthrie
Singer-songwriter
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Bob Dylan
Singer-songwriter
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Hank Williams
Singer-songwriter
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Paul Simon in concert
3.
Folk music
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Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
Folk music
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Béla Bartók recording Slovak peasant singers in 1908
Folk music
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Indians always distinguished between classical and folk music, though in the past even classical Indian music used to rely on the unwritten transmission of repertoire.
Folk music
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Armenian traditional musicians
Folk music
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Assyrians playing
zurna and
Davul, the typically used instruments for their folk music.
4.
Appalachian dulcimer
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The Appalachian dulcimer is a fretted string instrument of the zither family, typically with three or four strings. Its origins are in the Appalachian region of the United States, the body extends the length of the fingerboard, and its fretting is generally diatonic. The Appalachian dulcimer has many variant names, most often it is simply called a dulcimer. The instrument has also acquired a number of nicknames, harmonium, hog fiddle, music box, harmony box, because of this, and a dearth of written records, the history of the Appalachian dulcimer has been, until fairly recently, largely speculative. The organological development of the divides into three periods, transitional, pre-revival or traditional, and revival or contemporary. Charles Maxson, an Appalachian luthier from Volga, West Virginia, speculated that settlers were unable to make the more complex violin in the early days because of lack of tools. This was one of the factors which led to the building of the dulcimer and he too cited the langleik, scheitholt and épinette des Vosges as ancestor instruments. Few true specimens of the mountain dulcimer exist from earlier than about 1880, the instrument became used as something of a parlor instrument, as its modest sound volume is best-suited to small home gatherings. But for the first half of the 20th century the mountain dulcimer was rare, virtually no audio recordings of the instrument exist from earlier than the late 1930s. But Wyman preferred singing with the more robust support of the piano, in the early 1960s, Ritchie and her partner George Pickow began distributing dulcimers made by her Kentucky relative Jethro Amburgey, then the woodworking instructor at the Hindman Settlement School. They eventually began producing their own instruments in New York City, meanwhile, the American folk musician Richard Fariña was also bringing the Appalachian dulcimer to a much wider audience, and by 1965 the instrument was a familiar presence in folk music circles. In addition to Amburgey, by winding down his production, influential builders of mid-1960s included Homer Ledford, Lynn McSpadden. In 1969 Michael and Howard Rugg formed a company called Capritaurus, as well as being the first to mass-produce the instrument, they made design changes to make the instrument easier to produce and to play. The body was larger, and they installed metal friction or geared tuners, rather than traditional wooden pegs, to making tuning easier. Organologically, the Appalachian dulcimer is a plucked box-zither, it is considered to be a folk instrument, more recently guitar aesthetics and construction ideals have been applied, with a tone wood such as spruce or cedar preferred for the top of the soundbox. A harder wood, such as mahogany or rosewood, will be used for the back, sides, and neck, and a hardwood such as rosewood, maple, or ebony is used for the fingerboard. As the modern dulcimer arose in America, and the bulk of them are made there, American hardwoods such as walnut, oak, cherry. The general format has a long narrow soundbox, with the neck centered in the soundbox, typical instruments are 70–100 cm long, 16–19 cm wide at the widest bout, and the soundbox has a uniform depth of about 5–6 cm
Appalachian dulcimer
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Appalachian dulcimer
Appalachian dulcimer
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A photo from the May 1, 1917, issue of
Vogue, featuring an Appalachian dulcimer.
Appalachian dulcimer
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Closeup of
Aubrey Atwater playing dulcimer.
Appalachian dulcimer
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For other uses, see
Dulcimer (disambiguation).
5.
Perry County, Kentucky
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Perry County is a county located in the U. S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 28,712, the county was founded in 1820. Both the county and county seat are named for Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 343 square miles, of which 340 square miles is land and 2.9 square miles is water. The population density was 86 per square mile, there were 12,741 housing units at an average density of 37 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 34% White,1. 64% Black or African American,0. 05% Native American,0. 49% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 04% from other races, and 0. 43% from two or more races. 0. 52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,23. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the family size was 2.98. In the county, the population was out with 24. 40% under the age of 18,9. 10% from 18 to 24,30. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 94.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $22,089, and the median income for a family was $26,718. Males had an income of $31,702 versus $20,502 for females. The per capita income for the county was $12,224, about 26. 10% of families and 29. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36. 00% of those under age 18 and 20. 60% of those age 65 or over. Of 3,142 counties in the United States in 2013, Perry County ranked 3,140 in the life expectancy of both male and female residents. Males in Perry County lived an average of 66.5 years, High rates of smoking and obesity and a low level of physical activity appear to be contributing factors to the lowered longevity for both sexes. The county has two districts, This district covers the entire county except for the city of Hazard. This district essentially encompasses the city of Hazard, see this link for a more accurate map of the Hazard district boundary. Hazard High School Hazard Middle School Roy G
Perry County, Kentucky
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County courthouse in Hazard
6.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
Kentucky
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Narrow country roads bounded by stone and wood plank fences are a fixture in the Kentucky
Bluegrass region.
Kentucky
Kentucky
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Kentucky's regions (click on image for color-coding information.)
Kentucky
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The
Eastern Kentucky Coalfield is known for its rugged terrain.
7.
Knott County, Kentucky
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Knott County is a county located in the U. S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 16,346, the county was formed in 1884 and is named for James Proctor Knott, Governor of Kentucky. It is a prohibition or dry county and its county seat is home to the Hindman Settlement School, founded as Americas first settlement school. The Knott County town of Pippa Passes is home to Alice Lloyd College, Knott County was established in 1884 from land given by Breathitt, Floyd, Letcher, and Perry counties. The 1890s-era courthouse, the second to serve the county, burned in 1929, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 353 square miles, of which 352 square miles is land and 1.3 square miles is water. The population density was 50 per square mile, there were 7,579 housing units at an average density of 22 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 27% White,0. 73% Black or African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 15% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 12% from other races, and 0. 60% from two or more races. 0. 63% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,23. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the family size was 3.00. In the county, the population was out with 24. 50% under the age of 18,10. 80% from 18 to 24,29. 00% from 25 to 44,24. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 97.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.10 males, the median income for a household in the county was $20,373, and the median income for a family was $24,930. Males had an income of $29,471 versus $21,240 for females. The per capita income for the county was $11,297, about 26. 20% of families and 31. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39. 80% of those under age 18 and 23. 10% of those age 65 or over. In 1992, 75% of Knott County residents voted for Democrat Bill Clinton for US President, however, in recent years, Knott County has voted more favorably for the Republican Party. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain became the first Republican to win Knott County in an election by winning 55% of the vote to Barack Obamas 44%. When Governor Ernie Fletcher appointed Republican Randy Thompson as County Judge Executive in 2005, Thompson won re-election in 2006 and again in 2010, making him the first Republican to win election in a Knott County office. Congressman Hal Rogers has also won Knott Countys vote in recent years, Thompson was removed from office in 2013 after being convicted of misusing public funds
Knott County, Kentucky
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Knott County Courthouse
8.
Berea College
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Berea College is a liberal arts work college in the city of Berea and is located in Madison County, approximately 35 miles south of Lexington, in the U. S. state of Kentucky. Berea College charges no tuition, every admitted student is provided the equivalent of a four-year, Berea offers Bachelors degrees in 32 majors. It has a full-participation work-study program where students are required to work at least 10 hours per week in campus, the college began as a one-room schoolhouse that also served as a church on Sundays on land that was granted to Fee by politician and abolitionist Cassius Marcellus Clay. Fee named the new community after the biblical Berea, although the schools first articles of incorporation were adopted in 1859, founder John Gregg Fee and the teachers were forced out of the area by pro-slavery supporters in that same year. Fee spent the Civil War years raising funds for the school, trying to provide for his family in Cincinnati, Ohio and he returned afterward to continue his work at Berea. He spent nearly 18 months working mostly at Camp Nelson, where he helped provide facilities for the freedmen and their families and he helped get funds for barracks, a hospital, school and church. In 1866, Bereas first full year after the war, it had 187 students and it began with preparatory classes to ready students for advanced study at the college level. In 1869, the first college students were admitted, and the first bachelors degrees were awarded in 1873, almost all the private and state colleges in the South were racially segregated. Berea was the main exception until a new law in 1904 forced its segregation. The college challenged the law in court and further appealed to the U. S. Supreme Court in Berea College v. Kentucky. When the challenge failed, the college had to become a segregated school, in 1950, when the law was amended to allow integration of schools at the college level, Berea promptly resumed its integrated policies. In 1925 famed advertiser Bruce Barton, a congressman, sent a letter to 24 wealthy men in America to raise funds for the college. Every single letter was returned with a minimum of $1,000 in donation, during World War II, Berea was one of 131 colleges nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a navy commission. Up until the 1960s, Berea provided pre-college education in addition to college level curriculum, in 1968, the elementary and secondary schools were discontinued in favor of focusing on undergraduate college education. The 2014 annual ranking of U. S. News & World Report categorizes Berea as more selective and rates it the 76th best liberal arts college in the nation, kiplingers Personal Finance places Berea 63rd in its 2014 ranking of best value liberal arts colleges in the United States. Berea College is among the few colleges and universities in the world committed to making education affordable to each admitted student regardless of their financial circumstances, in 2014 Berea College students received more Gilman Scholarships than those of any other private school in the United States. For the Class of 2017, Berea received 1,620 applications, the number enrolling was 397, the yield rate was 72. 1%, ranking behind only Harvard and Stanford in the 2014 CommonDataSet. In terms of rank,24. 8% of enrolled freshmen were in the top 10% of their high school classes while 72. 5% ranked in the top quarter
Berea College
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Official Logo of Berea College
Berea College
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Draper Building
9.
Cecil Sharp
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Cecil James Sharp was the founding father of the folk-song revival in England in the early 20th century. Sharp felt that English music had become over-dominated by German influences and he listened to hundreds of village folk-singers, and arranged their songs for piano and choir. He promoted Morris dancing, which had almost died out, though he often had to tone-down the lyrics for public performance, in 1911 he founded the English Folk Dance Society. Sharp was born in Camberwell, Surrey, the eldest son of James Sharp and his wife, Jane née Bloyd, who was also a music lover. Sharp was educated at Uppingham, but left at 15 and was coached for the University of Cambridge. Sharp decided to emigrate to Australia on his fathers suggestion and he arrived in Adelaide in November 1882 and early in 1883 obtained a position as a clerk in the Commercial Bank of South Australia. He read some law, and in April 1884 became associate to the Chief Justice and he held this position until 1889 when he resigned and gave his whole time to music. He had become assistant organist at St Peters Cathedral soon after he arrived, and had been conductor of the Government House Choral Society and the Cathedral Choral Society. Later on he became conductor of the Adelaide Philharmonic, and in 1889 entered into partnership with I. G. Reimann as joint director of the Adelaide College of Music and he was very successful as a lecturer but about the middle of 1891 the partnership was dissolved. The school was continued under Reimann, and in 1898 developed into the Elder Conservatorium of Music in connexion with the university. Sharp had made friends and an address with over 300 signatures asked him to continue his work at Adelaide. The libretto in each case was written by Guy Boothby and he also wrote the music for some nursery rhymes which were sung by the Cathedral Choral Society. In 1892 Sharp returned to England and on 22 August 1893 at East Clevedon, Somerset, he married Constance Dorothea Birch and they had three daughters and a son. Also in 1893 he was taken on as a teacher by Ludgrove School. During his seventeen years in the post, he took on a number of musical jobs. From 1896 Sharp was Principal of the Hampstead Conservatoire of Music, in July 1905 he resigned from this post after a prolonged dispute about payment and his right to take on students for extra tuition. He had to leave the Principals house, and apart from his position at Ludgrove his income was derived largely from lecturing and publishing on folk music. He felt that speakers of English ought to become acquainted with the patrimony of melodic expression that had grown up in the regions there
Cecil Sharp
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Cecil Sharp circa 1900
Cecil Sharp
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A sign in
Hot Springs, North Carolina marks where Cecil Sharp collected ballads in 1916.
10.
Hindman Settlement School
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Hindman Settlement School is a settlement school located in Hindman, Kentucky in Knott County. Established in 1902, it was the first rural settlement school in America, the mission of Hindman Settlement School is to provide educational and service opportunities for the people of the mountains, while keeping them mindful of their heritage. James Still was a poet, folklorist, and novelist during his life. James Stills friend, Don West offered him a job organizing recreational programs for a settlement school in Knott County, james Still gladly accepted the invitation to teach in Knott County. James Still soon became a librarian at the Hindman Settlement School Library, james Still is buried on the Hindman Settlement School Campus. Fred Williams was principal at Hindman Settlement School in the mid-1940s, a close friend of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Williams was a Methodist missionary who pioneered indoor and running water sanitation in rural India and fought to eradicate caste-based discrimination. The Marie Stewart Museum & Craft Shop supports the activities of the school, the store sells traditional Appalachian crafts and has an online site. Upstairs is a museum with exhibits about the Hindman Settlement School. The Schools goal of integrating traditional culture with education led it to welcome visiting outsiders who sought to document the heritage of the Appalachians. Pine Mountain Settlement School Hindman Settlement School Jess Stoddart, challenge and Change in Appalachia, The Story of Hindman Settlement School. ISBN 978-0813122502 Katherine Pettit, Jess Stoddart, and May Stone, the Quare Womens Journals, May Stone & Katherine Pettits Summers in the Kentucky Mountains and the Founding of Hindman Settlement School
Hindman Settlement School
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Parks
Hindman Settlement School
Hindman Settlement School
Hindman Settlement School
11.
Hazard, Kentucky
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Hazard is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Perry County, Kentucky, United States. The population was estimated to be 5,346 in 2014, local landowner Elijah Combs Sr. laid out the town in 1824 as the planned seat of the newly established Perry County. Both the town and the county were named for Cdre, oliver Hazard Perry, the hero of the 1813 Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812. The post office was known as Perry Court House but the name was officially changed to Hazard in 1854. The city was incorporated by the state assembly in 1884. Long isolated by the mountains, Hazard was opened to the outside world by the arrival of the railroad in 1912. The only access to the valley had previously been 45 miles down the North Fork of the Kentucky River or a trip over the surrounding mountains. The railroad brought boom times to the town, but the Great Depression saw prosperity end as quickly as it had begun, the song High Sheriff of Hazard was written by Tom Paxton in reference to a coal miners strike in 1964. In 1981, several cast members of the television series The Dukes of Hazzard – viz, catherine Bach, James Best, Sorrell Booke and Rick Hurst – visited Hazard during its Black Gold Festival. Soon afterwards, the series stars Tom Wopat and John Schneider made appearances in Hazard, although there has been a steady decline in Hazards population since the 1950s, there have been numerous commercial and residential developments within the city. The city is actively working on a downtown renaissance plan to rejuvenate its business district. Nonetheless, in July 1999, Hazard was the first stop on Pres, bill Clintons tour of poverty-stricken communities that had failed to share in the boom of the 1990s. Hillary Clinton visited Hazard on November 2,2008, at a rally for Democratic U. S. Senate candidate Bruce Lunsford. Hazard is located at 37°15′21″N 83°11′37″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.0 square miles, all land. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hazard has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,806 people,1,946 households, the population density was 684.6 people per square mile. There were 2,291 housing units at a density of 326.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 26% White,6. 58% African American,0. 08% Native American,2. 06% Asian,0. 15% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 46% of the population
Hazard, Kentucky
–
Hazard
Hazard, Kentucky
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Coal miners' children cross a footbridge into Hazard, Kentucky, July 1940. Photograph by
Marion Post Wolcott.
Hazard, Kentucky
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The Mother Goose House in Hazard, Kentucky.
Hazard, Kentucky
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Main Street
12.
Hillbilly music
–
Hillbilly is a term for people who dwell in rural, mountainous areas in the United States, primarily in Appalachia and the Ozarks. Due to its strongly stereotypical connotations, the term can be offensive to those Americans of Appalachian or Ozark heritage, scholars argue this duality is reflective of the split ethnic identities in white America. The Appalachian Mountains were settled in the 18th century by settlers primarily from the Province of Ulster in Ireland, the settlers from Ulster were mainly Protestants who migrated to Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century from Scotland and Northern England. Many further migrated to the American colonies beginning in the 1730s, scholars argue that the term hillbilly originated from Scottish dialect. The term hill-folk referred to people that preferred isolation from the greater society and it is suggested that hill-folk and billie were combined when the Cameronians fled to the Highlands. Others have suggested the term originated in 17th century Ireland, during the Williamite War, some scholars disagree with this theory. … In America hillbilly was first attested only in 1898, which suggests a later, the term hillbilly spread in the years following the American Civil War. At this time, the country was developing both technologically and socially, but the Appalachian region was falling behind, before the war, Appalachia was not distinctively different from other rural areas of the country. Post-war, although the frontier pushed farther west, the region maintained frontier characteristics, Appalachians themselves were perceived as backward, quick to violence and inbred in their isolation. Fueled by news stories of mountain feuds such as that in the 1880s between the Hatfields and McCoys, the hillbilly stereotype developed in the late 19th to early 20th century. The classic hillbilly stereotype reached its current characterization during the years of the Great Depression when many left their homes to find work in other areas of the country. This movement North became known as the Hillbilly Highway, the movement brought these previously isolated communities into mainstream United States culture. Poor white mountaineers became central characters in newspapers, pamphlets and eventually, authors at this time were inspired by historical figures such as Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone. The mountaineer image transferred over to the 20th century where the hillbilly stereotype emerged, pop culture has perpetuated the hillbilly stereotype. The misrepresentation of Appalachian people in the media has led to great cultural distortion of Appalachian beliefs, practices, scholarly works suggest that the media has exploited both the Appalachian region and people by classifying them as hillbillies. These generalizations do not match the cultural experiences of Appalachians, Appalachians, like many other groups, do not subscribe to a single identity. One of the associated with stereotyping is that it is profitable. When hillbilly became a widely used term, entrepreneurs saw a window for potential revenue and they recycled the image and brought it to life through various forms of media
Hillbilly music
–
Old-time country band
The Lotus Eaters perform at Our Community Place plant sale, April 19, 2008 in
Harrisonburg, Virginia.
Hillbilly music
Hillbilly music
Hillbilly music
13.
University of the Cumberlands
–
For other institutions called Cumberland College, see Cumberland College. University of the Cumberlands is a private, religion based college located in Williamsburg, Kentucky, the school, known as Cumberland College until January 7,2005, is affiliated with the Kentucky Baptist Convention, the Kentucky affiliate of the Southern Baptist Convention. University of the Cumberlands, first called Williamsburg Institute, was founded on January 7,1889, at the 1887 annual meeting of the Mount Zion Association, representatives from 18 eastern Kentucky Baptist churches discussed plans to provide higher education in the Kentucky mountains. The college was incorporated by the Kentucky state legislature on April 6,1888, in 1907 the school bought the three buildings of Highland College, and in 1913, Williamsburg Institutes name was changed to Cumberland College. The name reflected the institutions location along the Cumberland River and its proximity to Cumberland Falls, from its inception, the institution has been affiliated with the Baptist Church, and its mission has been to educate and prepare leaders for service to the greater community. Although founded as a college, in 1918 Cumberland College officially became a junior college. The college received its first accreditation from the Southern Association of Colleges, in 1956 the Board of Trustees began bringing the college back to senior college status. The junior year was added in 1959-60 and the year in 1960-61. SACS granted initial accreditation to the institution as a college in December 1964. Since then, SACS has reaffirmed the colleges accreditation in 1974,1985,1995 and it is next scheduled for reaffirmation in 2016. Cumberland College received authority to award its first graduate degree, the Master of Arts in Education on April 6,1988, graduate education has since become an integral part of the institution. In 2005, the institution received authorization from SACS to offer the Master of Arts in Teaching degree and this action was followed in 2006 with permission from the SACS Commission on Colleges to offer both the MAED and MAT degrees fully online. More recently in 2008, the Commission also authorized the granting of the MBA degree, the Ed. S. degree, as well as the institutions first doctoral degree, an Ed. D. in Educational Leadership. Masters programs in Professional Counseling and in Physician Assistant Studies were approved by SACS in 2009, on July 1,2005, after action by the Board of Trustees, Cumberland College became the University of the Cumberlands. The institution is recognized by the Commission on Colleges of SACS as a Level V institution. Currently it offers three degrees, Ed. D. in Educational Leadership, Ed. D. in Counselor Education. Taylor also announced his retirement as president effective October 15,2015 with the recommendation that Cockrum be named university president effective October 16,2015, on that date, Taylor would assume the honorary title of university chancellor. The board of trustees approved the succession plan on October 15,2014 giving Cockrum a seven-year contract
University of the Cumberlands
–
University of the Cumberlands marker off of Main Street, in Williamsburg, Kentucky
University of the Cumberlands
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University of the Cumberlands
14.
Williamsburg, Kentucky
–
Williamsburg is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Whitley County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 5,245 at the 2010 census, the city was founded in 1818 and named after William Whitley. The Cumberland River flows through the city, Williamsburg was first known as the Spring Ford after a nearby ford crossing the Cumberland River. On 19 April 1818 the first meeting of the Whitley County Court was held at Samuel Coxs own home and this first court appointed local officials as well as constables to work with the county militia. The town was known simply as Whitley Courthouse. This name would be changed in 1882 to Williamsburgh, and later changed in 1890 to its current Williamsburg, the towns initial growth was fueled by three fresh water springs in the area and then by coal and lumber industries. This growth was accelerated by the introduction of the L&N railroad coming to the town in 1883, opening the town to far flung markets. Shortly thereafter in 1886 the town would elect W. H. Parker as its first mayor and this building would be destroyed by fire in 1926 and rebuilt into what would eventually be remodeled into the Anderson Building currently in use by the University of the Cumberlands. Finally, the district would move to its current location in 1983, similarly, the county courthouse would be destroyed by fire in 1931, rebuilt, and then renovated 40 years later in 1971. Finally, in 2011 the courthouse was moved to the newly constructed Whitley County Judicial Center located adjacent to the old courthouse, Williamsburg is located at 36°44′12″N 84°09′53″W, within the Eastern Mountain Coal Fields and the Appalachian Plateau regions. It rests along the I-75 corridor at exits 11 and 15, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.8 square miles, of which 4.7 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles is water. Percent of U. S. within 600 miles of Williamsburg, Population, 52% Personal Income, 50% Retail Sales, 49% Manufacturing Employment, the $5 million facility also houses a go-cart course, a miniature golf course, and a five-station batting cage. The park opened on Memorial Day weekend 2001 and is the largest family entertainment center in Kentucky with a capacity of up to 3,000 guests, Williamsburg is located 18 miles away Cumberland Falls State Resort Park within the Daniel Boone National Forest. Angel Falls is located 1.5 miles from the park on the McCreary County side, the Below the Falls section of the river includes a five-mile long class 2-3 run that is ideal for families and beginner stage white water rafters and kayakers. Williamsburg is located 20 minutes away from the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Cumberland River system. The Big South Fork is also home to Yahoo Falls, which stand 113 feet high, further along, the trail leads to the Yahoo Arch. Williamsburg is also home to one of the number one bluegrass festivals in the state of Kentucky, other events are the Jeep Jamboree, and the Border Bowl, an annual event for two teams of high school footballers representing Kentucky and Tennessee. As of the same date 69. 4% of individuals in Whitley County were members of the Southern Baptist Convention, University of the Cumberlands, located in the town is a private Christian college affiliated with the Kentucky Baptist Convention, a member of the Southern Baptist Convention
Williamsburg, Kentucky
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Williamsburg, Kentucky
Williamsburg, Kentucky
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University of the Cumberlands marker off of Main Street, in Williamsburg, Kentucky
15.
Phi Beta Kappa
–
The Phi Beta Kappa Society - the oldest honor society for the liberal arts and sciences in the United States - is widely recognized and considered as the nations most prestigious honor society. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the arts and sciences and to induct the most outstanding students of arts. Phi Beta Kappa stands for Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Cybernētēs, according to Phi Beta Kappa, they have chapters in about 10% of American higher learning institutions, and about 10% of these schools Arts and Sciences graduates are invited to join the society. Although most students are elected their senior year, many colleges elect a limited number of extremely select students in their junior year. There is an initiation fee, which is sometimes covered by the inductees university. There had been earlier fraternal societies at the College, but these, Society, founded in 1750, were Latin-letter societies, their names were taken from initial letters of a secret Latin motto. William and Mary alumnus and third U. S. President Thomas Jefferson was perhaps the most famous member of the F. H. C, other notable members of the original Society included Col. James Innes, St. George Tucker, and George Wythe. Jefferson noted that When I was a student of Wm. & Mary college of this state, Society, confined to the number of six students only, of which I was a member, but it had no useful object, nor do I know whether it now exists. The best opinion is that the society did not survive the invasion by British forces during the Revolution, a second Latin-letter fraternity at William and Mary was the P. D. A. John Heath, chief organizer of Phi Beta Kappa, according to tradition earlier sought but was refused admission to the P. D. A, though he may instead have disdained to join it. The new society was intended to be purely of domestic manufacture, without any connexion whatever with anything European, either English or German. The founders of Phi Beta Kappa declared that the society was formed for congeniality and to good fellowship, with friendship as its basis and benevolence. Like the older, Latin-letter fraternities, the Phi Beta Kappa was a secret society, the new society was given the motto, Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Kybernētēs, which means in English The Love for Knowledge be the Guide of Life. Greek was chosen, because Greek was in Roman times the language of science like Latin in medieval times, one official historian of the society, William T. The heading on the original list of states, A List of the members. This new complex of gestures was created to allow the recognition of members in any foreign country or place. A second chapter was founded at Yale College in late 1780, a third, at Harvard College in 1781, from these new chapters, the Phi Beta Kappa evolved from a fraternity with principally academic and some social purposes to an entirely honorary organization recognizing scholastic achievement. Further chapters appeared at Union College in 1817, Bowdoin College in 1825, the original chapter at William and Mary was re-established
Phi Beta Kappa
–
Present day
Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall entrance at
The College of William & Mary.
Phi Beta Kappa
–
The Phi Beta Kappa Society
Phi Beta Kappa
–
The Phi Beta Kappa Society National Headquarters located in the historic
Dupont Circle neighborhood of
Washington, D.C.
16.
Social work
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Social work is an academic and practice-based professional discipline that seeks to facilitate the welfare of communities, individuals, families, and groups. Social work tries to promote change and grassroots empowerment of people and aids in socioeconomic development, social cohesion. A practicing professional with a degree in social work is called a social worker, the practice and profession of social work has a relatively modern and scientific origin, and is generally considered to have developed out of three strands. The first was individual casework, a strategy pioneered by the Charity Organization Society in the mid-19th century, the second was social administration, which included various forms of poverty relief – relief of paupers. Statewide poverty relief could be said to have its roots in the English Poor Laws of the 17th century and this approach was developed originally by the Settlement House Movement. This was accompanied by an easily defined movement, the development of institutions to deal with the entire range of social problems. All had their most rapid growth during the century, and laid the foundational basis for modern social work. Because poverty was the focus of early social work, it was intricately linked with the idea of charity work. With the decline of feudalism in 16th century England, the indigent poor came to be seen as a direct threat to the social order. The first complete code of poor relief was made in the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597 and it created a system administered at parish level, paid for by levying local rates on rate payers. Relief for those too ill or old to work, the impotent poor, was in the form of a payment or items of food or clothing also known as outdoor relief. The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 completely overhauled the system in Britain. This included the forming together of small parishes into Poor Law Unions, the 19th century saw a great leap forward in technological and scientific achievement. There was also a migration to urban areas throughout the Western world. This galvanised the socially active, prosperous middle and upper classes to search for ways to ameliorate the physical and spiritual conditions of the poor underclasses. A new philosophy of scientific charity emerged, which stated charity should be secular, rational and empirical as opposed to sectarian, sentimental, COS had its main focus on individual casework. It supported the concept of self-help and limited government intervention to deal with the effects of poverty, the organisation claimed to use scientific principles to root out scroungers and target relief where it was most needed. Octavia Hill is regarded by many as the founder of social work
Social work
–
A
Marylebone slum in the nineteenth century.
Social work
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Social work involves ameliorating social problems such as poverty and homelessness.
Social work
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Toynbee Hall settlement house,
Whitechapel was founded in 1884 as part of the
Settlement movement. Pictured here in 1902.
Social work
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William Beveridge 's
Beveridge Report of 1942 laid the foundations for the welfare state.
17.
University of Kentucky
–
The University of Kentucky is a public co-educational university in Lexington, Kentucky. S. The institution comprises 16 colleges, a school,93 undergraduate programs,99 master programs,66 doctoral programs. The University of Kentucky has fifteen libraries on campus, young Library, a federal depository, hosting subjects related to social sciences, humanities, and life sciences collections. In recent years, the university has focused expenditures increasingly on research, the directive mandated that the university become a Top 20 public research institution, in terms of an overall ranking to be determined by the university itself, by the year 2020. Courses were offered at Ashland, The Henry Clay Estate, three years later, James Kennedy Patterson became the first president of the land-grant university and the first degree was awarded. In 1876, the university began to offer degree programs. Two years later, A&M separated from Kentucky University, which is now Transylvania University, for the new school, Lexington donated a 52-acre park and fair ground, which became the core of UKs present campus. A&M was initially a male-only institution, but began to admit women in 1880, in 1892, the official colors of the university, royal blue and white, were adopted. An earlier color set, blue and light yellow, was adopted earlier at a Kentucky-Centre College football game on December 19,1891, the particular hue of blue was determined from a necktie, which was used to demonstrate the color of royal blue. On February 15,1882, Administration Building was the first building of three completed on the present campus, three years later, the college formed the Agricultural Experiment Station, which researches issues relating to agribusiness, food processing, nutrition, water and soil resources and the environment. This was followed up by the creation of the universitys Agricultural Extension Service in 1910, the extension service became a model of the federally mandated programs that were required beginning in 1914. Patterson Hall, the schools first womens dormitory, was constructed in 1904, residents had to cross a swampy depression, where the Student Center now stands, to reach central campus. Four years later, the name was changed to the State University, Lexington, Kentucky upon reaching university status. The university led to the creation of the College of Home Economics in 1916, the College of Commerce was established in 1925, known today as the Gatton College of Business and Economics. In 1929, Memorial Hall was completed, dedicated to the 2,756 Kentuckians who died in World War I and this was followed up by the new King Library, which opened in 1931 and was named for a long-time library director, Margaret I. The universitys graduate and professional programs became racially integrated in 1949 when Lyman T. Johnson, African Americans would not be allowed to attend as undergraduates until 1954, following the US Supreme Courts Brown v. Board of Education decision. In 1939, Governor Happy Chandler appointed the first woman trustee on the University of Kentucky Board of Trustees and she served from 1939 to 1960. In 1962, Blazer Hall was opened as the Georgia M Blazer Hall for Women in tribute to her years of service as a University of Kentucky trustee
University of Kentucky
–
The early campus: Barker Hall in the center, the Main Building to the right, and a lake in the foreground where the Student Center was later built.
University of Kentucky
–
University of Kentucky
University of Kentucky
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Patterson Hall, shortly after its 1904 opening
University of Kentucky
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Miller Hall
18.
Lexington, Kentucky
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Lexington, consolidated with Fayette County, is the second-largest city in Kentucky and the 61st largest in the United States. Known as the Horse Capital of the World, it is the heart of the states Bluegrass region, with a mayor-alderman form of government, it is one of two cities in Kentucky designated by the state as first-class, the other is the states largest city of Louisville. In the 2016 U. S. Census Estimate, the population was 318,449, anchoring a metropolitan area of 506,751 people. Lexington ranks tenth among US cities in college education rate, with 39. 5% of residents having at least a bachelors degree and this area of fertile soil and abundant wildlife was long occupied by varying tribes of Native Americans. European explorers began to trade with them but settlers did not come in force until the late 18th century, Lexington was founded by European Americans in June 1775, in what was then considered Fincastle County, Virginia,17 years before Kentucky became a state. A party of frontiersmen, led by William McConnell, camped on the Middle Fork of Elkhorn Creek at the site of the present-day McConnell Springs, upon hearing of the colonists victory in the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19,1775, they named their campsite Lexington. It was the first of what would be many American places to be named after the Massachusetts town, the risk of Indian attacks delayed permanent settlement for four years. In 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, Col. Robert Patterson and 25 companions came from Fort Harrod and they built cabins and a stockade, establishing a settlement known as Bryan Station. In 1780, Lexington was made the seat of Virginias newly organized Fayette County, colonists defended it against a British and allied Shawnee attack in 1782, during the last part of the American Revolutionary War. The town was chartered on May 6,1782, by an act of the Virginia General Assembly, the First African Baptist Church was founded c. 1790 by Peter Durrett, a Baptist preacher and slave held by Joseph Craig. Durrett helped guide The Travelling Church, a migration of several hundred pioneers led by the preacher Lewis Craig and Captain William Ellis from Orange County. It is the oldest black Baptist congregation in Kentucky and the third oldest in the United States, I would suppose it contains about five hundred dwelling houses, many of them elegant and three stories high. The country around Lexington for many miles in every direction, is equal in beauty and fertility to anything the imagination can paint and is already in a state of cultivation. Residents have fondly continued to refer to Lexington as The Athens of the West since Espys poem dedicated to the city, in the early 19th century, planter John Wesley Hunt became the first millionaire west of the Alleghenies. London Ferrill, second preacher of First African Baptist, was one of three clergy who stayed in the city to serve the suffering victims, additional cholera outbreaks occurred in 1848–49 and the early 1850s. Cholera was spread by using contaminated water supplies, but its transmission was not understood in those years. Often the wealthier people would flee town for outlying areas to try to avoid the spread of disease, planters held slaves for use as field hands, laborers, artisans, and domestic servants. In the city, slaves worked primarily as servants and artisans, although they also worked with merchants, shippers
Lexington, Kentucky
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Clockwise from bottom left:
Mary Todd Lincoln House, Lexington Center,
Lexington Financial Center, Victorian Square,
Keeneland,
Henry Clay Grave
Lexington, Kentucky
–
Henry Clay 's old law office in Downtown Lexington
Lexington, Kentucky
–
Victorian Square in Downtown Lexington
Lexington, Kentucky
–
Panoramic view of downtown Lexington area.
19.
Glee club
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A glee club is a musical group or choir group, historically of male voices but also of female or mixed voices, which traditionally specializes in the singing of short songs—glees—by trios or quartets. In the late 19th century it was popular in most schools and was made a tradition to have in American high schools from then on. The first named Glee Club was founded in Harrow School, in London, Glee clubs were very popular in the UK from then until the mid-1850s but by then they were gradually being superseded by choral societies. Glee in this context does not refer to the mood of the music or of its singers, but by the mid-20th century, proper glee clubs were no longer common. Glee List of collegiate glee clubs J Lloyd Winstead, when Colleges Sang, The Story of Singing in American College Life University of Alabama Press,2013
Glee club
–
The
Miami University Glee Club in 1907
20.
Choir
–
A choir is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music specifically for such an ensemble to perform. Choirs may perform music from the classical repertoire, which spans from the Medieval era to the present. Most choirs are led by a conductor, who leads the performances with arm, a body of singers who perform together as a group is called a choir or chorus. The former term is often applied to groups affiliated with a church and the second to groups that perform in theatres or concert halls. Choirs may sing without instrumental accompaniment, with the accompaniment of a piano or pipe organ, with a small ensemble, choirs are often led by a conductor or choirmaster. Other than four, the most common number of parts are three, five, six, and eight, choirs can sing with or without instrumental accompaniment. Singing without accompaniment is called a cappella singing, many choirs perform in one or many locations such as a church, opera house, or school hall. In some cases choirs join up to become one mass choir that performs for a special concert, in this case they provide a series of songs or musical works to celebrate and provide entertainment to others. Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as a concert, by way of visible gestures with the hands, arms, face. The primary duties of the conductor or choirmaster are to unify performers, set the tempo, execute clear preparations and beats, and to listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble. The conductor or choral director typically stands on a raised platform, many choral conductors use their hands to conduct. In the 2010s, most conductors do not play an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of music history. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a harpsichord or the violin, conducting while playing a piano may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance, however, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be sung. Conductors act as guides to the choirs they conduct and they choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make certain adjustments, work out their interpretation, and relay their vision to the singers. Choral conductors may also have to conduct instrumental ensembles such as if the choir is singing a piece for choir. They may also attend to matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing auditions
Choir
–
Evensong rehearsal in the
quire of
York Minster, showing carved choirstalls
Choir
–
Amelia Nagoski, DMA conducting a choral ensemble at Western New England University
Choir
–
Egyptian Alexandria Jewish choir of Rabbin Moshe Cohen at Samuel Menashe synagogue,
Alexandria, Egypt
Choir
–
An English school choir
21.
Piano
–
The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented around the year 1700, in which the strings are struck by hammers. It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. The word piano is a form of pianoforte, the Italian term for the early 1700s versions of the instrument. The first fortepianos in the 1700s had a sound and smaller dynamic range. An acoustic piano usually has a wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings. Pressing one or more keys on the keyboard causes a padded hammer to strike the strings. The hammer rebounds from the strings, and the continue to vibrate at their resonant frequency. These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies by more efficiently coupling the acoustic energy to the air, when the key is released, a damper stops the strings vibration, ending the sound. Notes can be sustained, even when the keys are released by the fingers and thumbs and this means that the piano can play 88 different pitches, going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the accidentals, which are needed to play in all twelve keys, more rarely, some pianos have additional keys. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass that graduates from one to two, the strings are sounded when keys are pressed or struck, and silenced by dampers when the hands are lifted from the keyboard. There are two types of piano, the grand piano and the upright piano. The grand piano is used for Classical solos, chamber music and art song and it is used in jazz. The upright piano, which is compact, is the most popular type, as they are a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making. During the nineteenth century, music publishers produced many works in arrangements for piano, so that music lovers could play. The piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, with technological advances, amplified electric pianos, electronic pianos, and digital pianos have also been developed. The electric piano became an instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of jazz fusion, funk music. The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in keyboard instruments, pipe organs have been used since Antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches
Piano
–
A grand piano (left) and an upright piano (right)
Piano
Piano
–
Grand piano by Louis Bas of
Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, France, 1781. Earliest French grand piano known to survive; includes an inverted wrestplank and action derived from the work of Bartolomeo Cristofori (ca. 1700) with ornately decorated soundboard.
Piano
–
Early piano replica by the modern builder Paul McNulty, after Walter & Sohn, 1805
22.
Henry Street Settlement
–
It was founded under the name Nurses Settlement in 1893 by progressive reformer and nurse Lillian Wald. The Settlement serves about 50,000 people each year, the Settlement’s administrative offices are still located in its original federal row houses at 263,265 and 267 Henry Street in Manhattan. Services are offered at 17 program sites throughout the area, many of them located in buildings operated by the New York City Housing Authority, one day, she was approached by a young girl who kept repeating mommy. Wald gathered some sheets from her bed-making lesson and followed the child to her home, inside, she found the child’s mother who had recently given birth and in need of health care. The doctor tending to her had left because she could not afford to pay him, the next year she founded the Nurses Settlement, which later changed its name to the Henry Street Settlement. Two years later, in 1895, Jacob Schiff, a banker, the building was expanded upwards with an additional story to provide more space, and Schiff donated the building to the Settlement in 1903. The year before, the Settlement had added new facilities, including a gymnasium at 299,301 and 303 Henry Street, the organization expanded again in 1906, when Morris Loeb bought the building at 267 Henry Street for it to use. The theatre still operates, as the Harry De Jur Playhouse, in 1927 the Henry Street Music School began operation. This combining of the three townhouse –263,265 and 267 – had the consequence of preserving part of the 1820s streetscape amid what later became a tenement district. The block of Henry Street between Montgomery Street and Grand Street, which also includes St. Augustines Church, gives an impression of uptown Manhattan as it would have looked in the 1820s and 1830s, #263 Henry Street was restored in 1989 and #265 in 1992. Today, Henry Street is known for its efforts in social service. Senior Programs - a Naturally Occurring Retirement Community, the Good Companions Senior Center, a Senior Companion Program and a Meals-on-Wheels program. Youth Programs - Day care centers, after-school services, college programs, youth employment, GED classes, sports and recreation programs, a peer HIV prevention program. Workforce Development Center - Job training and placement, customized staffing services, neighborhood Resource Center - A walk-in facility for benefits screening, legal counseling and access to affordable health insurance. It also has visual arts exhibitions, Artist-in-Residence workspaces, an Arts-in-Education program, and two summer camps
Henry Street Settlement
–
Henry Street Settlement and Neighborhood Playhouse
Henry Street Settlement
–
A street-level view of 267 Henry Street
Henry Street Settlement
–
Abrons Arts Center
23.
Alan Lomax
–
Alan Lomax was an American field collector of folk music of the 20th century. He was also a folklorist, ethnomusicologist, archivist, writer, scholar, political activist, oral historian, and film-maker. Lomax produced recordings, concerts, and radio shows in the US and in England and he collected material first with his father, folklorist and collector John A. With the start of the Cold War, Lomax continued to out for a public role for folklore. He devoted much of the part of his life to advocating what he called Cultural Equity. In the 1970s and 1980s Lomax advised the Smithsonian Institutions Folklife Festival and produced a series of films about music, American Patchwork. In his late seventies, Lomax completed a memoir, The Land Where the Blues Began, linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation. Because of childhood asthma, chronic ear infections, and generally frail health, in Dallas, he entered the Terrill School for Boys. Lomax excelled at Terrill and then transferred to the Choate School in Connecticut for a year, because of his mothers declining health, however, rather than going to Harvard as his father had wished, Lomax matriculated at the University of Texas at Austin. The hardest thing Ive had to learn is that Im not a genius, at the University of Texas Lomax read Nietzsche and developed an interest in philosophy. He joined and wrote a few columns for the paper, The Daily Texan. At this time he also he began collecting records and taking his dates to black-owned night clubs. During the spring term his mother died, and his youngest sister Bess, Although the Great Depression was rapidly causing his familys resources to plummet, Harvard came up with enough financial aid for the 16-year-old Lomax to spend his sophomore year there. He enrolled in philosophy and physics and also pursued a long-distance informal reading course in Plato and he also became involved in radical politics and came down with pneumonia. His grades suffered, diminishing his financial aid prospects and he did his first field collecting without his father with Zora Neale Hurston and Mary Elizabeth Barnicle in the summer of 1935. He returned to the University of Texas that fall and was awarded a BA in Philosophy, summa cum laude, Alan Lomax married Elizabeth Harold Goodman, then a student at the University of Texas, in February 1937. They were married for 12 years and had a daughter, Anne, Elizabeth assisted him in recording in Haiti, Alabama, Appalachia, and Mississippi. Elizabeth also wrote radio scripts of folk operas featuring American music that were broadcast over the BBC Home Service as part of the war effort
Alan Lomax
–
Lomax playing guitar on stage at the Mountain Music Festival,
Asheville, North Carolina, in the early 1940s.
24.
Lead Belly
–
Huddie William Ledbetter /ˈhjuːdi/ was an American folk and blues musician notable for his strong vocals, virtuosity on the twelve-string guitar, and the folk standards he introduced. He is best known as Lead Belly, though many releases list him as Leadbelly, he himself wrote it as Lead Belly, which is also the spelling on his tombstone and the spelling used by the Lead Belly Foundation. Lead Belly usually played a guitar, but he also played the piano, mandolin, harmonica, violin. In some of his recordings he sang while clapping his hands or stomping his foot. Lead Bellys songs covered a range, including gospel music, blues about women, liquor, prison life, and racism, and folk songs about cowboys, prison, work, sailors, cattle herding. He also wrote songs about people in the news, such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, Jean Harlow, Jack Johnson, Lead Belly was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame in 2008. Lead Belly was born Huddie William Ledbetter on the Jeter Plantation near Mooringsport, Louisiana, the 1900 United States Census lists Hudy Ledbetter as 12 years old, born January 1888, and the 1910 and 1930 censuses also give his age as corresponding to a birth in 1888. The 1940 census lists his age as 51, with supplied by wife. However, in April 1942, when Ledbetter filled out his World War II draft registration, he gave his date as January 23,1889. His grave marker bears the date given on his draft registration, Ledbetter was the younger of two children born to Wesley Ledbetter and Sallie Brown. The pronunciation of his name is purported to be HYEW-dee or HUGH-dee and he can be heard pronouncing his name as HUH-dee on the track Boll Weevil, from the Smithsonian Folkways album Lead Belly Sings for Children. His parents had cohabited for several years, but they married on February 26,1888. When Huddie was five years old, the family settled in Bowie County, by 1903, Huddie was already a musicianer, a singer and guitarist of some note. He performed for nearby Shreveport audiences in St. Pauls Bottoms, the 1910 census of Harrison County, Texas, shows Hudy Ledbetter living next door to his parents with his first wife, Aletha Lethe Henderson. Aletha is registered as age 19 and married one year, others say she was 15 when they married in 1908. It was in Texas that Ledbetter received his first instrument, an accordion from his uncle Terrell, by his early twenties, having fathered at least two children, Ledbetter left home to make his living as a guitarist and occasional laborer. Influenced by the sinking of the Titanic in April 1912, Ledbetter wrote the song The Titanic, his first composed on the twelve-string guitar, which later became his signature instrument. Initially played when performing with Blind Lemon Jefferson in and around Dallas, Texas, Johnson had in fact been denied passage on a ship for being black, but it was not the Titanic
Lead Belly
–
Lead Belly playing an
accordion
Lead Belly
–
Lead Belly's World War II Draft Registration Card
Lead Belly
–
Louisiana State Penitentiary, where Lead Belly served time
Lead Belly
–
Huddie Ledbetter (Lead Belly) and Martha Promise Ledbetter,
Wilton, Connecticut, February 1935.
25.
Pete Seeger
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Peter Pete Seeger was an American folk singer and social activist. Members of the Weavers were blacklisted during the McCarthy Era, in the 1960s, he re-emerged on the public scene as a prominent singer of protest music in support of international disarmament, civil rights, counterculture, and environmental causes. A prolific songwriter, his songs include Where Have All the Flowers Gone. If I Had a Hammer, and Turn, Turn. which have been recorded by many artists both in and outside the folk revival movement and are sung throughout the world. Flowers was a hit recording for the Kingston Trio, Marlene Dietrich, who recorded it in English, German and French, if I Had a Hammer was a hit for Peter, Paul and Mary and Trini Lopez while the Byrds had a number one hit with Turn. In the PBS American Masters episode Pete Seeger, The Power of Song, Seeger was born on May 3,1919, at the French Hospital, Midtown Manhattan. His Yankee-Protestant family, which Seeger called enormously Christian, in the Puritan, Calvinist New England tradition, Petes father, the Harvard-trained composer and musicologist Charles Louis Seeger, Jr. was born in Mexico City, Mexico, to American parents. Petes mother, Constance de Clyver, raised in Tunisia and trained at the Paris Conservatory of Music, was a concert violinist and later a teacher at the Juilliard School. In 1912, Charles Seeger was hired to establish the department at the University of California, Berkeley. Charles and Constance moved back east, making Charles parents estate in Patterson, New York, northeast of New York City, their base of operations. When baby Pete was eighteen months old they set out with him, upon their return, Constance taught violin and Charles taught composition at the New York Institute of Musical Art, whose president, family friend Frank Damrosch, was Constances adoptive uncle. Charles also taught part-time at the New School for Social Research, beginning in 1936, Charles held various administrative positions in the federal governments Farm Resettlement program, the WPAs Federal Music Project, and the wartime Pan American Union. After World War II, he taught ethnomusicology at the University of California, Petes uncle, Alan Seeger, a noted poet, had been one of the first American soldiers to be killed in World War I. All four of Petes half-siblings from his fathers second marriage – Margaret, Mike, Barbara, peggy Seeger, a well-known performer in her own right, married British folk singer and activist Ewan MacColl. Mike Seeger was a founder of the New Lost City Ramblers, one of members, John Cohen. Barbara Seeger joined her siblings in recording songs for children. In 1935, Pete attended Camp Rising Sun, a leadership camp held every summer in upstate New York that influenced his lifes work. He visited it most recently in 2012, in 1943, Pete married Toshi-Aline Ōta, whom he credited with being the support that helped make the rest of his life possible
Pete Seeger
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Seeger at the
Clearwater Festival in June 2007
Pete Seeger
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Pete Seeger (right), 88 years old, photographed in March 2008 with his friend, the writer and musician
Ed Renehan
Pete Seeger
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Seeger in 1979
Pete Seeger
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Pete Seeger in 1955
26.
Woody Guthrie
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He frequently performed with the slogan This machine kills fascists displayed on his guitar. His best-known song is This Land Is Your Land, many of his recorded songs are archived in the Library of Congress. Throughout his life Guthrie was associated with United States Communist groups, Guthrie was married three times and fathered eight children, including American folk musician Arlo Guthrie. Guthrie died from complications of Huntingtons disease, a genetic neurological disorder. Guthrie was born in Okemah, a town in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma. His parents named him after Woodrow Wilson, then Governor of New Jersey, Charles Guthrie was an industrious businessman, owning at one time up to 30 plots of land in Okfuskee County. He was actively involved in Oklahoma politics and was a conservative Democratic candidate for office in the county, when Charles was making stump speeches, he would often be accompanied by his son. Charles Guthrie was involved in the 1911 lynching of Laura and Lawrence Nelson, Woody Guthrie wrote three songs about the event and said that his father, Charles, was later a member of the revived Ku Klux Klan. Guthries early family life was affected by fires, including one that caused the loss of his familys home in Okemah. His sister Clara later died in a fire when Guthrie was seven. Guthries mother, Nora, was afflicted with Huntingtons disease, although the family did not know this at the time and it leads to dementia as well as muscular degeneration. She was eventually committed to the Oklahoma Hospital for the Insane, judging from the circumstances of her fathers death by drowning, researchers suspect that George Sherman suffered from the same hereditary disease. When Nora Guthrie was institutionalized, Woody Guthrie was 14 and his father Charley was living and working in Pampa, Texas, to repay his debts from unsuccessful real estate deals. Woody and his siblings were on their own in Oklahoma, they relied on their eldest brother Roy for support, the 14-year-old Woody Guthrie worked odd jobs around Okemah, begging meals and sometimes sleeping at the homes of family friends. According to one story, Guthrie befriended an African-American blues harmonica player named George, before long, Guthrie bought his own harmonica and began playing along with him. In another interview 14 years later, Guthrie claimed he learned how to play harmonica from a friend, John Woods. He seemed to have an affinity for music and easily learned to play by ear. He began to use his musical skills around town, playing a song for a sandwich or coins, Guthrie easily learned old ballads and traditional English & Scots songs from the parents of friends
Woody Guthrie
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Woody Guthrie with guitar labeled "
This machine kills fascists " (1943)
Woody Guthrie
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Woody Guthrie's
Okfuskee County, Oklahoma, childhood home as it appeared in 1979
Woody Guthrie
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Woody Guthrie, 1943
Woody Guthrie
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English anti-folk musician
Billy Bragg is one of several artists influenced by Guthrie. He and rock band
Wilco recorded three albums' worth of new music containing Guthrie's previously unpublished lyrics.
27.
WNYC
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WNYC is the trademark, and a set of call letters shared by a pair of non-profit, noncommercial, public radio stations located in New York City. New York Public Radio formerly did business as WNYC RADIO until March 2013, WNYC broadcasts on 820 kHz, and WNYC-FM broadcasts on 93.9 MHz. Both stations are owned by New York Public Radio and are members of NPR, some hours the programming is simulcast, some hours different shows air on each station. WNYC reaches more than one million listeners each week and has the largest public radio audience in the United States, WNYCs AM transmitter is located in Kearny, New Jersey, WNYC-FMs transmitter is located on the Empire State Building in New York City. WNYC is one of the oldest radio stations in New York, funds for the establishment of the station were approved on June 2,1922 by the New York City Board of Estimate and Apportionment. WNYC made its first official broadcast two years later on July 8,1924, at 570 AM with a second-hand transmitter shipped from Brazil, with the commencement of WNYCs operations, the City of New York became one of the first American municipalities to be directly involved in broadcasting. Studios and transmitter were at The Municipal Building,1 Centre Street, in 1928 WNYC was forced into a time-sharing arrangement on 570 AM with WMCA, another pioneering New York radio outlet. This situation lasted until 1931, when the Federal Radio Commission moved WNYC to 810 AM, WNYCs transmitter was moved in 1937 from the top of the Municipal Building to City-owned land at 10 Kent Street in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, as part of a Works Progress Administration project. The site was designated as WNYC Transmitter Park. In 1938 the Municipal Broadcasting System was established by the City of New York to run the station, for its first 14 years, WNYC had been run by the New York City Commissioner for Bridges, Plant and Structures. Now, under an agency devoted singularly to its function and with the leadership of new director Morris S. Novik, appointed by Mayor LaGuardia, among its many landmark programs was the annual American Music Festival. In 1941 the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement shifted WNYCs dial position a second time, WCCO was moved to 830 as well, and was given clear-channel authority. WNYC would remain a 1, 000-watt outlet for the next 48 years, later that year, on December 7, WNYC was the first radio station in the United States to announce the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. During World War II, the FCC allowed WNYC to stay on the air a few hours in the evening due to the public service it was providing. WNYC began regularly scheduled broadcasts on the FM band on March 13,1943 at 43.9 MHz, known originally as W39NY, the FM outlet adopted its present WNYC-FM identity and its present frequency of 93.9 MHz within a few years. In 1961 the pair were joined by an operation, as WUHF took to the air in an experimental format. The following year the station was renamed WNYC-TV, the Brooklyn transmitter site was decommissioned, and the AM transmitter was moved to Belleville Turnpike in Kearny, New Jersey, sharing three towers with WMCA, its former shared-time partner. The stations ownership by the City meant that it was subject to the whims of various mayors
WNYC
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Mayor
Fiorello H. La Guardia on his Talk to the People program on WNYC.
WNYC
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The
Manhattan Municipal Building, WNYC's home from 1922 to 2008.
WNYC
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WNYC reporter
28.
Elektra records
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Elektra Records is an American record label owned by Warner Music Group, founded in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt. It played an important role in the development of folk music. In 2004, it was consolidated into WMGs Atlantic Records Group, after five years of dormancy, the label was revived as an imprint of Atlantic in 2009. The label has been run by Gregg Nadel since 2015 who officially became its president in 2017, Elektra was formed in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt in Holzmans St. Johns College dorm room. The usual spelling of the Greek mythological Pleiad Electra was changed, Holzman famously explained, I gave her the ‘K’ that I lacked. He found the C in the name too soft but liked the solid bite of the letter K. The first Elektra LP, New Songs, was a collection of Lieder and similar art songs, Holzman also recorded Josh White, who was without a record deal as a result of McCarthyite blacklisting. In 1964, Elektra launched Nonesuch Records and this classical budget label was the best-selling budget classical label of the era. In 1965, Elektra began a joint venture with Survey Music called Bounty Records which was Elektras first foray into pop music. The most notable signing for Bounty was the Paul Butterfield Band who was moved over to Elektra when Bounty folded, the labels most important signings were the Chicago-based Paul Butterfield Blues Band, the Los Angeles bands Love and The Doors, and the Detroit bands The Stooges and MC5. Included in Elektras LA signings were Tim Buckley and Bread, in 1968, the label also signed pioneering rock guitar soloist Lonnie Mack to a three-album deal. Also in 1967, Elektra launched its influential Nonesuch Explorer Series, excerpts from several Nonesuch Explorer recordings were later included on the two Voyager Golden Discs which were sent into deep space in 1977 aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 space probes. Elektra, along with its Nonesuch Records subsidiary, was acquired by Kinney National Services in 1970, soon afterwards, Kinney consolidated their label holdings under the Warner-Elektra-Atlantic umbrella. Holzman remained in charge of Elektra until 1972, when it merged with Asylum Records to become Elektra/Asylum Records, Asylums founder, David Geffen, would head the newly combined label. Holzman, in the meantime, was appointed vice president and chief technologist for Warner — ushering the company into home video. Holzman also went on to acquire Discovery Records, in 1975, Geffen stepped down due to health problems. He would be replaced by Joe Smith, who went on to become CEO of Capitol Records. Although the company was listed as Elektra/Asylum Records on the label credits
Elektra records
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Elektra Records logo
29.
Fulbright Program
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The program was established to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and other countries through the exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills. It is one of the most prestigious scholarships in the world, the Fulbright Program provides 8,000 grants annually to undertake graduate study, advanced research, university lecturing, and classroom teaching. The Fulbright Program is administered by cooperating organizations like the Institute of International Education and it operates in over 160 countries around the world. The U. S. Department of States Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs sponsors the Fulbright Program from an appropriation from the U. S. Congress. Additional direct and in-kind support comes from governments, foundations, corporations. In each of 49 countries, a bi-national Fulbright Commission administers, in countries without a Fulbright Commission but that have an active program, the Public Affairs Section of the U. S. Embassy oversees the Fulbright Program. More than 360,000 persons have participated in the program since it began, fifty-four Fulbright alumni have won Nobel Prizes, eighty-two have won Pulitzer Prizes. In 1945, Senator J. William Fulbright proposed a bill to use the proceeds from selling surplus U. S. government war property to international exchange between the U. S. and other countries. The bill devised a plan to forgo the debts foreign countries amassed during the war and it was through the belief that this program would be an essential vehicle to promote peace and mutual understanding between individuals, institutions and future leaders wherever they may be. If we do not want to die together in war, we must learn to live together in peace. On August 1,1946, President Harry S. Truman signed the bill into law, since it began, the program has operated on a bi-national basis, each country active in the Fulbright Program has entered into an agreement with the U. S. government. The first countries to sign agreements were Cuba in 1947 and Burma, the Philippines, Educational exchange can turn nations into people, contributing as no other form of communication can to the humanizing of international relations. The Fulbright Program works two ways, U. S. citizens may receive funding to go to a foreign country, citizens may come to the U. S. Fulbright grants are offered in almost all academic disciplines except clinical medical research involving patient contact. Fulbright grantees fields of study span the arts, humanities, social sciences, mathematics, natural and physical sciences. Student Program offers fellowships for U. S. graduating seniors, graduate students, young professionals and artists to research, study, the Fulbright Foreign Student Program enables graduate students, young professionals and artists from abroad to conduct research and study in the United States. Some scholarships are renewed after the year of study. This program is currently on hiatus, the Fulbright-mtvU Fellowships award up to four U. S. students the opportunity to study the power of music as a cultural force abroad. Fellows conduct research for one year on projects of their own design about a chosen musical aspect
Fulbright Program
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James William Fulbright
Fulbright Program
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2008 conference booth
30.
English Folk Dance and Song Society
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The English Folk Dance and Song Society was formed in 1932 when two organisations merged, the Folk-Song Society and the English Folk Dance Society. The EFDSS, an organisation, was incorporated as a Company limited by guarantee in 1935 and became a Registered Charity in England. The Folk-Song Society, founded in London in 1898, focused on collecting and publishing, primarily folk songs of Britain and Ireland although there was no formal limitation. Participants included Lucy Broadwood, Kate Lee, Cecil Sharp, Percy Grainger, Ralph Vaughan Williams, George Butterworth, George Barnet Gardiner, Henry Hammond, Anne Gilchrist, the English Folk Dance Society was founded in 1911 by Cecil Sharp. Maud Karpeles was a leading participant, since 1936 the EFDSS has published English Dance & Song at least four times a year. This has become the magazine devoted to folk music, dance. English Dance & Song is aimed at stimulating the interest of the membership of the EFDSS, as well as the folk music. Their regular scholarly publication is Folk Music Journal published annually in December, the work continues the earlier journals of the two societies, Journal of the Folk-Song Society, 1899–1931, Journal of the English Folk Dance Society 191431. The project took place in March 2011, the artists involved being, Steve Knightley, Andy Cutting, Leonard Podolak, Jim Moray, Jackie Oates, Caroline Herring, Kathryn Roberts and Patsy Reid. This free and searchable resource of 44,000 records and over 58,000 digitised images is the worlds biggest digital archive of traditional music, English Folk Dance and Song Society, registered charity no.305999. English Dance and Song Magazine website Media related to Cecil Sharp House at Wikimedia Commons
English Folk Dance and Song Society
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Cecil Sharp House in Regent's Park, London, is home to the English Folk Dance and Song Society
