1.
Film director
–
A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
Film director
–
American director
Steven Spielberg with Sri Lankan film maker
Chandran Rutnam in Sri Lanka
Film director
–
The film director gives last minute direction to the cast and crew, while filming a
costume drama on location in
London.
Film director
–
Director
Pedro Almodóvar and actress
Penélope Cruz
Film director
–
Fritz Lang directing a movie
2.
French New Wave
–
The New Wave is a blanket term coined by critics for a group of French filmmakers of the late 1950s and 1960s. New Wave is an example of European art cinema, using portable equipment and requiring little or no set up time, the New Wave way of filmmaking presented a documentary style. The films exhibited direct sounds on film stock that required less light, filming techniques included fragmented, discontinuous editing, and long takes. The combination of realism, subjective realism, and authorial commentary created a narrative ambiguity in the sense that questions that arise in a film are not answered in the end. This is why I would like to call this new age of cinema the age of the camera-stylo, Cahiers co-founder and theorist André Bazin was a prominent source of influence for the movement. By means of criticism and editorialization, they laid the groundwork for a set of concepts, revolutionary at the time, Cahiers du cinéma writers critiqued the classic Tradition of Quality style of French Cinema. Notable among these was François Truffaut in his manifesto-like article Une Certaine tendance du cinéma français, Bazin and Henri Langlois, founder and curator of the Cinémathèque Française, were the dual father figures of the movement. These men of cinema valued the expression of the personal vision in both the films style and script. The auteur theory holds that the director is the author of his movies, the beginning of the New Wave was to some extent an exercise by the Cahiers writers in applying this philosophy to the world by directing movies themselves. Apart from the role that films by Jean Rouch have played in the movement, part of their technique was to portray characters not readily labeled as protagonists in the classic sense of audience identification. The auteurs of this era owe their popularity to the support they received with their youthful audience, most of these directors were born in the 1930s and grew up in Paris, relating to how their viewers might be experiencing life. With high concentration in fashion, urban life, and all-night parties. The French New Wave was popular roughly between 1958 and 1964, although New Wave work existed as late as 1973, the socio-economic forces at play shortly after World War II strongly influenced the movement. Politically and financially drained, France tended to back on the old popular pre-war traditions. One such tradition was straight narrative cinema, specifically classical French film, the movement has its roots in rebellion against the reliance on past forms, criticizing in particular the way these forms could force the audience to submit to a dictatorial plot-line. They were especially against the French cinema of quality, the type of high-minded, literary period films held in esteem at French film festivals, New Wave critics and directors studied the work of western classics and applied new avant garde stylistic direction. The low-budget approach helped filmmakers get at the art form and find what was, to them. French New Wave is influenced by Italian Neorealism and classical Hollywood cinema, many of these directors, such as Edmond Agabra and Henri Zaphiratos, were not as successful or enduring at the well-known members of the New Wave and today would not be considered part of it
French New Wave
–
Jean-Luc Godard 's New Wave film
À bout de souffle / Breathless (1960)
3.
Catalans
–
The Catalans are a Romance ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Catalonia, who form a nationality in northern Spain. The inhabitants of the adjacent portion of southern France are included in this definition, also, Catalan is sometimes used to define people from the so-called Catalan Countries, expression used to include other areas where the Catalan is spoken. The aforementioned territories are often designated Països Catalans, Catalan Countries, the area that now is known primarily as Catalonia was, as the rest of the Iberian Peninsula, invaded in 1500 BCE by Proto-Celtic Urnfield people who brought the rite of burning the dead. These Indo-European people were absorbed by the Iberians beginning in 600 BCE in a process that would not be complete until the fourth century BCE. These groups came under the rule of various invading groups starting with the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, following the Punic Wars, the Romans replaced the Carthaginians as the dominant power in the Iberian eastern coast, including parts of Catalonia, by 206 BCE. Rome established Latin as the language and imparted a distinctly Roman culture upon the local population. An early precursor to the Catalan language began to develop from a form of popular Latin before. Various Germanic tribes arrived following nearly six centuries of Roman rule, the Visigoths established themselves in the fifth century and would rule the area until 718 when Muslim Arabs and Berbers conquered the region and held it for close to a century. The Franks held back small Muslim raiding parties, which had penetrated virtually unchallenged as far as central France, larger wars with the Muslims began with the Spanish March which led to the beginnings of the Reconquista by Catalan forces over most of Catalonia by the year 801. Barcelona became an important center for Christian forces in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalonia emerged from the conflicts in Muslim Spain as a regional power, as Christian rulers entrenched themselves in the region during the Carolingian period. Rulers such as Wilfred the Hairy became masters of a territory encompassing Catalonia. The Crown of Aragón included Catalonia, Aragón, Valencia, some sporadic regional unrest led to conflicts such as the Revolt of the Germanies in Valencia and Majorca, and the 1640 revolt in Catalonia known as the Reapers War. This latter conflict embroiled Spain in a war with France as many Catalan nobles allied themselves with Louis XIII. The Catalan government took sides with the Habsburg pretender against the Bourbon one during the War of the Spanish Succession that started in 1705 and ended in 1714. The Catalan failure to defend the perpetuation of Habsburg dynasty in Spain culminated in the surrender of Barcelona on 11 September 1714, which came to be commemorated as Catalonias national day. During the Napoleonic Wars, much of Catalonia was seized by French forces by 1808, in France, strong assimilationist policies integrated many Catalans into French society, while in Spain a Catalan identity was increasingly suppressed in favor of a national identity. The Catalans regained autonomy during the Spanish Second Republic from 1932 until Francisco Francos nationalist forces retook Catalonia by 1939. It was not until 1975 and the death of Franco that the Catalans as well as other Spaniards began to regain their right to cultural expression, which was restarted by the Spanish Constitution of 1978
Catalans
–
Battle of the Puig by Andreu Marçal de Sax depicting the Christian victory with the aid of
Saint George.
Catalans
–
After the Catalan defeat during the
War of Spanish Succession,
Philip V of Spain ordered to publicly burn all the Catalan flags and banners.
Catalans
–
The
castells,
human towers, are part of the Catalan culture since 1712 and were declared by
UNESCO to be amongst the
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Catalans
–
Catalan children wearing the traditional outfit, including the
barretina.
4.
Anarchist
–
Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions. These are often described as stateless societies, although several authors have defined them more specifically as institutions based on non-hierarchical free associations, Anarchism holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful. While anti-statism is central, anarchism entails opposing authority or hierarchical organisation in the conduct of all relations, including, but not limited to. Anarchism does not offer a fixed body of doctrine from a particular world view. Many types and traditions of anarchism exist, not all of which are mutually exclusive, Anarchist schools of thought can differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme individualism to complete collectivism. Strains of anarchism have often divided into the categories of social. The term anarchism is a word composed from the word anarchy and the suffix -ism, themselves derived respectively from the Greek ἀναρχία, i. e. anarchy. The first known use of this word was in 1539, various factions within the French Revolution labelled opponents as anarchists although few shared many views of later anarchists. The first political philosopher to call himself an anarchist was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, on the other hand, some use libertarianism to refer to individualistic free-market philosophy only, referring to free-market anarchism as libertarian anarchism. The earliest anarchist themes can be found in the 6th century BC, among the works of Taoist philosopher Laozi, zhuangzis philosophy has been described by various sources as anarchist. Zhuangzi wrote, A petty thief is put in jail, a great brigand becomes a ruler of a Nation. Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics, their contemporary Zeno of Citium, Jesus is sometimes considered the first anarchist in the Christian anarchist tradition. Georges Lechartier wrote that The true founder of anarchy was Jesus Christ, the first anarchist society was that of the apostles. This is exemplified when the glorification of the state is viewed as a form of sinful idolatry, the French renaissance political philosopher Étienne de La Boétie wrote in his most famous work the Discourse on Voluntary Servitude what some historians consider an important anarchist precedent. The radical Protestant Christian Gerrard Winstanley and his group the Diggers are cited by authors as proposing anarchist social measures in the 17th century in England. The term anarchist first entered the English language in 1642, during the English Civil War, as a term of abuse, used by Royalists against their Roundhead opponents. By the time of the French Revolution some, such as the Enragés, began to use the term positively, in opposition to Jacobin centralisation of power, by the turn of the 19th century, the English word anarchism had lost its initial negative connotation. Modern anarchism emerged from the secular or religious thought of the Enlightenment, as part of the political turmoil of the 1790s in the wake of the French Revolution, William Godwin developed the first expression of modern anarchist thought
Anarchist
–
William Godwin, "the first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his work".
Anarchist
–
A sympathetic engraving by
Walter Crane of the executed "Anarchists of Chicago" after the
Haymarket affair. The Haymarket affair is generally considered the most significant event for the origin of international May Day observances.
Anarchist
–
Italian-American anarchist
Luigi Galleani. His followers, known as Galleanists, carried out a series of bombings and assassination attempts from 1914 to 1932 in what they saw as attacks on 'tyrants' and 'enemies of the people'
5.
Fresnes Prison
–
Fresnes Prison is the second largest prison in France, located in the town of Fresnes, Val-de-Marne South of Paris. It comprises a large mens prison of about 1200 cells, a one for women. Fresnes is one of the three main prisons of the Paris area, the Fleury-Mérogis Prison and the La Santé Prison being the other two, the prison was constructed between 1895 and 1898 according to a design devised by the architect, Henri Poussin. An example of the so-called telephone-pole design, the facility was radically different from previous prisons, at Fresnes prison, for the first time, cell houses extended crosswise from a central corridor. The design, an example of which is the Rikers Island prison in New York City, was used extensively in North America for much of the next century. During World War II, Fresnes prison was used by the Germans to house captured British SOE agents, held in horrific conditions, these prisoners were tortured, and some, such as Berty Albrecht, co-founder of the Combat movement, died there. As soon as the Allied forces broke through at Normandy and fought their way to liberate Paris, christopher Burney was freed in 1945, and published Solitary Confinement, an account of his fifteen months there. Squadron Leader Phil Lamason of the RNZAF was the ranking officer and they were also transferred to Buchenwald concentration camp just days before Paris was liberated. Like any major prison, Fresnes has had its share of famous and notorious inmates, agnès Humbert, with other members of the French Resistance Groupe du musée de lHomme were imprisoned, tried, and sentenced there in 1941-1942. Edmond Debeaumarché was imprisoned there and was transported by train to Buchenwald, as one of the group of 77,000. The automobile industrialist Louis Renault, arrested for collaborating with the Nazis, paul Touvier died of prostate cancer in 1996 at the Fresnes prison hospital during his incarceration for war crimes. Throughout Fresnes prisons history, there have also been several memorable escapes, arrested again four months later, Ferrara is now imprisoned in Fleury-Mérogis. One member of Operation Aquatint, Captain Graham Hayes, MC, longmans 1967 Fresnes - Etablissement pénitentiaire - maison darrêt - Ministry of France
Fresnes Prison
–
view of the prison
6.
Zero for Conduct
–
Zero for Conduct is a 1933 French featurette directed by Jean Vigo. It was first shown on 7 April 1933 and was banned in France until 15 February 1946. The title refers to a mark the boys would get which prevented them from going out on Sundays, though the film was not immediately popular, it has proven to be enduringly influential. François Truffaut paid homage to Zero for Conduct in his 1959 film The 400 Blows, director Lindsay Anderson has acknowledged that his own film if. was inspired by Zero for Conduct. Four rebellious young boys at a repressive French boarding school plot and execute a revolt against their teachers and he then met and befriended Jacques-Louis Nounez, a rich businessman who was interested in making films. Vigo discussed the idea of a film about his experiences at a Millau boarding school. Zero for Conduct was shot from December 1932 until January 1933 with a budget of 200,000 francs, Vigo used mostly non-professional actors and sometimes people that he spotted on the street. The four main characters are all based on people that Vigo had known in his youth. Caussat and Bruel were based on friends from Millau, Colin was based on a friend he had known in Chartes, the teachers depicted in the film were based on the guards at La Petite Roquette juvenile prison where Vigos father Miguel Almereyda had once been an inmate. The films soundtrack was poor in quality due to budgetary constraints, at one point in the film, Tabard tells his teachers shit on you. Which was once a famous headline in a French newspaper that Vigos father had directed at all world governments, Vigos poor health became worse during the films production but he was able to complete the editing. The film was first screened on April 7,1933 in Paris, the premiere shocked many audience members who hissed and booed Vigo. Other audience members, most notably Jacques Prevert, loudly clapped, French film critics were strongly divided about the film. Some called it ridiculous and compared it to lavatory flushing while others praised its fiery daring. The films most vocal critics included a French Catholic journal which called it a work by an obsessed maniac. Like all of Vigos work, Zero for Conduct first began to be rediscovered in about 1945 when a screening of his films was organized. Since then, its reputation has grown and it has influenced such films as François Truffauts The 400 Blows and they move us doubly since the esthetic emotion is compounded by a biographical, personal and intimate emotion. They bring us back to our short pants, to school, to the blackboard, to vacations, Vigos biographer Paulo Emílio Salles Gomes has discussed Vigos extreme sensitivity to anything concerning a childs vulnerability in the adult world and his respect for children and their feelings
Zero for Conduct
–
Film poster
7.
David Thomson (film critic)
–
David Thomson is a British film critic and historian based in the United States and the author of more than 20 books. His reference works in particular — Have You Seen, a Personal Introduction to 1,000 Films and The New Biographical Dictionary of Film — have been praised as works of high literary merit and eccentricity. Benjamin Schwarz, writing in the Atlantic Monthly, called him probably the greatest living film critic and historian who writes the most fun, john Banville called him “the greatest living writer on the movies”. He taught film studies at Dartmouth College and has been a contributor to The New York Times, Film Comment, Movieline, The New Republic. Thomson has served on the committee for the New York Film Festival and scripted an award-winning documentary, The Making of a Legend. Thomson has written several biographies, novels and unproduced screenplays, including Fierce Heat and he has confessed that he prefers writing books to film writing. Thomson lives in San Francisco with his wife and their two sons, on April 1,2014, the San Francisco International Film Festival announced that Thomson would receive the Mel Novikoff Award at the 57th annual SFIFF
David Thomson (film critic)
–
Thomson speaking in New York, 2013
8.
Nice
–
Nice is the fifth most populous city in France and the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes département. The urban area of Nice extends beyond the city limits. Nice is about 13 kilometres from the principality of Monaco, the city is nicknamed Nice la Belle, which means Nice the Beautiful, which is also the title of the unofficial anthem of Nice, written by Menica Rondelly in 1912. The area of todays Nice contains Terra Amata, a site which displays evidence of a very early use of fire. Around 350 BC, Greeks of Marseille founded a permanent settlement and called it Nikaia, after Nike, through the ages, the town has changed hands many times. Its strategic location and port significantly contributed to its maritime strength, for centuries it was a dominion of Savoy, and was then part of France between 1792 and 1815, when it was returned to Piedmont-Sardinia until its re-annexation by France in 1860. The citys main seaside promenade, the Promenade des Anglais owes its name to visitors to the resort, for decades now, the picturesque Nicean surroundings have attracted not only those in search of relaxation, but also those seeking inspiration. The clear air and soft light have particularly appealed to some of Western cultures most outstanding painters, such as Marc Chagall, Henri Matisse, Niki de Saint Phalle and Arman. Their work is commemorated in many of the museums, including Musée Marc Chagall, Musée Matisse. Nice has the second largest hotel capacity in the country and it is one of its most visited cities and it also has the third busiest airport in France, after the two main Parisian ones. It is the capital city of the County of Nice. Nice was probably founded around 350 BC by the Greeks of Massalia, the ruins of Cemenelum are in Cimiez, now a district of Nice. In the 7th century, Nice joined the Genoese League formed by the towns of Liguria. In 729 the city repulsed the Saracens, but in 859 and again in 880 the Saracens pillaged and burned it, during the Middle Ages, Nice participated in the wars and history of Italy. As an ally of Pisa it was the enemy of Genoa, during the 13th and 14th centuries the city fell more than once into the hands of the Counts of Provence, but it regained its independence even though related to Genoa. The medieval city walls surrounded the Old Town, the landward side was protected by the River Paillon, which was later covered over and is now the tram route towards the Acropolis. The east side of the town was protected by fortifications on Castle Hill, another river flowed into the port on the east side of Castle Hill. Engravings suggest that the area was also defended by walls
Nice
–
Nice Port
Nice
–
Nice in the time of the
Roman Empire.
Nice
–
The Tower of Saint François
Nice
–
Nice in 1624
9.
Silent film
–
A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936, in silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise, an orchestra would play from sheet music. The term silent film is therefore a retronym—that is, a term created to distinguish something retroactively, the early films with sound, starting with The Jazz Singer in 1927, were referred to as talkies, sound films, or talking pictures. A September 2013 report by the United States Library of Congress announced that a total of 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be completely lost, the earliest precursors of film began with image projection through the use of a device known as the magic lantern. This utilized a glass lens, a shutter and a persistent light source, such as a powerful lantern and these slides were originally hand-painted, but still photographs were used later on after the technological advent of photography in the nineteenth century. The invention of a practical photography apparatus preceded cinema by only fifty years, the next significant step towards film creation was the development of an understanding of image movement. Simulations of movement date as far back as to 1828 and only four years after Paul Roget discovered the phenomenon he called Persistence of Vision. This experience was further demonstrated through Rogets introduction of the thaumatrope, the first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge between 1877 and 1880. Muybridge set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and timed image exposures to capture the many stages of a horses gallop, the oldest surviving film was created by Louis Le Prince in 1888. It was a film of people walking in Oakwood streets garden. Edison also made a business of selling Kinetograph and Kinetoscope equipment, due to Edisons lack of securing an international patent on his film inventions, similar devices were invented around the world. The Lumière brothers, for example, created the Cinématographe in France, the Cinématographe proved to be a more portable and practical device than both of Edisons as it combined a camera, film processor and projector in one unit. In contrast to Edisons peepshow-style kinetoscope, which one person could watch through a viewer. Their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, shot in 1894, is considered the first true motion picture, the invention of celluloid film, which was strong and flexible, greatly facilitated the making of motion pictures. This film was 35 mm wide and pulled using four sprocket holes and this doomed the cinematograph, which could only use film with just one sprocket hole. From the very beginnings of film production, the art of motion pictures grew into maturity in the silent era. Silent filmmakers pioneered the art form to the extent that virtually every style, the silent era was also pioneering era from a technical point of view
Silent film
–
Scene from
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921), one of the highest-grossing silent films.
Silent film
–
The iconic clock scene from
Safety Last! (1923)
Silent film
–
Lillian Gish, the "First Lady of the American Cinema", was a leading star in the silent era with one of the longest careers, working from 1912 to 1987
Silent film
–
Cinématographe Lumière at the
Institut Lumière, France. Such cameras had no audio recording devices built into the cameras.
10.
Jean Taris
–
Jean Charles Émile Taris was a French swimmer who competed at the 1928,1932 and 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1928, he was eliminated in the heats of the 4×200 m freestyle relay and 1500 m freestyle, in 1932 he won a silver medal in the 400 m freestyle,0.1 seconds behind Buster Crabbe, and finished sixth in the 1500 m freestyle. In 1936 he placed fourth in the 4×200 m freestyle relay, Taris was the subject of Jean Vigos short film Jean Taris, Swimming Champion in 1930. He won two European titles in 1934, and finished second in the 400 m freestyle in 1931,0.2 seconds behind István Bárány, in 1984 he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame. During his career Taris set 7 world and 49 national records and he won the Seine river 8 km race four times. World record progression 400 metres freestyle World record progression 800 metres freestyle
Jean Taris
–
Jean Taris in 1929
11.
National Film and Television Archive
–
The BFI National Archive is a department of the British Film Institute, and one of the largest film archives in the world. It was founded as the National Film Library in 1935, its first curator was Ernest Lindgren, in 1955, its name became the National Film Archive, and, in 1992, the National Film and Television Archive. It was renamed BFI National Archive in 2006, the majority of the collection is British originated material, but it also features internationally significant holdings from around the world. The Archive also collects films which feature key British actors and the work of British directors, the collections themselves are accommodated on several sites. In recent years the Conservation Centre has completed a number of much anticipated restorations of a range of film titles. K. in the early part of the twentieth century. The BFI National Archive now comprises over 275,000 feature, non-fiction and it is one of the largest and most prestigious film collections in the world. In addition to moving image materials the Special Collections hold the records of filmmakers, emphasis is placed on British productions but whenever possible important and popular movies from overseas are also acquired
National Film and Television Archive
–
The Master Film Store of the BFI National Archive, Gaydon, Warwickshire, opened 2011, designed by Cullinan Studio.
National Film and Television Archive
–
The BFI National Archive Kingshill at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire opened here in 1935. This is the site entrance, several large modern archive buildings lie behind the barn building. The site is officially known as the J Paul Getty Junior Conservation Centre.
12.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
–
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
–
First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
–
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
–
The New York Times newsroom, 1942
13.
John Keats
–
John Keats was an English Romantic poet. He had a significant influence on a range of poets. Jorge Luis Borges stated that his first encounter with Keatss work was the most significant literary experience of his life, the poetry of Keats is characterised by sensual imagery, most notably in the series of odes. This is typical of poets, as they aimed to accentuate extreme emotion through the emphasis of natural imagery. Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular, John Keats was born in Moorgate, London, on 31 October 1795 to Thomas Keats and his wife, born Frances Jennings. There is no evidence of his exact birthplace. Although Keats and his family seem to have marked his birthday on 29 October and he was the eldest of four surviving children, his younger siblings were George, Thomas, and Frances Mary Fanny who eventually married Spanish author Valentín Llanos Gutiérrez. Another son was lost in infancy and his father first worked as a hostler at the stables attached to the Swan and Hoop Inn, an establishment he later managed, and where the growing family lived for some years. Keats believed that he was born at the inn, a birthplace of humble origins, the Globe pub now occupies the site, a few yards from the modern-day Moorgate station. He was baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, and sent to a dame school as a child. His parents were unable to afford Eton or Harrow, so in the summer of 1803, he was sent to board at John Clarkes school in Enfield, the small school had a liberal outlook and a progressive curriculum more modern than the larger, more prestigious schools. In the family atmosphere at Clarkes, Keats developed an interest in classics and history, the headmasters son, Charles Cowden Clarke, also became an important mentor and friend, introducing Keats to Renaissance literature, including Tasso, Spenser, and Chapmans translations. The young Keats was described by his friend Edward Holmes as a character, always in extremes, given to indolence. However, at 13 he began focusing his energy on reading and study, in April 1804, when Keats was eight, his father died. The cause of death was a fracture, suffered when he fell from his horse while returning from a visit to Keats. Frances remarried two months later, but left her new husband soon afterwards, and the four went to live with their grandmother, Alice Jennings. In March 1810 when Keats was 14, his mother died of tuberculosis and she appointed two guardians, Richard Abbey and John Sandell, to take care of them. That autumn, Keats left Clarkes school to apprentice with Thomas Hammond, a surgeon and apothecary who was a neighbour, Keats lodged in the attic above the surgery at 7 Church Street until 1813
John Keats
–
Portrait of John Keats by
William Hilton.
National Portrait Gallery, London
John Keats
–
Life mask of Keats by
Benjamin Haydon, 1816
John Keats
–
Wentworth Place, now the
Keats House museum (left), Ten Keats Grove (right)
John Keats
–
Ambrotype of Fanny Brawne taken circa 1850 (photograph on glass)
14.
Percy Bysshe Shelley
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Percy Bysshe Shelley was one of the major English Romantic poets, and is regarded by some as among the finest lyric, as well as most influential, poets in the English language. A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not see fame during his lifetime, but recognition for his poetry grew steadily following his death. Shelley was a key member of a circle of visionary poets and writers that included Lord Byron, Leigh Hunt, Thomas Love Peacock, and his own second wife, Mary Shelley. Shelley is perhaps best known for such poems as Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, Music, When Soft Voices Die, The Cloud. Shelleys close circle of friends included some of the most important progressive thinkers of the day, including his father-in-law, the philosopher William Godwin and Leigh Hunt. Though Shelleys poetry and prose output remained steady throughout his life, most publishers, Shelley became a lodestone to the subsequent three or four generations of poets, including important Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets such as Robert Browning and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. He was admired by Oscar Wilde, Thomas Hardy, George Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell, yeats, Upton Sinclair and Isadora Duncan. Henry David Thoreaus civil disobedience was apparently influenced by Shelleys non-violence in protest, Shelleys popularity and influence has continued to grow in contemporary poetry circles. Shelley was born on 4 August 1792 at Field Place, Broadbridge Heath, near Horsham, West Sussex, England. He was the eldest legitimate son of Sir Timothy Shelley, a Whig Member of Parliament for Horsham from 1790–92 and he had four younger sisters and one much younger brother. He received his education at home, tutored by the Reverend Evan Edwards of nearby Warnham. His cousin and lifelong friend Thomas Medwin, who lived nearby and it was a happy and contented childhood spent largely in country pursuits such as fishing and hunting. In 1802, he entered the Syon House Academy of Brentford, in 1804, Shelley entered Eton College, where he fared poorly, and was subjected to an almost daily mob torment at around noon by older boys, who aptly called these incidents Shelley-baits. Surrounded, the young Shelley would have his books torn from his hands and his clothes pulled at and this daily misery could be attributed to Shelleys refusal to take part in fagging and his indifference towards games and other youthful activities. Because of these peculiarities he acquired the nickname Mad Shelley, Shelley possessed a keen interest in science at Eton, which he would often apply to cause a surprising amount of mischief for a boy considered to be so sensible. Shelley would often use an electric machine to charge the door handle of his room. His friends were particularly amused when his tutor, Mr Bethell, in attempting to enter his room, was alarmed at the noise of the electric shocks. His mischievous side was again demonstrated by his last bit of naughtiness at school, despite these jocular incidents, a contemporary of Shelley, W. H. Merie, recalled that Shelley made no friends at Eton, although he did seek a kindred spirit without success
Percy Bysshe Shelley
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Portrait of Shelley by
Alfred Clint (1819)
Percy Bysshe Shelley
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Signature
Percy Bysshe Shelley
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William Godwin in 1802, by
James Northcote.
Percy Bysshe Shelley
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Richard Rothwell 's portrait of Mary Shelley in later life was shown at the
Royal Academy in 1840, accompanied by lines from Percy Shelley's poem
The Revolt of Islam calling her a "child of love and light".
15.
Martin Scorsese
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Martin Charles Scorsese is an American director, producer, screenwriter, and film historian, whose career spans more than 50 years. Scorseses body of work addresses such themes as Sicilian-American identity, Roman Catholic concepts of guilt and redemption, faith, machismo, modern crime, many of his films are also known for their depiction of violence and liberal use of profanity. Part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking, he is regarded as one of the most significant. In 1990, he founded The Film Foundation, an organization dedicated to film preservation. Their third film together, The Departed, won Scorsese the Academy Award for Best Director in addition to the winning the award for Best Picture. Their collaborations have resulted in numerous Academy Award nominations for both as well as winning several other prestigious awards. His work in television includes the episode of the HBO series Boardwalk Empire and Vinyl. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for the crime drama The Departed, with eight Best Director nominations, he is the most nominated living director and is tied with Billy Wilder for the second most nominations overall. Scorsese was born in Queens, New York and his family moved to Little Italy, Manhattan before he started school. His father, Charles Scorsese, and mother, Catherine Scorsese and his father was a clothes presser and an actor, and his mother was a seamstress and an actress. His fathers parents emigrated from Polizzi Generosa, in the province of Palermo, Sicily, Scorsese was raised in a devoutly Catholic environment. As a teenager in the Bronx, Scorsese frequently rented Powell, Scorsese was one of only two people who regularly rented that reel. The other was future Night Of The Living Dead director George A. Romero, Scorsese has cited Sabu and Victor Mature as his favorite actors during his youth. He has also spoken of the influence of the 1947 Powell and Pressburger film Black Narcissus, whose innovative techniques later impacted his filmmaking. Enamored of historical epics in his adolescence, at least two films of the genre, Land of the Pharaohs and El Cid, appear to have had a deep, Scorsese also developed an admiration for neorealist cinema at this time. He acknowledges owing a debt to the French New Wave and has stated that the French New Wave has influenced all filmmakers who have worked since. He has also cited filmmakers including Satyajit Ray, Ingmar Bergman, Michelangelo Antonioni and he went on to earn his M. F. A. from NYUs School of the Arts in 1966, a year after the school was founded. Scorsese attended New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts making the short films Whats a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This. and Its Not Just You, Murray
Martin Scorsese
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Scorsese at the 2010
Cannes Film Festival
Martin Scorsese
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From left:
Salvo Cuccia, Martin Scorsese and
Vittorio De Seta at the
2005 Tribeca Film Festival
Martin Scorsese
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Scorsese at the
Gangs of New York screening at the
Cannes Film Festival with
Leonardo DiCaprio and
Cameron Diaz
Martin Scorsese
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Martin Scorsese at the 65th Annual Peabody Awards
16.
Sergei Parajanov
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Sergei Parajanov was a Soviet film director and artist of Armenian descent who made significant contributions to Soviet cinematography through Ukrainian, Armenian, and Georgian cinema. He invented his own style, which was totally out of step with the guiding principles of socialist realism. This, combined with his lifestyle and behaviour, led Soviet authorities to repeatedly persecute and imprison him. Although he started professional film-making in 1954, Parajanov later disowned all the films he made before 1965 as garbage, after directing Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors Parajanov became something of an international celebrity and simultaneously a target of attacks from the system. He was imprisoned until 1977, despite a pleas for pardon from various artists, even after his release he was a persona non grata in Soviet cinema. It was not until the mid-1980s, when the climate started to relax. Still, it required the help of influential Georgian actor Dodo Abashidze, in January 1988, he said in an interview, Everyone knows that I have three Motherlands. I was born in Georgia, worked in Ukraine and Im going to die in Armenia, Sergei Parajanov is buried at Komitas Pantheon which is located in the city center of Yerevan. Parajanov was an member of the Georgian social scene. Parajanov was born Sarkis Hovsepi Parajaniants to artistically gifted Armenian parents, Iosif Paradjanov and Siranush Bejanova, in Tbilisi and he gained access to art from an early age. In 1948 he was convicted of acts with a MGB officer named Nikolai Mikava in Tbilisi. He was sentenced to five years in prison, but was released under an amnesty after three months, in video interviews, friends and relatives contest the truthfulness of anything he was charged with. They speculate the punishment may have been a form of retaliation for his rebellious views. In 1950 Parajanov married his first wife, Nigyar Kerimova, in Moscow and she came from a Muslim Tatar family and converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity to marry Parajanov. She was later murdered by her relatives because of her conversion, after her murder Parajanov left Russia for Kiev, Ukraine, where he produced a few documentaries and a handful of narrative films, Andriesh, The Top Guy, Ukrainian Rhapsody, and Flower on the Stone. He became fluent in Ukrainian and married his wife, Svitlana Ivanivna Shcherbatiuk, also known as Svetlana Sherbatiuk or Svetlana Parajanov. Shcherbatiuk gave birth to a son, Suren, in 1958, andrey Tarkovskys first film Ivans Childhood had an enormous impact on Parajanovs self-discovery as a filmmaker. Later the influence became mutual, and he and Tarkovsky became close friends, in 1965 Parajanov abandoned socialist realism and directed the poetic Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, his first film over which he had complete creative control
Sergei Parajanov
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Sergei Parajanov depicted on an Armenian postal stamp
Sergei Parajanov
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Memorial plaque on the Parajanov family house in Tbilisi (7 Kote Meskhi St.)
Sergei Parajanov
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Parajanov's muse, Georgian actress
Sofiko Chiaureli in
The Color of Pomegranates
Sergei Parajanov
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Parajanov's monument in Tbilisi
17.
James Frain
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James Dominic Frain is an English stage and screen actor. Frain played leading roles in the BBC dramas Armadillo, The Buccaneers and The Mill on the Floss and he also appeared as Chief Magistrate Gérard de Villefort in The Count of Monte Cristo and Bassianus in Titus. Frain was born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, and brought up in Stansted Mountfitchet, Essex, the eldest of eight children of a teacher mother and a stockbroker father. He was educated at Newport Free Grammar School, studied English, Film and Drama at the University of East Anglia and trained as an actor at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London. While in his year of drama school, he made his film debut in Shadowlands after being spotted by Richard Attenborough. He has been a regular on the stage in the United Kingdom, appearing with the Royal Shakespeare Company and Royal Court Theatre, as well as on the West End. He has also appeared on Broadway and was a recipient of the 2008 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Ensemble Performances along with the rest of the cast of The Homecoming. He has appeared in a number of series, such as Armadillo,24, Invasion. In season 2 of Grimm, Frain joined the cast as a recurring character named Eric Renard. He currently stars in the season of Gotham as Azrael. In 2004, Frain married Emmy nominated director Marta Cunningham, they have two children, in his spare time, he is an amateur artist. F. Villefort Path to War - Richard N
James Frain
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Frain at the 2010
San Diego Comic Con.
18.
Steve Adey
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Steve Adey is an English musician and singer-songwriter. His music is characterised by slow tempos, minimalist arrangements, underpinned by piano, to date, Adey has released two albums and various EPs and singles. Adey released his critically well received debut album All Things Real in 2006 through independent record label Grand Harmonium Records, writers generally warmed to the albums introspective songs and well chosen covers. US journal for improvised and progressive music Signal to Noise heralded the album as haunting folk into straight-up epic territory, many reviews picked up on the integration of hi-fidelity crossed with a lo fi, homemade approach. Grand Harmonium released lead single Find the Way, containing two new recordings of Find the Way and Mississippi. Mississippi, Remixed, a download only EP, featuring Kramer, A Marble Calm, Black Sheep, the Marble Calm remix was also released on 12 vinyl via Tonefloat Records. A limited 7 single and download, Burning Fields b/w Everything in its Right Place followed in September 2007, Steve Adey played several festivals around Europe in 2007, and in August 2007 headlined his debut UK tour. In 2010, a new Steve Adey track was featured in an advert for Mercedes-Benz, a five song EP entitled These Resurrections was released in May 2011. A new studio long player The Tower of Silence was released in November 2012 to positive critical response, the Tower of Silence made The Sunday Times Album of the Week and Q Magazine cited the album as beautiful and grandly. MusicOMH garnered the album a meticulously crafted, sparse and funereally paced soundscape on which every note seems to have to earn its place, an eerie, sweeping soundtrack of grand orchestration. ”Mojo Magazines Andy Cowen writes Theres a breathtaking sonic purity to Adeys second album. Stripped down to the barest of bones, the songwriters heartfelt paeans, delivered in his rich baritone, are up there with the best of Bill Callahan. All Things Real was recorded between September 2003 and April 2005, at Longformacus Parish Church, and a cottage in Longformacus, Scottish Borders. The recording was fixed and mastered by Calum Malcolm, the album consists of both original compositions and cover versions of Bob Dylans Shelter from the Storm and Will Oldhams I See a Darkness. All Things Real was critically well received. Sunday Times journalist Mark Edwards on Shelter from the Storm, You’d have to be a fool to cover one of Dylan’s best-loved songs. Either that, or a singer with the presence — and presence of mind — to slow it right down, ian Mathers from Stylus Magazine, Never has Dylan’s “creature void of form” sounded so wracked, so stricken. The album includes the song Mary Margaret OHara, a tribute to the Canadian singer / actress Mary Margaret OHara, an initial album recording, featuring choral singers and members of the Royal Scottish National Orchestra was abandoned, due to the wrong feel and a less personal sound. It was announced via Steves official website over the summer of 2012 that a new album will be available from September as a special LP bundle direct from the artist, an official release was to follow in November through the Grand Harmonium label. Adey worked on The Tower of Silence for several years, mostly mixing and editing early band recordings that were laid down in a church, no computers were used and Adey wanted to mix to tape in an old school style
Steve Adey
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Promo image for
The Tower of Silence LP
19.
The Tower of Silence (album)
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The Tower of Silence is the second studio album by Steve Adey. The album was released in the UK by Grand Harmonium on November 26,2012 and it was announced via Steves official website over the summer of 2012 that a new album will be available from September as a special LP bundle direct from the artist. An official release was to follow in November through the Grand Harmonium label, the album was recorded in Edinburgh, UK, in Adeys recording studio. A full string section was employed during the initial recording, the sound is more live with more emphasis on a stronger band feel. The album was recorded five years and when asked why the delay. The album cover art is an illustration of a whale suspended by balloons, the theme continues throughout the LP/CD booklet. Matt Canning contributed all illustrations for the artwork and worked with Adey to integrate the visuals. The Tower of Silence received critical acclaim including The Sunday Times Album of the Week and Q magazine cited the album as beautiful and grandly. MusicOMH called the album a meticulously crafted, sparse and funereally paced soundscape on which every note seems to have to earn its place, mojos Andy Cowen writes Theres a breathtaking sonic purity to Adeys second album. Stripped down to the barest of bones, the songwriters heartfelt paeans, delivered in his rich baritone, are up there with the best of Bill Callahan. All songs written by Steve Adey except where noted. com Album trailer on YouTube
The Tower of Silence (album)
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The Tower of Silence
20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
21.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
IMDb
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Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
