1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
United Arab Emirates
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In 2013, the UAEs population was 9.2 million, of which 1.4 million are Emirati citizens and 7.8 million are expatriates. The country is a federation of seven emirates, and was established on 2 December 1971, the constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. Each emirate is governed by a monarch, together, they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council. One of the monarchs is selected as the President of the United Arab Emirates, Islam is the official religion of the UAE and Arabic is the official language. The UAEs oil reserves are the seventh-largest in the world while its natural gas reserves are the worlds seventeenth-largest, Sheikh Zayed, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the first President of the UAE, oversaw the development of the Emirates and steered oil revenues into healthcare, education and infrastructure. The UAEs economy is the most diversified in the Gulf Cooperation Council, while its most populous city of Dubai is an important global city, nevertheless, the country remains principally reliant on its export of petroleum and natural gas. The UAE is criticised for its rights record, including the specific interpretations of Sharia used in its legal system. The UAEs rising international profile has led analysts to identify it as a regional. It appears the land of the Emirates has been occupied for thousands of years, there is no proof of contact with the outside world at that stage, although in time it developed with civilisations in Mesopotamia and Iran. This contact persisted and became wide-ranging, probably motivated by trade in copper from the Hajar Mountains, in ancient times, Al Hasa was part of Al Bahreyn and adjoined Greater Oman. Sassanid groups were present on the Batinah coast, in 637, Julfar was an important port that was used as a staging post for the Islamic invasion of the Sassanian Empire. The area of the Al Ain/Buraimi Oasis was known as Tuam and was an important trading post for camel routes between the coast and the Arabian interior. The earliest Christian site in the UAE was first discovered in the 1990s, a monastic complex on what is now known as Sir Bani Yas Island. Thought to be Nestorian and built in 600 AD, the church appears to have been abandoned peacefully in 750 AD and it forms a rare physical link to a legacy of Christianity which is thought to have spread across the peninsula from 50 to 350 AD following trade routes. Certainly, by the 5th century, Oman had a bishop named John – the last bishop of Oman being Etienne, in 676 AD. This led to a group of travelling to Medina, converting to Islam and subsequently driving a successful uprising against the unpopular Sassanids. Following the death of Prophet Muhammad, the new Islamic communities south of the Persian Gulf threatened to disintegrate, with insurrections against the Muslim leaders. The Caliph Abu Bakr sent an army from the capital Medina which completed its reconquest of the territory with the battle of Dibba in which 10,000 lives are thought to have been lost
3.
Dubai
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Dubai is the largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates. It is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the countrys legislature. The city of Dubai is located on the northern coastline. Dubai will host World Expo 2020, Dubai has emerged as a global city and business hub of the Middle East. It is also a transport hub for passengers and cargo. By the 1960s, Dubais economy was based on revenues from trade and, to an extent, oil exploration concessions. Oil revenue first started to flow in 1969, Dubais oil revenue helped accelerate the early development of the city, but its reserves are limited and production levels are low, today, less than 5% of the emirates revenue comes from oil. The emirates Western-style model of business drives its economy with the main revenues now coming from tourism, aviation, real estate, Dubai was recently named the best destination for Muslim travellers by Salam Standard. Dubai has recently attracted attention through many innovative large construction projects and sports events. The city has become iconic for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the worlds tallest building, Dubai has been criticised for human rights violations concerning the citys largely South Asian and Filipino workforce. As of 2012, Dubai was the 22nd most expensive city in the world, in 2014, Dubais hotel rooms were rated as the second most expensive in the world, after Geneva. Dubai was rated as one of the best places to live in the Middle East by U. S. global consulting firm Mercer, Many theories have been proposed as to the origin of the word Dubai. One theory suggests the word was used to describe the souq, another theory states that the name came from a word meaning money, as people from Dubai were commonly believed to be rich due to the thriving trading centre of the location. An Arabic proverb says Daba Dubai, meaning They came with a lot of money, according to Fedel Handhal, a scholar on the UAEs history and culture, the word Dubai may have come from the word daba, referring to the slow flow of Dubai Creek inland. The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traces it to the same word, an inhabitant or native of the city is a Dubaian. Although stone tools have been found at archaeological sites, little is known about the UAEs early inhabitants as only a few settlements have been found. Many ancient towns in the area were trading centres between the Eastern and Western worlds, the remnants of an ancient mangrove swamp, dated at 7000 BC, were discovered during the construction of sewer lines near Dubai Internet City. The area was covered with sand about 5,000 years ago as the coast retreated inland, pre-Islamic ceramics have been found from the 3rd and 4th centuries
4.
Arabic
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Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested
5.
Port
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A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land. Port locations are selected to optimize access to land and navigable water, for commercial demand, Ports with deeper water are rarer, but can handle larger ships. Since ports throughout history handled every kind of traffic, support and storage facilities vary widely, may extend for miles, some ports have an important military role. One of the worlds oldest known artificial harbors is at Wadi al-Jarf on the Red Sea, along with the finding of harbor structures, ancient anchors have also been found. Guangzhou was an important port during the ancient times as far back as the Qin Dynasty, canopus was the principal port in Egypt for Greek trade before the foundation of Alexandria. Athens port of Piraeus was the base for the Athenian fleet, lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilisation, located in the Bhāl region of the modern state of Gujarāt and dating from 3700 BCE. Ostia Antica was the port of ancient Rome with Portus established by Claudius, Ports often have cargo-handling equipment, such as cranes and forklifts for use in loading ships, which may be provided by private interests or public bodies. Often, canneries or other processing facilities will be located nearby, some ports feature canals, which allow ships further movement inland. Access to intermodal transportation, such as railroads and highways, is critical to a port, so that passengers, Ports with international traffic have customs facilities. Harbor pilots and tugboats may maneuver large ships in tight quarters when near docks, the terms port and seaport are used for different types of port facilities that handle ocean-going vessels, and river port is used for river traffic, such as barges and other shallow-draft vessels. An inland port is a port on a lake, river, or canal with access to a sea or ocean. An example of this is the St. Lawrence Seaway which allows ships to travel from the Atlantic Ocean several thousand kilometers inland to Great Lakes ports like Duluth-Superior, a fishing port is a port or harbor for landing and distributing fish. It may be a facility, but it is usually commercial. A fishing port is the port that depends on an ocean product. In recent decades, regulations to save fishing stock may limit the use of a fishing port, a dry port is an inland intermodal terminal directly connected by road or rail to a seaport and operating as a centre for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations. A warm-water port is one where the water does not freeze in wintertime, because they are available year-round, warm-water ports can be of great geopolitical or economic interest. A seaport is further categorized as a port or a cargo port. Additionally, cruise ports are known as a home port or a port of call
6.
Port of Jebel Ali
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Jebel Ali is a deep port located in Jebel Ali, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Jebel Ali is the ninth busiest port and the largest man-made harbour. Port Jebel Ali was constructed in the late 1970s to supplement the facilities at Port Rashid, Jebel Ali port is located 35 km southwest of Dubai, in the Persian Gulf. Jebel Ali Port, credited to the efforts of Rashid bin Saeed Al-Maktoum, was constructed in the late 1970s, the village of Jebel Ali was constructed for port workers, and it has a population of 300 people. It is home to over 5,000 companies from 120 countries of the world, with 67 berths and a size of 134.68 square kilometres, Jebel Ali is the worlds largest man-made harbour and the biggest port in the Middle-East. The port of Jebel Ali has become the port most frequently visited by ships of the United States Navy outside the United States. Due to the depth of the harbour and size of the port facilities, due to the frequency of these port visits, semi-permanent liberty facilities have been erected adjacent to the carrier berth. Port Jebel Ali encompass over one million metres of container yard. In addition, Port Jebel Ali also consist of 960 thousand square metres of open storage, Port Jebel Ali is linked to Dubai’s expressway system and to the Dubai International Airport Cargo Village. The Cargo Village facilities capable of handling cargoes, making four-hour transit from ship to aircraft possible, the DPA’s commercial trucking service transport container and general cargo transport between Port Jebel Ali, Port Rashid, and the rest of UAE every day. Jebel Ali Port was ranked 7th in the worlds largest ports in 2007, Jebel Ali port is managed by state-owned Dubai Ports World. The expansion of Jebel Ali port commenced in 2001, which is the plan of the port. The project comprises 15 stages, which will be completed over the decade, the stage one was completed in 2007, which has increased the storage and handling capacity by 2.2 million TEUs and a Quay length of 1,200 m. The entire project includes 2.4 km of new berths, the yard behind the berths. The new port will be on reclaimed land extending seaward from the existing port, the current plan is expected to multiply the total capacity of Jebel Ali port by more than seven, making it the world’s biggest container port, surpassing the ports of Shanghai and Singapore. On 9 April 2011 Port of Jebel Ali won the Golden Award for Best Seaport Overall from the Higher Committee for UAE Civil Seaports and Airports Security, list of East Asian ports Dubai Ports World Shipping to Jebel Ali
7.
Al Maktoum International Airport
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Al Maktoum International Airport is an international airport in Jebel Ali,37 kilometres southwest of Dubai, United Arab Emirates that opened on 27 June 2010. It is the part of Dubai World Central, a planned residential, commercial. The airport will contain transport modes, logistics and value-added services, including manufacturing and assembly and it will cover an area of 14,000 hectares. The airport has an annual capacity of 12 million tonnes of freight. As of December 2014, only a handful of airlines operate services out of Al Maktoum International Airport. The 4,500 m ×60 m runway was completed in 600 days, construction of the airports cargo terminal, the Al Maktoum Airport Cargo Gateway, which cost around US$75 million, was 50% complete by the end of 2008. During the first phase of the project, the airport is planned to handle around 200,000 t of cargo per year, the passenger terminal at this phase is designed to have a capacity of 5 million passengers per year. It was planned to be the largest airport in the world in terms of freight handled, the project was originally expected to be fully operational by 2017, although the 2007–2012 global financial crisis subsequently postponed the completion of the complex to 2027. Previous working names for the complex have included Jebel Ali International Airport, Jebel Ali Airport City. It has been named after the late Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the total cost of the airport has been estimated by the Dubai government to be $82 billion. Al Maktoum International Airport opened on 27 June 2010 with one runway, the first flight into the airport occurred on 20 June 2010, when an Emirates SkyCargo Boeing 777F landed after a flight from Hong Kong. The flight served as a test for various such as air traffic control, movement of aircraft on the ground. According to Emirates, the flight was an unmitigated success, on 24 February 2011, the airport was certified to handle passenger aircraft with up to 60 passengers. The first passenger aircraft touched down on 28 February 2011, an Airbus A319CJ, the airport officially opened for passenger flights on 26 October 2013 with Nas Air and Wizz Air as the two carriers to operate from the airport. In the first quarter of 2014,102,000 passengers went through the airport, at the time of its opening, three cargo service airlines served Al Maktoum International Airport, including RUS Aviation, Skyline Air and Aerospace Consortium. Fifteen additional airlines have signed a contract to operate flights to the airport, passenger numbers in the first half of 2016 totalled 410,278 up from 209,989 in the first half of 2015. The airport will be the largest component of Dubai World Central with an area of more than 140 square kilometres. If completed as planned, the airport will have a cargo capacity of 12 million tonnes
8.
Dubai Metro
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The Dubai Metro is a driverless, fully automated metro rail network in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The Red Line and Green Line are operational, with three further lines planned and these first two lines run underground in the city centre and on elevated viaducts elsewhere. All trains and stations are air conditioned with platform edge doors to make this possible, architecture firm Aedas designed the metros 45 stations, two depots and operational control centres. The Al Ghurair Investment group were the metros builders, the Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula and either the second in the Arab World or the third. A major expansion of the Red Line to add 15 kilometres of track, as of February 2017 the extension to the Red Line till Expo 2020 is fully operational. More than 110,000 people, or nearly 10 percent of Dubai’s population, the Dubai Metro carried 10 million passengers from launch on 9 September 2009 to 9 February 2010 with 11 stations operational on the Red Line. Engineering consultancy Atkins provided full multidisciplinary design and management of the works on Dubai Metro. Until 2016, The Dubai Metro was the worlds longest fully automated metro network with a route length of 75 kilometres. However, its route length have since been surpassed by the fully automated driverless Vancouver SkyTrain as of December 2016. Planning of the Dubai Metro began under the directive of Dubais ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum who expected other projects to attract 15 million visitors to Dubai by 2010, in May 2005, a AED12.45 billion/US$3. This was to be completed by June 2010, a second phase contract was subsequently signed in July 2006 and includes extensions to the initial routes. The Red Line partially opened at 9 minutes and 9 seconds past 9 pm on 9 September 2009, inaugurated by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum. The construction cost of the Dubai Metro project has shot up by about 80 per cent from the original AED15.5 billion/US$4.2 billion to AED28 billion/US$7.8 billion, the authorities contradicted this, saying that the cost of the project did not overshoot. They attributed the increase in expenditure to the changes in the scope. Work officially commenced on the construction of the metro on 21 March 2006, in February 2009, a top RTA Rail Agency official said the US$4.2 billion Dubai Metro project would be completed on schedule despite the global crisis. However, only 10 out of 29 metro stations of the red line opened on 9 September 2009, Construction of all 29 metro stations on the Red Line was declared complete on 28 April 2010 by the acting chief of the RTA Rail Agency. Seven more stations on the Dubai Metro Red Line opened on 30 April 2010, ten new trains were pressed into service, giving a total of 22 trains in service when the stations opened. The seven stations are, Emirates Station, Airport Terminal 1 Station, Dubai Internet City Station, Al Karama Station, Emirates Towers Station, Marina Station and Ibn Battuta Station
9.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
10.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
11.
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
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The Nimitz-class supercarriers are a class of ten nuclear-powered aircraft carriers in service with the United States Navy. The lead ship of the class is named for World War II United States Pacific Fleet commander Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, the U. S. Navys last fleet admiral. As a result of the use of power, the ships are capable of operating for over 20 years without refueling and are predicted to have a service life of over 50 years. They are categorized as nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and are numbered with consecutive hull numbers between CVN-68 and CVN-77, all ten carriers were constructed by Newport News Shipbuilding Company in Virginia. USS Nimitz, the ship of the class, was commissioned on 3 May 1975, and USS George H. W. Bush. The angled flight decks of the use a CATOBAR arrangement to operate aircraft, with steam catapults and arrestor wires for launch. As well as speeding up flight deck operations, this allows for a wider variety of aircraft than with the STOVL arrangement used on smaller carriers. An embarked carrier air wing consisting of up to around 90 aircraft is normally deployed on board, after the retirement of the F-14 Tomcat, the air wings strike fighters are primarily F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornets and F/A-18A+ and F/A-18C Hornets. In addition to their aircraft, the vessels carry short-range defensive weaponry for anti-aircraft warfare, the unit cost is about $8.5 billion in FY12 dollars US$8.86 billion inflation adjusted. The Nimitz-class carriers have a length of 1,092 ft. They have a beam at the waterline of 135 ft, the ships companies can number up to 3,200, not including an air wing of 2,480. Among other design improvements, the two reactors on Nimitz-class carriers take up less space than the eight reactors used on Enterprise. Along with a generally improved design, this means that Nimitz-class carriers can carry 90% more aviation fuel. The U. S. Navy has stated that the carriers could withstand three times the damage sustained by the Essex class inflicted by Japanese air attacks during World War II. The hangars on the ships are divided into three bays by thick steel doors that are designed to restrict the spread of fire. This addition has been present on U. S. aircraft carriers since World War II, the first ships were designed around the time of the Vietnam War, and certain aspects of the design were influenced by operations there. A major purpose of the ships was initially to support the U. S and they were initially categorized only as attack carriers, but ships have been constructed with anti-submarine capabilities since USS Carl Vinson. As a result, the ships and their aircraft are now able to participate in a range of operations, which can include sea and air blockades, mine laying
12.
Aircraft carrier
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An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Aircraft carriers are expensive to build and are critical assets, there is no single definition of an aircraft carrier, and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers, Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, former head of the Royal Navy, has said, To put it simply, as of April 2017, there are 37 active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies. The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered fleet carriers, the largest carriers in the world, the Royal Navy of Great Britain is building two 280-m / 920-ft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth, and the Prince of Wales scheduled to go into service in 2020-2023. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds, by comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried, most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were fast enough to operate with the main fleet, three nations currently operate carriers of this type, ten by the United States, and one each by France and Brazil for a total of twelve in service. Short take-off but arrested-recovery, these carriers are generally limited to carrying lighter fixed-wing aircraft with more limited payloads, currently, Russia, China, and India possess commissioned carriers of this type. Short take-off vertical-landing, limited to carrying STOVL aircraft and this type of aircraft carrier is currently in service with Italy. Some also count the nine US amphibious assault ships in their secondary light carrier role boosting the total to thirteen. Helicopter carrier, Helicopter carriers have an appearance to other aircraft carriers. Some are designed for addition of, or may include, a ski jump ramp allowing for STOVL operations or may have a ski jump installed before retirement of STOVL aircraft. In the past, some conventional carriers were converted and called commando carriers by the Royal Navy, some helicopter carriers with a resistant flight surface can operate STOVL jets. Currently the majority of carriers, but not all, are classified as amphibious assault ships. The US has nine of this type, France and Japan three, Australia two, the UK one, the Republic of Korea one and Spain one, the US and Spains amphibious assault ships operate STOVL jets in normal deployment. Supercarrier Fleet carrier Light aircraft carrier Escort carrier Several systems of identification symbol for aircraft carriers, two months later, on 18 January 1911, Ely landed his Curtiss pusher airplane on a platform on the armored cruiser USS Pennsylvania anchored in San Francisco Bay
13.
Ali
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‘Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic Nabi Muhammad, ruling over the Caliphate from 656 to 661 ACE, and was Imam of Shi‘ite from 632 to 661 ACE. ‘Ali was the first young male who accepted Islam, after migrating to Medina, he married Muhammads daughter Fatimah. Ali took part in the early caravan raids from Mecca and later in almost all the battles fought by the nascent Muslim community and he was appointed caliph by Muhammads Companions in 656, after Caliph Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated. ‘Alis reign saw wars and in 661, he was attacked and assassinated by a Kharijite while praying in the Great Mosque of Kufa. ‘Ali is important to various Sunni and Shi‘ite denominations politically, legislatively and spiritually, while Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun caliphs, Shi‘ites regard ‘Ali as the first Imam after Muhammad due to their interpretation of the events at Ghadir Khumm. Shias also believe that ‘Ali and the other Shi‘ite Imams are the successors to Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah into the Sunni and Shia branches, ‘Alis father, Abu Talib, was the custodian of the Kabah and a sheikh of the Banu Hashim, an important branch of the powerful Quraysh tribe. He was also an uncle of Muhammad, Alis mother, Fatima bint Asad, also belonged to Banu Hashim, making Ali a descendant of Ismail, the son of Ibrahim. Many sources, especially Shii ones, attest that Ali was born inside the Kaaba in the city of Mecca, according to a tradition, Muhammad was the first person whom Ali saw as he took the newborn in his hands. Muhammad named him Ali, meaning the exalted one, Muhammad had a close relationship with Alis parents. When Muhammad was orphaned and later lost his grandfather Abdul Muttalib, Ali was born two or three years after Muhammad married Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. When Ali was five or six years old, a famine occurred in and around Mecca, affecting the economic conditions of Alis father, Muhammad took Ali into his home to raise him. The second period of life began in 610 when he declared Islam at the age of 10. When Muhammad reported that he had received a revelation, Ali, then only about ten years old, believed him. According to Ibn Ishaq and some authorities, Ali was the first male to embrace Islam. Tabari adds other traditions making the claim of being the first Muslim in relation to Zayd ibn Harithah or Abu Bakr. Some historians and scholars believe Alis conversion is not worthy enough to him the first male Muslim because he was a child at the time. Hence the Shia say of Ali that his face is honoured, the Sunnis also use the honorific Karam Allahu Wajhahu, which means Gods Favour upon his Face
14.
Muhammad
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Muhammad is the prophet of Islam. From a secular historical perspective he was a religious, political, from an Islamic perspective, he was Gods Messenger sent to confirm the essential teachings of monotheism preached previously by Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is viewed as the prophet of God in all branches of Islam. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings, practices, born approximately 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, Muhammad was orphaned at an early age, he was raised under the care of his paternal uncle Abu Talib. Muhammad gained few early followers, and met hostility from some Meccan tribes, to escape persecution, Muhammad sent some followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina in the year 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, in Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent conflict with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts, the attack went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill, before his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam. The revelations, which Muhammad reported receiving until his death, form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the Word of God and around which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammads teachings and practices, found in the Hadith and sira literature, are upheld by Muslims. The name Muhammad means praiseworthy and appears four times in the Quran, Muhammad is sometimes addressed by designations deriving from his state at the time of the address, thus he is referred to as the enwrapped in Quran 73,1 and the shrouded in Quran 74,1. In Sura Al-Ahzab 33,40 God singles out Muhammad as the Seal of the Prophets, the Quran also refers to Muhammad as Aḥmad more praiseworthy. The name Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim, begins with the kunya Abū, the Quran is the central religious text of Islam. Muslims believe it represents the words of God revealed by the archangel Gabriel to Muhammad, the Quran, however, provides minimal assistance for Muhammads chronological biography, most Quranic verses do not provide significant historical context. An important source may be found in the works by writers of the 2nd. These include the traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad, which additional information about Muhammads life. The earliest surviving written sira is Ibn Ishaqs Life of Gods Messenger written c.767 CE, although the work was lost, this sira was used verbatim at great length by Ibn Hisham and Al-Tabari. Another early history source is the history of Muhammads campaigns by al-Waqidi, many scholars accept the earliest biographies as accurate, though their accuracy is unascertainable
15.
Emirate of Dubai
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The Emirate of Dubai, is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates. Dubai is the capital of the emirate and was named after it, in December 1971, the emirate united with Abu Dhabi and the other emirates to form the United Arab Emirates. Until then, the emirates were British protectorates, ruler of the emirate is HRH Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, and the emirate is governed by the Government of Dubai. The emirate is made up of other municipalities and villages. The inland exclave of Hatta is located about 134 km east of Dubai City and it is bordering Oman to the east and south, the village of Sayh Mudayrah in Ajman to the west, and Ras al-Khaimah to the north. Dubai travel guide from Wikivoyage www. Dubai. ae – Dubai Government official website
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History of Dubai
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The first human settlement in the History of Dubai was in approximately 3000 BCE, when the area was inhabited by nomadic cattle herders. In the 3rd century CE, the area came under the control of the Sassanid Empire which lasted until the 7th century, when the Umayyad Caliphate took control and introduced Islam in the area. The area was sustained by fishing and pearl diving for a thousand years, Dubai became a separate Sheikhdom in 1833, when the Al-Maktoum dynasty of the Bani Yas clan took it over peacefully. During the expansion of the Sheikh Zayed Road between 1993 and 1998, remnants of a mangrove swamp were uncovered which were dated to approximately 7000 BCE. It is thought that by about 3000 BCE, the coastline had moved seaward sufficiently towards the present-day coastline, as it became more inhabitable, Nomadic cattle herders used the area to live and herd in. The date palm began to be grown locally in 2500 BCE, recent excavations of the Jumeirah area of Dubai have unearthed a 6th-century caravan station suggesting the area was sparsely inhabited during this period. It was not until 1799 that the town had its first record, however the Venetian Gaspero Balbi, a renowned pearl merchant, when visiting in 1580, remarked on the area and how many Venetians were working there in the pearl industry. In the early 19th century, the Al Abu Falasa dynasty of the Bani Yas tribe established Dubai, in 1841 the town was hit by a devastating smallpox outbreak which forced many to relocate east to the town of Deira, Dubai. In 1853, in an attempt to halt the endemic piracy. This also had the effect of the area becoming known as the Trucial States. Then in 1894, a fire swept through Deira, burning down most of the homes, by 1903, the Sheikh had succeeded in convincing a major British steamship line to make Dubai a port of call. Merchants from Lingah looked across to the Arab shore of the Persian Gulf finally making their homes in Dubai. They continued to trade with Lingah, however, as do many of the dhows in Dubai Creek today, at this time, almost a quarter of the population was foreign, which seems trivial when compared to the 90% it is today. The times of prosperity thanks to the industry continued solidly through until the Great Depression of 1929. The emergence of artificial pearls had begun to hit the economy of Dubai, in 1929, he was briefly deposed and succeeded by Sheikh Mani bin Rashid, a relative, however three days later he was restored to the throne and ruled until his death. This resulted in the emergence of Dubai as the premier re-export business port, whereby goods are imported into a duty-free port, Dubai has the main entrepôt in the Persian Gulf and the busiest trading port since 1900, with commerce being the main source of revenue for the emirate. The merchant class in Dubai played a key role in restructuring the economy, today merchants play a fundamental role in economic affairs and the political structure. In addition, again they have taken on roles as suppliers, urban planners, culture mediators
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Geography of Dubai
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Dubai is situated on the Persian Gulf coast of the United Arab Emirates. Apart from being a city, it forms one of the seven emirates of the country. It is roughly at sea level, the emirate of Dubai shares borders with Abu Dhabi in the south, Sharjah in the northeast, and the Sultanate of Oman in the southeast. Hatta, an exclave of the emirate, is surrounded on three sides by Oman and by the emirates of Ajman and Ras Al Khaimah. The Persian Gulf borders the western coast of the emirate, Dubai lies directly within the Arabian Desert. The sand consists mostly of crushed shell and coral and is fine, clean, east of the city, the salt-crusted coastal plains, known as sabkha, give way to a north-south running line of dunes. Farther east, the dunes grow larger and are tinged red with iron oxide, the flat sandy desert gives way to the Western Hajar Mountains, which run alongside Dubais border with Oman at Hatta. The Western Hajar chain has an arid, jagged and shattered landscape, Dubai has no natural river bodies or oases, however, Dubai does have a natural inlet, Dubai Creek, which has been dredged to make it deep enough for large vessels to pass through. Dubai also has multiple gorges and waterholes which dot the base of the Western Al Hajar mountains, a vast sea of sand dunes covers much of southern Dubai, and eventually leads into the desert known as The Empty Quarter. Seismically, Dubai is in a very stable zone—the nearest seismic fault line, experts also predict that the possibility of a tsunami in the region is minimal because the Persian Gulf waters are not deep enough to trigger a tsunami. The sandy desert surrounding the city supports wild grasses and occasional date palms, Desert hyacinths grow in the sabkha plains east of the city, while acacia and ghaf trees grow in the flat plains within the proximity of the Western Al Hajar mountains. Several indigenous trees such as the Date palm and neem as well as imported trees like the eucalypts grow in Dubais natural parks, the houbara bustard, striped hyena, caracal, desert fox, falcon and Arabian oryx are common in Dubais desert. Dubai is on the path between Europe, Asia and Africa, and more than 320 migratory bird species pass through the emirate in spring. The waters of Dubai are home to more than 300 species of fish, the typical marine life off the Dubai coast includes tropical fish, jellyfish, coral, dugong, dolphins, whales and sharks. Various types of turtles can also be found in the including the hawksbill turtle. Dubai Creek runs northeast-southwest through the city, the eastern section of the city forms the locality of Deira and is flanked by the emirate of Sharjah in the east and the town of Al Aweer in the south. The Dubai International Airport is located south of Deira, while the Palm Deira is located north of Deira in the Persian Gulf, much of Dubais real-estate boom is concentrated to the west of the Dubai Creek, on the Jumeirah coastal belt. Port Rashid, Jebel Ali, Burj Al Arab, the Palm Jumeirah and theme-based free-zone clusters such as Business Bay are all located in this section
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Trucial States
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The Trucial States were a group of sheikhdoms in the south-eastern Persian Gulf, previously known to the British as the Pirate Coast, which were signatories to treaties with the British government. Six were to form the United Arab Emirates on that day and this was an unclear status which fell short of a formal protectorate, but required Britain to defend them from external aggression in exchange for exclusive British rights in the states. In 1952, the Trucial States Council was established to encourage co-operation between the seven Rulers, the first in a long series of maritime skirmishes between the Al Qasimi and British vessels took place in 1797, when the British-flagged Bassein Snow was seized and released two days later. The cruiser Viper was subsequently attacked off Bushire and this version has been particularly well articulated by Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, the current Ruler of Sharjah, in his 1986 book The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf. The next year,1820, a treaty was signed to which all the sheikhs of the coast adhered. On 11 January 1820, again at Ras Al Khaimah, Shakhbut bin Diyab Al Nahyan signed on behalf of his son, Tahnoon, husain bin Ali of Rams signed on the 15th. The uncle of Muhammad bin Hazza of Dubai signed on the 28th in Sharjah, the Rulers of Ajman and Umm Al Qawain acceded to the full treaty on 15 March, signing on board the ship of the commander of the British expeditionary force, Sir William Grant-Keir. The treaty was signed, at Sharjah, by the emir of Bahrain. The Sheikh of Rams lost the support of his soon after. Separate treaties in 1847 and 1856 saw treaties undertaking the abolition of slave trading and, in 1873, the sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to the United Kingdom and not to enter into relationships with any foreign government other than the United Kingdom without its consent. In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack. This treaty, the Exclusive Agreement, was signed by the Rulers of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah and it was subsequently ratified by the Viceroy of India and the British Government in London. In 1968 the United Kingdom announced its intention to end its protectorate over the Trucial Coast, the other Trucial States had long been a British protectorate with the British taking care of foreign policy and defence, as well as arbitrating between the rulers of the Eastern Gulf. This changed with Harold Wilsons announcement, on 16 January 1968, the decision pitched the coastal emirates, together with Qatar and Bahrain, into fevered negotiations to fill the political vacuum that the British withdrawal would leave behind. The two agreed to work towards bringing the other emirates, including Qatar and Bahrain, into the union, over the next two years, negotiations and meetings of the rulers followed - often stormy - as a form of union was thrashed out. The nine-state union was never to recover from the October 1969 meeting where heavy-handed British intervention resulted in a walk-out by Qatar, Bahrain and Qatar were to drop out of talks, leaving only six emirates to agree on union on 18 July 1971. On 2 December 1971, Dubai, together with Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Qawain, the seventh emirate, Ras Al Khaimah, joined the UAE on 10 February 1972 following Irans seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs from Ras Al Khaimah. Trucial Oman Scouts Qatar Digital Library - an online portal providing access to British Library archive materials relating to Gulf history and Arabic science
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Bur Dubai
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Bur Dubai is a historic district in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, located on the western side of the Dubai Creek. The name literally translates to Mainland Dubai, a reference to the separation of the Bur Dubai area from Deira by the Dubai Creek. This is because Bur Dubai historically consisted of all districts between the bank of the Creek and Jumeirah. The Rulers Court is located in the adjacent to the Grand Mosque. The district is home to several including the Grand Mosque with the citys tallest minaret. The countrys only Hindu temple is situated between the Grand Mosque and the Creek and it is home to several popular places for tourists including renovated historic buildings and museums. The district has many shopping streets and souqs, including the textile souq near the boat station. The Al Bastakiya historic area is located to the east of Al Fahidi Fort, shindagha to the north west, located between Bur Dubai, the creek and the sea is the historic location of the rulers house on the peninsula facing the sea and the creek. As of November 2016, the Dubai Creek was extended back to the sea, Bur Dubai is a popular living area consisting of several apartment buildings. The Dubai Metro Red Line goes through Bur Dubai connecting with the airport
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Dubai Creek
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Dubai Creek is a saltwater creek located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Previously it extended to Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary but as part of the new Dubai canal it extends through to the Persian Gulf, some sources say that the creek extended as far inland as Al Ain, and that the Ancient Greeks called it River Zara. Historically, the creek divided the city into two main sections – Deira and Bur Dubai and it was along the Bur Dubai creek area that members of the Bani Yas tribe first settled in the 19th century, establishing the Al Maktoum dynasty in the city. In the early 20th century, the creek, though incapable then of supporting large scale transportation, served as a minor port for dhows coming as far away as India or East Africa. Although it impeded the entry of ships due to current flow, Dubais pearling industry, which formed the main sector of the citys economy, was based primarily on expeditions in the creek, prior to the invention of cultured pearls in the 1930s. Fishing, also an important industry at the time, was based along the creek, whose warm. Dhows used for purposes of fishing were also built on the foreshore of the creek, the creek was first dredged in 1961 to permit 7-foot draft vessels to cross through the creek at all times. The creek was dredged again in the 1960s and 1970s so that it could offer anchorage for local and coastal shipping of up to about 500 tons, Al Maktoum Bridge, the first bridge connecting Bur Dubai and Deira was constructed in 1963. Including the most remarkable buildings alongside the Deira side of the Creek are the Deira Twin Towers, Dubai Creek Tower, Sheraton Dubai Creek, National Bank, and Chamber of Commerce. On the other side of Al Maktoum Bridge along Dubai Creek is Dubai Creek Park, the creek is also home to the Dubai Creek Golf & Yacht Club, comprising an 18-hole tournament golf course, clubhouses, residential development and the Park Hyatt hotel. The creeks initial inlet into mainland Dubai is along the Deira Corniche and Al Ras areas of eastern Dubai and it then progresses south-eastward through the mainland, passing through Port Saeed and Dubai Creek Park. The creeks natural ending is at the Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary,14 kilometres from its origin at the Persian Gulf, the traditional form of transport between the eastern and western sections of Dubai via the creek was through abras, which continue to operate in Dubai. In addition, the eastern and western sections are linked via four bridges,484 million extension of the creek was finished, which now ends just south of the Metropolitan Hotel on Shaikh Zayed Road. A final 2. 2-kilometre extension, called the Dubai Water Canal was inaugurated 9 November 2016, crossing Shaikh Zayed Road in a route, passing through Safa Park. The channel is expected to continue through Jumeirah Beach Park where it reach the shores of the Persian Gulf. The extension is part of the Dubais Business Bay development, additionally, a new project consisting of seven islands known as The Lagoons was proposed to be built on Dubai Creek. The center piece of this project would be the Dubai Towers Dubai, three additional bridges are being planned for Dubai Creek, which are the Seventh Crossing, the Al Shindagha Bridge, and the Fifth Bridge. Importance of Creek Bridges Dubai Traffic, Architecture & Creek Bridges Dubai Creek Tower The Tower at Dubai Creek Harbour
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Deira Corniche
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The Deira Corniche is a waterfront promenade in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The Deira Corniche, sometimes referred to as the Dubai Corniche lies in northeastern Dubai. The Deira Corniche is flanked to the north by the Persian Gulf, a contract for the construction of the corniche was signed on September 23,1975, for a price of US$25 million by Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the current deputy ruler of Dubai. A variety of traditional and modern retail and hospitality areas exist along the Deira Corniche, the corniche borders the localities of Al Dhagaya, Ayil Nasir and Al Hamriya Port, all of which are part of the larger Deira central business district. The Dubai Fish and Vegetable Market as well as the Dubai Gold Souk, the Hyatt Regency Dubai lies on route D90, which runs parallel to the Deira Corniche. A similar promenade also exists on the Bur Dubai side of the Creek, extending from Al Ghubaiba to Al Seef Marine Station
22.
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
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Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, is the vice president and prime minister of the United Arab Emirates, and Emir of Dubai. Since his accession in 2006, after the death of his brother Sheikh Maktoum, he has undertaken reforms in the UAEs government, in 2010 he launched the UAE vision 2021 with the aim of making the UAE one of the best countries in the world by 2021. He is responsible for the growth of Dubai into a city, as well as the launch of a number of major enterprises including Emirates Airline, DP World. Many of these are held by Dubai Holding, a company with multi-diversified businesses and he also drove the construction of Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world. An equestrian, he is the founder of the Maktoum family-owned Godolphin racing stable and the owner of Darley, in 2012, he rode the horse Madji Du Pont 160 km to take the FEI World Endurance Championship. He is a poet in his native Arabic. His mother was Sheikha Latifa bint Hamdan al-Nahyan, daughter of Hamdan bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, from the age of four, he was privately tutored in Arabic and Islamic Studies. In 1955, he began his education at Al Ahmedia School. At the age of 10, he moved to Al Shaab School, in 1966, with his cousin Mohammed bin Khalifa Al Maktoum, he attended the Bell Educational Trusts English Language School in the United Kingdom. He subsequently studied at the Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot and he also travelled to Italy to train as a pilot. When the new nation of the United Arab Emirates was founded on 2 December 1971, a period of uncertainty and instability followed the Union of the United Arab Emirates, including skirmishes between tribes over property straddling new borders. On 24 January 1972, the former ruler of the Emirate of Sharjah, Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi led an insurrectionist coup against the ruler. Sheikh Khalid had been killed in the action, leading to the accession of his brother Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi as ruler of Sharjah. In 1973, he was involved in protracted negotiations with the hijackers of JAL404, led by Japanese Red Army member Osamu Maruouka, which landed in Dubai after being hijacked as it departed Schiphol. With more than 50,000 employees in over 100 cities around the globe, the group has real estate, logistics and other investments in the United States, the United Kingdom. The companys investment group operating units include Dubai Group and Dubai International Capital and he was also behind the establishment of government-owned low cost carrier FlyDubai. Through the 1970s, as well as his role as head of Dubai Defence Force and UAE Minister of Defence, the launch budget of the airline was $10 million and its inaugural flight took place on 25 October 1985. Sheikh Mohammed made his uncle, Ahmed bin Saeed chairman of the new company, in 1991, Sheikh Mohammed merged the Jebel Ali Port and Free Zone and Port Rashid to form the Dubai Ports Authority
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Dubai Police Force
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The Dubai Police Force is the 15,000 strong police force for the city of Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates. They come under the jurisdiction of the Vice-President and Prime Minister of the UAE, and they cover an area of 4,114 square kilometres, the Dubai Police force was founded on 1 June 1956 in Naif with only 29 members. The size of the force increased gradually, to 105 in 1960, in 1973, the force moved its headquarters to their current location of Al-Towar, on Al-Etihad Street in Dubai. At present, a move is being planned to a newly constructed headquarters. The Dubai Police force strives to be most progressive of all Arabic police forces, the force was the first to use many new law enforcement techniques, including electronic finger printing and DNA testing. The force was also the first to use GPS systems to locate stolen vehicles, in addition, the force was the first to create a Human Rights Department, as well as the first to employ a Community Policing programme. The new headquarters for the Dubai police is planned to be constructed in Deira, as well as making easy access for both officers and members of the public a priority, the new design aims to separate the departments into different areas. The Dubai police force operates under a General Commander and his deputy, the General Commander forms part of an organisational office which, with a Decision Making Support Centre, organises fifteen separate departments, This is the heart of the Dubai Police force. The department also coordinates all emergency responses as well as search and rescue operations on land and this department is another integral part of the police force, as well as being the most recent department to be created. It was established in 2001 as part of the aims of Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates, in 2008 30% of UAE national are assigned to the work in the E-services Department to fulfill their duty. In 2014, Director-General Khalid Nasser Alrazooqi introduced Google Glass to the force to issue fines. This the primary crime fighting department of the Dubai Police, its objectives are laid out by as follows,1, dealing with crimes of a dangerous nature, such as murder, rape, armed robbery, kidnapping, etc.3. Social services, such as lost property, things found, certificates of good conduct, Police dog unit There are currently ten Dubai police stations in the city. Al-Rifaa This station was established in the 1970s to secure the Bur Dubai region and it has been reopened in different premises on two occasions,1979 and 1992. Al-Muraqqabat this station was established in 1974, Al-Rashidiyah Al-Rashidiyah was created in 1976 as part of Al-Muraqqabat, however it became an independent station in 1984, and was moved to newer premises in 2000. Naif The original headquarters of the Dubai Police force, Naif Fort was constructed in 1939, Al-Qusais Al-Qusais was founded in 1977 and moved to new premises in 1999. Hatta This station was established in 1974, and also moved to new premises, nad Al-Sheba This station opened in 1994 in Zabeel, though subsequently moved. Jebel Ali This station was built in 1971, and renovated in 2000, Ports Ports police station was also built in 1971, and watches over the Rashid Port
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Dubai Municipality
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Dubai Municipality is the municipal body with jurisdiction over city services and the upkeep of facilities in the Emirate of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It comes under the Government of Dubai and it was established in 1954 by the then Crown Prince of Dubai, Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum. In 2001, the municipality embarked on an e-government project to provide 40 of its city services online through its web portal, Dubai Municipality Official Website Dubai Municipality e-government Web Portal
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American University in Dubai
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The American University in Dubai is a private, non-sectarian institution of higher learning in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, founded in 1995. AUD is accredited regionally as a unit by the Southern Association of Colleges. AUD serves UAE nationals and international students from all over the world, the University has both US and UAE accreditation for all of its programs. American University in Dubai is not affiliated with American University in Washington, 2012–2013 enrollment was around 3,000 and over 100 nationalities are represented in the student body. AUD has a faculty of over 180. AUDs curriculum is skill-directed and career-oriented, the American University in Dubai is situated next to Dubai Media City, Dubai Internet City, and the Palm Islands. AUD remains the only institution of learning outside the US. The American University in Dubai is officially licensed by the Ministry of Higher Education, the Ministry has accredited all the university’s programs. AUD is approved to operate by the State of Georgia Nonpublic Postsecondary Education Commission, AUDs undergraduate majors in Marketing Communications and Advertising have been accredited by the International Advertising Association in New York. The American University in Dubai has received specialized accreditation for its business programs through the International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education, located in Olathe, the Mohammed Bin Rashid School for Communication is accredited by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications. The results confirmed the high level of interest and desire for an offering a American-accredited educational curriculum. It also became apparent that the Emirate of Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates. Dubai was found to be a stable, cosmopolitan and outward-looking principality whose nearly non-existent private sector in higher education was just beginning to draw some attention. H. Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE, to this day, His Highness continues his unlimited support for higher education in general and to the university in particular. The American University in Dubai opened its doors in October 1995 as a campus of the American College, based in Atlanta. AUD’s initial enrollment was 165 students, over half of which were females, AUD moved out of its initial premises to occupy this new, spacious, fully equipped campus in January 2000. Its enrollment at that time was 687, the year 2000 was also significant because it was in that year that the university was officially licensed by the UAE Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. The private sector for higher education had grown considerably since AUD’s founding, and it was in 2000 that AUDs largest academic department – Business Administration – was organizationally designated as a School
26.
Dubai Men's College
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Dubai Men’s College, one of the first Higher Colleges of Technology, is a government-funded higher education institution located in Academic City, Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates. DMC provides bachelors and associate degrees in applied communications, business and financial services, electrical and civil engineering technology, health sciences, English is the medium of instruction. Given the poor English skills of students, a program has been designed to equip students with enough knowledge of the English language to cope at a HCT facility. DMC was established in 1989 as one of the first four Higher Colleges of Technology in the country, dMC’s first home was a former car show room. With nine classrooms, two computer labs, an electronics lab, a physics lab and a civil engineering lab. DMC is governed by the administration of HCT headed by the Vice Chancellor. The DMC sports and fitness center opened in 2004, given the prevalence of obesity in the UAE, these facilities have made a significant difference. The DMC Learning Centre houses more than 35,000 childrens books, textbooks and reference books support the college courses but books of fiction, popular videos, DVDs and graded readers are available on loan. The Student Services department carries out a variety of tasks from helping new students in the transition school to college life to finding suitable jobs for them on graduation. The student services department provides career counseling and career guidance to help choose appropriate programs. Work experience opportunities for students are offered through the development centre. A wide range of activities are offered throughout the academic year. Student activities are organized by the Dubai Men’s College Student Administration Council. Some of the events organized last year include the iftar party, the Ramadan sports festival, international day, World Challenge, National Day. DMC has a program to assist students with financial difficulties. The Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Foundation has been a provider of assistance to students at Dubai Men’s College. A Board of Trustees awards scholarships on the basis of merit, Dubai Mens College website Higher Colleges of Technology
27.
Higher Colleges of Technology
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The Higher Colleges of Technology was established in 1988 as one of the largest institutions of higher learning in the United Arab Emirates. During the 2015–2016 academic year, there were 14,829 female and 8,644 male students enrolled at 17 campuses throughout the country, more than 55,000 UAE nationals are graduates of the institution. The HCT provides post-secondary education in Business, Education, Engineering Technology, Computer & Information Science, Applied Communications, english is used as the medium of instruction, with faculty recruited from around the world. The HCT has formal alliances with a number of tertiary education and training institutions. Some programs have accreditation, for example, the HCTs Bachelor of Education degree was developed with. The CERT is the arm of the Higher Colleges of Technology, developing and providing education, training and applied technology for public. The Chancellor of the HCT is H. E, Dr Tayeb A. Kamali was appointed as the Vice Chancellor in June 2005. On March 17,2015 Dr Abdullatif Mohammad Al Shamsi was appointed as HCT Vice Chancellor, there are 17 campuses throughout the country, with separate colleges for male and female students. In 1988, Federal Law No 2 established the Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi Mens College opened in 1988 and has modern computer laboratories and technical workshops, and classrooms equipped with learning technology. ADMC offers a range of work-relevant programs in Business, Communication Technology, Engineering Technology, Health Sciences, the current director of the college is Engineer Abdul Rahman Al Jahoushi. ADMC is located adjacent to the HCTs Centre of Excellence for Applied Research, Abu Dhabi Womens College opened in 1988. ADWC has 5 main teaching departments, Business, Applied Communication, Education, Health Sciences, the wider community is serviced by Continuing Education programs which are open to the entire Abu Dhabi community. The present director of the college is Dr Addel Al Ameri, aDWC’s campus in Khalifa City, Khalifa City Womens College, is a branch of ADWC, sharing staff, faculty, and a website. It offers educational opportunities to about 2,000 students, for the large number of Emirati families who live in the areas surrounding Abu Dhabi city, KCWC is the closest HCT campus. Al Ain Mens College opened in 1988 with 61 students and 19 staff, the college operated from a temporary campus in the Al Ain suburb of Sarooj until 1996 when a purpose built facility was opened on the road to the suburb of Zakher, near Al Ain Zoo. Athletics and other facilities were completed in 2001. The college offers courses in Business, Engineering Technology and Computer & Information Science, in 2006 there were more than 700 students and 90 staff. The current director is Dr Yahya Al Ansaari, the current director is Mrs. Hamsa Saleh Al Ammari Dubai Mens College opened in 1989, the Higher Colleges second year of operation
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Zayed University
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Zayed University, جامعة زايد is one of three government-sponsored higher education institutions in the United Arab Emirates. Achieving accreditation by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education in the USA and it is named in honor of Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the countrys first president. Zayed University was established in 1998 by the Emirati federal government, in November 2014, Zayed University was ranked 23rd out of 25 in the QS World University Arab Rankings. It does not feature in any world rankings, in 2008, Zayed University announced that it received accreditation from the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. Zayed University announced it had received re-accreditation in 2013, the University is one of only 16 overseas institutions accredited by the MSCHE, and one of only 4 in the Middle East. Programs within its College of Technological Innovation obtained accreditation through the Accreditation Board for Engineering, programs within its College of Business obtained accreditation through the Association for the Advancement of Collegiate Schools of Business International accreditation in June 2013. Zayed University College of Education is the first university, outside of the USA, programs within its College of Communication and Media Sciences obtained accreditation through the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications in May 2015. Programs within its College of Arts and Creative Enterprises were recognized as substantially equivalent through NASAD in July 2015, Zayed University has adopted an outcomes-based academic program model. The programs are outcomes-based and designed with reference to the Zayed University Learning Outcomes and these were designed by hired U. S. consultants as a means of developing the necessary outcomes to prepare students for the world. The major outcomes-based programs are housed the six academic outcomes-based colleges, outcomes-based majors are based on Zayed Universitys learning outcomes, they are discipline specific, yet outcomes based. The universitys campus in Abu Dhabi moved to a new campus in Khalifa City in 2011 and its Dubai campus moved to its current Al Ruwayyah location, near Academic City, in 2006. The original campus was near the end of the Abu Dhabi peninsula. Plans for future campuses in other Emirates have been in development since the early 2000s, land was allotted in the Emirate of Ras al Khaimah for the building of a new campus in 2001, but building was delayed due to a drop in interest in the venture. In December 2010, the Federal National Council queried the competency of the senior management. According to The National, Zayed University was reported to owe over Dh33 million in unpaid water, according to The National, three people held the position of provost between April and June 2011, with a total of seven provosts between 1998 and 2011. In 2012, the effectiveness of its education program was questioned. In early 2013, the president of Zayed University, Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, was dismissed as the U. A. E. s Minister of Higher Education. He was surprisingly moved to the Ministry of Culture, Youth and this was announced on Twitter by Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
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S P Jain School of Global Management
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S P Jain School of Global Management is an Australian business school with campuses in Sydney, Mumbai, Singapore and Dubai. The school offers undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate business courses, for the last five of its 11 years history, S P Jain has been ranked among the world’s top schools. In 2015, the school was ranked No.10 in the Best International Business School by Forbes for its one-year MBA program, in 2013–14, it was ranked in the Top 20 Best International Business Schools by Forbes. And in 2011 and 2012, UK’s Financial Times ranked the Global MBA in its Top 100 Global MBA rankings, S P Jain is accredited by the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency, Australia, that provides the School with degree conferring right. It is also licensed by the Knowledge and Human Development Authority, Government of Dubai, S P Jain’s Global MBA program is accredited by ABEST21, Japan. S P Jain established its first international campus in Dubai in 2004, and soon followed, in 2006, the Singapore campus which was set up on invitation by the Singapore government. S P Jain established its third, international campus in Sydney, Australia, in 2012, and launched its fourth, and it is also licensed by the Knowledge and Human Development Authority, Government of Dubai, UAE. Furthermore, S P Jain has been accredited for its Global MBA program by The ABEST21, The Alliance on Business Education and Scholarship for Tomorrow, S P Jain is the first business school in Singapore to receive this accreditation. 2015 S P Jain School of Global Management ranked No.10 by Forbes in the The Best International Business School in the world for its one-year MBA program. S P Jain School of Global Management ranked No.25 in The Business Schools Where Students Most Want To Go In 2015 based on a survey published in Forbes. The Economist ranked S P Jain School of Global Management in the worlds Top 100 for its full-time MBA program,2014 S P Jain School of Global Management ranked No.2012 Global MBA ranked for the second consecutive year by Financial Times, U. K. 2011 Best Public Choice Award for Higher Education Institute to Provide Global Student Exposure, Global MBA program was ranked by Financial Times, U. K. The board has the President, Deans and Heads of the Dubai, the schools administration includes an Examination Board for examination and assessment procedures, and an Industry Advisory Board with businesspeople from Dubai, Singapore, and Sydney. According to the schools website, the Industry Advisory Board makes curriculum suggestions, shares their knowledge through guest talks. In this three-year undergraduate program, students study for the first year at S P Jain Globals Mumbai campus, in this three-year undergraduate program, students study for the first year at S P Jain Globals Mumbai campus, followed by two years at the Dubai campus. This is a 16-month program, which includes a four-month internship, Students with 0–3 years of work-experience are eligible to apply. Students spend 4 months each at S P Jains campuses in Dubai, Singapore and Sydney, specializing in Finance, a one-year tri-city full-time program, the GMBA is designed for executives with minimum 3 years of work experience. The curriculum is the same as a traditional program
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The Indian High School, Dubai
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The Indian High School is a private all-years school in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It was established in 1961 to provide education to the children of Indian expatriates, the school is recognized by the Ministry of Education, Dubai, and is permanently affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education in Delhi. The Indian High School was founded in 1961 by Maghanmal Pancholia with a view to providing education to children of Indian expats and it was the first expatriate educational institution to be established in Dubai. The land for the school was granted by the the then ruler of Dubai, initial enrollment was 8 students, it has grown to more than 12,000, including 370 students with special needs. Dr. Ashok Kumar is the current CEO of the school and he has been awarded the Sheikh Hamdan Award for Best Administrator and the Indian National Award by the President of India. The school has about 780 teachers and 200 other staff, the Junior School at Al Garhoud accommodates Pre-Primary classes. The school also operates the Indian International School, the Oud Metha Metro Station on the Green Line is located near the main campus, and the GGICO Metro Station on the Red Line is located next to the Junior School campus. The school also has a fleet of buses to transport students, a government hospital and a church are located on the road opposite the main campus, while a private hospital is located behind the junior school. The Kindergarten Starters is next to the junior school, the schoolsown uniform seller, Globe Uniforms, is near the senior school. The centrepiece of the School complex is the Sheikh Rashid Auditorium, demolition of the Nehru Block began in 2016, it is to be replaced. The school has a number of libraries and laboratories for reference work, the school also has a counseling center, and its own student-run radio station, Recess Radio. A journal on environmental issues called Eco feel A student-edited online arts magazine, the school has a Student Council Body elected by teachers and supervisors, which governs student activities. The student council is elected in sections, Sub Junior, Junior, Intermediate, there are four houses named after precious gems, Emerald, Ruby, Sapphire and Topaz. The school has a Sports Club for weekend sports, and participates in the National School League, weekly matches occur during a set month every year. There is a school picnic for each grade, to destinations within the UAE. The school also offers the Duke of Edinburgh club, which takes members on trips, in addition there are educational tours to different countries for students in Grades 5–12. The various trips organised by the school were as follows,2012, Italy, USA, Australia,2013, US West Coast, US Space Camp, India, Turkey, China. 2014, Japan, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, India,2015, Europe, United States of America, Singapore, Germany
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English College Dubai
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This is an independent school located in the Jumeirah 3 residential area, adjacent to Sheikh Zayed Road, opposite the new Oasis Centre. The school currently has approximately 700 students in the secondary school, the primary school opened in 2004 to facilitate younger students, but closed at the end of the 2013-14 academic year due to a lack of funding. The school is led by Headteacher Ian Jones, who has been head since September 2014, first preference to prospective applicants for offers is to passport holders of the United Kingdom. The secondary school was opened in 1992, owing to a need to establish more quality secondary schools following the British curriculum in Dubai. The opening of the school was in 2004, widely noted in Dubai for its striking use of a mixture of colours on the building facade. Facilities for primary and secondary school are separated, the latest report by the independent Dubai Schools Inspection Bureau awarded the school that second-highest status of Good. The Knowledge and Human Development Authority is a quality assurance authority based in Dubai. It undertakes early learning, school and higher learning institution management, a summary of the inspection ratings for English College, A summary of all the schools in Dubais ratings can be found at KHDA School Ratings. Each year, the fees are revised to reflect macroeconomic trends in inflation, each year, the English College participates in the annual Dubai Rugby Sevens, by providing the event with ball boys and ball girls. Students in all years are allowed and often encouraged to partake in this exciting event, in 2011, the first U18 Girls competition was introduced which The English College team won beating Dubai Exiles in a very exciting final
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International School of Choueifat
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The International School of Choueifat is a collection of international private schools run by the SABIS school system in various countries of the Middle East. The first International School of Choueifat was founded in Choueifat, Lebanon in 1886, the first Choueifat school in the Persian Gulf opened in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates in 1975 and subsequently others opened in other cities across the Middle East. In 1985 a branch was opened at Minneapolis in the US, ISC is known for its strict discipline and a heavy emphasis on excelling. The Abu Dhabi branch was engulfed in a scandal involved the physical abuse of an eight-year-old boy. The education of women has been an emphasis of the School since its inception, prominent alumni include the educator Leila Saad and the novelist Emily Nasrallah. The school is strong and focus on math and English language. SABIS new regulations prevents students with a Christian cross sign from accessing classrooms, however allowing Hijab, koura, Lebanon Amman, Jordan Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Doha, Qatar Damascus, Syria Homs, Syria Ruwais, Abu Dhabi, U. A. E. Muscat, Oman Adma, Lebanon Manama, Bahrain Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq Dream City, Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq Suleimaniah, Kurdistan, Iraq Kalar, Suleimaniah, Kurdistan, Iraq Abu Dhabi Khalifa City A, U. A. E
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Dubai American Academy
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Dubai American Academy is a Pre K-12 school and college in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is an institution run by GEMS Education, a UAE-based company. It contains teachers such as Mr. Fidcardt, Ms. Cantu, all of these are IT, Science and English. The Principle of this school is Ms. Weins and Mr. Spencer is the Vice Principle and it is a school that has integrity and smarts throughout. The school provides education from PK to Grade 12, offering the American curriculum along with the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, the total student body has over 2,200 students enrolled. In total 99 nationalities are represented within the student body, with the biggest numbers coming from the US, Canada, India, S. Korea, there is a 51, 49male to female ratio. Students at DAA can participate in a variety of sports and non-athletic activities and it is a founding member of the Middle East South Asia Conference. It used to be a member of the Eastern Mediterranean Activities Conference, dina Shihabi - Saudi actress working in the United States Americans in the United Arab Emirates General Dubai American Academy homepage
