1.
Wisconsin
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Wisconsin is a U. S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, the state is divided into 72 counties. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline, Wisconsin is known as Americas Dairyland because it is one of the nations leading dairy producers, particularly famous for its cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information technology, and tourism are major contributors to the states economy. The word Wisconsin originates from the given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673, subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845, the Algonquin word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks, other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning red stone place, where the waters gather, or great rock. Wisconsin has been home to a variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation and these early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin. After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the Effigy Mound culture. Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin. The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact, the first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans. In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Jefferson County, New York
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Jefferson County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 116,229, the county is named after Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States of America. It is adjacent to Lake Ontario, southeast from the Canada–US border of Ontario, Jefferson County comprises the Watertown-Fort Drum, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area. Tenth Mountain Division is based at Fort Drum, when counties were established in the Province of New York in 1683, the present Jefferson County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years subsequent to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, the size of Montgomery County was reduced by the splitting off of Ontario County from Montgomery. Jefferson County is part of Macombs Purchase of 1791, in 1791, Herkimer County was one of three counties split off from Montgomery. This was much larger than the present county, however, and was reduced by a number of subsequent splits, the first one of these, in 1794, produced Onondaga County. This county was larger than the current Onondaga County, including the present Cayuga, Cortland, Oneida County, was split off from Herkimer County in 1798. Jefferson County was split off from Oneida County in 1805, in 1817, Carleton Island, captured from the British in the War of 1812, was annexed to the county. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,857 square miles. It is the fourth-largest county in New York by total area, Jefferson County is located in the northern lobe of New York State, adjacent to the area where the Saint Lawrence River exits Lake Ontario. It is northeast of Syracuse, and northwest of Utica, the county is at the international border with Canada. The Black River, which empties into Lake Ontario, is an important waterway in the county, part of the Tug Hill Plateau is in the southern part of the county. The county contains part of the Thousand Islands in the St. Lawrence River, including such large islands as Carleton Island, Grindstone Island, the population density was 88 people per square mile
4.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Jefferson, Wisconsin
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Jefferson is a city in Jefferson County, Wisconsin, United States, and is its county seat. It is at the confluence of the Rock and Crawfish rivers, the population was 7,973 at the 2010 census. The city is bordered by the Town of Jefferson. Jeffersons location was selected to use of the water power. It was the furthest point a steamboat could navigate the Rock in 1839, later bridges built downstream prevented such navigation. These people were Yankees descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s and they were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was then the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s. Most arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal as well as the end of the Black Hawk War. When they arrived in what is now Jefferson there was nothing but dense virgin forest and wild prairie, the New Englanders built farms, roads, and government buildings and established post routes. They brought many of their Yankee New England values, such as a passion for education and they were mostly members of the Congregationalist Church though some were Episcopalian. Due to the second Great Awakening some had converted to Methodism, Jefferson, like much of Wisconsin, would be culturally very continuous with early New England culture for most of its early history. During World War II, Camp Jefferson, a camp for German POWs, was erected at the Jefferson County Fairgrounds. The Jefferson County Fairgrounds hosted horse buggy racing prior to the renovations to the new fairgrounds, Jefferson is located at 43°0′11″N 88°48′28″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.93 square miles. Jeffersons elevation is 797 ft at the center of downtown, as of the census of 2010, there were 7,973 people,3,132 households, and 1,989 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,393.9 inhabitants per square mile, there were 3,378 housing units at an average density of 590.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 91. 2% White,0. 7% African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 7% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,5. 4% from other races, and 1. 5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 8% of the population,29. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the family size was 3.00
6.
Watertown, Wisconsin
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Watertown is a city in Dodge and Jefferson counties in the US state of Wisconsin. Most of the population is in Jefferson County. Division Street, several blocks north of downtown, marks the county line, the population of Watertown was 23,861 at the 2010 census. Of this,15,402 were in Jefferson County, and 8,459 were in Dodge County, Watertown is the largest city in the Watertown-Fort Atkinson micropolitan area, which also includes Johnson Creek and Jefferson. Watertown was first settled by Timothy Johnson, who built a cabin on the west side of the Rock River in 1836 and he was born in Middleton, Middlesex County, Connecticut, on the 28th of June,1792. A park on the west side of the city is named in his honor, the area was settled to utilize the power of the Rock River, which falls 20 feet in two miles. In contrast, the Rock River falls only 34 feet in 58 miles upstream from Watertown, the water power was first used for sawmills, and later prompted the construction of two hydroelectric dams, one downtown and one on the eastern edge of the city. In the 1850s, German immigrants arrived in Watertown from Germany and these people were fleeing revolutions and turmoil in Germany, which often saw pogroms against the wealthy. This warm reception led to migration, which in turn greatly increased the German population of the region. Culturally they had much in common with the New England derived population, economically both communities would thrive in Watertown for the entirety of the 19th century, not facing any measurable economic hardships until the Great Depression in the following century. A canal from Milwaukee to the Watertown area was once planned, the territorial legislature incorporated the Milwaukee and Rock River Canal company in 1836, but the plan was abandoned in 1848. In 1853, a road was completed from Milwaukee to Watertown. After plank roads were no longer used, the route was replaced by highway, a street named Watertown Plank Road survives in Milwaukee. It is referred to in the Plank Road Brewery family of beers, there was an influx of German immigrants in the late 19th century. The success of the road convinced residents that a railroad would be even more beneficial. The Milwaukee and Watertown Railroad, as it was called before it extended to Madison, was completed in 1855, soon after, the two railroads went bankrupt in the Panic of 1857. The bonds were sold by the investors to out-of-town speculators at a small fraction of their face value. Since the railroads were never built and did not produce revenue, moreover, the city did not feel compelled to do so because the creditors were not only from out of town, but werent even the original holders
7.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
8.
Wisconsin's 5th congressional district
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It is currently represented by Republican Jim Sensenbrenner. This is the most Republican district in Wisconsin, george W. Bush carried the district in 2004 with 63% of the vote. The 5th District was the district in Wisconsin that John McCain won in 2008. Prior to the 2000 census, the 5th District was a Milwaukee district, with different boundaries and political history. Most of the now in the 5th was part of the 9th District from 1965 to 2003. At that time, all of Milwaukee was merged into the 4th District, as of April 2015, two former members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Wisconsins 5th congressional district are alive. Wisconsins congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
9.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
10.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
11.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
12.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
13.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
14.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
15.
Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin
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Fort Atkinson is a city in Jefferson County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located on the Rock River, a few miles upstream from Lake Koshkonong, the population was 12,368 at the 2010 census. Fort Atkinson was named after General Henry Atkinson, the commander of U. S. forces in the area during the Black Hawk War against a band of Sauk, Meskwaki. The city developed at the site of Fort Koshkonong, which was used during that war, a replica of the original 1832 stockade has been built just outside town, although not at the original site. The fort was located to control the confluence of the Rock, the settlement grew rapidly in the mid-nineteenth century, after migration of United States pioneers from the East, especially from New York State and the northern tier. They were among the many migrants carrying the New England Yankee culture west across the northern tier of states, the history and natural history of Fort Atkinson and the surrounding area are presented at the Hoard Historical Museum and National Dairy Shrine Museum. William Dempster Hoard founded the nationally distributed dairy farm magazine, Hoards Dairyman, the museums include the Frank and Luella Hoard House, the Dwight and Almira Foster House, and the Knox Research Library and Archive. The Dairy Shrine portion of the complex portrays the past, present, the oldest man-made features near Fort Atkinson are a cluster of prehistoric earthworks indigenous mounds located just south of town. In a curious honor, settlers named them the General Atkinson Mound Group and these mounds are a remnant of the Woodland Period within present-day Wisconsin. Materials were traded within the culture from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, a 125-foot long panther intaglio appears on a mound west of town, the last remaining intaglio in the state. Fort Atkinsons 19th- and early 20th-century building history is preserved in the Main Street, other Registered Historic Places include the Fort Atkinson Water Tower, Panther Intaglio Effigy Mound, David W. and Jane Curtis House, Hoards Dairyman Farm, and Jones Dairy Farm. Fort Atkinson is located at 42°55′38″N 88°50′26″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.82 square miles, of which 5.67 square miles is land and 0.15 square miles is water. The city developed along the river, which provided the earliest transportation pathways for trade, occasionally the downtown area is flooded when the Rock River exceeds its banks. Just east of the city, the Bark River enters the Rock, the Rock River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, which it joins at Rock Island, Illinois. As of the census of 2010, there were 12,368 people,5,125 households, the population density was 2,181.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 5,429 housing units at a density of 957.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 5% White,0. 6% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 7% Asian,4. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 1% of the population. 30. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.94
16.
Milwaukee
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Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States. The county seat of Milwaukee County, it is on Lake Michigans western shore, Milwaukees estimated population in 2015 was 600,155. Milwaukee is the cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with an estimated population of 2,046,692 as of 2015. Ranked by estimated 2014 population, Milwaukee is the 31st largest city in the United States, the first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, large numbers of German immigrants helped increase the citys population during the 1840s, with Poles and other immigrants arriving in the following decades. Known for its traditions, Milwaukee is currently experiencing its largest construction boom since the 1960s. In addition, many new skyscrapers, condos, lofts and apartments have been built in neighborhoods on and near the lakefront, the word Milwaukee may come from the Potawatomi language minwaking, or Ojibwe language ominowakiing, Gathering place. The first recorded inhabitants of the Milwaukee area are the Menominee, Fox, Mascouten, Sauk, Potawatomi, Ojibwe, many of these people had lived around Green Bay before migrating to the Milwaukee area around the time of European contact. In the second half of the 18th century, the Indians at Milwaukee played a role in all the wars on the American continent. During the French and Indian War, a group of Ojibwas, in the American Revolutionary War, the Indians around Milwaukee were some of the few Indians who remained loyal to the American cause throughout the Revolution. After American independence, the Indians fought the United States in the Northwest Indian War as part of the Council of Three Fires, during the War of 1812, Indians held a council in Milwaukee in June 1812, which resulted in their decision to attack Chicago. This resulted in the Battle of Fort Dearborn on August 15,1812, the War of 1812 did not end well for the Indians, and after the Black Hawk War in 1832, the Indians in Milwaukee signed their final treaty with the United States in Chicago in 1833. This paved the way for American settlement, Europeans had arrived in the Milwaukee area prior to the 1833 Treaty of Chicago. French missionaries and traders first passed through the area in the late 17th and 18th centuries, alexis Laframboise, in 1785, coming from Michilimackinac settled a trading post, therefore, he is the first European descent resident of the Milwaukee region. Early explorers called the Milwaukee River and surrounding lands various names, Melleorki, Milwacky, Mahn-a-waukie, Milwarck, for many years, printed records gave the name as Milwaukie. One story of Milwaukees name says, ne day during the thirties of the last century a newspaper calmly changed the name to Milwaukee, the spelling Milwaukie lives on in Milwaukie, Oregon, named after the Wisconsin city in 1847, before the current spelling was universally accepted. Milwaukee has three founding fathers, Solomon Juneau, Byron Kilbourn, and George H. Walker, Solomon Juneau was the first of the three to come to the area, in 1818. He was not the first European settler but founded a town called Juneaus Side, or Juneautown, in competition with Juneau, Byron Kilbourn established Kilbourntown west of the Milwaukee River and made sure the streets running toward the river did not join with those on the east side
17.
Racine, Wisconsin
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Racine or is a city in and the county seat of Racine County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located on the shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Root River, Racine is located 22 miles south of Milwaukee. As of the 2013 U. S. census, the city had a population of 78,199 and its median home price of $103,625 makes it one of the most affordable cities in Wisconsin to buy a home. In January of 2017, it was rated the most affordable place to live in the world by the Demographia International Housing Affordability survey, Racine is the headquarters of a number of industries, including J. I. Case, S. C. Johnson & Son, Dremel Corporation, Reliance Controls Corporation, Twin Disc, the Mitchell & Lewis Company, a wagonmaker in the 19th century, began making motorcycles and automobiles as Mitchell-Lewis Motor Company at the start of the 20th century. Racine was also home to InSinkErator, the first garbage disposal, malted milk balls were developed in Racine. Architects of the city included A. Arthur Guilbert and Edmund Bailey Funston, historians separate the natives living in the Root watershed at that time into Woodland people, who were more common, and Hopewell people, who were more advanced. After European contact, the Miami and later the Potawatomi expanded into the area and these were the first Europeans known to visit what is now Racine County. Further expeditions were made in the area by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1679 and by François Jolliet De Montigny and Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes in 1698. Nearly a century later, in 1791, a trading post would be established along Lake Michigan near where the Root River empties into it. Following the Blackhawk War, the area surrounding Racine, which had previously been off-limits, was settled by Yankees from upstate New York and New England. In 1834 Captain Gilbert Knapp USRM, who was from Chatham, Massachusetts, Knapp had first explored the area of the Root River valley in 1818, and returned with financial backing when the war ended. Within a year of Knapps settlement hundreds of settlers from New England and western New York had arrived. Some of the settlers were from the town of Derby, Connecticut, the area was previously called Kipi Kawi and Chippecotton by the indigenous peoples, both names for the Root River. The name Port Gilbert was never accepted, and in 1841 the community was incorporated as the village of Racine. After Wisconsin was admitted to the Union in 1848, the new legislature voted in August to incorporate Racine as a city, in 1852, Racine College, an Episcopal college, was founded, it closed in 1933. Its location and many of its buildings are preserved today by the Community of St. Mary as part of the DeKoven Center, also in 1852, Racine High School, the first public high school in Wisconsin, opened. The high school operated until 1926, when it was torn down to make way for the new Racine County Courthouse, washington Park High School was built to replace it
18.
Waukesha, Wisconsin
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Waukesha is a city in and the county seat of Waukesha County, Wisconsin. A suburb of Milwaukee, it is part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area and its population was 70,718 at the 2010 census. The city is adjacent to the Town of Waukesha, the area that Waukesha now encompasses was first settled by European-Americans in 1834, with Morris D. Cutler as its first settler. When the first settlers arrived, there was nothing but dense virgin forest, the settlers laid out farms, constructed roads, erected government buildings and established post routes. Waukesha was a New England settlement and these people were Yankee settlers, that is to say they were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s. They were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was then the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s. Most of them arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal as well as the end of the Black Hawk War. They brought with them many of their Yankee New England values, such as a passion for education and they were mostly members of the Congregationalist Church though some were Episcopalian. Due to the second Great Awakening some of them had converted to Methodism, Waukesha, like much of Wisconsin, would be culturally very continuous with early New England culture for most of its early history. By 1846, the area was incorporated as the village of Prairieville, on February 8,1847, the village changed its name to Waukesha, and in 1896, incorporated as a city. The first appointed mayor of the incorporated city of Waukesha was John Brehm. Wau-tsha was the leader of the tribe at the time of the first European settlement of the area. This is confirmed by accounts of Increase A. Lapham, an early settler, according to Lapham, the word for fox was pishtaka. Cutler also told visitors about Wau-tsha, who was described as tall and athletic, proud in his bearing, dignified, Waukesha was once known for its extremely clean and good-tasting spring water and was called a spa town. This earned the city the nicknames, Spring City, and, testimonials found in a Dunbar brochure of 1873 proclaimed the miraculous benefits. Wendt reports that by 1872, area newspapers carried accounts of a community ill equipped to handle its new popularity among the suffering multitudes. The semi-weekly Wisconsin of July 31,1872, reported that fully 500 visitors are quartered in hotels and scattered in private families here, seeking benefit from the marvelous waters. The healing waters were so valued that an attempt was made to build a pipeline between the city and Chicago so that they could be enjoyed by visitors to the 1893 Columbian Exposition
19.
Milwaukee metropolitan area
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The Milwaukee metropolitan area is a major metropolitan area located in Southeastern Wisconsin, consisting of the city of Milwaukee and the surrounding area. There are several definitions of the area, including the Milwaukee–Waukesha–West Allis metropolitan area and it is the largest metropolitan area in Wisconsin, and the 39th largest metropolitan area in the United States. The U. S. Census Bureau defines the Milwaukee Metropolitan area as containing four counties in southeastern Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Waukesha, Washington, the Metropolitan population of Milwaukee was 1,572,245 in a 2014 estimate. The city of Milwaukee is the hub of the metropolitan area, the character of the area varies widely. Mequon, Brookfield, and the North Shore are more white-collar, while West Milwaukee, West Allis, metro Milwaukee draws commuters from outlying areas such as Madison, Chicago and the Fox Cities. It is part of the Great Lakes Megalopolis containing an estimated 54 million people. S, updated definitions released in February 2013 added Dodge, Jefferson and Walworth Counties to the Milwaukee CSA. Kenosha, despite being just 32 miles from Milwaukee and 50 miles from Chicago, is included as part of the Chicago CSA metropolitan area, as Kenosha has more residents who commute to Chicago. In a 2014 estimate the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Combined Statistical Area population was 2,043,904, the largest in Wisconsin, there are eight counties in the U. S. Census Bureaus Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Combined statistical area. The Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District is a government agency which serves 28 municipalities in the five counties. At the same time, some in the see the need for more consolidation in government services. The Kettl Commission and former Wisconsin Governor Scott McCallum have supported initiatives to do this, however, full consolidation has been criticized as a means of diluting minority voting power. Metro Milwaukee Portal 2003 article on consolidation of area governments http, //www. whitehouse. gov/sites/default/files/omb/bulletins/2013/b-13-01. pdf
20.
Wisconsin Territory
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Belmont was initially chosen as the capital of the territory. In 1837, the legislature met in Burlington, just north of the Skunk River on the Mississippi. In that year,1838, the capital of Wisconsin was moved to Madison. The Wisconsin Territory initially included all of the states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa. Much of the Territory had originally been part of the Northwest Territory, the portion in what is now Iowa and the Dakotas was originally part of the Louisiana Purchase and was split off from the Missouri Territory in 1821 and attached to the Michigan Territory in 1834. The portion that was part of the Northwest Territory and which later became the state of Wisconsin was part of the Indiana Territory when this was formed in 1800. In 1809, it part of the Illinois Territory, then, when Illinois was about to become a state in 1818. Then, the Wisconsin Territory was split off from Michigan Territory in 1836 as the state of Michigan prepared for statehood, in 1838, the section of the territory to the west of the Mississippi became the Iowa Territory. Most of the land of the original Wisconsin Territory was originally part of the Louisiana Purchase. This land west of the Mississippi had been split off from the Missouri Territory in 1821, there are irregularities in the historical timeline at the outset of the Territory. Yet, Michigan did not enter the Union until January 26,1837 and this council was to meet in Green Bay, Wisconsin, on January 1,1836. Horner issued his own proclamation on November 9,1835, calling for the council to meet on December 1,1835 — giving delegates less than a month to learn of the change and this caused considerable annoyance among the delegates, who ignored it. Even Horner himself neglected to attend, for its concession to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the Upper Peninsula. President Andrew Jackson appointed Henry Dodge Governor and Horner Secretary, the first legislative assembly of the new territory was convened by Governor Dodge at Belmont, in the present Lafayette County, on October 25,1836. In 1837, Burlington, Iowa, became the territorial capital of the Wisconsin Territory. The next year, the Iowa Territory was created and the capital was moved to Madison, additionally when Iowa became a state on December 28,1846, no provision was made for official organization of the remainder of what had been Iowa Territory. While the bill passed in the House, it did not pass the Senate, in the following session a bill by Stephen A. Douglas was introduced in the Senate but also did not pass. In the summer of 1848, residents in the area organized themselves, as these meetings commenced, the most recent territorial delegate to congress John H. Tweedy officially tendered his resignation, thus vacating the seat
21.
Watertown (city), New York
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Watertown is a city in the state of New York and the county seat of Jefferson County. It is situated approximately 20 miles south of the Thousand Islands, as of the 2010 census, it had a population of 27,023, an increase of 1. 2% since 2000. The U. S. Army post Fort Drum is near the city, named after the many falls located on the Black River, the city developed early in the 19th century as a manufacturing center. From years of generating wealth, in the early 20th century the city was said to have more millionaires per capita than any other city in the nation. Geographically, Watertown is located in the part of Jefferson County. It lies 72 miles northeast of Syracuse, New York and 31 miles south of the Ontario border, the city is served by Watertown International Airport. The city claims to be the birthplace of the five and dime store and the safety pin and it manufactured the first portable steam engine. It has the longest continually operating county fair in the United States and holds the Red and Black football franchise and these pioneers chose the area due to the Black River. The pioneers vision was for a center that would draw power from the Black River. All the land was rough and unclear, the western end of the town was 12 to 15 feet higher than the eastern end, with a large depression in the middle. A small stream also passed through the town, within a few years, the center of town was cleared for the ambitious Public Square. Together with the 19th century structures that created a streetscape around it, as industry and businesses flourished, residents built substantial retail buildings, churches and private residences. The Paddock Arcade, built in 1850 according to European and US models, is the oldest continuously operating enclosed mall in the United States and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as are several significant churches and private mansions. The drop in the Black River at Watertowns location provided abundant water power for early industry, by the mid-19th century, entrepreneurs had built paper mills and major industries, including the first portable steam engine in 1847. In 1851, the city was joined to the state by the railroad, other mills rapidly joined the business base and generated revenue to support early public works projects like the water system and illuminating gas works in 1853, and a telephone system in 1879. Watertown claims that Rodman native Frank W. Woolworth conceived the idea of his mercantile chain while working there in 1878, Woolworth, employed as a clerk in Moores Store, set up a successful clearance display of low-priced items. This led to his idea of a store specializing in fixed-price, Woolworth left Watertown and opened his first store in Utica, New York in 1879. Among the many manufacturing businesses was the Davis Sewing Machine Company and it was predecessor to George P. Huffmans Huffy Corporation, now an American maker of bicycles and other sporting goods
22.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
23.
Interstate 94
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Interstate 94 is an east–west Interstate Highway connecting the Great Lakes and Intermountain regions of the United States. I-94s western terminus is in Billings, Montana, at a junction with I-90 and it lies along the primary overland route from Seattle to Toronto. I-94 is the eighth longest Interstate highway and the longest Interstate highway whose number does not end in a 0 or a 5, I-94 intersects with I-90 several times, at its western terminus, near Madison, Wisconsin, in Chicago, and in Lake Station, Indiana. I-94 begins at Billings and travels northeastward toward Glendive before exiting the state to the east, the Highway is notable for following the Yellowstone River from Billings through Glendive. Beyond the western terminus of I-94, I-90 connects westbound I-94 travelers to points west such as Butte and Seattle, the route enters at Beach and passes through the Badlands near Medora. A public rest area about seven miles east of Medora provides a view, especially at sunset. The highway intersects with the Enchanted Highway 11 miles east of Dickinson at exit 72, at New Salem, it passes Salem Sue, a 38-foot high sculpture of a Holstein cow and is clearly visible from I-94 on the south side of the road. A drive up the road to Sue will take visitors to a point where you can see a panoramic landscape for many miles. Between Mandan and Bismarck, I-94 crosses the Missouri River with a view of the Northern Pacific/BNSF Railroad Bridge on the side of the road. At Steele, it passes the worlds largest sculpture of a sand hill crane, at Jamestown, it passes the worlds largest sculpture of the buffalo named Dakota Thunder, which is 28 feet tall and is visible from I-94 on the north side of the road. The highway reaches Fargo, before the Red River, leaving Fargo, ND and entering Moorhead, MN, I-94 crosses the Red River. East of the Moorhead airport, the travels in a northwest-southeast trajectory past Fergus Falls, Alexandria, and St. Cloud on the way to the Twin Cities. The road crosses the Mississippi River in Minneapolis between the Prospect Park and Seward neighborhoods, the highway joins Minneapolis and St. Paul together where it meets MN Highway 280. In the Twin Cities, the routing of the highway is politically charged, primarily through many historic working-class and African-American neighborhoods. In Saint Paul, the routing of I-94 is set through and displaces the historic Rondo neighborhood, east of Saint Paul, I-94 leaves Minnesota between Lakeland, MN and Hudson, WI, while crossing the St. Croix River. Interstate 94 enters Wisconsin east of the Twin Cities at Hudson and it passes Eau Claire before turning southeastward and joining with Interstate 90 in Tomah and Interstate 39 in Portage. I-94 leaves I-90 and I-39 near Madison and resumes its path toward Milwaukee before turning south and heading to Chicago. In the state of Illinois, I-94 runs south from Wisconsin to Indiana via downtown Chicago and it is tolled on the Tri-State Tollway to the I-94/I-294 split, it then runs east to the Edens Expressway, where it turns south through the city of Chicago
24.
U.S. Route 12
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U. S. Route 12 is an east–west United States highway, running from Aberdeen, Washington to Detroit, Michigan, for almost 2,500 miles. As a thoroughfare, it has mostly supplanted by I-90 and I-94. The western terminus of US12 is located in Aberdeen, Washington. In the 1960s, a portion of US12 was moved north to the town of Morton, the old two-lane highway now bears the name Wine Country Road. The highway loosely follows the eastbound leg of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, between Wallula, Washington and Clarkston, Washington, thus being marked as part of the Lewis and Clark Trail. The east end of the highway in the state is at Clarkston, the Washington section of US12, other than a concurrency with Interstate 5, is defined at Washington Revised Code §47.17.055. US12 enters the state at Lewiston, crossing the Snake River from Clarkston, Washington and it ascends the Clearwater River, concurrent with US95 for 7 miles. It continues up the Lochsa and climbs to Lolo Pass at the Montana border and this portion of the highway is also designated as part of the Lewis and Clark Trail. Most of the highway in Idaho is within the Clearwater National Forest, the eastern section of US12, through remote mountain forest and up to Lolo Pass, was built in the early 1960s, making US12 the last US highway constructed. No services are available between Lowell and Powell, about 70 miles further east, on two-lane portions of the road, the equipment, weighing as much as 300 tons and as much as 30 feet high and 24 feet wide, would occupy the entire roadway. The route is preferable to other routes due to the lack of underpasses, the alternative is transport across the Great Plains from Texas or New Orleans On U. S.12, the major obstacle would be power lines which would have to be raised or buried. That and other alterations to the such as turnouts would be paid for by the companies. The trucks would transport only at night, moving short distances between places where they would pull off and let traffic pass, a permit granted by the Idaho Transportation Department to ConocoPhillips in August 2010 is the subject of litigation initiated by householders along the route. On January 19,2011 it was announced that the Idaho government would issue permits for four loads of equipment to be transported from Lewiston to Billings. US12 in Montana has been defined as the Lewis and Clark Highway, despite not being the route followed by Lewis, US 12s 592 miles through Montanas mountains and plains is the greatest distance that US12 traverses through any state. The highway enters Montana at Lolo Pass, seven miles southwest of Lolo Hot Springs in the Lolo National Forest, US12 continues northeast through Missoulas downtown, eventually meeting I-90. It then overlaps I-90 for 69 miles, until Garrison, where it heads east toward Helena for 48.8 miles, US12 passes over Interstate 15 at which, point it joins US287 south. US12 overlaps US287 and heads southeast, toward Townsend for 33.4 miles, where it splits from US287, US287 culminates 121 miles, in Yellowstone National Park
25.
U.S. Route 18
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U. S. Route 18 is an east–west U. S. highway in the Midwestern United States. The western terminus is in Orin, Wyoming at an interchange with Interstate 25 and its eastern terminus is in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin. However, US18 runs concurrent with other U. S. routes from its terminus to Mule Creek Junction. US18 is one of the original United States highways of 1926, the US18 designation was originally proposed for a road in Michigan from Grand Haven east to Detroit. This roadway was designated as U. S. Route 16. In Wyoming, US18 runs concurrent with U. S. Route 20 from Interstate 25 to Lusk, at the unincorporated community of Mule Creek Junction in northeastern Niobrara County, US18 leaves US85. This ten-mile stretch from US85 to the South Dakota border is the segment of US18 in Wyoming which is not co-signed with another highway. U. S.18 enters South Dakota west of Edgemont and it passes through Hot Springs, the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, the Rosebud Indian Reservation, Winner, and Gregory before crossing the Missouri River near Pickstown over the Fort Randall Dam. East of the Missouri River, U. S.18 passes through Lake Andes, east of I-29, U. S.18 passes through Canton before crossing the Big Sioux River into Iowa. The Oyate Trail is one of the given to the section of US-18 traveling across South Dakota from I-29 east of Vermillion to Maverick Junction. Portions of the road were known as the Grant Highway, Black Hills Sioux Trail, and as part of the Omaha, Rosebud and Black Hills Highway, towns along the road include Gregory, Winner, Mission, Martin, Batesland, and Pine Ridge. Nearby towns and locales of interest include Rosebud, and Wounded Knee, the South Dakota section of U. S.18, other than the concurrency with Interstate 29, is defined at South Dakota Codified Laws § 31-4-141. U. S.18 enters Iowa via a Big Sioux River crossing northeast of Beloit and it overlaps U. S. Route 75 for a mile near Hull and U. S. Route 59 for a mile near Sanborn. It then overlaps U. S. Route 71 through Spencer, U. S.18 passes through Emmetsburg before intersecting U. S. Route 169 at Algona. U. S.18 then continues east through Garner before intersecting Interstate 35 in Clear Lake, after a brief concurrency with I-35, U. S.18 continues as a freeway bypassing Mason City to the south. At Charles City, U. S.18 becomes a rural two-lane highway again, U. S.18 is the designated route of the Avenue of the Saints between Clear Lake and Charles City. Upon entry into Wisconsin at Prairie du Chien, US18 is the terminus for WIS60, the two routes are then concurrent until Bridgeport where WIS60 splits off to the east and US18 crosses the Wisconsin River and turns east on the other side. The route joins the US151 expressway in Dodgeville and the two remain concurrent east to Madison, Wyoming I‑25 / US20 / US26 / US87 in Orin
26.
Wisconsin Highway 16
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State Trunk Highway 16 is a Wisconsin state highway running from Pewaukee across the state to La Crosse. Much of its route in the state parallels the mainline of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul. The highway parallels Interstate 90 or I-94 for most of its length in the state and it serves local traffic in nearby cities including La Crosse, Tomah, Wisconsin Dells, Portage, Columbus, Watertown, Oconomowoc and Waukesha. The highway is mainly two-lane surface road or urban multi-lane expressway from La Crosse to Oconomowoc, WIS16 enters from Minnesota via a connection with Trunk Highway 16 on the Mississippi River, concurrency running concurrently with US Highway 14 and US61. After the two US Highways turn south to follow 3rd Street in downtown La Crosse, WIS16 passes through La Crosse via Cass and 7th streets and West Avene, crossing WIS35 at Lang Drive. WIS16 passes the edge of the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse campus. The route then turns northeastward and junctions with I-90 Template, Convert\6 northeast of the city, WIS16 becomes a parallel route to I-90 and passes through West Salem where it connects with WIS108. Wisconsin Highway 162 junctions just north of Bangor, WIS16 crosses into Monroe County in Rockland. WIS16 enters Sparta and junctions with WIS21, WIS27, WIS16 provides access to the Elroy-Sparta State Bike Trail. The route then follows I-90 very closely as a road to Tomah where it junctions with WIS131. The highways continue paralleling I-90 and I-94 southeast and pass through Oakdale and into Juneau County WIS16 and US12 pass through Camp Douglas, the highways then junction with WIS58 and WIS82 in Mauston as they continue southeast. The routes slowly trek eastward and pass through Lyndon Station where Rocky Arbor State Park is located, the highways turn southeast again and crossing the Interstates and into Sauk County and Wisconsin Dells. WIS16 turns east off of US12 onto WIS13 north and passes through downtown Wisconsin Dells, WIS23 East also joins the highways at the same point. WIS16 turns off from WIS13 and WIS23 and junctions with WIS127 one mile southeast, WIS16 follows the Wisconsin River into Portage, meeting the other terminus of WIS127 at the interchange with I-39. The highway then passes through Portage, crossing WIS33 and joining US51 south for five miles, WIS16 turns east off the US route and crosses WIS22 in Wyocena and passes through Rio, Doylestown and Fall River. WIS16 leaves WIS60 and joins WIS26 at the junction of the two highways in Clyman, WIS16 leaves WIS26 and bypasses Watertown to the north and east and into Jefferson County. WIS19 terminates on WIS16 east of Watertown, WIS16 passes around Ixonia, becomes an expressway, and enters Waukesha County along a bypass of Oconomowoc. WIS67 joins the north of Oconomowoc
27.
Wisconsin Highway 19
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State Trunk Highway 19 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Wisconsin. It provides a direct route from U. S. Highway 14 near Mazomanie east to Highway 16 at Watertown. WIS19 is a connector route that links the communities of Waunakee, Sun Prairie. The highway follows two lane road for the entire length with the exception of urban multilane arterials. WIS19 begins at Mazomanie at the junction of US14 and it follows WIS78 north for about a mile before turning east. It passes through the communities of Marxville and Springfield Corners, and turns east to follow US12 through Springfield Corners. WIS19 enters Waunakee about five miles east of US12, WIS113 joins the highway from the north for about three miles, then turns south off WIS19. WIS19 reaches its junction with I-39, I-90 and I-94 on the side of Windsor. In Sun Prairie, WIS19 crosses US151 and passes through the city, WIS19 intersects WIS89 while in Waterloo. About three miles of WIS is in rural Dodge County, the route passes back into Jefferson County to pass through Hubbleton, then it straddles the county line into Watertown. In Watertown, WIS19 turns southeastward back into Jefferson County, WIS19 merges with and ends at WIS16. Prior to 1947, WIS19 followed the current route of US18 between Bridgeport and Madison, the route then passed through downtown Madison and followed then WIS31 to Sun Prairie. East of Sun Prairie the route followed its present day alignment to Watertown, the route then followed present-day WIS16 to Waukesha and east from there along present-day WIS59 into Milwaukee. When the U. S. Highway system was implemented, WIS 19s western terminus was relocated to Madison, the portion between Madison and Sun Prairie remained despite the debut of US151 as did the eastern portion that became concurrent with US16. In 1947, the terminus was moved to Watertown, the section along US151 was removed. The Part of WIS19 roughly from the Interstates west to WIS113 had at one time been on the corridor of a planned beltine route around the side of Madison. The current status of the parkway is uncertain
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Wisconsin Highway 26
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State Trunk Highway 26 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Wisconsin. The route is generally two-lane with the exception of a few urban multi-lane arterials, WIS26 provides direct access from Janesville and Oshkosh to Waupun, Watertown and Fort Atkinson. WIS26 begins in downtown Janesville, Rock County at US51, WIS26 then passes through Milton at about five miles northeast of the Interstates. WIS59 crosses WIS26 in Milton, WIS26 crosses over to Jefferson County about five miles north of Milton. The highway turns northeast at the county line and approaches Fort Atkinson, but turns northwestward prior to entering the city, direct access is provided to WIS106 and US12. WIS89 crosses the route, but no access is provided. WIS26 then continues north for four miles into Jefferson, where it crosses US18, the highway passes through Johnson Creek at the interchange with I-94. After crossing WIS19 in Watertown, the highway crosses into Dodge County On the Dodge County side of Watertown, WIS26 joins WIS16 west. The concurrency continues for eight miles to Clyman where WIS16 turns westward onto WIS60 west, WIS26 passes through Juneau then crosses WIS33 three miles north of Juneau. After eleven more miles, WIS26 crosses US151 and passes through Waupun, WIS26 joins US151 crosses into Fond du Lac County at its junction with WIS49 in Waupun. WIS26 joins US151 for one mile then turns north off the US route, after ten miles, the highway crosses WIS23 in Rosendale. The original 1917 alignment of WIS26 mostly followed the current alignment south of Juneau,1921 saw WIS26 extended via Kewaskum and Waldo to end at Sheboygan - via present-day Wisconsin Highway 28. In 1924, the route was realigned, from there, the route followed present-day US45, passing through Clintonville, Wittenberg, Antigo and Eagle River. The route connected with then M-26, WIS26 was also concurrent with WIS10 south of Janesville. 1934 saw the debut of US45, which replaced WIS26 from Oshkosh northward, the route was truncated on the southern end to end at Janesville in the late 1940s
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Wisconsin Highway 134
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State Trunk Highway 134 is a 2. 85-mile state highway in the south central part of the U. S. state of Wisconsin. The route runs from U. S. Route 12 and U. S. Route 18 in Cambridge north to County Highway O in London, WIS134 is maintained by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation. WIS134 begins at a junction with US12 and US18 in the village of Cambridge in Dane County, from here, the route heads north through a rural area of the Town of Christiana. After crossing into the Town of Deerfield, the highway heads northeast before turning north along the Dane–Jefferson county line. The route heads through farmland into the community of London, where it terminates at a junction with Main Street and County Highway O, the latter of which continues north past the intersection
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Watertown Municipal Airport (Wisconsin)
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Watertown Municipal Airport is a public use airport located in and owned by the city of Watertown, in Jefferson County, Wisconsin, United States. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, although most U. S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned RYV by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA. Watertown Municipal Airport was the site of the first Transponder Landing System in the United States, Watertown Municipal Airport covers an area of 360 acres at an elevation of 833 feet above mean sea level. It has two runways, Runway 5/23,4,429 x 75 ft. Surface, Asphalt, Runway 11/29,2,801 x 75 ft. Surface, Asphalt. The ROCK RIVER non-directional beacon,371 kHz, is located on the field, for the 12-month period ending August 26,2015, the airport had 58,000 aircraft operations, an average of 159 per day, 89% general aviation, 9% air taxi and 2% military. In March 2017, there were 70 aircraft based at airport,55 single-engine,13 multi-engine,1 jet and 1 helicopter. There is an aero-park, sponsored by the local Marine League, located adjacent to the airport where air operations can be observed
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Dodge County, Wisconsin
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Dodge County is a county located in the U. S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 88,759, the county was created from the Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and organized in 1844. Dodge County comprises the Beaver Dam, WI Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 907 square miles, of which 876 square miles is land and 31 square miles is water. The population density was 97 people per square mile, there were 33,672 housing units at an average density of 38 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 28% White,2. 49% Black or African American,0. 40% Native American,0. 34% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 87% from other races, and 0. 58% from two or more races. 2. 55% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, according to Census 2000,56. 2% were of German,8. 7% Irish and 5. 0% English 4. 2% Norwegian and 3. 9% selected United States or American ancestry. 95. 4% spoke English,2. 2% Spanish and 2. 0% other Indo-European languages as their language spoken at home,24. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the family size was 3.05. In the county, the population was out with 24. 80% under the age of 18,8. 30% from 18 to 24,31. 20% from 25 to 44,21. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 109.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.80 males, Dodge County Airport serves the county and surrounding communities. Ashippun Burnett Lebanon Clason Prairie National Register of Historic Places listings in Dodge County, Wisconsin Hubbell, Dodge County, Wisconsin, Past and Present. Dodge County official website Dodge County map from the Wisconsin Department of Transportation Dodge County Tourism Association
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Waukesha County, Wisconsin
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Waukesha County is a county in the U. S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 389,891, Waukesha County is included in the Milwaukee–Waukesha–West Allis, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. The part of Wisconsin that Waukesha County occupies was a part of Michigan Territory when Milwaukee County was organized in September 1834, on July 4,1836, the Wisconsin Territory was formed, which included land that is now in the state of Minnesota. In January 1846, part of Milwaukee County was split off into Waukesha County, curtis Reed was the first county chairman. When a vote decided the county seat, Waukesha defeated Pewaukee by two votes, the name is derived from the Potawatomi word for fox because the streams in the lower part of the county drain into the Fox River. These people were Yankees descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s and they were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s. Most arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal as well as the end of the Black Hawk War, when they arrived in what is now Waukesha County, there was nothing but dense virgin forest and wild prairie. The New Englanders built farms, roads, government buildings and established post routes and they brought many of their Yankee New England values, such as a passion for education that led to the establishment of many schools as well as staunch support for abolitionism. They were mostly members of the Congregationalist Church, though some were Episcopalian, due to the second Great Awakening some converted to Methodism, and others became Baptists before moving to what is now Waukesha County. Waukesha, like much of Wisconsin, would be culturally very continuous with early New England culture for most of its early history. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 581 square miles. Because of its number of lakes, the northwestern corner of Waukesha County is referred to as Lake Country by local residents. It includes Pewaukee, Delafield, Hartland, Merton, Nashotah, Chenequa, Okauchee Lake, Oconomowoc, Summit, the population density was 672 people per square mile. There were 160,864 housing units at a density of 277 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 3% White,1. 3% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,2. 7% Asian,0. 0003% Pacific Islander,1. 0% from other races, and 1. 3% from two or more races. 4. 1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,23. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the family size was 3.00. In the county, the population was out with 24. 1% under the age of 18,6. 8% from 18 to 24,23. 6% from 25 to 44,31. 2% from 45 to 64
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Walworth County, Wisconsin
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Walworth County is a county located in the U. S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 102,228, the county was created in 1836 from Wisconsin Territory and organized in 1839. It is named for Reuben H. Walworth, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 577 square miles, of which 555 square miles is land and 21 square miles is water. The population density was 169 people per square mile, there were 43,783 housing units at an average density of 79 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 49% White,0. 84% Black or African American,0. 23% Native American,0. 65% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,2. 62% from other races, and 1. 14% from two or more races. 6. 54% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the family size was 3.07. In the county, the population was out with 24. 20% under the age of 18,13. 80% from 18 to 24,27. 60% from 25 to 44,21. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 98.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.20 males, Walworth County Walworth County map from the Wisconsin Department of Transportation Travel Guide for Lake Geneva and Walworth County, WI Combination Atlas Map,1873
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Rock County, Wisconsin
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Rock County is a county in the U. S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 160,331, Rock County comprises the Janesville-Beloit, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Madison-Janesville-Beloit, WI Combined Statistical Area. Rock County was created in 1836 as a county on December 7,1836 from Milwaukee County. The county is named for the Rock River, which bisects the county north to south. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 726 square miles. Cook Memorial Arboretum, an area with birding and nature trails, is located northwest of Janesville. It is owned by the Janesville School District, Southern Wisconsin Regional Airport serves Rock County and the surrounding communities. The population density was 211 people per square mile, there were 62,187 housing units at an average density of 86 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 91. 01% White,4. 63% Black or African American,0. 28% Native American,0. 78% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 77% from other races, and 1. 50% from two or more races. 3. 91% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,32. 8% were of German,13. 0% Norwegian,10. 1% Irish,7. 5% English and 5. 5% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 25. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.03. In the county, the population was out with 26. 50% under the age of 18,8. 60% from 18 to 24,29. 80% from 25 to 44,22. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 97.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.10 males, Rock County was historically Republican, however, since 1988 it has trended strongly towards the Democratic party. Hillary Clinton carried the county in 2016, but it was the smallest margin of victory since Michael Dukakis in 1988, beloit Clinton Evansville Janesville National Register of Historic Places listings in Rock County, Wisconsin Brown, William F. Rock County, Wisconsin, A New History, Rock County, Wisconsin, A New History. The History of Rock County, Wisconsin, portrait and Biographical Album of Rock County, Wisconsin. Early Life in Southern Wisconsin, Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol, there Stands Old Rock, Rock County, Wisconsin and the War to Preserve the Union
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Dane County, Wisconsin
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Dane County is a county in the U. S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 488,073, the 2015 estimate places the countys population at 523,643. The county seat is Madison, which is also the state capital, Dane County is part of the Madison, Wisconsin, Metropolitan Statistical Area, as well as the Madison-Janesville-Beloit Combined Statistical Area. Dane County was formed in 1836 as a county and organized in 1839. It was named after Nathan Dane, a Massachusetts delegate to the Congress of the Confederation who helped carve Wisconsin out of the Northwest Territory, Dane County was first settled in the 1840s by settlers from New England. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,238 square miles. Dane County Regional Airport supports commercial airline service for Dane County, middleton Municipal Airport serves the county and surrounding communities. The population density was 394 people per square mile, there were 216,022 housing units at an average density of 174 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 84. 7% White,5. 2% Black or African American,0. 4% Native American,4. 7% Asian,0. 003% Pacific Islander,2. 5% from other races, and 2. 5% from two or more races. 5. 9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,30. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the family size was 2.95. In the county, the population was out with 21. 7% under the age of 18,12. 8% from 18 to 24,29. 5% from 25 to 44,25. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34.4 years, for every 100 females there were 97.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.00 males, as of the census of 2000, there were 426,526 people,173,484 households, and 100,794 families residing in the county. The population density was 355 people per square mile, there were 180,398 housing units at an average density of 150 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 88. 96% White,4. 00% Black or African American,0. 33% Native American,3. 45% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 43% from other races, and 1. 79% from two or more races. 3. 37% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,34. 4% were of German,11. 5% Norwegian,8. 9% Irish and 6. 0% English ancestry. 29. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.97
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1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
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1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
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1910 United States Census
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The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
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1920 United States Census
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In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
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1930 United States Census
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The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
Jefferson County, Wisconsin
