1.
California State Assembly
–
The California State Assembly is the lower house of the California State Legislature. It consists of 80 members, with each member representing at least 465,000 people, members of the assembly are generally referred to using the titles assemblyman, assemblywoman, or assemblymember. The State Assembly convenes at the California State Capitol in Sacramento, in the current session, the Democrats control 55 seats, forming a supermajority of the chamber. The Speaker presides over the State Assembly in the leadership position, controlling the flow of legislation. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full assembly, other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each partys strength in the chamber. The current Speaker is Democrat Anthony Rendon, the majority leader is Democrat Ian Calderon, while the minority leader is Republican Chad Mayes. The chambers green tones are based on the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, the dais rests along a wall shaped like an E, with its central projection housing the rostrum. Along the cornice appears a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and a Latin quotation, almost every decorating element is identical to the Senate Chamber. According to Article 4, Section 2 of the California Constitution, the Chief Clerk, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature. The Sergeant-at-Arms protects the members of the California State Assembly and this position has existed since December 15,1849, when Samuel N. Houston became the Assemblys first Sergeant-at-Arms. The Chief Clerk, the acting Chief Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplains are not members of the Legislature
2.
Utah Territory
–
The creation of the territory was part of the Compromise of 1850 that sought to preserve the balance of power between slave and free states. The creation of the Utah Territory was partially the result of the petition sent by the Mormon pioneers who had settled in the valley of the Great Salt Lake starting in 1847. S. The Mormon settlers had drafted a constitution in 1849 and Deseret had become the de facto government in the Great Basin by the time of the creation of the Utah Territory. Following the organization of the territory, Young was inaugurated as its first governor on February 3,1851, in the first session of the territorial legislature in September, the legislature adopted all the laws and ordinances previously enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Deseret. In 1861, partly as a result of this, the Nevada Territory was created out of the part of the territory. Non-Mormons also entered the easternmost part of the territory during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush, in 1861 a large portion of the eastern area of the territory was reorganized as part of the newly created Colorado Territory. Territories that encompassed land that would become part of the Territory of Utah, Mexican Cession,1848 State of Deseret
3.
Bracken County, Kentucky
–
Bracken County is a county located in the U. S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,488, the county was formed in 1796. Bracken County is included in the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area, Bracken County was organized as Kentuckys 23rd county in 1796 from parts of Mason and Campbell counties. It was named after two creeks, the Big and Little Bracken, which in turn were named for William Bracken and he was later killed by Indians during the Northwest Indian War. The county originally extended to southern Nicholas County, north to the Ohio River, west to the Licking River and east to Dover, several early settlers were veterans of the American Revolutionary War, including Captain Abner Howell, who brought his family came from Pennsylvania. He died in Bracken County in 1797, the county government moved from Augusta to Woodwards Crossing in 1833. Bracken was the birthplace of John Gregg Fee, founder of Berea College and he was a graduate of Augusta College and Lane Theological Seminary. In 1822 Augusta College was founded as the first Methodist college in the world, anti-slavery activists in Bracken County played a major role in the movement known as the Underground Railroad. There are several Underground Railroad sites in the Augusta area, a network of citizens sympathetic to escaping slaves helped them cross the Ohio River to nearby Ripley, Ohio and other points north. Bracken Countys economy was largely agricultural and its chief crops before the Civil War were tobacco and corn. White burley tobacco, a light, adaptable leaf that revolutionized the industry, was first sold at the 1867 St. Louis Fair by the farmer Mr. Webb from Higginsport and he had produced it in 1864 from Bracken County seed and developed the type. It became a product of central Kentucky and central Tennessee. Agriculture remains vital to the economy, with farms occupying 83.8 percent of the area in 1982. Commodities include wheat, hay, and milk, burley tobacco production in 1988 amounted to 5,406,000 pounds. Agricultural receipts in 1986 totaled $19,158,000. S, census Bureau, the county has a total area of 209 square miles, of which 206 square miles is land and 3.3 square miles is water. The population density was 41 per square mile, there were 3,715 housing units at an average density of 18 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 48% White,0. 62% Black or African American,0. 25% Native American,0. 06% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 21% from other races, and 0. 35% from two or more races. 0. 47% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,23. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
4.
Oxford, Idaho
–
Oxford is a city in Franklin County, Idaho, United States. The population was 48 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area. Oxford was first settled by Mormons in September 1864 and it is the location Harold B. Lee, a president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is also the location where Jefferson Hunt, a Mormon colonist died, Hunt is buried just behind the hill off the highway at Red Rock Pass. Oxford is located at 42°15′35″N 112°1′13″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.25 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 48 people,17 households, the population density was 192.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 22 housing units at a density of 88.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 8% White and 6. 3% Native American,35. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the family size was 3.82. The median age in the city was 34 years. 41. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,2. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,16. 8% were from 25 to 44,27. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 12. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 58. 3% male and 41. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 53 people,18 households, and 14 families residing in the city. The population density was 209.1 people per square mile, there were 23 housing units at an average density of 90.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 34% White and 5. 66% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 66% of the population. There were 18 households out of which 44. 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them,72. 2% were married couples living together, and 22. 2% were non-families. 22. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.50. In the city, the population was out with 35. 8% under the age of 18,5. 7% from 18 to 24,20. 8% from 25 to 44,22. 6% from 45 to 64
5.
Whig Party (United States)
–
The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four US presidents belonged to the party while in office and it emerged in the 1830s as the immediate successor to the National Republican and Anti-Masonic Parties, and was also rooted in the tradition of the Federalist Party. Along with the rival Democratic Party, it was central to the Second Party System from the early 1840s to the mid-1860s and it originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of the US Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking and it appealed to entrepreneurs, planters, reformers and the emerging urban middle class, but had little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants, and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal, Party founders chose the Whig name to echo the American Whigs of the 18th century who fought for independence. The underlying political philosophy of the American Whig Party was not directly related to the British Whig party, the Whig Party nominated several presidential candidates in 1836. General William Henry Harrison of Ohio was nominated in 1840, former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in 1844, another war hero, General Winfield Scott of New Jersey was the Whig Partys last presidential nominee, in 1852. In its two decades of existence, the Whig Party had two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president, John Tyler succeeded to the presidency after Harrisons death in 1841, but was expelled from the party later that year. Millard Fillmore, who became president after Taylors death in 1850, was the last Whig president, the party fell apart because of the internal tension over the expansion of slavery to the territories. Most Whig Party leaders eventually quit politics or changed parties, the northern voter base mostly gravitated to the new Republican Party. In the South, most joined the Know Nothing Party, which unsuccessfully ran Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election, the Constitutional Union Party experienced significant success from conservative former Whigs in the Upper South during the 1860 presidential election. Whig ideology as a policy orientation persisted for decades and played a role in shaping the modernizing policies of the state governments during Reconstruction. The name Whig derived from a term that Patriots used to refer to themselves during the American Revolution and it indicated hostility to the British Sovereign, and despite the identical name, did not directly derive from the British Whig Party. The American Whigs were modernizers who saw President Andrew Jackson as a man on horseback with a reactionary opposition to the forces of social, economic. Casting their enemy as King Andrew, they sought to identify themselves as opponents of governmental overreaching. Despite the apparent unity of Jeffersons Democratic-Republicans from 1800 to 1824, as Jackson purged his opponents, vetoed internal improvements, and killed the Second Bank of the United States, alarmed local elites fought back. In 1831, Henry Clay re-entered the Senate and started planning a new party and he defended national rather than sectional interests. His Jacksonian opponents, however, distrusted the government and opposed all federal aid for internal improvements
6.
Democratic Party (United States)
–
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
7.
Western United States
–
The Western United States, commonly referred to as the American West, the Far West, or simply the West, traditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States. Because European settlement in the U. S. expanded westward after its founding, prior to about 1800, the crest of the Appalachian Mountains was seen as the western frontier. Since then, the frontier moved westward and eventually lands west of the Mississippi River came to be referred to as the West. The West contains several major biomes, the Western U. S. is the largest region of the country, covering more than half the land area of the United States. Given this expansive and diverse geography it is no wonder the region is difficult to specifically define, a majority of the historian respondents placed the eastern boundary of the West east of the Census definition out on the eastern edge of the Great Plains or on the Mississippi River. The survey respondents as a whole showed just how little agreement there was on the boundaries of the West, within a region as large and diverse as the Western United States, smaller areas with more closely shared demographics and geography have developed as subregions. Meanwhile, the states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington can be considered part of the Northwest or Pacific Northwest, West Texas in the Chihuahuan Desert may be considered as part of the Western U. S. Fort Worth has long laid claim to be Where the West Begins, the West is still one of the most sparsely settled areas in the United States with 49.5 inhabitants per square mile. Only Texas with 78.0 inhabitants/sq mi, Washington with 86.0 inhabitants/sq mi. and California with 213.4 inhabitants/sq mi. exceed the national average of 77.98 inhabitants/sq mi. The entire Western region has also strongly influenced by European, Hispanic or Latino, Asian and Native Americans. African and European Americans, however, continue to wield a stronger political influence because of the rates of citizenship and voting among Asians. The West also contains much of the Native American population in the U. S. particularly in the reservations in the Mountain. The Western United States has a sex ratio than any other region in the United States. Because the tide of development had not yet reached most of the West when conservation became an issue, agencies of the federal government own. National parks are reserved for activities such as fishing, camping, hiking, and boating, but other government lands also allow commercial activities like ranching, logging. The largest city in the region is Los Angeles, located on the West Coast, Other West Coast cities include San Diego, San Bernardino, San Jose, San Francisco, Oakland, Bakersfield, Sacramento, Seattle, Tacoma, and Portland. Prominent cities in the Mountain States include Denver, Colorado Springs, Phoenix, Tucson, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, Boise, El Paso, and Cheyenne. Along the Pacific Ocean coast lie the Coast Ranges, which and they collect a large part of the airborne moisture moving in from the ocean
8.
Mormon Battalion
–
The Mormon Battalion, the only religiously based unit in United States military history, served from July 1846 to July 1847 during the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848. The battalion was a unit of between 534 and 559 Latter-day Saints men, led by Mormon company officers commanded by regular U. S. Army officers. During its service, the made a grueling march of nearly 2,000 miles from Council Bluffs, Iowa. The march also opened a wagon route to California. Veterans of the battalion played significant roles in Americas westward expansion in California, Utah, Arizona, under continued religious persecution, they had fled Nauvoo, Illinois, on February 4,1846 across the Mississippi River. They camped among the Potawatomi Indians near present-day Council Bluffs, Iowa, Brigham Young, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, sent Elder Jesse C. Little to Washington, D. C. to seek assistance from the government for the Mormon Pioneers fleeing from the Illinois mobs. Little arrived in Washington D. C. on May 21,1846, pennsylvania Army officer and attorney Thomas L. Kane offered the Mormons his advice and assistance. Politically well connected through his jurist father, Kane provided letters of recommendation and joined Little in Washington, the two called on the secretary of state, secretary of war, and President James K. Polk. After several interviews in early June 1846, President Polk agreed to Littles offer if a few hundred men enlisted, on June 2,1846, President Polk wrote in his diary, Col. Kearny was. On July 1,1846 Captain James Allen, dispatched by Colonel Stephen W. Kearny and he carried President Polks request for a battalion of 500 volunteers to fight in the Mexican War. Most members of the Church were suspicious of the request, as the Federal government had ignored the persecutions they suffered and they were concerned about facing discrimination by the government, as they had from both the state and federal government in the past. Kane obtained U. S. government permission for the refugee Mormons to occupy Pottawattamie, after carrying dispatches relating to the land agreements and battalion criteria to Fort Leavenworth, Kane sought out Little in the Mormon encampments on the Missouri. On July 17,1846, he held a meeting with church leaders, Brigham Young had planned on moving the Mormons west that summer, but circumstances were against his plan. He saw several possible advantages to the Saints in the federal service. Their enlistment would be a public relations victory for the church, as the men were given a uniform allowance at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. These funds were used to purchase wagons, teams, and other necessities for the American exodus, having been forced to leave farms and homes in Nauvoo, the Latter-day Saints were going to spend the winter on the banks of the Missouri River. Raising a group of able-bodied men would be difficult, many men had already scattered to outlying areas where they sought jobs with wages to help support the group
9.
Brigadier general
–
Brigadier general is a senior rank in the armed forces. It is the lowest ranking general officer in some countries, usually sitting between the ranks of colonel and major general, when appointed to a field command, a brigadier general is typically in command of a brigade consisting of around 4,000 troops. In some countries a brigadier general is designated as a one-star general. The rank can be traced back to the militaries of Europe where a general, or simply a brigadier. An alternative rank of general was first used in the French revolutionary armies. Some countries, such as Brazil, Taiwan, and Japan, some of these countries then use the rank of colonel general to make four general-officer ranks. The naval equivalent is usually commodore and this gallery displays Air Force brigadier general insignia if they are different from the Army brigadier general insignia. Note that in many Commonwealth countries, the equivalent air force rank is Air Commodore, the rank of brigadier general is used in the Argentine Air Force. Unlike other armed forces of the World, the rank of general is actually the highest rank in the Air Force. This is due to the use of the rank of brigadier and its derivatives to designate all general officers in the Air Force, brigadier, brigadier-major, and brigadier-general. The rank of general is reserved for the Chief General Staff of the Air Force. The Argentine Army does not use the rank of brigadier-general, instead using brigade general which in turn is the lowest general officer before Divisional General, see also Argentine Army officer rank insignia. When posted elsewhere, the rank would be relinquished and the former rank resumed and this policy prevented an accumulation of high-ranking general officers brought about by the relatively high turnover of brigade commanders. Brigadier general was used as an honorary rank on retirement. The rank insignia was like that of the current major general, as in the United Kingdom, the rank was later replaced by brigadier. Prior to 2001, the Bangladesh Army rank was known as brigadier, in 2001 the Bangladesh Army introduced the rank of brigadier general, however the grade stayed equivalent to brigadier. It is the lowest ranking general officer, between the ranks of Colonel and Major General, Brigadier General is equivalent to commodore of the Bangladesh Navy and air commodore of the Bangladesh Air Force. It is still popularly called brigadier
10.
Mormonism
–
Mormonism is the predominant religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity. Joseph Smith founded the movement in Western New York in the 1820s, during the 1830s and 1840s, it distinguished itself from traditional Protestantism. Mormonism represents the non-Protestant faith taught by Smith in the 1840s, other sects include Mormon fundamentalism, which seeks to maintain practices and doctrines such as polygamy, and various other small independent denominations. The word Mormon originally derived from the Book of Mormon, a text published by Smith. The book describes itself as a chronicle of early peoples of the Americas. Based on the name of book, early followers of Smith were more widely known as Mormons. The term was considered pejorative, but Mormons no longer consider it so. It also accepts the Pearl of Great Price as part of its canon, and has a history of teaching eternal marriage, eternal progression. Cultural Mormonism, a lifestyle promoted by Mormon institutions, includes cultural Mormons who identify with the culture, Mormonism originated in the 1820s in western New York during a period of religious excitement known as the Second Great Awakening. After praying about which denomination he should join, Joseph Smith, called the First Vision, Smith claimed God the Father instructed him to join none of the existing churches because they were all wrong. Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and other followers, began baptizing new converts in 1829. Formally organized in 1830 as the Church of Christ, Smith was seen by his followers as a modern-day prophet. Joseph Smith claimed The Book of Mormon was translated from writing on plates in a reformed Egyptian language, translated with the assistance of the Urim and Thummim. Both the special spectacles and the stone were at times referred to as the Urim and Thummim. He said an angel first showed him the location of the plates in 1823, buried in a nearby hill, Smith began dictating the text of The Book of Mormon around the fall of 1827 until the summer of 1828 when 116 pages were lost. Translation began again in April 1829 and finished in June 1829, saying that he translated it by the gift, after the translation was completed, Smith said the plates were returned to the angel. During Smiths supposed possession, very few people were allowed to witness the plates, the book described itself as a chronicle of an early Israelite diaspora, becoming the indigenous peoples of the Americas, written by a people called the Nephites. According to The Book of Mormon, Lehis family left Jerusalem at the urging of God c.600 BC, the Nephites are described as descendants of Nephi, the fourth son of the prophet Lehi
11.
Far West, Missouri
–
Far West, Missouri, was a Latter Day Saint settlement in Caldwell County, Missouri. Today it is a historic site, the town was founded by Missouri Mormon leaders, W. W. Phelps and John Whitmer in August 1836 shortly before the countys creation. The town was platted originally as a 1-mile square area, centered on a square which was to house a temple. The design of the town resembled Mormon founder and prophet Joseph Smith Jr. s plan for the City of Zion, as the town of Far West grew, the plat was extended to 4 square miles. Early Latter-day Saints began to settle in northwestern Missouri soon after the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints was organized in 1830, according to a revelation given by Joseph Smith Jr. Independence would be the centerplace of the City of Zion when Jesus returned, however, disputes between Mormon and Missourian settlers in Independence led to the expulsion of the Mormons from Jackson County in 1833. Most Mormons temporarily settled in Clay County, Missouri, towards the end of 1836, Caldwell County was created specifically for Mormon settlement to compensate Mormon property losses in Jackson County. Shortly after the creation of Caldwell County, Far West was made the county seat, while headquartered in Far West, the official name of the church was changed from Church of Jesus Christ to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. A series of escalating conflicts followed and the Governor of Missouri eventually called out 2,500 state militiamen to put down what he alleged to be a Mormon rebellion, Latter Day Saints poured into Far West for protection and found themselves under siege. Joseph Smith Jr. Sidney Rigdon and others surrendered at the end of October,1838, the main body of the Mormons were then forced to sign over their property in Far West and Caldwell County to pay for the militia muster and then leave the state. The main body later settled in Nauvoo, Illinois, Far West became a ghost town soon after the departure of most of the Mormon population. The county seat was moved to Kingston, Missouri and many of the log houses in Far West were relocated, former Mormon John Whitmer continued to live in the nearly empty town, where he owned a large farm. Today Far West is a site seven miles south of U. S. Route 36 on Route D. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints maintains a site there. It also honors the Far West legacy in the name of a ward, and, since 2015, some Latter Day Saints expect that a temple will be located on this spot at some time in the future. The Community of Christ, formerly known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, has a congregation that meets in Far West. In 2004 construction began on a village adjacent to the temple site. It is operated by the Far West Historical Society to accommodate, the Country Store has been in operation since 2006
12.
George M. Hinkle
–
George March Hinkle was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. Hinkle was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, to Michael Hinkle, George married Sarah Ann Stark, who died in 1844 or 1845. He subsequently married the widow Mary Loman Hartman, and she outlived him, Hinkle lived in Iowa where he was commissioned a colonel in the militia. He died in 1861 and is buried in Hamilton Cemetery in Decatur, George joined the Church of Christ in 1832. He sat on the high council in Far West, Missouri. He was commissioned a colonel in the Missouri militia and was the commander of the militia in predominantly Mormon Caldwell County and this custody eventually resulted in imprisonment in Liberty Jail. In making the agreement, Hinkle told Joseph Smith to walk into the camp to discuss the matter. John P. Greene, a representative of the Mormons, portrayed Hinkles actions as deceit and stratagem. Smith would later win a lawsuit against Hinkle for the cost of property taken from Smiths home by Hinkle after Smith was taken into custody. Hinkle was excommunicated on March 17,1839, along with John Corrill and W. W. Phelps, still a believer after his excommunication, in 1840 Hinkle founded a Latter Day Saint denomination known as the Church of Jesus Christ, the Bride, the Lambs Wife. Its membership drew primarily from members who had dissented from the church when it was headquartered in Far West in 1838. The church was organized by Hinkle on June 24,1840, it held its first conference in the town of Moscow, Iowa Territory, in September 1843, John C. Bennett attended a conference of Hinkles church. After this conference, Bennett began writing about the Mormon Doctrine of Marrying for Eternity, richard P. Howard, The Church through the Years, Independence, Missouri, Herald House,1992, p.305. Lavina Fielding Anderson, Lucys Book, Salt Lake City, Utah, Signature Books,2001, p.826. John P. Greene, Facts Relative to the Expulsion of the Mormons or Latter-day Saints from the State of Missouri under the Exterminating Order, Cincinnati, Ohio, R. P. Brooks,1839, p.25. Bennett, letter to the editor, Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot, henckel/Hinkle Family Photo Album, George March Hinkle. Biography of George Hinkle, Joseph Smith Papers Steven L. Shields, Divergent Paths of the Restoration, A History of the Latter Day Saint Movement, Restoration Research, Los Angeles,1990, George M. Hinkle at Find a Grave
13.
Nauvoo Legion
–
The Nauvoo Legion was a state authorized militia of the city of Nauvoo, Illinois. With growing antagonism from surrounding settlements it came to have as its function the defense of the city of Nauvoo, Illinois. To curry political favor with the Saints, the Illinois state legislature granted Nauvoo a liberal city charter gave the Nauvoo Legion extraordinary independence. Led by Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement and mayor of Nauvoo, in 1844, after a controversy stemming from the Nauvoo city councils suppression of a Nauvoo newspaper critical of Smith and his churchs policies, Smith mobilized the Legion and declared martial law. Arrested for treason, Smith was assassinated by a mob, soon thereafter, the Nauvoo charter was revoked, and the Nauvoo Legion lost its official sanction as an arm of the Illinois militia. Young led the Latter-day Saints to what became the Territory of Utah. In Utah the Territorial militia used the name of Nauvoo Legion and it was mobilized in opposition to the United States Army during the Utah War. It was permanently disbanded in 1887 as part of the Edmunds-Tucker Act, in 1839, Joseph Smith relocated his followers from a hostile environment in Missouri to Commerce, Illinois which he renamed Nauvoo. Voter-conscious Illinois Democrats and Whigs passed a bipartisan city-state charter for Nauvoo in 1840, on December 16 the governor signed it into law, granting Smith and the city of Nauvoo broad powers. Among these was the authority to create a body of independent militarymen and this force was a militia similar to others in Illinois, and it became known as the Nauvoo Legion. At its peak, the militia had, by conservative estimates, at least 2,500 troops, the Legion was organized into two regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry. A few light cannons were also attached, the Legion tended to be very top-heavy, in that there was a disproportionate number of high-ranking officers to regular soldiers. Supposedly, this was to elevate the status and official standing of some members of the city. The Legion was able to draw on Federal stands of arms, the most common musket issued to these militiamen was the Model 1816 Musket. This flintlock musket was an American built copy of the French 1777 Charleville musket, also, the Harpers Ferry Model 1803 Rifle was issued in smaller quantities. A small artillery piece, a gun, was also issued. It was nicknamed the Old Sow and is on display at the Church Museum of History in Salt Lake City, Joseph Smith himself was Nauvoos second mayor, and the Nauvoo court martial also appointed him as highest-ranking officer of the Legion, a Lieutenant General. This rank is one step above Major General which most contemporary militias employed as their commanding rank, one motive for the higher rank was to prevent Smith from being tried in a court martial by officers of lesser rank
14.
Battle of Crooked River
–
The Battle of Crooked River was a skirmish between Latter Day Saints forces and a Missouri state militia unit from southeast of Elmira, Missouri in Ray County under the command of Samuel Bogart. The battle was one of the points of conflict in the 1838 Missouri Mormon War. Afterward the governor issued Missouri Executive Order 44, sometimes called the Extermination Order, during 1838 there was an escalation in tensions between the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and their neighbors in northwestern Missouri. Ray County was located south of the Mormon-dominated Caldwell County. The two counties were separated by a no-mans land 24 miles long and 6 miles wide, known as Bunkhams Strip or Buncombe Strip and this unincorporated strip was attached to Ray County for administrative and military purposes. These dissenters, including David Whitmer, William Wines Phelps, John Whitmer and Oliver Cowdery, had been the leaders of the Latter Day Saint church in Missouri. Conflicts between the Mormons and non-Mormons in Carroll County and Daviess County throughout the summer put settlers in the more settled counties of Ray and Clay increasingly on edge and this unease reached a bursting point when Thomas B. Marsh and Orson Hyde of the Mormon Quorum of the Twelve Apostles arrived in Richmond and reported that the Danites had invaded Daviess County and they also charged that a Mormon group known as the Danites planned to burn Richmond and Liberty to the ground. This testimony sent the worried citizens into a near frenzy, women, children and property were ferried across the Missouri River for protection against an imminent Mormon invasion, and the state militia was put on alert. According to Peter Burnett, a resident of Liberty, Captain Bogard was not a very discreet man, Bogart had previously participated in a vigilante group that harried the Mormons in Carroll County. Bogart and his party began visiting the homes of Latter Day Saints living in Bunkhams Strip, forcibly disarming them, Bogart penetrated into Caldwell County and began to similarly harass Mormons there, advising them to remove to Far West, Missouri, the county seat. Returning to Ray County, his men captured three Mormons — Nathan Pinkham, Jr. William Seely, and Addison Green, reports quickly made it to Far West to the effect that a mob had captured and intended to execute a group of Mormon prisoners. About midnight, a rescue party formed. David W. Patten led the contingent of Caldwell county militia, Patten had come to be known as Captain Fear-not, for his bravery during the attacks in Davies County. The Mormon force quickly moved south along the road connecting Far West. On the night of October 24,1838, Captain Bogarts unit had camped along the banks of Crooked River in Bunkhams Strip. Patten and the Mormon rescue company approached from the north along the main road, at daybreak on the 25th, the Mormons encountered the militias sentries. A brief firefight ensued, with each side testifying that the other had fired first, one of the sentries, John Lockhart, shot Patrick OBannion, the Mormons scout
15.
Nauvoo, Illinois
–
Nauvoo is a small city in Hancock County, Illinois, United States, on the Mississippi River near Fort Madison, Iowa. The population of Nauvoo was 1,149 at the 2010 census, the city and its immediate surrounding area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Nauvoo Historic District. The area of Nauvoo was first called Quashquema, named in honor of the Native American chief who headed a Sauk, by 1827, white settlers had built cabins in the area. By 1829 this area of Hancock County had grown sufficiently so that a post office was needed and in 1832 the town, however, the honor was awarded to a nearby city, Carthage. In 1834 the name Venus was changed to Commerce because the settlers felt that the new name better suited their plans, the name Nauvoo is derived from the traditional Hebrew language with an anglicized spelling. The word comes from Isaiah 52,7, “How beautiful upon the mountains. ”It is notable that “by 1844 Nauvoos population had swollen to 12,000, after Joseph Smiths death in 1844, continuing violence from surrounding non-Mormons forced most Latter-Day Saints to leave Nauvoo. Most of these refugees, led by Brigham Young, eventually emigrated to the Great Salt Lake Valley, in 1849, Icarians moved to the Nauvoo area to implement a utopian socialist commune based on the ideals of French philosopher Étienne Cabet. At its peak the colony numbered over 500 members, but Cabets death in 1856 caused some members to leave this parent colony, in the early and mid 20th century Nauvoo was primarily a Roman Catholic town, and the majority of the population today is Catholic. Guided tours are available at the churchs Joseph Smith Historic Site, located at the end of the town. The LDS Church owns most of the historic sites in Nauvoo, including the homes of Brigham Young. Kimball, and other members of the church, as well as other significant buildings. Most of these sites are open to the public, with demonstrations and displays and these tours are free, as are the stage and riverside theatrical productions. There is a visitors center complete with two theaters and a relief map of 1846 Nauvoo. The creation of Nauvoo as a tourism destination was largely a result of the work of J. LeRoy Kimball. Kimball was a descendent of early Mormon leader Heber C, Kimball, and bought his ancestors home in 1954 with the intention of restoring it. He was the president of Nauvoo Restoration, Inc. from 1962 to 1986, an LDS congregation was established in Nauvoo in 1956, from its inception consisting largely of elderly LDS couples serving as missionaries and historical guides. The City of Joseph Pageant, a musical produced by the LDS Church. An LDS stake was organized with headquarters at Nauvoo in 1979, in addition to the many homes that had been restored, the Relief Society Memorial Garden was dedicated in 1978, featuring statues designed by Dennis Smith and Florence Hansen
16.
Mormonism and polygamy
–
The Latter-day Saints practice of polygamy has been controversial, both within Western society and the LDS Church itself. America was both fascinated and horrified by the practice of polygamy, with the Republican platform at one time referencing the twin relics of barbarism—polygamy, the private practice of polygamy was instituted in the 1830s by founder Joseph Smith. In 1862, the United States Congress passed the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, in spite of the law, Mormons continued to practice polygamy, believing that it was protected by the First Amendment. In 1890, church president Wilford Woodruff issued a Manifesto that officially terminated the practice of polygamy. Although this Manifesto did not dissolve existing plural marriages, relations with the United States markedly improved after 1890, on its web site, the church states that the standard doctrine of the church is monogamy and that polygamy was a temporary exception to the rule. Many early converts, including Brigham Young, Orson Pratt, and Lyman Johnson, Pratt reported that Smith told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle, but that the time to practise it had not yet come. Johnson also claimed to have heard the doctrine from Smith in 1831, mosiah Hancock reported that his father was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832. William Clayton, Smiths scribe, recorded polygamous marriages in 1843. Clayton relates, On the 1st day of May,1843, I officiated in the office of an Elder by marrying Lucy Walker to the Prophet Joseph Smith, during this period the Prophet Joseph took several other wives. Amongst the number I well remember Eliza Partridge, Emily Partridge, Sarah Ann Whitney, Helen Kimball and these all, he acknowledged to me, were his lawful, wedded wives, according to the celestial order. His wife Emma was cognizant of the fact of some, if not all, of these being his wives, the majority of what became the Quorum of the Twelve in 1835 attended Mormon conferences held in the center of the Cochranites in 1834 and 1835. Joseph Smith publicly condemned polygamy, denied his involvement in it, but church leaders nevertheless began practicing polygamy in the 1840s, particularly members of the Quorum of the Twelve. At the time, the practice was kept secret from non-members, throughout his life, Smith publicly denied having multiple wives. However, John C. Bennett was called to account by Joseph and Hyrum Smith, in April 1844, Joseph Smith referred to polygamy as John C. The practice was publicly announced in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, in 1852, some five years after the Mormons arrived in Utah, the doctrine authorizing plural marriage was published in the 1876 version of the LDS Churchs Doctrine and Covenants. The 1843 polygamy revelation, published posthumously, counseled Smiths wife Emma to accept all of Smiths plural wives, Emma Smith was publicly and privately opposed to the practice and Joseph may have married some women without Emma knowing beforehand. Emma Smith remained affiliated with the RLDS Church until her death at the age of 74, Emma Smith claimed that the very first time she ever became aware of the 1843 polygamy revelation was when she read about it in Orson Pratts publication The Seer in 1853. There is a difference between sealing, and marriage
17.
Council Bluffs, Iowa
–
Council Bluffs is a city in and the county seat of Pottawattamie County, Iowa, United States. It is located on the east bank of the Missouri River, across from what is now the larger city of Omaha. Council Bluffs was known until 1852 as Kanesville — the historic starting point of the Mormon Trail, Council Bluffs population was 62,230 at the 2010 census. Council Bluffs is more than an older than Omaha. The latter, founded in 1854 by Council Bluffs businessmen and speculators following the Kansas-Nebraska Act, has grown to be a larger city. The first Council Bluff name was actually on the Nebraska side of the river at Fort Atkinson about 20 miles northwest of the current Council Bluffs and it was named by Lewis and Clark for a bluff where they met with the Otoe tribe on August 2,1804. Sauganashs English name was Billy Caldwell and the came to be called Caldwells Camp. The group was called the Bluff Indians. The U. S. Dragoons built a fort nearby. In 1838–39, the missionary Pierre-Jean De Smet founded St. Josephs Mission to minister to the Potawatomi, De Smet was appalled by the violence and brutality caused by the whiskey trade, and tried to protect the tribe from unscrupulous traders. However, he had success in persuading tribal members to convert to Christianity. During this time, De Smet contributed to Joseph Nicollet’s work in mapping the upper midwest, De Smet produced the first European-recorded, detailed map of the Council Bluffs area, it detailed the Missouri River valley system, from below the Platte River to the Big Sioux River. As more native Americans were pushed into the Council Bluffs area by pressure of European-American settlement to the east, the US Army built Fort Croghan in 1842, to keep order and try to control liquor traffic on the Missouri River. However that fort was destroyed in a flood the same year, by 1846 the Pottawatomi were forced to move again to a new reservation at Osawatomie, Kansas. In 1844, the Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party crossed the Missouri River here, beginning in 1846, there was a large influx of Latter-day Saints into the area, although in the winter of 1847–1848 most Latter-day Saints crossed to the Nebraska side of the Missouri River. Initially, the area was called Millers Hollow, after Henry W. Miller, Miller also was the foreman for the construction of the Kanesville Tabernacle. Built at or next to Caldwells Camp, Kanesville became the outfitting point for the Mormon Exodus to Utah. Edwin Carter, who would become a noted naturalist in Colorado and he helped supply Mormon wagon trains
18.
Tucson, Arizona
–
Tucson is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, the Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area, with a total population of 1,010,025 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor, the city is located 108 miles southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi north of the U. S. –Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 53rd largest metropolitan area in the United States, Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city, Sahuarita south of the city, and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson include Casas Adobes, Catalina Foothills, Flowing Wells, Midvale Park, Tanque Verde, Tortolita, towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast, Catalina and Oracle to the north, and Green Valley to the south. The Spanish name of the city, Tucsón, is derived from the Oodham Cuk Ṣon, meaning base of the black, Tucson is sometimes referred to as The Old Pueblo. Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago, recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC. The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural Period and these people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of vessels for cooking. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery. Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, a separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now A mountain. Hugo OConor, the father of the city of Tucson, Arizona authorized the construction of a military fort in that location, Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón. During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the Second Battle of Tucson were repeatedly mounted by Apaches, eventually the town came to be called Tucson and became a part of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. Tucson was not included in the Mexican Cession and Cookes road through Tucson became one of the important routes into California during the California Gold Rush, Arizona, south of the Gila River, was obtained via treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8,1854. Tucson became a part of the United States of America, although the American military did not formally take control until March 1856. In 1857, Tucson became a station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line. The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running, however, following the Bascom Affair, devastating Apache attacks on the stations, from August 1861 to mid-1862, Tucson was the western capital of the Confederate Arizona Territory, the eastern capital being Mesilla. In 1862, the California Column drove the Confederate forces out of Arizona, Tucson and all of what is now Arizona were part of New Mexico Territory until 1863, when they became part of the new Arizona Territory
19.
Gordon B. Hinckley
–
Gordon Bitner Hinckley was an American religious leader and author who served as the 15th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from March 12,1995, until his death. Considered a prophet, seer, and revelator by church members, Hinckleys presidency was noted for the building of temples, with more than half of existing temples being built under his leadership. He also oversaw the reconstruction of the Nauvoo Illinois Temple and the building of the 21,000 seat Conference Center, during his tenure, The Family, A Proclamation to the World was issued and the Perpetual Education Fund was established. At the time of his death, approximately one-third of the membership had joined the church under Hinckleys leadership. Hinckley was awarded ten honorary degrees, and in 2004. Hinckley also received the Boy Scouts of Americas highest award, the Silver Buffalo, Hinckley died of natural causes on January 27,2008, and was survived by his five children. His wife, Marjorie Pay, died in 2004 and he was succeeded as church president by Thomas S. The child of a multi-generational Latter-day Saint, Hinckley was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to prominent LDS writer and educator Bryant S. Hinckley and he graduated from LDS High School in 1928. He grew up on a farm in East Millcreek. His home library contained approximately a thousand volumes of literary, philosophical and historical works, Hinckley was known for his optimism and plain-speaking. Hinckley attended the University of Utah, where he earned a degree in English. He studied Latin and could read ancient Greek, Hinckley became a missionary for the LDS Church, an unusual occurrence for Depression-era Latter-day Saints. He served in the London-based British Mission from 1933 to 1935 and he would later write the words for LDS hymn no. Hinckley returned to the United States in 1935 after completing a tour of the European continent. He was given an assignment by his president, Joseph F. Merrill, to meet with the churchs First Presidency. As a result of meeting, Hinckley received employment as executive secretary of the churchs Radio, Publicity. Hinckleys responsibilities included developing the churchs fledgling radio broadcasts and making use of the new communication technologies. One of the projects Hinckley oversaw in the late 1930s was development of the exhibit for the Golden Gate International Exposition
20.
Military history of the United States
–
The military history of the United States spans a period of over two centuries. The Continental Congress in 1775 established the Continental Army and named General George Washington its commander and this newly formed army, along with state militia forces, the French Army and Navy, and the Spanish Navy defeated the British in 1781. The new Constitution in 1789 made the president the commander in chief, with authority for the Congress to levy taxes, make the laws, and declare war. As of 2017, the U. S. military consists of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy and Air Force, there also is the United States Coast Guard, which is controlled by the Department of Homeland Security. Governors have control of each states Army and Air National Guard units for limited purposes, the president has the ability to federalize National Guard units, bringing them under the sole control of the Department of Defense. The beginning of the United States military lies in civilian frontier settlers, armed for hunting and they relied on the British regular Army and Navy for any serious military operation. In major operations outside the locality involved, the militia was not employed as a fighting force, instead the colony asked for volunteers, many of whom were also militia members. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, when shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army and he drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washingtons army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, the British, for their part, lacked both a unified command and a clear strategy for winning. With the use of the Royal Navy, the British were able to capture coastal cities, a British sortie from Canada in 1777 ended with the disastrous surrender of a British army at Saratoga. With the coming in 1777 of General von Steuben, the training and discipline along Prussian lines began, France and Spain then entered the war against Great Britain as Allies of the US, ending its naval advantage and escalating the conflict into a world war. The Netherlands later joined France, and the British were outnumbered on land and sea in a world war, the main British army was surrounded by Washingtons American and French forces at Yorktown in 1781, as the French fleet blocked a rescue by the Royal Navy. The British then sued for peace, as a battlefield tactician Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts. As a strategist, however, he had a idea of how to win the war than they did. The British sent four invasion armies, Washingtons strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776, and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga and Yorktown. He limited the British control to New York and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the majority of the population. The Loyalists, on whom the British had relied too heavily, as the war ended, Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783, taking the Loyalist leadership with them
21.
Salt Lake City
–
Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
22.
Porter Rockwell
–
Orrin Porter Rockwell was a figure of the Wild West period of American History and a law man in the Utah Territory. Nicknamed Old Port and labeled the Destroying Angel of Mormondom, during his lifetime he was as famous and he was a bodyguard and personal friend of Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Rockwell was born on June 28,1813 in Belchertown, Hampshire County, Massachusetts to Orin and Sarah Rockwell and he was a descendant of Edmund Rice, an early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony. Rockwell was eight years younger than Joseph Smith, when Smith was publishing the Book of Mormon, Rockwell would work by picking berries at night and hauling wood into town in order to help pay for the publishing. He married Luana Beebe on February 2,1832 in Jackson County, Missouri and he served as a loyal personal bodyguard to both Smith and later Brigham Young. Separating fact from legends, folklore and myths concerning Rockwell is difficult for historians, in part because Rockwell was only semi-literate. Rockwell had the distinction of being the subject of a prophecy by Smith. Cut not thy hair and no bullet or blade can harm thee, the promise echoes that given by an angel to the parents of the Biblical Samson. He did at one time cut his hair, upon hearing of a widow who was balding from typhoid fever, he gave up his famous long hair to make the woman a wig. The recipient of the hair was Agnes Coolbrith Smith Pickett, widow of Smiths brother, Don Carlos, and mother of Ina Coolbrith and he was also reputed to have killed many men as a gunfighter, as a religious enforcer, and Deputy United States Marshal. It is said that Rockwell once told a crowd listening to United States Vice President Schuyler Colfax in 1869, Rockwell had four wives but was never a polygamist. But he was that most terrible instrument that can be handled by fanaticism, a physical nature welded to a mind of very narrow perceptions, intense convictions. In his build he was a gladiator, in his humor a Yankee lumberman, in his memory a Bourbon, a strange mixture, only to be found on the American Continent. The order was the response to the 1838 Mormon War and to what Boggs termed open and avowed defiance of the laws. The Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace—their outrages are beyond all description, the order was formally rescinded in 1976. Rockwell denied involvement in oblique terms, stating that he had done nothing criminal, when investigators questioned Smith as to these accusations and Rockwells involvement, Smith denied that it could have been Rockwell. When asked how he could be so confident, also at about this time, John C. Bennett, a disaffected Mormon, reported that Smith had offered a reward to anyone who would assassinate Boggs
23.
Death Valley '49ers
–
Their route from Utah went through the Great Basin Desert in Nevada, and Death Valley and the Mojave Desert in Southern California, in attempting to reach the Gold Country. On January 24,1848, James W. Marshall and his crew found gold at Sutters Mill in Coloma and this discovery would lure tens of thousands of people from the United States and foreign nations. People packed their belongings and began to travel by covered wagon to what they hoped would be new, since the first great influx of these pioneers began in 1849, they are generally referred to as 49ers. In the Fall of 1846, the Donner Party had pioneered the Hastings Cutoff of the California Trail through what would become, blazing the new route had slowed the group, who reached the Sierra Nevada late in the fall. A storm trapped them in the mountains, a disastrous event, the stories of the Donner Party were still fresh on everyones mind when a group of wagons arrived at Salt Lake City in early fall,1849. This was too late to reach the Sierra Nevada in time to cross the mountains without risk of being similarly trapped and they heard about the Old Spanish Trail, a route that went around the south end of the Sierras and was safe to travel in the winter. These individuals would become part of a story of suffering in a place which they named Death Valley. The first several days of travel from their gathering point near Provo, the party traveled west down the Beaver River, to present day Minersville, Utah, where they camped for two nights to rest and prepare for a long stretch with no water. While the group waited for Hunt, they ended up driving their stock back to the river for water, Hunt ultimately could not find water, he almost died from thirst trying, and the party ended up turning back. And continued down the I-15 corridor over the difficult Beaver Ridge to the Parowan Valley, the attempted shortcut had cost them seven days, which would strain their provisions for the rest of the trip. The map showed a route from the Escalante Desert to the pass, after Smith and the pack train had left with the map, intending to take the trail themselves, discussion continued. Everyone agreed that the Ward route would cut off 500 miles from their journey so most of the 107 wagons decided to follow Smith. Those that struck out on Ward route soon found themselves confronted with the obstacle of Beaver Dam Wash. Smith and the train had been able to traverse the canyon. Most of the people became discouraged and turned back to join Jefferson Hunt, all, despite the fact that the group didnt have a reliable map, they decided to continue on thinking that all they had to do was go west and they would eventually find the pass. It took several days to find a route for the wagons around the canyon, after which the group passed through the area of present-day Panaca, Nevada, here they started having difficulty finding water but eventually found their way to Crystal Springs in the Pahranagat Valley. They continued over Hancock Summit into Tikaboo Valley and then on to Groom Lake, at Groom Lake they got into a dispute on which way to go. One group—the Bennett-Arcan party—wanted to head south toward the distant, snow-clad Mt. Charleston in hopes of finding a water source
24.
Iron County, Utah
–
Iron County is a county located in the U. S. state of Utah. As of the 2010 census, the population was 46,163 and its county seat is Parowan, and the largest city is Cedar City. The county was created in 1850 and organized the following year and it was originally named Little Salt Lake Valley, and renamed for the iron mines west of Cedar City. The Cedar City, UT Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Iron County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 3,301 square miles. A small part of Zion National Park extends northward into the county, Cedar Breaks National Monument is located entirely within the county, near its southeastern corner. The population density was 10 people per square mile, there were 13,618 housing units at an average density of 4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 00% White,0. 35% Black or African American,2. 18% Native American,0. 74% Asian,0. 27% Pacific Islander,1. 78% from other races, and 1. 67% from two or more races. 4. 09% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,15. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11 and the family size was 3.45. In the county, the population was out with 31. 20% under the age of 18,20. 60% from 18 to 24,23. 60% from 25 to 44,16. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 24 years, for every 100 females there were 98.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.60 males, the median income for a household in the county was $33,114, and the median income for a family was $37,171. Males had an income of $30,800 versus $19,831 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,568, about 13. 10% of families and 19. 20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20. 40% of those under age 18 and 6. 50% of those age 65 or over. Woods Ranch Recreation Area A recreation area located in a pine/aspen forest with hiking, fishing, picnic areas, three Peaks Recreation Area A recreation area made up of volcanic rock and hills. The area features rock climbing, picnics, fishing, off-road vehicle use and bike riding
25.
Mormon colonies in Mexico
–
Many of the original colonists came to Mexico due to federal attempts to curb and prosecute polygamy in the United States. The towns making up the colonies were situated in the states of Chihuahua and Sonora. By the early 20th century, many of these were relatively prosperous, however, in the summer of 1912, the colonies were evacuated due to anti-American sentiment during the Mexican Revolution and many of their citizens left for the United States and never returned. Some colonists did eventually return to their settlements, but today only Colonia Juárez, the Colonia Juárez Chihuahua México Temple, built in 1999, is located in Colonia Juárez, and is currently the smallest temple the LDS Church operates. As early as 1874, Brigham Young, President of the LDS Church, in 1875, settlers set out with the dual purpose of proselytizing and finding prospective locations for Mormon settlements. The missionaries returned with positive reports the next year and another group was sent in October 1876, in 1877, Young discussed the idea of colonizing parts of northern Mexico, but it was considered unwise due to the considerable danger from Apache raiders in the area. Young died later that year and leadership of the fell to John Taylor as the president of the Quorum of the 12 Apostles. John Taylor was ordained as prophet in 1880, Taylor continued Youngs policy of missionary work in Mexico, and through the early 1880s colonization was considered on several occasions without effort to begin the process. However, in 1882 the Edmunds Act was passed by the United States Congress and this was part of the by then 20-year struggle by the US government to curb the LDS practice of plural marriage in Utah Territory and other locations in the American West. Among other things, the law felonized the practice of polygamy, as a result, over a thousand Latter-day Saint men and women were eventually fined and jailed. Some were sent as far away as Michigan to fulfill their terms, in 1885 President John Taylor purchased 100,000 acres of land in Mexico. This act allowed over 350 Latter-day Saint families who practiced polygamy from Utah and this was a very strenuous task, but it allowed the men the opportunity to keep their multiple wives without being fined and jailed. These people started their own farming colonies and established their settlements in Chihuahua and Sonora, where they focused their labors on sheep, cattle, wheat, row crops, and fruit orchards. The anti-foreign sentiment of The Mexican Revolution in 1910 made life there for the Latter-day Saint colonists difficult with many threats, the colonists returned to the United States. When it was decided it was safe, less than one-quarter of the previous population re-settled to Mexico, most of the returned to their Utah. The Mexican Latter-day Saints colonies did not return to their previous success due to the living conditions. Only two colonies remain, Colonia Dublán and Colonia Juárez, members of the Romney family have roots in these colonies, including Marion G. Romney and George W. Romney having been born there. Many Mormon settlements in the United States are in areas that at one time belonged to Mexico, Mormon Colonies in Mexico is also the title of a 1938 book by Thomas Cottam Romney
26.
San Bernardino, California
–
San Bernardino /ˈsæn ˌbɜːrnɑːrˈdiːnoʊ/ is a city located in the Riverside-San Bernardino metropolitan area. It serves as the county seat of San Bernardino County, California, as one of the Inland Empires anchor cities, San Bernardino spans 81 square miles on the floor of the San Bernardino Valley and has a population of 209,924 as of the 2010 census. San Bernardino is the 17th-largest city in California and the 100th-largest city in the United States, San Bernardino is home to numerous diplomatic missions for the Inland Empire, being one of four cities in California with numerous consulates. The governments of Guatemala and Mexico have established their consulates in the area of the city. California State University, San Bernardino is located in the part of the city. The university also hosts the Coussoulis Arena, in addition, the city is home to the Inland Empire 66ers baseball team, they play their home games at San Manuel Stadium in downtown San Bernardino. In August 2012, San Bernardino became the largest city to choose to file for protection under Chapter 9 of the U. S. Bankruptcy code, San Bernardinos case was filed on August 1. On December 2,2015, a terrorist attack left 14 people dead and 22 seriously injured, the city of San Bernardino, California, occupies much of the San Bernardino Valley, which indigenous tribespeople originally referred to as The Valley of the Cupped Hand of God. The Tongva Indians also called the San Bernardino area Waaach in their language, upon seeing the immense geological arrowhead-shaped rock formation on the side of the San Bernardino Mountains, they found the hot and cold springs to which the arrowhead seemed to point. Politana was the first Spanish settlement in the San Bernardino Valley, Two years later the settlement was destroyed by superstitious local tribesmen, following the powerful earthquakes that shook the region. Several years later, the Serrano and Mountain Cahuilla rebuilt the Politana rancheria and they did and established the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia. Serrano and Cahuilla people inhabited Politana until long after the 1830s decree of secularization, the city of San Bernardino one of the oldest communities in the state of California, and in its present-day location, was not largely settled until 1851, after California became a state. The first Anglo-American colony was established by pioneers associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or Mormons, hardworking Mormon colonists developed irrigated, commercial farming and lumbering, supplying agricultural produce and lumber throughout Southern California. The city was incorporated in the year 1857. Later that year most of the colonists were recalled by Brigham Young in 1857 due to the Utah War, once highly regarded in early California, news of the Mountain Meadows Massacre poisoned attitudes toward the Mormons. They sold these lands to new settlers who came to dominate the culture and politics in the county, many the new land owners unlike the sober Mormons, indulged in drinking at saloons now allowed in the town. Disorder, fighting and violence in the vicinity became common, reaching a climax in the 1859 Ainsworth - Gentry Affair, in 1860 a gold rush began in the mountains nearby with the discovery of gold by William F. Holcomb in Holcomb Valley early 1860. Another strike followed in the reach of Lytle Creek
27.
Los Angeles County, California
–
Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64
28.
San Bernardino County, California
–
San Bernardino County, officially the County of San Bernardino, is a county located in the southern portion of the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,035,210, making it the fifth-most populous county in California, the county seat is San Bernardino. With an area of 20,105 square miles, San Bernardino County is the largest county in the United States by area, although some of Alaskas boroughs and census areas are larger. It is larger than each of the nine smallest states, larger than the four smallest states combined, Spanish Missionaries from Mission San Gabriel Arcángel established a church at the village of Politania in 1810. Father Francisco Dumetz named the church San Bernardino on May 20,1810, the Franciscans also gave the name San Bernardino to the snowcapped peak in Southern California, in honor of the saint and it is from him that the county derives its name. In 1819, they established the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia, following Mexican independence from Spain in 1821, Mexican citizens were granted land grants to establish ranchos in the area of the county. Rancho Jurupa in 1838, Rancho Cucamonga and El Rincon in 1839, Rancho Santa Ana del Chino in 1841, Rancho San Bernardino in 1842 and Rancho Muscupiabe in 1844. Agua Mansa was the first town in what became San Bernardino County, some of the southern parts of the countys territory were given to Riverside County in 1893. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 20,105 square miles. It is the largest county by area in California and the largest in the United States and it is slightly larger than the states of New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware and Rhode Island combined. It borders both Nevada and Arizona, the bulk of the population, roughly two million, live in the roughly 480 square miles south of the San Bernardino Mountains adjacent to Riverside and in the San Bernardino Valley. Over 300,000 others live just north of the San Bernardino Mountains, agglomerating around Victorville covering roughly 280 square miles in Victor Valley, roughly another 100,000 people live scattered across the rest of the sprawling county. The Mojave National Preserve covers some of the desert, especially between Interstate 15 and Interstate 40. The desert portion also includes the cities of Needles next to the Colorado River and Barstow at the junction in Interstate 15, trona is at the northwestern part of the county west of Death Valley. This national park, mostly within Inyo County, also has a portion of land within the San Bernardino County. The largest metropolitan area in the Mojave Desert part of the county is Victor Valley, with the localities of Adelanto, Apple Valley, Hesperia. Further south, a portion of Joshua Tree National Park overlaps the county near Twentynine Palms, additional places near and west of Twentynine palms include Yucca Valley, Joshua Tree, and Morongo Valley. The mountains are home to the San Bernardino National Forest, and include the communities of Crestline, Lake Arrowhead, Running Springs, Big Bear City, Forest Falls, the San Bernardino Valley is at the eastern end of the San Gabriel Valley
29.
California Military Department
–
The California Military Department is an agency defined under the California Military and Veterans code §50. Frequently the California Military Department and the California National Guard have been used interchangeably and this is incorrect, however, as the California National Guard is a component of the California Military Department by law. All able-bodied males between 18 and 45 years old who are not members of the California Military Department are by law the unorganized militia of the state, the unorganized militia are subject to call of the Governor under CA Military & Veterans Code §128. The Adjutant General is the commander of all State of California military forces and is only to the Governor. Ames, March 22,1967 - June 5,1975 Frank J. Schober, June 6,1975 - December 31,1982 Willard A. Shank, January 3,1983 - February 13,1987 Robert C. Thrasher, February 14,1987 - October 9,1992 Robert W. Barrow, October 10 - December 31,1992 Tandy K. Bozeman, January 1,1993 - April 27,1999 Paul D. Monroe, Jr. April 29,1999 - March 2004 Thomas W. Eres, March 2004 - June 6,2005 John Alexander, June 7 - August 1,2005 William H. Wade II, September 1,2005 - February 1,2010 Mary J. The military reserve provides California with a trained and organized force in the event of a state security emergency when the National Guard is deployed. Note that the CSMR is a military entity authorized by both the State Code of California and Executive Order, the CSMR is the state’s authorized militia. Unlike the Civil Air Patrol or the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary, the CSMR comprises prior and non-prior service persons who volunteer their time and talents in further service to their state. The California Cadet Corps is a youth organization in California open for students in the college, high school, middle school. The CACC was established through statute in 1911 and has trained more than a young people since its inception. The CaCC is one of the five budgeted youth programs of the CMD, California Military and Veterans Code authorize CACC units as part of all regular schools, for all children within the state. Forbes saw that the Germans already had such programs before World War I, however, the program has since shifted its goal, not only do they prepare young men and women for the service, but also the business world where communication and leadership skills are essential. Today, the CaCC’s objectives are to develop leadership, citizenship, patriotism, promote academic excellence, encourage personal health and wellness, the evolution provides personal growth and leadership opportunities for cadets from the middle school through high school levels. Cadet activities include summer encampments, field training to land navigation, marksmanship. The development and maintenance of the units of the CACC is a shared responsibility of the local school authorities. Commandants must be credentialed by the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing, the CMD provides in-service and pre-service training for adult Commandants and volunteers across the state
30.
Huntsville, Utah
–
Huntsville is a town in Weber County, Utah, United States. The population was 649 at the 2000 census and it is part of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area. Huntsville was founded in 1860 by Jefferson Hunt, an LDS ward was organized there in 1877 with Francis Hammond as Bishop, and he was succeeded in 1885 by David McKay. This David McKay was the father of David O. McKay, a Trappist monastery, the Abbey of Our Lady of the Holy Trinity, was established there in 1947. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 0.7 square miles. This climatic region is typified by large temperature differences, with warm to hot summers. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Huntsville has a continental climate. As of the census of 2000, there were 649 people,194 households, the population density was 965.3 people per square mile. There were 219 housing units at a density of 325.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 77% White,0. 15% African American,0. 31% Native American,0. 15% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 08% of the population. 13. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.35 and the average family size was 3.70. In the town, the population was out with 33. 7% under the age of 18,11. 1% from 18 to 24,21. 4% from 25 to 44,21. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 108.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.8 males, the median income for a household in the town was $50,625, and the median income for a family was $52,656. Males had an income of $37,411 versus $31,528 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,232, about 4. 3% of families and 5. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 1% of those under age 18 and 7. 6% of those age 65 or over
31.
Weber County, Utah
–
Weber County /ˈwiːbər/ is a county in the U. S. state of Utah. As of the 2010 census, the population was 231,236 and its county seat and largest city is Ogden, the home of Weber State University. The county was formed in 1850 and named after the Weber River, which in turn was named for John Henry Weber, Weber County is part of the Ogden-Clearfield, UT Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Salt Lake City-Provo-Orem, UT Combined Statistical Area. Historically Weber County stretched from the California, Oregon, Utah Territory border in the north west, as Nevada and the State of Utah evolved, Weber County shrunk to its current size. It occupies a stretch of the Wasatch Front, part of the shores of Great Salt Lake. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 659 square miles and it is the second-smallest county in Utah by land area and third-smallest by total area. The county extends from high in the Wasatch Range in the east into a portion of the Great Salt Lake to the west, the Weber and Ogden rivers and their tributaries run through its valleys. The Weber County Surveyors office divides the county into two regions, the Lower Valley and the Upper Valley, divided by the ridge of the Wasatch front range south through the county, the Lower Valley is the more countys populous part and is next to the Great Salt Lake. The Upper Valley is the part of the county and consists mostly of the Ogden Valley. The population density is 342 people per square mile, there are 70,454 housing units at an average density of 122 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county is 87. 69% White,1. 40% Black or African American,1. 28% Asian,0. 77% Native American,0. 16% Pacific Islander,6. 59% from other races, and 2. 12% from two or more races. 12. 65% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, by 200580. 4% of the population was non-Hispanic whites. 1. 5% was African-Americans while 0. 9% was Native American, asians were 1. 4% of the population. Latinos were 15. 2% of the county population,20. 00% of all households are made up of individuals and 7. 60% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.95 and the family size is 3.42. In the county, the population is out with 31% under the age of 18,12. 6% from 18 to 24,27. 9% from 25 to 44,18. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age is 29 years, for every 100 females there are 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 98.2 males, the median income for a household in the county is $44,014, and the median income for a family is $49,724
32.
Jesse Addison Udall
–
Jesse Addison Udall was a member of the Udall political family who served as chief justice of the Arizona Supreme Court. Udall was born and raised in Arizona, he was the son of David King Udall and Ida Frances Udall and was named after Jesse Nathaniel Smith and Addison Pratt and he was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served in the Arizona National Guard and was a veteran of both World War I and World War II and graduated from the University of Arizona Law School in 1924, from 1931-38, he was a member of the Arizona House of Representatives. He later served as a judge of the Arizona Superior Court from Graham County, from 1960-72 he served as a Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court, succeeding his brother Levi Stewart Udall in that position. In 1964 and 1969, he was Chief Justice and he died in Phoenix in 1980. His grandson, Gordon H. Smith was a U. S, Jesse Addison Udall collection at the University of Arizona Biography at the Political Graveyard
33.
John Nicholas Udall
–
John Nicholas Udall usually called Nick Udall was mayor of Phoenix, Arizona from 1948–52. He was a member of the Udall political family and was also a nephew of Spencer W. Kimball, Udall was born and raised in Arizona. Udall attended Brigham Young University and the University of Arizona before enrolling in The George Washington University Law School, after graduation, he returned home to Arizona, where he began his law practice. He followed in his fathers footsteps, and served as mayor of Phoenix from 1948 to 1952 and he served with then-City Councilman Barry Goldwater. From 1952 to 1956 he served as judge of the Maricopa County Superior Court, Nick left the bench to return to private legal practice at Jennings, Strouss, Salmon & Trask in Phoenix, where he practiced law until retiring in 1992. Nick and his wife, Sybil Elizabeth Webb, are the parents of seven children and they are buried alongside each other in Greenwood/Memory Lawn Mortuary & Cemetery in Phoenix, Arizona. Following Sybils death in 1998, Nick married Joan Romney in 2001 and his autobiography, The Wonder of It All, was published by FCP Publishing in 2006. Udall family Kimball-Snow-Woolley Family Nick Udalls obituary Biography at the Political Graveyard
34.
Gordon H. Smith
–
Gordon Harold Smith is an American politician, a former United States Senator and businessman from the state of Oregon. A Republican, he served two terms in the Senate, on September 18,2009, he was appointed President of the National Association of Broadcasters. Smith was born in Pendleton, Oregon, to Jessica and Milan Dale Smith on May 25,1952, Smiths family moved to Bethesda, Maryland during his childhood, when his father became an Assistant United States Secretary of Agriculture. He was involved with the Boy Scouts of America and earned the rank of Eagle Scout, after graduating from high school, Smith served for two years as a Mormon missionary to New Zealand. On March 31,2012, Smith was called as an Area Seventy for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Smith then went to college at Brigham Young University, received his Juris Doctor from Southwestern University School of Law and he moved back to Oregon in the 1980s to become director of the family owned Smith Frozen Foods company in Weston, Oregon. Smith and his wife Sharon adopted several children in the 1980s, including sons Morgan and Garrett, on September 8,2003, Garrett, then a 21-year-old college student majoring in culinary arts, committed suicide. Smith wrote a book entitled Remembering Garrett, One Family’s Battle with a Child’s Depression, in 2004, President George W. Bush signed the Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Act, authorizing $82 million for suicide-prevention and awareness programs at colleges. Smith is also a member of the Udall political family and his mother was a cousin of the late Representatives Mo Udall and Stewart Udall, and Smith is a second cousin of Senators Mark Udall and Tom Udall. He is a second cousin of both of them, as their great- grandparents were a pair of brothers and a pair of sisters who married. All three of them were candidates for Senate in the 2008 elections, Smith was the only Republican and incumbent senator of the group, and the only one of the three to lose his electoral bid. Smiths brother, Milan Dale Smith, Jr. is a judge appointed by President George W. Bush in 2006. Smith is a member of the board of directors of the International Republican Institute, in 2010, another second cousin, fellow Republican Mike Lee of Utah, was elected to the Senate. Smith entered politics with his election to the Oregon State Senate in 1992, later in 1995, he ran in a special election for a Senate seat vacated by the resignation of Bob Packwood, but was narrowly defeated in the January 1996 special election by then-Congressman Ron Wyden. United States Senator Mark Hatfield, a fellow Republican, announced his retirement later in 1996, Smith became the first person to run for the Senate twice in one year. This time he won, easily defeating Lon Mabon in the Republican primary, before his election, Oregon had not elected a Senator from the eastern part of the state since 1938. Smith was re-elected in 2002, defeating Oregon Secretary of State Bill Bradbury by 57% to 39%, Smiths approval rating was 52 percent, with 38 percent disapproving. In 1996 Smith was endorsed by the political activist group the Oregon Citizens Alliance in his race against Wyden
35.
Udall family
–
The Udall family is a U. S. political family rooted in the American West. Its role in politics spans over 100 years and four generations, Udall politicians have been elected from four different states, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Oregon. If viewed as an entity, the Udall-Hunt-Lee family has been elected from six states, Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Oregon. Three Udall family cousins were nominated by the two major American political parties for the United States Senate elections of 2008, of which the two Democrats were elected and seated in 2009, David King Udall can be considered the familys founder. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to David Udall and Eliza King and they immigrated to the United States in 1851. The family travelled across the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains by ox cart and settled in Nephi, the elder David later became a Mormon bishop. In this environment, the younger David grew up to be a fervent Mormon as well and he married Eliza Stewart and they settled in Kanab, Utah. Shortly after their marriage, David left to serve as a missionary in England for two years. In 1880, he was called by his church to move with his family to St. Johns, Apache County, Arizona, in order to become the local bishop and facilitate further Mormon migration into that community. This made David unpopular with established residents of St. Johns, who didnt want the Mormons there, David took a second wife, Ida Hunt, in 1882. She was a granddaughter of Jefferson Hunt, David was prosecuted for, but not convicted of, bigamy in 1884. In 1885, he was indicted for perjury stemming from a statement he made backing a land claim for Miles Romney. His bail was posted by Baron Goldwater, the trial and its aftermath received heavy regional press coverage. David was convicted and sentenced to three years imprisonment at a penitentiary in Detroit, Michigan. President Cleveland issued a pardon after David served just three months of his sentence, in 1887 David was made a stake president, a higher position in the Mormon hierarchy. In that position, he oversaw Mormon affairs over a portion of Arizona. That same year, Tommy Stewart, Davids double brother-in-law, was elected to serve in the Utah Territorial Legislature, Davids wife, Eliza, was Tommys sister, and Tommy was married to Davids sister, Mary, making Tommy a member of the Udall family by marriage. Tommy would later become mayor of Kanab, in 1890, the LDS Church officially declared it opposed its members from entering into polygamous marriage
36.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
