1.
Jefferson Park (Chicago)
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Jefferson Park is a 7-acre park in the Jefferson Park community area of Chicago, Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places. The park is equipped with two fields, one combination football/soccer field, three tennis courts, one playground and a spray pool and a full outdoor swimming pool with dressing facility. Each summer, hundreds of residents stroll the grounds for “Jeff Fest, ” a Jefferson Park Chamber of Commerce-sponsored outdoor community festival featuring local food, vendors. The all-volunteer Citywide Orchestra practices at Jefferson Park and performs concerts for the community. Thomas Jefferson Memorial Park is named in honor of the drafter of the Declaration of Independence, the park was long referred to as simply Jefferson Park until the park received the memorial park designation in 1999 to distinguish it from a second park of the same name. This Jefferson Park was the creation of the Jefferson Park District, the Jefferson Park District was established in 1920 to provide neighborhood parks for the rapidly developing northwest side of Chicago. Located on the site of the former Esdohr farm, land acquisition for the park began in 1921, official Jefferson Park Historical Society website Chicagoparkdistrict. com, Jefferson Park
2.
Community areas in Chicago
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These areas are well-defined and static. Census data are tied to the community areas, and they serve as the basis for a variety of urban planning initiatives on both the local and regional levels, the Social Science Research Committee at University of Chicago defined seventy-five community areas during the late 1920s. At the time, these community areas corresponded roughly to neighborhoods or inter-related neighborhoods within the city, in the 1950s, with the citys annexations for OHare International Airport, a seventy-sixth community area was added. Community areas are distinct from neighborhoods in Chicago, community areas often encompass groups of neighborhoods. Although many community areas contain more than one neighborhood, they may share the same name, or parts of the name. The city center area covers a more than 4 square miles, lying roughly between Division Street on the north, Lake Michigan on the east, 26th Street on the south. This area is commercial hub. The three branches of the Chicago River meet in this area, the area known as the Loop is a section within downtown, surrounded by elevated tracks of the rapid transit network. Many of downtowns commercial, cultural, and financial institutions are located in the Loop, today, the Loop is also used to identify the larger downtown area. River North contains the Magnificent Mile, a concentration of high-end retail, the Chicago Bears play in Soldier Field on the Near South Side. The citys North Side district extends north of Central−Downtown Chicago, the West Side districts, and it is the most densely populated residential section of the city, and has a considerable middle and upper-class demographic. It contains sizable public parklands and miles of beaches along Lake Michigan to the northern limits. Residential highrises line the waterfront in the eastern North Side, the district includes Eastern European, Puerto Rican, and other ethnic enclaves. It is the home of the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field, the West Side is made up of neighborhoods such as Austin, Lawndale, Garfield Park, West Town, and Humboldt Park among others. Some neighborhoods, particularly Garfield Park and Lawndale, have had long-term socio-economic problems, other West Side neighborhoods, especially those closer to downtown, have been undergoing gentrification. The United Center, the home of the Chicago Bulls and Blackhawks, major parks on the West Side include Douglas, Garfield, and Humboldt Park. Garfield Park Conservatory houses one of the largest collections of plants of any U. S. city. Attractions on the West Side include the Puerto Rican Day festival, the National Museum of Mexican Art in Pilsen, the South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the citys land area, and much was annexed in the late 19th century
3.
Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he was elected the second Vice President of the United States, Jefferson was primarily of English ancestry, born and educated in colonial Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary and briefly practiced law and he became the United States Minister to France in May 1785, and subsequently the nations first Secretary of State in 1790–1793 under President George Washington. Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System, as President, Jefferson pursued the nations shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. He also organized the Louisiana Purchase, almost doubling the countrys territory, as a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced military forces. Jeffersons second term was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former Vice President Aaron Burr, American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807, responding to British threats to U. S. shipping. In 1803, Jefferson began a process of Indian tribe removal to the newly organized Louisiana Territory. Jefferson mastered many disciplines, which ranged from surveying and mathematics to horticulture and he was a proven architect in the classical tradition. Jeffersons keen interest in religion and philosophy earned him the presidency of the American Philosophical Society and he shunned organized religion, but was influenced by both Christianity and deism. He was well versed in linguistics and spoke several languages and he founded the University of Virginia after retiring from public office. He was a letter writer and corresponded with many prominent and important people throughout his adult life. His only full-length book is Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson owned several plantations which were worked by hundreds of slaves. Most historians now believe that, after the death of his wife in 1782, he had a relationship with his slave Sally Hemings and fathered at least one of her children. Various modern scholars are more critical of Jeffersons private life, pointing out the discrepancy between his ownership of slaves and his political principles, for example. Presidential scholars, however, consistently rank Jefferson among the greatest presidents, Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13,1743, at the family home in Shadwell in the Colony of Virginia, the third of ten children. He was of English and possibly Welsh descent and was born a British subject and his father Peter Jefferson was a planter and surveyor who died when Jefferson was fourteen, his mother was Jane Randolph. Peter Jefferson moved his family to Tuckahoe Plantation in 1745 upon the death of a friend who had named him guardian of his children, the Jeffersons returned to Shadwell in 1752, where Peter died in 1757, his estate was divided between his sons Thomas and Randolph. Thomas inherited approximately 5,000 acres of land, including Monticello and he assumed full authority over his property at age 21
4.
Jefferson Park Transit Center
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The Jefferson Park Transit Center is an intermodal passenger transport center, in the Jefferson Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. It serves as a station for rail and also as a bus terminal, Jefferson Park Transit Centers railroad station is on Metras Union Pacific/Northwest Line, with the station located at 4963 N. Milwaukee Avenue. Jefferson Park is 8.7 miles away from Ogilvie Transportation Center in downtown Chicago, under Metras zone-based fare system, Jefferson Park is in zone B. The station is part of a transit center that also includes an L station on the Chicago Transit Authoritys Blue Line. The segment for the L is a surface station with a single island platform. Blue Line trains run at intervals of 2–7 minutes during rush hour and this was the terminal for Blue Line trains once the service was extended from Logan Square. The line was extended from Jefferson Park, but some weekday rush hour trips end here, c&NW raised it above ground in 1958. The station was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, in 1983, the branch was extended past Jefferson Park to Rosemont. The station was renovated in 2000–2001, and an elevator added to aid access, in 2005, a monument to Thomas Jefferson was placed along the stations entrance along Milwaukee Avenue. The Metra station has three tracks, a platform for the inbound local track, and an island platform for the center express track. However, only two trains stop at Jefferson Park on the track on weekdays, as the station is bypassed by express trains. A station house open from 5,00 A. M. to 1,00 P. M. is located on the inbound platform, there is no ticket agent at Jefferson Park, so tickets must be purchased on board the train. Jefferson Park has a park and ride lot operated by Imperial Parking, the Blue Line station is located in the median, and like all other stations on this segment, has two tracks and one island platform
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Cook County, Illinois
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Cook County is a county in the U. S. state of Illinois. It is the second-most populous county in the United States after Los Angeles County, as of 2015, the population was 5,238,216. Its county seat is Chicago, the largest city in Illinois, more than 40% of all residents of Illinois live in Cook County. Cook Countys population is larger than that of 29 individual U. S. states, there are 135 incorporated municipalities partially or wholly within Cook County, the largest of which is Chicago, which is home to approximately 54% of the population of the county. That part of the county which lies outside of the Chicago city limits is divided into 29 townships, geographically, the county is the sixth-largest in Illinois by land area. It shares the states Lake Michigan shoreline with Lake County, including its lake area, the county has a total area of 1,635 square miles, the largest county in Illinois, of which 945 square miles is land and 690 square miles is water. Land-use in Cook County is mainly urban and densely populated, Cook County is included in the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is surrounded by what are known as the five collar counties, Cook County was created on January 15,1831, out of Putnam County by an act of the Illinois General Assembly. It was the 54th county established in Illinois and was named after Daniel Cook and he served as the second U. S. Representative from Illinois and the states first Attorney General, in 1839, DuPage County was carved out of Cook County. Cook County is the home rule county in Illinois. The Cook County Code is the codification of Cook Countys local ordinances, Cook Countys current County Board president is Toni Preckwinkle. The Circuit Court of Cook County, which is a State agency funded, in part, by Cook County, the Cook County Department of Corrections, also known as the Cook County Jail, is the largest single-site jail in the nation. The Cook County Juvenile Detention Center, under the authority of the Chief Judge of the State court, is the first juvenile center in the nation, the Cook County Law Library is the second-largest county law library in the nation. In the 1980s, Cook County was ground zero to an extensive FBI investigation called Operation Greylord, ninety-two officials were indicted, including 17 judges,48 lawyers,8 policemen,10 deputy sheriffs,8 court officials, and a state legislator. The Bureau of Health Services administers the public health services and is the third-largest public health system in the nation. Three hospitals are part of system, John H. Stroger. Hospital of Cook County, Provident Hospital, and Oak Forest Hospital of Cook County, the Cook County Department of Transportation is responsible for the design and maintenance of roadways in the county
7.
Jefferson Park, Chicago
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Jefferson Park is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago, located on the Northwest Side of the city. The neighborhood of Jefferson Park occupies a larger swath of territory, Jefferson Park is bordered by the community areas of Norwood Park to the northwest, Forest Glen to the northeast, Portage Park to the south, and the suburb of Harwood Heights to the south. The tiny settlement of traders, hunters, and farmers consisted of simple one, Jefferson Park became the hub of an independent township that was incorporated at the nearby Dickinson Tavern as Jefferson Township in 1850 until annexed by the city of Chicago in 1889. Jefferson Park is also home to the The Northwest Chicago Historical Society which is dedicated to preserve the rich history as well as most historical events. Jefferson Park is a 7-acre park operated by the Chicago Park District, the park, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places is located on the site of the Esdohr Farm. Jefferson Park residents are served by Chicago Public Schools, which includes neighborhood, there are also a number of private parochial schools run by Roman Catholic and Lutheran congregations in the area. The Chicago Public Library operates the Jefferson Park branch for neighborhood residents, Jefferson Park is the home of the historic former Gateway Theatre Movie Palace that is now only part of the Copernicus Center. The Copernicus Center is also a location for Jefferson Park residents. The Copernicus Center Annex, which both an event space and offices, houses the Jefferson Park Chamber of Commerce office. Jefferson Park is also home to the award-winning Gift Theatre Company, the neighborhood holds two large festivals annually, Jeff Fest in June, and Taste of Polonia over Labor Day weekend. The Taste of Polonia has brought some of the nations most prominent political figures to Jefferson Park to woo the support of Chicagos Polish community. President George H. W. Bush hosted the festival in 1992 and in 2000, future Vice-President Dick Cheney as well as Tipper Gore, Jefferson Park has long been one of Chicagos transportation hubs, earning the neighborhood the nickname as The Gateway to Chicago. The Union Pacific / Northwest Line also provides service to Jefferson Park, in 2005, a monument to Thomas Jefferson was placed along the stations entrance along Milwaukee Avenue. Jefferson Park is a predominantly middle-class neighborhood of people coming from a variety of diverse backgrounds, Jefferson Park is also known for having a very high number of resident city and county workers. The area is filled with the homes of Chicago Public School teachers and staff, Chicago Police Department, Chicago Fire Department as well as Cook County Sheriff officers and staff. Boundaries are Austin Ave, Chicago River, Railway, Elston Ave, Foster Ave, Edens Expy, Cicero Ave, Montrose Ave, Narraganset Ave, Nagle Ave, Bryn Mawr Ave, Northwest Hwy, Milwaukee Ave. Boundaries are Indian Rd, Central Ave, Ardmore Ave. http and it is centered at the large and confusing intersection of Northwest Highway and Central, Milwaukee, and Foster Avenues. The Kennedy Expressway runs nearby as well and has an entrance from Foster Avenue, the park for which the neighborhood is named is located a few blocks to the northwest between Northwest Highway and Milwaukee, on Menard Avenue
8.
Demography of the United States
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As of March 16,2017, the United States has a total resident population of 324,700,000, making it the third most populous country in the world. It is very urbanized, with 81% residing in cities and suburbs as of 2014, california and Texas are the most populous states, as the mean center of U. S. population has consistently shifted westward and southward. New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2015 is 1.84 children per woman, which is below the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1. Compared to other Western countries, in 2012, U. S. fertility rate was lower than that of France, Australia, the United States Census Bureau shows a population increase of 0. 75% for the twelve-month period ending in July 2012. Though high by industrialized country standards, this is below the average annual rate of 1. 1%. There were about 125.9 million adult women in the United States in 2014, the number of men was 119.4 million. At age 85 and older, there were almost twice as many women as men, people under 21 years of age made up over a quarter of the U. S. population, and people age 65 and over made up one-seventh. The national median age was 37.8 years in 2015, the United States Census Bureau defines White people as those having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who reported White or wrote in such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab. Whites constitute the majority of the U. S. population, Non-Hispanic whites make up 62. 6% of the countrys population. The American population almost quadrupled during the 20th century—at a growth rate of about 1. 3% a year—from about 76 million in 1900 to 281 million in 2000 and it reached the 200 million mark in 1968, and the 300 million mark on October 17,2006. Population growth is fastest among minorities as a whole, and according to the Census Bureaus estimation for 2012,50. 4% of American children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups. Hispanic and Latino Americans accounted for 48% of the population growth of 2.9 million between July 1,2005, and July 1,2006. Immigrants and their U. S. -born descendants are expected to provide most of the U. S. population gains in the decades ahead, the Census Bureau projects a U. S. population of 417 million in 2060, which is a 38% increase from 2007. However, the United Nations projects a U. S. population of 402 million in 2050, in an official census report, it was reported that 54. 4% of births in 2010 were non-Hispanic white. This represents an increase of 0. 34% compared to the previous year, which was 54. 06%. Under the law, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, around a million people legally immigrated to the United States per year in the 1990s, up from 250,000 per year in the 1950s. In 2009, 37% of immigrants originated in Asia, 42% in North America, in 1900, non-Hispanic whites comprised almost 97% of the population of the 10 largest American cities
9.
Educational attainment in the United States
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The educational attainment of the U. S. As a whole, the population of the United States is spending more years in formal educational programs, as with income, levels differ by race, age, household configuration and geography. Overall the households and demographics featuring the highest educational attainment in the United States are also among those with the highest household income, thus, while the population as a whole is proceeding further in formal educational programs, income and educational attainment remain highly correlated. In 2003, the percentage of the population who had completed high school or had not completed high school but obtained a GED increased for the first time since 2000. This increase follows a trend that the Current Population Survey has shown since educational attainment was first measured in 1947. Since 1983 the percentage of people either graduating from school or failing to complete high school. The greatest increases in educational attainment were documented in the 1950s, 60s and 70s, in the 1950s and much of the 1960s high school graduates constituted about 50% of those considered adults. For young adults aged between 25 and 29, the percentage of high school graduates or GED obtainers was roughly 50% in 1950 versus 90% today. For the past fifty years, there has been a gap in the achievement of males and females in the United States. In the 1970s and 1980s, data showed girls trailing behind boys in a variety of performance measures, specifically in test scores in math. Traditionally, girls have outperformed boys in reading and writing, although this gap may be minimal in kindergarten, it grows as students continue their education. On the 2008 test, female students continued to have higher average reading scores than students at all three ages. The gap between male and female 4th graders was 7 points in 2008, by 12th grade, there was an 11-point gap between males and females. On the 2002 National Writing Assessment, boys scored on average 17 points lower than girls in 4th grade, the average gap increased to 21 points by 8th grade and widened to 24 points by senior year in high school. In the more recent 2007 National Assessment of Writing Skills, female students continued to score higher than male students, the average score for female eighth-graders was 20 points higher than males, down 1 point from the 2002 score. For twelfth-graders, females outscored males by 18 points as opposed to 24 points in 2002, all of these assessments were conducted on a 100-point scale. Overall, women have surpassed men in terms of completing secondary and post-secondary education with the gender gap almost completely reversed, in 2006,10. 3% of males and 8. 3% of females dropped out of high school. In 2005/2006, women earned 62% of associate degrees, 58% of bachelors degrees,60. 0% of masters degrees, according to recent data,55 percent of college students are females and 45 percent are males
Jefferson Park, Chicago
