Jelly Roll Morton

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Jelly Roll Morton
Morton in 1918
Background information
Birth name	Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe (possibly spelled Lemott, LaMotte or LaMenthe)
Also known as	Jelly Roll Morton
Born	(1890-10-20)October 20, 1890 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Died	July 10, 1941(1941-07-10) (aged 50) Los Angeles, California
Genres	Ragtime, jazz, jazz blues, Dixieland, swing
Occupation(s)	Vaudeville comedian, bandleader, composer, arranger
Instruments	Piano, vocal
Years active	1900–1941
Associated acts	Red Hot Peppers, New Orleans Rhythm Kings

Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe (October 20, 1890 – July 10, 1941),^[1] known professionally as Jelly Roll Morton, was an American ragtime and early jazz pianist, bandleader and composer who started his career in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Widely recognized as a pivotal figure in early jazz, Morton is perhaps most notable as jazz's first arranger, proving that a genre rooted in improvisation could retain its essential spirit and characteristics when notated.^[2] His composition "Jelly Roll Blues", published in 1915, was the first published jazz composition. Morton also wrote the standards "King Porter Stomp", "Wolverine Blues", "Black Bottom Stomp", and "I Thought I Heard Buddy Bolden Say", the last a tribute to New Orleans musicians from the turn of the 20th century.

Morton's claim to have invented jazz in 1902 aroused resentment.^[3] The jazz historian, musician, and composer Gunther Schuller says of Morton's "hyperbolic assertions" that there is "no proof to the contrary" and that Morton's "considerable accomplishments in themselves provide reasonable substantiation".^[4] Alan Lomax, who recorded extensive biographical interviews of Morton at the Library of Congress in 1938, did not agree that Morton was an egoist:

In being called a supreme egotist, Jelly Roll was often a victim of loose and lurid reporting. If we read the words that he himself wrote, we learn that he almost had an inferiority complex and said that he created his own style of jazz piano because "All my fellow musicians were much faster in manipulations, I thought than I, and I did not feel as though I was in their class." So he used a slower tempo to permit flexibility through the use of more notes, a pinch of Spanish to give a number of right seasoning, the avoidance of playing triple forte continuously, and many other points". --Quoted in John Szwed, Dr Jazz.^[5]

Biography[edit]

Early life[edit]

Morton was born into the inward-looking, Creole (free people of color) community^[6] in the Faubourg Marigny neighborhood of downtown New Orleans, Louisiana c. 1890. Both parents could trace their Creole ancestry back four generations to the eighteenth century.^[7] Morton's exact date and year of birth are uncertain, owing to the fact that in common with the majority of nineteenth-century babies born in New Orleans, no birth certificate was ever issued for him. The law requiring birth certificates for citizens was not enforced until 1914.^[8] His parents were Edward Joseph (Martin) Lamothe, a bricklayer by trade, and Louise Hermance Monette, a domestic worker. His father left his mother when Morton was three (they were never formally married) and when his mother married William Mouton in 1894, Ferdinand adopted his stepfather's surname: anglicizing it to Morton. He showed musical talent at an early age. At the age of twelve he had depression; he suffered for a month before getting help.

Career[edit]

Morton claimed to have written "Jelly Roll Blues" in 1905.

At the age of fourteen, Morton began working as a piano player in a brothel (or, as it was referred to then, a sporting house). In that atmosphere, he often sang smutty lyrics; he took the nickname "Jelly Roll", which was African-American slang for female genitalia, and by extension a lover of same.^[9][10] While working there, he was living with his churchgoing great-grandmother; he convinced her that he worked as a night watchman in a barrel factory.

After Morton's grandmother found out that he was playing jazz in a brothel, she kicked him out of her house.^[11] He said:

When my grandmother found out that I was playing jazz in one of the sporting houses in the District, she told me that I had disgraced the family and forbade me to live at the house. ... She told me that devil music would surely bring about my downfall, but I just couldn't put it behind me.^[11]

The cornetist Rex Stewart recalled that Morton had chosen "the nom de plume 'Morton' to protect his family from disgrace if he was identified as a whorehouse 'professor'."^[9]

Tony Jackson, also a pianist at brothels and an accomplished guitar player, was a major influence on Morton's music. Morton said that Jackson was the only pianist better than he was.

Touring[edit]

Around 1904, Morton also started touring in the American South, working in minstrel shows including Will Benbow's Chocolate Drops,^[12] gambling and composing. His works "Jelly Roll Blues", "New Orleans Blues", "Frog-I-More Rag", "Animule Dance", and "King Porter Stomp" were composed during this period. He got to Chicago in 1910 and New York City in 1911, where future stride greats James P. Johnson and Willie "The Lion" Smith caught his act, years before the blues were widely played in the North.^[13]

In 1912–14, Morton toured with his girlfriend Rosa Brown as a vaudeville act before settling in Chicago for three years. By 1914, he had started writing down his compositions. In 1915, his "Jelly Roll Blues" was arguably the first jazz composition ever published, recording as sheet music the New Orleans traditions that had been jealously guarded by musicians. In 1917, he followed the bandleader William Manuel Johnson and Johnson's sister Anita Gonzalez to California, where Morton's tango, "The Crave", was a sensation in Hollywood.^[14]

Vancouver[edit]

Morton was invited to play a new nightclub, The Patricia, on East Hastings Street in Vancouver, British Columbia. The jazz historian Mark Miller described his arrival as "an extended period of itinerancy as a pianist, vaudeville performer, gambler, hustler, and, as legend would have it, pimp".^[15]

Chicago[edit]

Morton returned to Chicago in 1923 to claim authorship of his recently published rag, "The Wolverines", which had become a hit as "Wolverine Blues" in that city. He released the first of his commercial recordings, first as piano rolls, then on record, both as a piano soloist and with various jazz bands.^[16]

In 1926, Morton succeeded in getting a contract to make records for the largest and most prestigious record company in the United States, the Victor Talking Machine Company. This gave him a chance to bring a well-rehearsed band to play his arrangements in Victor's Chicago recording studios. These recordings, by Jelly Roll Morton & His Red Hot Peppers, are regarded as classics of 1920s jazz. The Red Hot Peppers featured such other New Orleans jazz luminaries as Kid Ory, Omer Simeon, George Mitchell, Johnny St. Cyr, Barney Bigard, Johnny Dodds, Baby Dodds, and Andrew Hilaire. Jelly Roll Morton & His Red Hot Peppers were one of the first acts booked on tours by MCA.^[17]

Marriage[edit]

In November 1928, Morton married Mabel Bertrand (1888-1969), a showgirl, in Gary, Indiana.

New York City[edit]

They moved that year to New York City, where Morton continued to record for Victor. His piano solos and trio recordings are well regarded, but his band recordings suffer in comparison with the Chicago sides, for which Morton could draw on many great New Orleans musicians as sidemen.^[18] Even though Morton generally had trouble finding musicians who wanted to play his style of jazz, he recorded with such noted musicians as the clarinetists Omer Simeon, George Baquet, Albert Nicholas, Wilton Crawley, Barney Bigard, Russell Procope, Lorenzo Tio and Artie Shaw, the trumpeters Bubber Miley, Johnny Dunn and Henry "Red" Allen, the saxophonists Sidney Bechet, Paul Barnes and Bud Freeman, the bassist Pops Foster, and the drummers Paul Barbarin, Cozy Cole and Zutty Singleton. His New York sessions failed to produce a hit.^[19]

With the Great Depression and the near collapse of the record industry, RCA Victor did not renew Morton's recording contract for 1931. He continued playing in New York but struggled financially. He briefly had a radio show in 1934, then took on touring in the band of a traveling burlesque act for some steady income. In 1935, Morton's 30-year-old composition "King Porter Stomp", as arranged by Fletcher Henderson, became Benny Goodman's first hit and a swing standard, but Morton received no royalties from its recordings.^[20]

Washington, D.C.[edit]

In 1935, Morton moved to Washington, D.C., to become the manager and piano player of a bar called at various times the Music Box, Blue Moon Inn, and Jungle Inn, in Shaw, an African-American neighborhood of the city. (The building that housed the nightclub still stands, at 1211 U Street NW.) Morton was also the master of ceremonies, bouncer, and bartender of the club. He lived in Washington for a few years; the club owner allowed all her friends free admission and drinks, which prevented Morton from making the business a success.^[21]

In 1938, Morton was stabbed by a friend of the owner and suffered wounds to the head and chest. After this incident, his wife, Mabel, demanded that they leave Washington.^[21]

	"Hesitation Blues" (4:27) "Hesitation Blues", a popular song adapted from a traditional tune, from a 1938 performance "Tiger Rag" (0:29) Sample of Morton's introduction and playing of "Tiger Rag" (originally recorded and copyright by the Original Dixieland Jass Band), from a 1938 performance
Problems playing these files? See media help.

During Morton's brief residency at the Music Box, the folklorist Alan Lomax heard him playing in the bar. In May 1938, Lomax invited Morton to record music and interviews for the Library of Congress. The sessions, originally intended to be a short interview with musical examples for use by music researchers in the Library of Congress, expanded to more than eight hours of Morton talking and playing piano. Lomax also conducted longer interviews during which he took notes but did not record. Despite the low fidelity of these noncommercial recordings, their musical and historical importance has attracted numerous jazz fans, and they have helped to ensure Morton's place in jazz history.^[22]

Lomax was interested in Morton's days in Storyville, in New Orleans, and the ribald songs of the time. Although reluctant to recount and record these, Morton eventually obliged Lomax. Because of the suggestive nature of the songs, some of the Library of Congress recordings were not released until 2005.^[22]

In these interviews, Morton claimed to have been born in 1885. He was aware that if he had been born in 1890, he would have been slightly too young to make a good case for being the inventor of jazz. He said in an interview that Buddy Bolden played ragtime but not jazz, a view not accepted by Bolden's other New Orleans contemporaries. The contradictions may stem from different definitions of the terms ragtime and jazz. These interviews, released in different forms over the years, were released on an eight-CD boxed set in 2005, The Complete Library of Congress Recordings. The collection won two Grammy Awards.^[22] The same year, Morton was honored with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Later years[edit]

When Morton was stabbed and wounded, a nearby whites-only hospital refused to treat him, as the city had racially segregated facilities. He was transported to a black hospital farther away.^{[citation needed]} When he was in the hospital, the doctors left ice on his wounds for several hours before attending to his eventually fatal injury. His recovery from his wounds was incomplete, and thereafter he was often ill and easily became short of breath. Morton made a new series of commercial recordings in New York, several reprising tunes from his early years that he discussed in his Library of Congress interviews.^{[citation needed]}

Worsening asthma sent him to a New York hospital for three months at one point. He continued to suffer from respiratory problems when visiting Los Angeles with a series of manuscripts of new tunes and arrangements, planning to form a new band and restart his career. Morton died on July 10, 1941, after an eleven-day stay in Los Angeles County General Hospital.

According to the jazz historian David Gelly in 2000, Morton's arrogance and "bumptious" persona alienated so many musicians over the years that no colleagues or admirers attended his funeral.^[23] However, a contemporary news account of the funeral in the August 1, 1941, issue of Downbeat magazine reported that the musicians Kid Ory, Mutt Carey, Fred Washington and Ed Garland were among his pallbearers, noting the absence of Duke Ellington and Jimmie Lunceford, both of whom were appearing in Los Angeles at the time. (The article is reproduced in Alan Lomax's biography of Morton, Mister Jelly Roll, University of California Press, 1950.)

Piano style[edit]

Morton's piano style was formed from early secondary ragtime and "shout", which also evolved separately into the New York school of stride piano. Morton's playing was also close to barrelhouse, which produced boogie-woogie.^[24]

Morton often played the melody of a tune with his right thumb, while sounding a harmony above these notes with other fingers of the right hand. This added a rustic or "out-of-tune" sound (due to the playing of a diminished 5th above the melody). This may still be recognized as belonging to New Orleans. Morton also walked in major and minor sixths in the bass, instead of tenths or octaves. He played basic swing rhythms with both the left and the right hand.

Compositions[edit]

The following list is a selection of Morton's compositions, listed alphabetically.

Several of Morton's compositions were musical tributes to himself, including "Winin' Boy", "The Jelly Roll Blues" (subtitled "The Original Jelly-Roll"); and "Mr. Jelly Lord". In the big-band era, his "King Porter Stomp", which Morton had written decades earlier, was a big hit for Fletcher Henderson and Benny Goodman; it became a standard covered by most other swing bands of that time. Morton claimed to have written some tunes that were copyrighted by others, including "Alabama Bound" and "Tiger Rag". "Sweet Peter", which Morton recorded in 1926, appears to be the source of the melody of the hit song "All of Me," which was credited to Gerald Marks and Seymour Simons in 1931.

His musical influence continues in the work of Dick Hyman,^[25] David Thomas Roberts,^[26] and Reginald Robinson.^[27]

Legacy[edit]

• Morton was inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and was elected as a charter member of the Gennett Records Walk of Fame .
• He was inducted into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame in 2008.^[28]
• "Buddy Bertrand's Blues" is part of the soundtrack of the 2010 film Beginners.

Representation in other media[edit]

• Two Broadway shows have featured his music: Jelly Roll and Jelly's Last Jam. The first draws heavily on Morton's own words and stories from the Library of Congress interviews.
• The piano "professor" character in Louis Malle's Pretty Baby is based on Morton, portrayed by the actor Antonio Fargas, with piano by Bob Greene and vocals by James Booker.
• Jelly Roll Morton's Last Night at the Jungle Inn: An Imaginary Memoir (1984), by the ethnomusicologist and folklorist Samuel Charters, embellishing Morton's early stories about his life.^[29]
• Morton and his godmother, who went by the name Eulalie Echo, appear as characters in David Fulmer's mystery novel Chasing the Devil's Tail.
• Morton is featured in Alessandro Baricco's book Novecento. He is the "inventor of jazz" and the protagonist's rival throughout the book. This book was adapted as a movie, The Legend of 1900, directed by Giuseppe Tornatore, in which Morton is played by Clarence Williams III.
• The play Don't You Leave Me Here, by Clare Brown, which premiered at West Yorkshire Playhouse on September 27, 2008, deals with Morton's relationship with the musician Tony Jackson.
• Morton is mentioned in "Cornet Man", sung by Barbra Streisand in the Broadway musical Funny Girl (1964).^[30]
• The fictional attorney Perry Mason is a fan of jazz, including music by Morton (The Case of the Missing Melody).
• In the chorus of And It Stoned Me, the opening track of his seminal 1970 album Moondance, Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison sings "And it stoned me to my soul, stoned me just like Jelly Roll, and it stoned me." The reference is thought to be to the childhood memory of listening to his father's Morton recordings.^[31]

Selected discography[edit]

• 1923/24 (Milestone, 1923–24)
• Red Hot Peppers Session: Birth of the Hot, The Classic Red Hot Peppers Sessions (RCA Bluebird, 1926–27)
• The Pearls (RCA Bluebird, 1926–1939)
• Jazz King of New Orleans (RCA Bluebird, 1926–30)
• Jelly Roll Morton: The Complete Library of Congress Recordings, Vols. 1–8 (8-CD Box Set) (Rounder, 2005)

See also[edit]

• List of ragtime composers
• Chord names and symbols (popular music) – Jerry Gates, a professor of Berklee College of Music, tells that he has heard chord symbols came from Ferde Grofé and Jelly Roll Morton.^[32]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Dapogny, James. Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton: The Collected Piano Music. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982.
• The Devil's Music: 1920s Jazz. PBS.
• Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. p. 486.
• "Ferdinand J. 'Jelly Roll' Morton". A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography (1988), pp. 586–587.
• "Jelly". Time, March 11, 1940.
• Ward, Geoffrey C.; Burns, Kenneth. Jazz, a History of America's Music. Random House.

Further reading[edit]

• Dapogny, James (1982). Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton: The Collected Piano Music. Smithsonian Institution Press.
• Gushee, Lawrence (2010). Pioneers of Jazz : The Story of the Creole Band. Oxford University Press.
• Lomax, Alan (1950, 1973, 2001). Mister Jelly Roll. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22530-9.
• Martin, Katy (2013). "The Preoccupations of Mr. Lomax, Inventor of the 'Inventor of Jazz.'" Popular Music and Society 36.1 (February 2013), pp. 30–39. DOI: 10.1080/03007766.2011.613225.
• Pareles, Jon (1989). "New Orleans Sauce for Jelly Roll Morton: 'He Was the First Great Composer and Jazz Master', Tribute to Jelly Roll Morton." New York Times, 1989, sec. Arts.
• Pastras, Phil (2001). Dead Man Blues: Jelly Roll Morton Way Out West. University of California Press.
• Reich, Howard; Gaines, William (2004). Jelly's Blues: The Life, Music, and Redemption of Jelly Roll Morton. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81350-5.
• Russell, William (1999). Oh Mister Jelly! A Jelly Roll Morton Scrapbook, Copenhagen: Jazz Media ApS.
• Szwed, John. "Doctor Jazz" (2005). Liner notes to Jelly Roll Morton: The Complete Library of Congress Recordings by Alan Lomax. Rounder Boxed Set. 80-page illustrated monograph. This book-length essay is also available without illustrations at Jazz Studies Online: John Szwed, Doctor Jazz: Jelly Roll Morton.
• Wright, Laurie (1980). Mr. Jelly Lord. Storyville Publications.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jelly Roll Morton.

• Jelly Roll Morton at Encyclopædia Britannica
• Ferd 'Jelly Roll' Morton
• Genealogy of Jelly Roll Morton
• Ferd Joseph Morton WWI Draft Registration Card and essay
• Jelly Roll Morton on RedHotJazz.com; biography with audio files of many of Morton's historic recordings
• Mister Jelly Roll, complete 1950 book by Alan Lomax; chronicles the early days of jazz and one of its main developers
• Free scores by Jelly Roll Morton at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
• Jelly Roll Morton at Find a Grave