1.
The Philadelphia Inquirer
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The Philadelphia Inquirer is a morning daily newspaper that serves the Philadelphia metropolitan area of the United States. The newspaper was founded by John R. Walker and John Norvell in June 1829 as The Pennsylvania Inquirer and is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States. Owned by Philadelphia Media Network, The Inquirer has the eighteenth largest average weekday U. S. newspaper circulation and has won nineteen Pulitzer Prizes and it is the newspaper of record in the Delaware Valley. The paper has risen and fallen in prominence throughout its history, the Inquirer first became a major newspaper during the American Civil War when its war coverage was popular on both sides. The papers circulation dropped after the war, then rose by the end of the 19th century, by the end of the 1960s, The Inquirer trailed its chief competitor, the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, and lacked modern facilities and experienced staff. In the 1970s, new owners and editors turned the newspaper one of the countrys most prominent. Stan Wischnowski is Vice President of News Operations, the Philadelphia Inquirer was founded as The Pennsylvania Inquirer by printer John R. Walker and John Norvell, former editor of Philadelphias largest newspaper, the Aurora & Gazette. Founded on June 1,1829, The Philadelphia Inquirer is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States, however, in 1962, an Inquirer-commissioned historian traced The Inquirer to John Dunlaps The Pennsylvania Packet, which was founded on October 28,1771. In 1850, The Packet was merged with another newspaper, The North American, after Harding acquired The Pennsylvania Inquirer, it was briefly published as an afternoon paper before returning to its original morning format in January 1830. Under Harding, in 1829, The Inquirer moved from its location between Front and Second Streets to between Second and Third Streets. When Harding bought and merged the Morning Journal in January 1830, Ten years later The Inquirer again was moved, this time to its own building at the corner of Third Street and Carters Alley. Harding expanded The Inquirers content and the paper grew into a major Philadelphian newspaper. The expanded content included the addition of fiction, and in 1840, at the time the common practice was to pay little or nothing for the rights of foreign authors works. Harding retired in 1859 and was succeeded by his son William White Harding, William Harding changed the name of the newspaper to its current name, The Philadelphia Inquirer. Harding, in an attempt to increase circulation, cut the price of the paper, in 1859, circulation had been around 7,000, by 1863 it had increased to 70,000. Part of the increase was due to the interest in news during the American Civil War, the Philadelphia Inquirer supported the Union, but Harding wanted their coverage to remain neutral. Confederate generals often sought copies of the paper, believing that the war coverage was accurate. Inquirer journalist Uriah Hunt Painter was at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, initial reports from the government claimed a Union victory, but The Inquirer went with Painters firsthand account
2.
Jersey Shore
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The Jersey Shore is the coastal region of the state of New Jersey. Geographically, the term encompasses about 141 miles of oceanfront from Perth Amboy in the north to Cape May Point in the south, the Jersey Shore area includes Middlesex, Monmouth, Atlantic County, Cape May, and Ocean counties. Many New Jersey residents refer to it as The Shore, a common phrase within New Jersey is to go down the shore, or to have done something down the shore. Certain communities are popular with visitors from the nearby Canadian provinces of Quebec. The Jersey Shore is lined with over 40 communities, each with a different character, some cater to summer tourists and visitors, others are completely full-year residential communities, others still are a mix of both. Below are some of the most notable shore points, the two towns that make up The Amboys are Perth Amboy and South Amboy. Perth Amboys history dates back to 1651 when August Herman bought a point of land from the Lenni Lenape Native Americans, the land, which was called Ompoge by the Indians, gradually changed its name to Emboyle, then Amboyle. When the city was incorporated in 1683, settlers began to call the land Ambo or Amboy Point, the name means place resembling a bowl. In 1686, when the settlement became the capital of East Jersey, Perth was added to the name in honor of one of the Proprietors under the Royal grant, the James Drummond, 1st Duke of Perth. Keansburg is one of the most tourism-oriented towns along the Raritan Bayshore region, Keansburg is home to the Keansburg Amusement Park, Keansburg is also home to a small boardwalk that runs along the Raritan Bay, sometimes offering views of the New York City skyline. Many boaters utilize Keyports marinas that give access to fishing, crabbing. The New York City skyline can be seen from the boroughs ridges, pleasure, fishing and commuter boats sail from its harbor. The municipal harbor was built from 1938 through 1940 with municipal, state and it is the largest on the East Coast, home to 715 craft, including high-speed ferry service to New York City, which was introduced in 1986. In 1966, the Central Railroad of New Jersey pier was destroyed by fire and its rail route is now used by the Henry Hudson Trail. Sandy Hook is a long, narrow peninsula managed by the National Park Service as the a unit of the Gateway National Recreation Area, the eastern shoreline consists of various public and fishing beaches, including North Beach and Gunnison Beach. The peninsulas ocean-facing beaches are considered among the finest in New Jersey and are a destination for recreation in summer when seasonal ferries bring beachgoers. Gunnison Beach is one of the largest clothing optional beaches on the East Coast, the northern end of the island is home to the Sandy Hook Lighthouse, the Marine Academy of Science and Technology, and restored buildings of the former Fort Hancock Coast Guard Station. Spread across the peninsula are former military installations, including four ammunitions bunkers, Red Bank, overlooking the Navesink River, is a noted social and commercial destination, filled with boutiques, designer clothing and home stores, parks, and restaurants
3.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Great white shark
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The great white shark is notable for its size, with mature female individuals growing up to 6.1 m in length and 1,950 kg in weight. However most are smaller, males measuring 3.35 to 3.96 m, according to the same study, male great white sharks take 26 years to reach sexual maturity, while the females take 33 years to be ready to produce offspring. Great white sharks can accelerate to over 56 km/h for short bursts, the great white shark has no known natural predators other than the killer whale. The great white shark is arguably the worlds largest known extant macropredatory fish and it is also known to prey upon a variety of other marine animals, including fish and seabirds. It is the known surviving species of its genus Carcharodon. The IUCN list the great white shark as a vulnerable species, the novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and the subsequent film by Steven Spielberg depicted the great white shark as a ferocious man eater. In 1758, Carl Linnaeus gave the white shark its first scientific name. Later, Sir Andrew Smith gave it Carcharodon as its name in 1833. The generic name was identified with Linnaeus specific name and the current scientific name, Carcharodon comes from the Greek words karcharos, which means sharp or jagged, and odous, which means tooth. The great white shark came into existence during the mid-Miocene epoch, the earliest known fossils of the great white shark are about 16 million years old. However, the phylogeny of the white is still in dispute. The original hypothesis for the great whites origins is that it shares an ancestor with a prehistoric shark. C. megalodon had teeth that were not too dissimilar with those of great white sharks. Although cartilaginous skeletons do not fossilize, C. megalodon is estimated to have considerably larger than the great white shark. However, a new hypothesis proposes that the C. megalodon, the great white is also more closely related to an ancient mako shark, Isurus hastalis, than to the C. One of the densest known populations is found around Dyer Island, South Africa, the great white is an epipelagic fish, observed mostly in the presence of rich game, such as fur seals, sea lions, cetaceans, other sharks, and large bony fish species. In the open ocean, it has recorded at depths as great as 1,200 m. These findings challenge the notion that the great white is a coastal species
6.
Bull shark
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The bull shark is known for its aggressive nature, predilection for warm shallow water, and presence in brackish and freshwater systems including estuaries and rivers. Bull sharks can thrive in both salt and fresh water and can travel far up rivers and they have been known to travel as far up the Mississippi River as Illinois, although few freshwater human-shark interactions have been recorded. They are probably responsible for the majority of shark attacks. Unlike the river sharks of the genus Glyphis, bull sharks are not true freshwater sharks, the name bull shark comes from the sharks stocky shape, broad, flat snout, and aggressive, unpredictable behavior. In India, the shark may be confused with the Sundarbans or Ganges shark. In Africa, it is commonly called the Zambezi River shark or just Zambi. Some of the bull sharkss closest living relatives do not have the capabilities of osmoregulation and its genus, Carcharhinus, also includes the sandbar shark, which is not capable of osmoregulation. The bull shark shares numerous similarities with river sharks of the genus Glyphis, and other species in the genus Carcharhinus, Bull sharks are large and stout, with females being larger than males. The bull shark can be up to 81 cm in length at birth, adult female bull sharks average 2.4 m long and typically weigh 130 kg, whereas the slightly smaller adult male averages 2.25 m and 95 kg. While a maximum size of 3.5 m is commonly reported, the maximum recorded weight of a bull shark was 315 kg, but may be larger. Bull sharks are wider and heavier than other sharks of comparable length. The second dorsal fin is smaller than the first, the bull sharks caudal fin is longer and lower than that of the larger sharks, and it has a small snout, and lacks an interdorsal ridge. Bull sharks have a force up to 5,914 newtons. The bull shark is found worldwide in coastal areas of warm oceans, in rivers and lakes. It is found to a depth of 150 m, but does not usually swim deeper than 30 m, in the Atlantic, it is found from Massachusetts to southern Brazil, and from Morocco to Angola. In the Indian Ocean, it is found from South Africa to Kenya, India, populations of bull sharks are also found in several major rivers, with more than 500 bull sharks thought to be living in the Brisbane River. One was reportedly seen swimming the flooded streets of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, several were sighted in one of the main streets of Goodna, Queensland, shortly after the peak of the January 2011, floods. A large bull shark was caught in the canals of Scarborough, still greater numbers are in the canals of the Gold Coast, Queensland
7.
Heat wave
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A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries. While definitions vary, a wave is measured relative to the usual weather in the area. Temperatures that people from a hotter climate consider normal can be termed a heat wave in an area if they are outside the normal climate pattern for that area. The term is applied both to hot weather variations and to extraordinary spells of hot which may occur once a century. Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia. A heat wave is considered extreme weather, and a danger because heat, a definition based on Frich et al. A formal, peer-reviewed definition from the Glossary of Meteorology is, A period of abnormally and uncomfortably hot, to be a heat wave such a period should last at least one day, but conventionally it lasts from several days to several weeks. Burrows more rigidly defined a “hot wave” as a spell of three or more days on each of which the maximum temperature reaches or exceeds 90 °F. More realistically, the criteria for any one region are dependent upon the normal conditions of that region. This definition of a wave is also used in Belgium. In the United States, definitions vary by region, however. The same does not apply to drier climates, a heat storm is a Californian term for an extended heat wave. Heat storms occur when the temperature reaches 100 °F for three or more consecutive days over a wide area, the National Weather Service issues heat advisories and excessive heat warnings when unusual periods of hot weather are expected. In Adelaide, South Australia, a wave is defined as five consecutive days at or above 35 °C. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology defines a heat wave as three days or more of maximum and minimum temperatures that are unusual for the location, until the introduction of this new Pilot Heatwave Forecast there was no national definition that described heatwave or measures of heatwave severity. In England and Wales, the Met Office operates a Heat Health Watch system which places each Local Authority region into one of four levels, Heatwave conditions are defined by the maximum daytime temperature and minimum nighttime temperature rising above the threshold for a particular region. The length of time spent above that threshold determines the particular level, Level 1 is normal summer conditions. Level 2 is reached there is a 60% or higher risk that the temperature will be above the threshold levels for two days and the intervening night
8.
Resort
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A resort is a self-contained commercial establishment that endeavors to provide most of a vacationers wants, such as food, drink, lodging, sports, entertainment, and shopping, on the premises. The term resort may be used for a property that provides an array of amenities, typically including entertainment. A hotel is frequently a central feature of a resort, such as the Grand Hotel at Mackinac Island, some resorts are also timeshare or fractionally owned, or wholly owned condominium complexes. A resort is not always a commercial establishment operated by a single company, commonly these facilities are of higher quality than would be expected if one were to stay at a hotel or eat in a towns restaurants. Closely related to these resorts are convention and large meeting sites, generally these occur in cities where special meeting halls, together with ample accommodations as well as varied dining and entertainment, are provided. An all-inclusive resort charges a price that includes most or all items. At a minimum, most inclusive resorts include lodging, unlimited food, drink, sports activities, all-inclusive resorts are found in the Caribbean, particularly in Dominican Republic, Egypt, and elsewhere. Many also offer sports and other included in the price as well. They are often located in warmer regions, the all-inclusive model originated in the Club Med resorts, which were founded by the Belgian Gérard Blitz. Some all-inclusive resorts are designed for specific vacation interests, for example, certain resorts cater to adults, while even more specialized properties accept couples only. Other all-inclusive resorts are geared toward families, with facilities like craft centers, game rooms, all-inclusive resorts are also very popular locations for destination weddings. A spa resort is a short term residential/lodging facility with the purpose of providing individual services for spa-goers to develop healthy habits. Historically many such spas were developed at the location of natural hot springs or sources of mineral waters, golf resorts are resorts that cater specifically to the sport of golf, and include access to one or more golf course and or clubhouse. Golf resorts typically provide golf packages that provide visitors with all greens and cart fees, range balls, accommodations, in North America a ski resort is generally a destination resort in a ski area. Ski resort is less likely to refer to a town or village, a megaresort is a type of destination resort which is of an exceptionally large size, such as those along the Las Vegas Strip. In Singapore integrated resort is a euphemism for a destination resort. A holiday village is a type of self-contained resort in Europe, a holiday camp in the United Kingdom refers to a resort where the accommodation is in chalets. The term holiday park is used for a resort where the accommodation includes static caravans, there are 1500+ timeshare resorts in the U. S. that are operated by major hospitality, timeshare-specific, or independent companies
9.
Ichthyology
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Ichthyology, also known as fish science, is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish. This includes bony fish, cartilaginous fish, and jawless fish, while a large number of species have been discovered, approximately 250 new species are officially described by science each year. According to FishBase,33,400 species of fish had been described by October 2016, the study of fish dates from the Upper Paleolithic Revolution. The science of ichthyology was developed in several interconnecting epochs, each with various significant advancements, the study of fish receives its origins from humans desire to feed, clothe, and equip themselves with useful implements. Early cultures manifested these insights in abstract and identifiable artistic expressions, informal, scientific descriptions of fish are represented within the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Old Testament laws of kashrut forbade the consumption of fish scales or appendages. These fish include cyprinids of the genera Barbus and Mirogrex, cichlids of the genus Sarotherodon, Aristotle incorporated ichthyology into formal scientific study. Between 335 BC–322 BC, he provided the earliest taxonomic classification of fish, furthermore, Aristotle documented anatomical and behavioral differences between fish and marine mammals. After his death, some of his pupils continued his ichthyological research, theophrastus, for example, composed a treatise on amphibious fish. The Romans, although devoted to science, wrote extensively about fish. Pliny the Elder, a notable Roman naturalist, compiled the works of indigenous Greeks, including verifiable and ambiguous peculiarities such as the sawfish. Plinys documentation was the last significant contribution to ichthyology until the European Renaissance, the writings of three sixteenth century scholars, Hippolito Salviani, Pierre Belon, and Guillaume Rondelet, signify the conception of modern ichthyology. The investigations of individuals were based upon actual research in comparison to ancient recitations. This property popularized and emphasized these discoveries, despite their prominence, Rondelets De Piscibus Marinis is regarded as the most influential, identifying 244 species of fish. The incremental alterations in navigation and shipbuilding throughout the Renaissance marked the commencement of a new epoch in ichthyology, the Renaissance culminated with the era of exploration and colonization, and upon the cosmopolitan interest in navigation came the specialization in naturalism. Georg Marcgrave of Saxony composed the Naturalis Brasilae in 1648 and this document contained a description of 100 species of fish indigenous to the Brazilian coastline. In 1686, John Ray and Francis Willughby collaboratively published Historia Piscium, the fish contained within this informative literature were arranged in a provisional system of classification. The classification used within the Historia Piscium was further developed by Carl Linnaeus and his taxonomic approach became the systematic approach to the study of organisms, including fish
10.
Caricature
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A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or through other artistic drawings. In literature, a caricature is a description of a person using exaggeration of some characteristics, Caricatures can be insulting or complimentary and can serve a political purpose or be drawn solely for entertainment. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in cartoons, while caricatures of movie stars are often found in entertainment magazines. The term is derived from the Italian caricare—to charge or load, an early definition occurs in the English doctor Thomas Brownes Christian Morals, published posthumously in 1716. Expose not thy self by four-footed manners unto monstrous draughts, with the footnote, When Mens faces are drawn with resemblance to some other Animals, the Italians call it, to be drawn in Caricatura Thus, the word caricature essentially means a loaded portrait. Some of the earliest caricatures are found in the works of Leonardo da Vinci, the point was to offer an impression of the original which was more striking than a portrait. Caricature took a road to its first successes in the aristocratic circles of France and Italy. These caricatures were the work of Brig. -Gen, george Townshend whose caricatures of British General James Wolfe, depicted as Deformed and crass and hideous, were drawn to amuse fellow officers. Elsewhere, two great practitioners of the art of caricature in 18th-century Britain were Thomas Rowlandson and James Gillray, Rowlandson was more of an artist and his work took its inspiration mostly from the public at large. Gillray was more concerned with the vicious visual satirisation of political life and they were, however, great friends and caroused together in the pubs of London. In a lecture titled The History and Art of Caricature, the British caricaturist Ted Harrison said that the caricaturist can choose to either mock or wound the subject with an effective caricature. Drawing caricatures can simply be a form of entertainment and amusement – in which case gentle mockery is in order – or the art can be employed to make a social or political point. A caricaturist draws on the characteristics of the subject, the acquired characteristics. Sir Max Beerbohm, created and published caricatures of the men of his own time. His style of single-figure caricatures in formalized groupings was established by 1896 and his published works include Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen, The Poets Corner, and Rossetti and His Circle. He published widely in magazines of the time, and his works were exhibited regularly in London at the Carfax Gallery. George Cruikshank created political prints that attacked the family and leading politicians. He went on to create caricatures of British life for popular publications such as The Comic Almanack
11.
Editorial cartoon
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An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is a drawing containing a commentary expressing the artists opinion. An artist who writes and draws such images is known as an editorial cartoonist and they typically combine artistic skill, hyperbole and satire in order to question authority and draw attention to corruption, political violence and other social ills. The pictorial satire of William Hogarth has been credited as the precursor to the political cartoon and his pictures combined social criticism with sequential artistic scenes. A frequent target of his satire was the corruption of early-18th-century British politics and his art often had a strong moralizing element to it, such as in his masterpiece of 1719, A Rakes Progress. However, his work was only tangentially politicized and was regarded on its artistic merits. George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend produced some of the first overtly political cartoons, Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon. The times in which Gillray lived were peculiarly favourable to the growth of a school of caricature. Party warfare was carried on with vigour and not a little bitterness. Gillrays incomparable wit and humour, knowledge of life, fertility of resource, keen sense of the ludicrous, george Cruikshank became the leading cartoonist in the period following Gillray. His early career was renowned for his caricatures of English life for popular publications. He gained notoriety with his prints that attacked the royal family. His work included a personification of England named John Bull who was developed from about 1790 in conjunction with other British satirical artists such as James Gillray, and Thomas Rowlandson. The art of the cartoon was further developed with the publication of the periodical Punch in 1841, founded by Henry Mayhew. It was bought by Bradbury and Evans in 1842, who capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies to turn the magazine into a preeminent national institution. Punch humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, artists who published in Punch during the 1840s and 50s included John Leech, Richard Doyle, John Tenniel and Charles Keene. This group became known as The Punch Brotherhood, which also included Charles Dickens who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving Chapman, Punch authors and artists also contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called Once A Week, created in response to Dickens departure from Household Words. For over five decades he was a steadfast social witness to the sweeping changes that occurred during this period alongside his fellow cartoonist John Leech. By the mid 19th century, major newspapers in many countries featured cartoons designed to express the publishers opinion on the politics of the day
12.
History (U.S. TV network)
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The channel originally broadcast documentary programs and historical fiction series. More recently, it has mostly broadcast various reality series such as Pawn Stars, Ax Men. As of February 2015, approximately 96,149,000 American households receive History, International localized versions of History are available, in various forms, in India, Canada, Europe, Australia, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. The first European version was launched in Scandinavia in 1997 by Viasat which now operates their own channel, History was launched on January 1,1995 as The History Channel, its original format focused entirely on historical series and specials. On February 16,2008, a new logo was launched on the U. S. network as part of a rebranding effort, while the trademark H was kept, the triangle shape on the left acts as a play button for animation and flyouts during commercials and shows. On March 20,2008, as part of that same rebranding effort, The History Channel dropped The, on June 1,2015, the History logo was slightly updated, completely removing the triangle shape on the left. Programming on History has covered a range of historical periods and topics. Programming also includes mainstream reality television-style shows involving truck drivers, alligator hunters, pawn stores, antique and collectible pickers, car restorers, photography, occasionally some programs compare contemporary culture and technology with that of the past. On March 3,2013, History channel premiered its first original series, during the 1990s, History was jokingly referred to as The Hitler Channel for its extensive coverage of World War II. Much of its programming has been shifted to its sister network Military History. The network has also criticized for having a bias towards US history. The network was criticized by Stanley Kutner for airing the series The Men Who Killed Kennedy in 2003. Kutner was one of three historians commissioned to review the documentary, which the channel disavowed and never aired again, programs such as Modern Marvels have been praised for their presentation of detailed information in an entertaining format. Some of the series, including Ice Road Truckers, Ax Men. Senator Chuck Grassley is a critic of the channel and its lack of historical or educational programming, showing disdain for Ax Men. In his book 2012, Its Not the End of the World, Peter Lemesurier describes the channels Nostradamus series, in which he was invited to participate, as largely fiction, the History Channel was also singled out for ridicule by Smithsonian magazine. The article took issue with the show Ancient Aliens for postulating the idea that caused the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. The online magazine Cracked also lampooned the channel for its definition of history
13.
National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)
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The channel airs non-fiction television programs produced by National Geographic and other production companies. Its primary sister network worldwide, including the United States, is Nat Geo Wild, as of February 2015, National Geographic Channel is available to approximately 86,144,000 pay television households in the United States. In September 1997, the first National Geographic Channels were launched in the United Kingdom, Europe, in July 1998, National Geographic Channel Asia was launched in partnership and distribution with STAR TV. Today, the channel is available in over 143 countries, seen in more than 160 million homes, according to people connected to the channel, it was first launched in the country due to the sales success of the magazine National Geographic. In the United States, the National Geographic Channel, launched on January 12,2001, is a joint venture of National Geographic Television & Film, National Geographic provides programming expertise and the Fox Networks Group provides its expertise on distribution, marketing, and advertising sales. In the same year a Latin American version of the channel was released, in Australia, National Geographic Channel is carried by Foxtel, Optus, Austar, Neighbourhood Cable, TransTV, and SelecTV. The Australian version includes Australian guest presenters of promotional material and to certain programs, series. In New Zealand, National Geographic Channel is broadcast on SKY Network Television, in South Africa, the channel is carried by Digital Satellite Television MultiChoices multi-channel digital satellite television service in Africa. In the Middle East, an Arabic version is broadcasting free to air on Nilesat as National Geographic Abu Dhabi and it is co-owned by the National Geographic Society/Fox International Channels and Abu Dhabi Media Company. In India, the channel was launched on July 1,1998, the 2000s, A New Reality, also narrated by Lowe, premiered on July 12,2015. On November 14,2016, National Geographic Channel was rebranded as National Geographic and it was originally composed in 1964 for the Societys television specials, which were broadcast on CBS, ABC, PBS and NBC from 1964 until the early 2000s. Designed to offer a music video channel for both international and smaller independent local labels with a focus on cultural lyrics and rhythms. Nat Geo Music became available in Italy on October 15,2007, Nat Geo Junior is available in Belgium, India, and the Netherlands and is formatted specifically for children. Nat Geo Junior is also featured as a block on the National Geographic Channel in Asia. The United States 720p high definition simulcast of the National Geographic Channel launched in January 2006 and it is available on all major cable and satellite providers. In Canada, the Canadian version of NGC HD launched on December 19,2006. It is available nationally via the two satellite services, Shaw Direct on channel 276, Bell TV on channel 828, Videotron on channel 754. In Australia, this channel has been available on the Foxtel HD+ service since July 1,2008, in Asia Pacific, this channel was the first channel to support 1080i HD and 5. 1-channel surround sound
14.
Discovery Channel
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Discovery Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is the flagship television property of Discovery Communications, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav. S. Flagship channel and its various owned or licensed television channels internationally, programming on the flagship Discovery Channel in the U. S. A popular annual feature on the channel is Shark Week, which airs on Discovery during the summer months, as of February 2015, Discovery Channel is available to approximately 96,589,000 pay television households in the United States. John Hendricks founded the channel and its parent company, Cable Educational Network Inc. in 1982, several investors raised $5 million in start-up capital to launch the network. The Discovery Channel began broadcasting on June 17,1985 and it was initially available to 156,000 households and broadcast for 12 hours each day between 3 p. m. and 3 a. m. About 75 percent of its content had never been broadcast on U. S. television before. In its early years, the focus centered on educational programming in the form of cultural and wildlife documentaries. It also broadcast some Soviet programming during this time, including the news program Vremya, in 1988, the channel premiered the nightly program World Monitor. By 1990, the channel was available in over 50 million households, the drop in viewership was widely attributed to an over-reliance on a few hit series, such as Monster Garage and American Chopper. Some critics said such shows strayed from Discoverys intention of providing more educationally based shows aimed at helping viewers learn about the world around them, in 2005, Discovery changed its programming focus to include more popular science and historical themes. The networks ratings eventually recovered in 2006, the network was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards that year for shows including The Flight that Fought Back and Deadliest Catch. In 2007, Discovery Channels top series included the Emmy Award- and Peabody Award-winning Planet Earth, Dirty Jobs, MythBusters, Discovery Channels 2008 lineup included Fight Quest and Smash Lab. On September 1,2010, 43-year-old James Jay Lee entered the Discovery Communications headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland, Lee fired at least one shot and held several employees hostage, he was later shot dead by police. Lee had published criticisms of the network at Savetheplanetprotest. com, in December 2015, Discovery Communications launched its TV Everywhere service, Discovery Go, which features live and video-on-demand content from Discovery Channel and eight of its sister networks. Popular programs on the channel have included the Shark Week programming event, Deadliest Catch, MythBusters, How Its Made, Dirty Jobs, Cash Cab, Christopher Lowell won a Daytime Emmy Award in 2000 for The Christopher Lowell Show. After the 2007 victory with the Spaniard Alberto Contador, Discovery Channel discontinued the cycling sponsorship, Discovery Channel Radio was a radio network, whose programming consisted of audio versions of popular programs from the Discovery Communications family of television channels. Discovery Channel Radio was previously carried by XM Satellite Radio, until its removal from the provider in early September 2005, sirius Satellite Radio dropped Discovery Radio from its lineup on February 21,2007, it was also carried on both of Canadas major satellite radio services. Discovery Channel lent its brand to stores in malls and other locations across America
15.
12 Days of Terror
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Initially, the authorities hesitated to take action, and the issue of sacrificing the safety of human beings for the sake of business was raised. After the second attack, modest precautions were taken, and scientific experts, on 12 July a shark was sighted swimming into the freshwater canal of Matawan Creek—one expert who had come to capture the animal speculated that this indicated a bull shark. Children and young adults swimming upstream in the creek were attacked, after the shark was finally captured offshore, an autopsy was performed, and it is said that 15 pounds of human flesh with bones were found in its stomach. In the end, four people had killed and a fifth badly injured. The remains of one boy were never recovered. Because a propensity for human flesh is unnatural in sharks, scientists are investigating why this shark did what it did
16.
Shark Week
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Shark Week is an annual, week-long TV programming block created by Tom Golden at the Discovery Channel, which features shark-based programming. Shark Week originally premiered on July 17,1988, featured annually, in July and/or early August, it was originally devoted to conservation efforts and correcting misconceptions about sharks. Over time, it grew in popularity and became a hit on the Discovery Channel, since 2010, it has been the longest-running cable television programming event in history. Broadcast in over 72 countries, Shark Week is promoted heavily via social networks like Facebook, episodes of recent years are also available for purchase on services like Google Play Movies & TV/YouTube, Amazon Video, and iTunes. Some episodes are free on subscription-based Hulu,1988, The first ever Shark Week premiered in July 1988, with the first show to air being Caged in Fear. A total of 10 episodes aired, other shows included Sharks – Predators or Prey, The Shark Takes a Siesta, and Sharks of a Different Color. 1989, Due to the success of the first Shark Week, Programs such as Shark, Maneater or Myth. Shark Hunters of Achill Island, and Sharks of San Francisco aired in 1989,1990, New shows that aired included Shark. The World of Sharks and Barracuda and Sharks, Hunters of the Oceans,1991, This year was referred to as Shark Week, The Revenge. Shows to air included Shark Shooters, Sea Lovers, and Great Shark Hunt,1992, This year was branded as Shark Week, Theyre Back. Shows to air included The Man Who Loves Sharks, Sharks of Polynesia, Great White Encounters,1993, This year was called Shark Week, We Dare You to Watch. The programs to air included African Shark Safari, Sharks on the Brink of Extinction, Teeth of Death, Assignment Adventure,1994, Jaws author Peter Benchley hosted Shark Week 1994. This was the first year ever Shark Week had a host, New programs were introduced at locations where Jaws was filmed. 1995, Programs to air included Sharks of the Red Triangle, Rendezvous at Ningaloo,1996, Shows to air included The Ultimate Guide, Sharks, Danger Beach, and Tales of the Tiger Shark, which is the third most watched Shark Week program ever. 1997, Shark Bites, A Decade of Shark Week aired this year,1998, Show that aired included Prehistoric Sharks, Zambezi Shark, Hammerheads, Nomads of the Sea, and Great White, In Search of the Giants. 1999, A two-hour special entitled Live From a Shark Cage aired in 1999 and it was a live program filmed at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. The show also featured cinematographer Al Giddings,2000, In 2000, Discovery Channel aired Shark Week Uncaged presented by famous zoologist Nigel Marven as a host. Six million 3D Pulfrich glasses were distributed to viewers in the United States and Canada for an episode featuring a giant shark
17.
Beach Haven, New Jersey
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Not to be confused with Beach Haven West, New Jersey. Beach Haven is a borough in Ocean County, New Jersey, United States and it was ranked the ninth-best beach in New Jersey in the 2008 Top 10 Beaches Contest sponsored by the New Jersey Marine Sciences Consortium. Beach Haven, known on Long Beach Island as the Queen City, is a late 19th century beach-front resort originally established in 1873 to house wealthy summer residents from Philadelphia. The Beach Haven Historic District listed in the New Jersey and the National Register of Historic Places in the early 1980s, encompasses the most intact buildings at the core of the resort. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had an area of 2.320 square miles. The borough borders the Ocean County municipalities of Little Egg Harbor Township, as of the census of 2010, there were 1,170 people,531 households, and 301.1 families residing in the borough. The population density was 1,196.0 per square mile, there were 2,667 housing units at an average density of 2,726.2 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 91% of the population,36. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the family size was 2.81. In the borough, the population was out with 13. 8% under the age of 18,6. 9% from 18 to 24,19. 7% from 25 to 44,34. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 51.5 years, for every 100 females there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 93.7 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $71,532 and the median family income was $89,306. Males had an income of $54,750 versus $51,875 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $52,498, about 3. 8% of families and 5. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 3% of those under age 18 and 1. 2% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 1,278 people,586 households, the population density was 1,301.8 people per square mile. There were 2,555 housing units at a density of 2,602.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 98. 83% White,0. 08% African American,0. 55% Asian,0. 08% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 69% of the population. 35. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.80
18.
Long Beach Island
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Long Beach Island is a barrier island and summer colony along the Atlantic Ocean coast of Ocean County, New Jersey in the United States. The primary industries include tourism, fishing, and real estate, the only access point to the island by land is a single causeway. The island is home to about 20,000 people on a year-round basis, the population is distributed among six separate municipalities, the largest of which is Long Beach Township. However, the population swells significantly during the summer months and reaches about 100,000 people, including part-time residents and tourists. Long Beach Island is located 25 miles north of Atlantic City,55 miles east-southeast of Philadelphia and 75 miles south of New York City, LBI is approximately 18 miles in length, which includes three miles of nature reserve located on the southern tip. The island is about a half-mile wide at its widest point in Ship Bottom, Long Beach Island is bisected by State Route 72, formerly South 40, which connects the mainland to the island at Ship Bottom. It is the access point for road vehicles to the mainland over Manahawkin Bay. This results in the division of the island into a northern portion, from the bridge northward, the island includes the communities of Ship Bottom, Surf City, North Beach, Harvey Cedars, Loveladies, High Bar Harbor, and Barnegat Light. Long Beach Island has a subtropical climate. In the winter, the island does not get as much snowfall as northern and western portions of New Jersey or the areas immediately inland due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. Overall, Long Beach Island has relatively mild winters as a result of the warmer Atlantic waters, the island also receives the very last frost in the state because of its mild autumn climate. The summers are hot and sunny, with thunderstorms almost once a week. The island has been settled since 1690, initially being a destination for hunters. Barnegat Inlet, to the north of the island, was an important path for freight shipments, erosion problems destroyed the tower in 1857, two years before the current Barnegat Lighthouse was completed in 1859, flashing at each point of the compass every 10 seconds. The United States Life-Saving Service built Station #17 in Barnegat Light around 1872, the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 included a fatal attack in Beach Haven, killing University of Pennsylvania student Charles Vansant in July 1916, which partly inspired the book Jaws. A severe winter storm in 1920 destroyed most of the beaches along the island, several hotels, a storm in 1923 further diminished the tourism sector, resulting in the discontinuation of train service to Barnegat City between 1923 and 1926. In 1935, the bridge to the mainland washed out. Several storms throughout the history have resulted in the island being split in two, with the division occurring at the islands narrowest point in Harvey Cedars
19.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
20.
Engleside Hotel
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Engleside Hotel was one of the most decorative and beautiful Victorian hotels that once stood on Engleside Avenue in Beach Haven, New Jersey. The hotel was torn down during WWII, and architectural pieces were auctioned off, the original location of the hotel is a block away from the current Engleside Hotel, and is now the home of a memorial park. The new Engleside Hotel was rebuilt on the oceanfront of Engleside Avenue in Beach Haven, NJ, the site is also known for the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916. Charles Vansant was killed while staying at the Engleside at the time
21.
Chesapeake Bay Retriever
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The Chesapeake Bay Retriever is a large-sized breed of dog belonging to the Retriever, Gundog, and Sporting breed groups. Members of the breed may also be referred to as a Chessie, CBR, the breed was developed in the United States Chesapeake Bay area during the 19th century. Historically used by market hunters to retrieve waterfowl, it is primarily a family pet. They are often known for their love of water and their ability to hunt and it is a medium to large sized dog similar in appearance to the Labrador Retriever. The Chesapeake have a coat, rather than the Labradors smooth coat. They are described as having a bright and happy disposition, courage, willingness to work, alertness, intelligence, the waterproof coat feels slightly oily and is often associated with a slight musky odor. The breed standard states that white may also appear but it must be limited to the breast, belly, toes, the head is round and broad with a medium stop and muzzle. The lips are thin, and the ears are small and of medium leather, the forelegs should be straight with good bone. The hindquarters are strong and the toes webbed since excellent swimming ability is important for the Chesapeake. This breed is known for its large and powerful chest. The coat of the Chesapeake Bay Retriever is given the most consideration of any trait listed on the Positive Scale of Points in the Breed Standard. However the AKC Standard also reads The question of coat and general type of balance takes precedence over any scoring table which could be drawn up. The Chesapeake should be well proportioned, an animal with a coat and well balanced in other points being preferable to one excelling in some. The hair on the face and legs should be short and straight with a tendency to wave, never curl, on the shoulders, neck, back. Moderate feathering on the rear of the hindquarters and tail is permissible although not longer than 1.75 inches long, the texture of the thick double-coat is important in protecting the dog from cold water and icy conditions. The oil in the outer coat and woolly undercoat resists water, keeping the dog dry. Maintenance of the coat is minimal and mainly consists of brushing with a short-tooth brush once a week and it is difficult to get a Chesapeake Bay Retriever thoroughly wet, but they should be bathed every 3–4 months using a suitably mild shampoo, then dried thoroughly. Brushing or bathing more often can ruin the texture since it strips the protective oil from the coat, the color of the coat must be similar to the working surroundings
22.
Lifeguard
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A lifeguard is a person who supervises the safety and rescue of swimmers, surfers, and other water sports participants such as in a swimming pool, water park, or beach. Lifeguards are strong swimmers and trained in CPR/AED first aid, certified in water using a variety of aids. A lifeguard is responsible for the safety of people in an area of water, the priority is to ensure no harm comes to users of the area for which they are responsible. Lifeguards often take on this responsibility upon employment, although they can also be volunteers, the conditions resulting in drowning are summarized by the drowning chain in which each link can lead directly to an incident, or contribute to a succession of links. It consists of lack of education about water safety or local conditions, prevention is an effective skill that is vitally important to a lifeguard because it can aid in maintaining the safety of the aquatic patrons. Lifeguards must be trained, capable, and ready to perform emergency rescues should they become necessary and these rescues are the key focus of popular culture reference such as Baywatch, which was at one time the most viewed show in the world. It is important that lifeguards never allow their secondary responsibilities to interfere with their primary responsibilities, Lifeguards may also be required to attend occasional in-service meetings to strengthen their lifeguarding skills. Lifeguards are trained in a variety of different lifesaving skills, there are different variations on these skills depending on the various organizations who train lifeguards. The skills also vary depending on the facility in which they will be put to use, such as a water pool, a deep water pool. Various First Aid Skills - Used to treat injuries and sudden illnesses that can occur. Some of the various in-water skills taught are, Active-Victim Rescue - A simple rescue that moves an actively drowning victim to a safer place, Lifeguards look for swimmers in various categories and conditions, Passive drowning victims are inactive in the water, submerged or otherwise. When a lifeguard sees this kind of swimmer they perform an emergency rescue, active drowning victims are taking in water while attempting to stay at the surface. Lifeguards look for swimmers in this condition by looking for moving or flapping laterally, not necessarily flailing, with the body vertical. This behavior is known as the instinctive drowning response, Lifeguards perform an emergency rescue to assist this kind of swimmer as their behavior results from being incapable of more active efforts to survive. They may be less than 20 –60 seconds from sinking underwater, distressed swimmers are having trouble swimming, perhaps from fatigue, and may or may not be calling out for help. Lifeguards usually swim out and help these swimmers to the side and they may or may not require additional assistance. Normal swimmers are those who do not need any support and can swim on their own doing intermediate strokes, Lifeguards can be found patrolling many different types of water, and each type has its own unique features, duties and challenges. Life Guards have to be in physical condition in order to accommodate these conditions properly
23.
Newark, New Jersey
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Newark is the most populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County. For 2015, the Census Bureaus Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 281,944, Newark is the second largest city in the New York metropolitan area, located approximately 8 miles west of lower Manhattan. Settled in 1666 by Puritans from New Haven Colony, Newark is one of the oldest European cities in the United States and its location at the mouth of the Passaic River, has made the citys waterfront an integral part of the Port of New York and New Jersey. Today, Port Newark-Elizabeth is the container shipping terminal of the busiest seaport on the American East Coast. In addition, Newark Liberty International Airport was the first municipal airport in the United States. Several leading companies have their headquarters in Newark, including Prudential, PSEG, Panasonic Corporation of North America, Audible. com, IDT Corporation, the U. S. District Court for the District of New Jersey sits in the city as well. Local cultural venues include the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark Symphony Hall, The Prudential Center and the Newark Museum. Newark is divided into five wards, the East, West, South, North and Central wards. Newarks Branch Brook Park is the oldest county park in the United States and is home to the nations largest collection of cherry blossom trees, Newark was settled in 1666 by Connecticut Puritans led by Robert Treat from the New Haven Colony. It was conceived as an assembly of the faithful, though this did not last for long as new settlers came with different ideas. On October 31,1693 it was organized as a New Jersey township based on the Newark Tract, Newark was granted a Royal charter on April 27,1713. It was incorporated on February 21,1798 by the New Jersey Legislatures Township Act of 1798, during its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township, Caldwell Township, Orange Township, Bloomfield Township and Clinton Township. Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11,1836, replacing Newark Township, the previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1,1905. In 1926, South Orange Township changed its name to Maplewood, as a result of this, a portion of Maplewood known as Ivy Hill was re-annexed to Newarks Vailsburg. During the American Revolutionary War British troops made several raids into the town, the city has experienced revitalization since the 1990s. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 26.107 square miles. It has the third-smallest land area among the 100 most populous cities in the U. S. behind neighboring Jersey City and Hialeah, the citys altitude ranges from 0 in the east to approximately 230 feet above sea level in the western section of the city. Newark is essentially a large basin sloping towards the Passaic River, historically, Newarks high places have been its wealthier neighborhoods
24.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
25.
Spring Lake, New Jersey
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Spring Lake is a borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Spring Lake as the 240th best place to live in New Jersey in its 2010 rankings of the Best Places To Live in New Jersey. Spring Lake was formed as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 14,1892, from portions of Wall Township, on February 24,1903, the borough of North Spring Lake was annexed to Spring Lake. The borough was named for a clear spring-fed lake, a surviving example of architecture constructed during this era is the Martin Maloney Cottage on Morris Avenue next to the tycoons former and no longer existent Ballingarry Estate. Another fine example of architecture listed on the National Register of Historic Places is the Audenried Cottage on Tuttle Avenue. The Spring Lake 5 Mile Run, a race that was first run in 1977, circles the borough, the 2014 race had 10,360 finishers, out of 12,500 registered. In 2015, the race was listed as one of the top 100 races in America by Runners World magazine. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had an area of 1.728 square miles. Wreck Pond is a pond located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by Wall Township and the boroughs of Spring Lake, Spring Lake Heights. The Wreck Pond watershed covers about 12 square miles in eastern Monmouth County, the borough borders the Monmouth County municipalities of Belmar, Lake Como, Sea Girt, Spring Lake Heights and Wall Township. North Spring Lake was an independent borough established in 1884 which comprised the northern portion of Spring Lake, the borough was disestablished and its territory was annexed by Spring Lake in 1903. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,993 people,1,253 households, the population density was 2,250.8 per square mile. There were 2,048 housing units at a density of 1,540.2 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 90% of the population,31. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 3.01. In the borough, the population was out with 21. 6% under the age of 18,5. 6% from 18 to 24,12. 2% from 25 to 44,33. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 51.9 years, for every 100 females there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 83.9 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $97,885 and the median family income was $150,156
26.
Swiss people
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The Swiss are citizens of Switzerland. The demonym derives from the toponym of Schwyz and has been in use to refer to the Old Swiss Confederacy since the 16th century. The number of Swiss nationals has grown from 1.7 million in 1815 to 6.76 million in 2009 with 90% of them living in Switzerland, about 60% of those living abroad reside in the European Union. The largest groups of Swiss descendants and nationals outside of Europe are found in the United States, closely related German-speaking peoples are the Alsatians, the Swabians and the Vorarlbergians. The French-speaking Swiss, traditionally speaking Franco-Provençal dialects, today largely assimilated to the standard French language, amalgamated from the Gallo-Roman population and they are closely related to the French. The Italian-speaking Swiss, traditionally speakers of Lombard language today partly assimilated to the standard Italian language, amalgamated from Raetians and they are closely related to the Italians. The Romansh, speakers of the Romansh language, settling in parts of the Grisons, with worldwide human migration, there are an increasing number of Swiss not descended or only partially descended from the core ethnic groups listed above. Most naturalized Swiss citizens will be linguistically oriented according to their canton of residence, the Swiss populace historically derives from an amalgamation of Gaulish or Gallo-Roman, Alamannic and Rhaetic stock. Their cultural history is dominated by the Alps, and the environment is often cited as an important factor in the formation of the Swiss national character. Political allegiance and patriotism was directed towards the cantons, not the federal level, from the 19th century there were conscious attempts to foster a federal Pan-Swiss national identity that would replace or alleviate the cantonal patriotisms. An additional symbol of national identity at the federal level was introduced with the Swiss national holiday in 1889. The bonfires associated with the holiday have become so customary since then that they have displaced the Funken traditions of greater antiquity. These specifically include Grisons, Valais, Ticino, Vaud and Geneva, according to Hartley-Moore, Localized equivalents of nationalist symbols were also essential to the creation of Swiss civil society. In the Swiss model, pride in local identity is to some degree synonymous with loyalty to the larger state, as Gottfried Keller argued in the nineteenth century, Without cantons and without their differences and competition, no Swiss federation could exist. Facilitated naturalization for foreign spouses and children of Swiss citizens requires a total minimum residence of five years, with more than 20% of the population resident aliens, Switzerland has one of the highest ratios of non-naturalized inhabitants in Europe. In 2003,35,424 residents were naturalized, a number exceeding net population growth. Over the 25-year period of 1983 to 2007,479,264 resident foreigners were naturalized, compare the figure of 0. 2% in the United Kingdom. The genetic composition of the Swiss population is similar to that of Central Europe in general, Switzerland is on one hand at the crossroads of several prehistoric migrations, while on the other hand the Alps acted as a refuge in some cases
27.
Hull (watercraft)
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The hull is the watertight body of a ship or boat. Above the hull is the superstructure and/or deckhouse, where present, the line where the hull meets the water surface is called the waterline. The structure of the hull varies depending on the vessel type, the uppermost continuous deck may be called the upper deck, weather deck, spar deck, main deck, or simply deck. The particular name given depends on the type of ship or boat. In a typical wooden sailboat, the hull is constructed of wooden planking, supported by transverse frames and bulkheads, often but not always there is a centerline longitudinal member called a keel. In fiberglass or composite hulls, the structure may resemble wooden or steel vessels to some extent, in many cases, composite hulls are built by sandwiching thin fiber-reinforced skins over a lightweight but reasonably rigid core of foam, balsa wood, impregnated paper honeycomb or other material. The shape of the hull is entirely dependent upon the needs of the design, shapes range from a nearly perfect box in the case of scow barges, to a needle-sharp surface of revolution in the case of a racing multihull sailboat. Hulls come in varieties and can have composite shape, but are grouped primarily as follows. Examples are the flat-bottom, v-bottom, and multi-bottom hull and these types have at least one pronounced knuckle throughout all or most of their length. These hull shapes all have smooth curves, examples are the round bilge, semi-round bilge, and s-bottom hull. After this they can be categorized as, Displacement The hull is supported exclusively or predominantly by buoyancy, vessels that have this type of hull travel through the water at a limited rate that is defined by the waterline length. They are often, though not always, heavier than planing types, planing The planing hull form is configured to develop positive dynamic pressure so that its draft decreases with increasing speed. The dynamic lift reduces the surface and therefore also the drag. They are sometimes flat-bottomed, sometimes V-bottomed and more rarely, round-bilged, the most common form is to have at least one chine, which makes for more efficient planing and can throw spray down. Planing hulls are more efficient at speeds, although they still require more energy to achieve these speeds. An effective planing hull must be as light as possible with flat surfaces that are consistent with sea keeping. Sail boats that plane must also sail efficiently in displacement mode in light winds, semi-displacement, or semi-planing The hull form is capable of developing a moderate amount of dynamic lift, however, most of the vessels weight is still supported through buoyancy. At present, the most widely used form is the round bilge hull, in the inverted bell shape of the hull, with a smaller payload the waterline cross-section is less, hence the resistance is less and the speed is higher
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The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
29.
Keyport, New Jersey
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Keyport is a borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. Keyports nickname is the Pearl of the Bayshore or the Gateway to the Bayshore, Keyport was originally formed as a Town on March 17,1870, from portions of Raritan Township. On April 2,1908, the Borough of Keyport was formed, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.469 square miles, including 1.395 square miles of land and 0.074 square miles of water. The borough borders the boroughs of Keansburg and Union Beach, as of the census of 2010, there were 7,240 people,3,067 households, and 1,693 families residing in the borough. The population density was 5,188.4 per square mile, there were 3,272 housing units at an average density of 2,344.8 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18. 26% of the population,37. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the family size was 3.15. In the borough, the population was out with 19. 8% under the age of 18,8. 5% from 18 to 24,28. 9% from 25 to 44,27. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40.5 years, for every 100 females there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 95.6 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $56,509 and the median family income was $82,714. Males had an income of $56,156 versus $41,782 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $28,545, about 4. 9% of families and 9. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14. 6% of those under age 18 and 8. 0% of those age 65 or over. At the 2000 United States Census, there were 7,568 people,3,264 households and 1,798 families residing in the borough, the population density was 5,358.4 per square mile. There were 3,400 housing units at a density of 2,407.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 85. 2% White,7. 0% African American,0. 12% Native American,2. 22% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,2. 96% from other races, and 2. 46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 09% of the population,38. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the family size was 3.11. 21. 8% of the population were under the age of 18,7. 3% from 18 to 24,33. 2% from 25 to 44,21. 6% from 45 to 64, the median age was 38 years
30.
Midwestern United States
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It was officially named the North Central region by the Census Bureau until 1984. Illinois is the most populous of the states and North Dakota the least, a 2012 report from the United States Census put the population of the Midwest at 65,377,684. The Midwest is divided by the Census Bureau into two divisions, the East North Central Division includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin, all of which are also part of the Great Lakes region. Major rivers in the include, from east to west, the Ohio River, the Upper Mississippi River. Chicago is the most populated city in the American Midwest and the third most populous in the entire country, other large Midwest cities include, Indianapolis, Columbus, Detroit, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Omaha, Minneapolis, Cleveland, Wichita and St. Louis. Chicago and its suburbs form the largest metropolitan area with 9.8 million people, followed by Metro Detroit. Paul, Greater St. Louis, Greater Cleveland, Greater Cincinnati, Kansas City metro area, the term Midwestern has been in use since the 1880s to refer to portions of the central United States. A variant term, Middle West, has used since the 19th century. Another term sometimes applied to the general region is the heartland. Other designations for the region have fallen out of use, such as the Northwest or Old Northwest, the Northwest Territory was one of the earliest territories of the United States, stretching northwest from the Ohio River to northern Minnesota and upper-Mississippi. The upper-Mississippi watershed including the Missouri and Illinois Rivers was the setting for the earlier French settlements of the Illinois Country, economically the region is balanced between heavy industry and agriculture, with finance and services such as medicine and education becoming increasingly important. Its central location makes it a crossroads for river boats, railroads, autos, trucks. Politically the region swings back and forth between the parties, and thus is heavily contested and often decisive in elections, after the sociological study Middletown, which was based on Muncie, Indiana, commentators used Midwestern cities as typical of the nation. The region has a higher ratio than the Northeast, the West. Traditional definitions of the Midwest include the Northwest Ordinance Old Northwest states, the states of the Old Northwest are also known as Great Lakes states and are east-north central in the United States. The Ohio River runs along the section while the Mississippi River runs north to south near the center. Many of the Louisiana Purchase states in the west-north central United States, are known as Great Plains states. The Midwest lies north of the 36°30′ parallel that the 1820 Missouri Compromise established as the line between future slave and non-slave states
31.
Dorsal fin
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A dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of various unrelated marine and freshwater vertebrates, including most fish, cetaceans, and the ichthyosaurs. Depending on the species, an animal may have one or two of them, wildlife biologists often use the distinctive nicks and wear patterns which develop on the dorsal fins of large cetaceans to identify individuals in the field. The bony or cartilaginous bones that support the base of the fin in fish are called pterygiophores. The main purpose of the fin is to stabilize the animal against rolling. Some species have adapted their dorsal fins to other uses. The sunfish uses the dorsal fin for propulsion, in anglerfish, the anterior of the dorsal fin is modified into a biological equivalent to a fishing pole and a lure known as illicium or esca. Many catfish can lock the leading ray of the fin in an extended position to discourage predation or to wedge themselves into a crevice. Some animals have developed dorsal fins with protective functions, such as spines or venom, for example, both the spiny dogfish and the Port Jackson shark have spines in their dorsal fins which are capable of secreting venom. Like tuna, mackerel and other scombroids, billfish streamline themselves by retracting their fins into a groove in their body when they swim. The shape, size, position and colour of the dorsal fin varies with the type of billfish, for example, the white marlin has a dorsal fin with a curved front edge and is covered with black spots. The huge dorsal fin, or sail, of the sailfish is kept retracted most of the time, sailfish raise them if they want to herd a school of small fish, and also after periods of high activity, presumably to cool down. Fish fin Submarine sail Vertical stabilizer
32.
Long Branch, New Jersey
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Long Branch is a beach side city in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. Long Branch was formed on April 11,1867, as the Long Branch Commission, Long Branch was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 8,1903, based on the results of a referendum, replacing the Long Branch Commission. Long Branch was a resort town in the late 18th century. In the 19th century it was a Hollywood of the east and it was visited by presidents Chester A. Arthur, James A. Garfield, Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Rutherford B. Hayes, William McKinley, and Woodrow Wilson, seven Presidents Park, a park near the beach, is named in honor of their visits. The Church of the Presidents, where all seven worshiped, is the structure left in Long Branch associated with them. He died here on September 19,1881, exactly two months before his 50th birthday, the Garfield Tea House, constructed from railroad ties that had been laid to carry Garfields train, is in Elberon. Originally a resort town with a few hotels and large estates and many farms in the early 20th century, italian, Irish and Jewish immigrants settled in during this period. By the 1950s, Long Branch like many towns had developed new residential spots. Many of the farms of Long Branch were transformed into residential suburbs. Many of the estates and a few old historic resorts still remain, with the ascendancy of Hollywood in California as a film capital, Long Branch lost much of its activity as a theater spot. In addition, the opening of the Garden State Parkway in the mid-1950s allowed shore visitors to access further south. The civil unrest of the 1960s caused riots in neighboring Asbury Park, decades later, the older, more dilapidated parts of the resort town were condemned and redeveloped, in part by using eminent domain legislation. Long Branch still continues to be a resort area. Many people from New York City travel or settle into the area to escape the crowded city, the area also attracts some tourists from the Philadelphia area as well. On October 29,2012, Long Branch was one of many communities that were devastated by Hurricane Sandy. Despite this mainland advantage, there were several instances of flooding in Long Branch during the storm. Many residents went without electricity for 9 to 15 days, the boardwalk was destroyed and the city plans to start rebuilding it in 2015 and finish by summer of 2016
33.
Saint Peter's University Hospital
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Saint Peters University Hospital is a Roman Catholic hospital on Easton Avenue in New Brunswick, New Jersey. The hospital is a member of the Saint Peters Healthcare System, Saint Peters University Hospital is a non-profit, 478-licensed-bed acute care teaching hospital. Saint Peters University Hospital opened in 1907 as a 25-bed hospital on Somerset, Saint Peters moved to its current location at 254 Easton Avenue in New Brunswick in 1929 as a 125-bed facility. In 1959, a three-wing 349-bed addition was constructed, in 1976, a five-story tower containing the emergency department, radiology department, operating and recovery suite, and a 40-bed nursing unit was completed. In 1991 The Women and Childrens Pavilion was added, in 1999 the Center for Ambulatory Resources building was constructed. New Telemetry, Maternity and Oncology units were completed in 2008,1998,2002,2006,2011 Magnet Recognition for Nursing Excellence, designated four terms in a row
34.
New Brunswick, New Jersey
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The City of New Brunswick is a city in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. It is the county seat of Middlesex County, and the home of Rutgers University, the city is located on the Northeast Corridor rail line,27 miles southwest of Manhattan, on the southern bank of the Raritan River. The corporate headquarters and production facilities of several global companies are situated in the city, including Johnson & Johnson. New Brunswick is noted for its ethnic diversity, at one time, one quarter of the Hungarian population of New Jersey resided in the city and in the 1930s one out of three city residents was Hungarian. The Hungarian community continues to exist, alongside growing Asian and Hispanic communities that have developed around French Street near Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital and it was first inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. The first European settlement at the site of New Brunswick was made in 1681, the settlement here was called Prigmores Swamp, then known as Inians Ferry. In 1714, the settlement was given the name New Brunswick, after the city of Braunschweig, in state of Lower Saxony, in Germany. Braunschweig was an influential and powerful city in the Hanseatic League, later in the Holy Roman Empire, and was an administrative seat for the Duchy of Hanover. Shortly after the first settlement of New Brunswick in colonial New Jersey, George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, alternatively, the city gets its name from King George II of Great Britain, the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. New Brunswick was incorporated as a town in 1736 and chartered as a city in 1784 and it was incorporated into a town in 1798 as part of the Township Act of 1798. It was occupied by the British in the winter of 1776–1777 during the Revolutionary War. The Declaration of Independence received one of its first public readings, by Col. John Neilson, in New Brunswick on July 9,1776, in the days following its promulgation by the Continental Congress. The Trustees of Queens College, founded in 1766, voted to locate the college in New Brunswick, selecting the city over Hackensack, in Bergen County. Classes began in 1771 with one instructor, one sophomore, Matthew Leydt, classes were held through the American Revolution in various taverns and boarding houses, and at a building known as College Hall on George Street, until Old Queens was erected in 1808. It remains the oldest building on the Rutgers University campus, the Queens College Grammar School was established also in 1766, and shared facilities with the College until 1830, when it located in a building across College Avenue from Old Queens. The New Brunswick Theological Seminary, founded in 1784 in New York, moved to New Brunswick in 1810, New Brunswick was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on September 1,1784. The existence of an African American community dates back to the late 18th century, the citys Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church, located at 39 Morris Street, was originally established in 1825 at 25 Division Street, making it one of the oldest in New Jersey. New Brunswick began attracting a Hungarian immigrant population around the turn of the 20th century, hungarians were primarily attracted to the city by employment at Johnson & Johnson factories located in the city
35.
Wireless telegraphy
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Wireless telegraphy is the transmission of electric telegraphy signals without wires. Wireless telegraphy came to mean Morse code transmitted by radio waves, initially called Hertzian waves, the primitive spark radio transmitters used until World War 1 could not transmit audio. The code sounded like musical beeps in the earphone of the receiver, the receiving radio operator would translate the beeps back into text. The first practical wireless telegraphy transmitters and receivers were developed by Guglielmo Marconi beginning in 1895, by 1910 communication by Hertzian waves was universally referred to as radio, and the term wireless telegraphy has been largely replaced by the more modern term radiotelegraphy. The transmission of sound began to displace wireless telegraphy by the 1920s for many applications, continuous wave radiotelegraphy is regulated by the International Telecommunication Union as emission type A1A. Today, due to modern text transmission methods, Morse code radiotelegraphy for commercial use has become obsolete. On shipboard the computer and satellite linked GMDSS system has largely replaced Morse as a means of communication, Telegraphy is taught on a very limited basis by the military. A CW coastal station, KSM, still exists in California, run primarily as a museum by volunteers, Radio beacons, particularly in the aviation service, but also as placeholders for commercial ship-to-shore systems, also transmit Morse but at very slow speeds. The US Federal Communications Commission does still issue a lifetime commercial Radiotelegraph Operator License and this requires passing a simple written test on regulations, a more complex written exam on technology, and demonstrating Morse reception at 20 words per minute plain language and 16 wpm code groups. Wireless telegraphy is still used today by amateur radio hobbyists where it is commonly referred to as radio telegraphy, continuous wave. However its knowledge is not required to obtain any class of amateur license, a number of wireless electrical signaling schemes including electric currents through water and the ground were investigated for telegraphy before practical radio systems became available. The original telegraph used two wires between two stations to form an electrical circuit or loop. This led to speculation that it might be possible to both wires and therefore transmit telegraph signals through the ground without any wires connecting the stations. Other attempts were made to send the current through bodies of water, in order to span rivers. The first wireless voice telecommunication device, invented in 1880, was the photophone, both electrostatic and electromagnetic induction were used to develop wireless telegraph systems that saw limited commercial application. This system was successful technically but not economically, as there turned out to be little interest by train travelers in a telegraph service. During the Great Blizzard of 1888, this system was used to send, the disabled trains were able to maintain communications via their Edison induction wireless telegraph systems, perhaps the first successful use of wireless telegraphy to send distress calls. The most successful creator of an electromagnetic induction telegraph system was William Preece in the United Kingdom, beginning with tests across the Bristol Channel in 1892, Preece was able to telegraph across gaps of about 5 kilometres
36.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
37.
Philadelphia Aquarium
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The Philadelphia Aquarium was one of the first aquariums in the United States. It was located on the shore of the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia’s decommissioned Fairmount Water Works buildings from 1911 to 1962, by 1909, Philadelphia’s Fairmount Water Works had been replaced by a series of filtration plants in other parts of the city. The site’s former reservoir land was used for the Philadelphia Museum of Art. On May 16,1911 the mayor of Philadelphia signed an ordinance specifying that an aquarium be created at the old Fairmount Water Works site. About $1,500 was provided initially to create an aquarium in a building that would eventually become a lecture hall. The aquarium was intended to educate visitors about the habitat, breeding. This was a concept at the time, originating in exhibits of fisheries at the 1893 and 1904 World’s Fairs. The aquarium opened Thanksgiving Day 1911, with nineteen small tanks, initially, the forebay housed seals and sea lions. When the animals became ill, though, the area was filled in, the buildings required very little structural change, and the flat roofs, previously used as plazas, provided space for skylights to illuminate the exhibits. The aquarium hosted 290,000 visitors in its first year, in the period after World War II, the aquarium suffered from years of inadequate funding, political maneuvering and the resulting neglect. By 1962, the aquarium was forced to close, despite several grass roots attempts to save it, the facility was later used as an indoor swimming pool. More recent uses have included banquets, guided tours and a restaurant
38.
Public Ledger (Philadelphia)
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The Public Ledger was a daily newspaper in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania published from March 25,1836 to January 1942. Its motto was Virtue Liberty and Independence, for a time, it was Philadelphias most popular newspaper, but circulation declined in the mid-1930s. Founded by William Moseley Swain, Arunah S. Abell, and Azariah H. Simmons, and edited by Swain, at that time most papers sold for five cents or more, a relatively high price which limited their appeal to only the reasonably well-off. Swain and Abell drew on the success of the New York Herald, one of the first penny papers and they mimicked the Heralds use of bold headlines to draw sales. The formula was a success and the Ledger posted a circulation of 15,000 in 1840, to put this into perspective, the entire circulation of all newspapers in Philadelphia was estimated at only 8,000 when the Ledger was founded. The Ledger was an innovator as well. It was the first daily to use of a pony express. From 1846, it was printed on the first rotary printing press, by the early 1860s, The Ledger was a money-losing operation, squeezed by rising paper and printing costs. It had lost circulation by supporting the Copperhead Policy of opposing the American Civil War, in the face of declining circulation, publishers were reluctant to increase the one-cent subscription cost, although it was needed to cover the costs of production. In December 1864, the paper was sold to George William Childs, upon buying the paper, Childs completely changed its policy and methods. He changed the policy to the Loyalist line, raised advertising rates. After an initial drop, circulation rebounded and the paper resumed profitability, Childs was closely involved in all operations of the paper, from the press room to the composing room. He intentionally upgraded the quality of advertisements appearing in the publication to suit a higher-end readership, childss efforts bore fruit and the Ledger became one of the most influential journals in the country. Circulation growth led the firm to outgrow its facilities, in 1866 Childs bought property at Sixth and Chestnut Streets in Philadelphia, where the Public Ledger Building was constructed. Designed by architect John McArthur, Jr. the building had at its corner a larger-than-life-sized statue of Benjamin Franklin by Joseph A. Bailly, the quality and profitability of the Ledger improved dramatically. By 1894, The New York Times described it as. the finest newspaper office in the country, toward the end of Childs leadership, the Ledger was estimated to generate profits of approximately $500,000 per year. In 1902, Adolph Ochs, owner of The New York Times and he merged it with the Philadelphia Times, and installed his brother George as editor. Oakes served as editor until 1914, two years after Curtis bought the publication, in 1913, Cyrus H. K. Curtis purchased the paper from Ochs for $2 million and hired his step son-in-law John Charles Martin as editor
39.
Boston Herald
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The Boston Herald is an American daily newspaper whose primary market is Boston, Massachusetts and its surrounding area. It was founded in 1846 and is one of the oldest daily newspapers in the United States and it has been awarded eight Pulitzer Prizes in its history, including four for editorial writing and three for photography before it was converted to tabloid format in 1981. The Herald was named one of the 10 Newspapers That Do It Right in 2012 by Editor & Publisher, the Heralds history can be traced back through two lineages, the Daily Advertiser and the old Boston Herald, and two media moguls, William Randolph Hearst and Rupert Murdoch. The original Boston Herald was founded in 1846 by a group of Boston printers jointly under the name of John A. French & Company, the paper was published as a single two-sided sheet, selling for one cent. In 1847, the Boston Herald absorbed the Boston American Eagle, the Boston Evening Traveler was founded in 1845. The Boston Evening Traveler was the successor to the weekly American Traveler, in 1912, the Herald acquired the Traveler, continuing to publish both under their own names. For many years, the newspaper was controlled by many of the investors in United Shoe Machinery Co, after a newspaper strike in 1967, Herald-Traveler Corp. suspended the afternoon Traveler and absorbed the evening edition into the Herald to create the Boston Herald Traveler. The Boston Daily Advertiser was established in 1813 in Boston by Nathan Hale, the paper grew to prominence throughout the 19th century, taking over other Boston area papers. In 1832 The Advertiser took over control of The Boston Patriot, the paper was purchased by William Randolph Hearst in 1917. Hearst Corp. continued using the name Advertiser for its Sunday paper until the early 1970s, on September 3,1884, The Boston Evening Record was started by the Boston Advertiser as a campaign newspaper. The Record was so popular that it was made a permanent publication, in 1904, William Randolph Hearst began publishing his own newspaper in Boston called The American. Hearst ultimately ended up purchasing the Daily Advertiser in 1917, by 1938, the Daily Advertiser had changed to the Daily Record, and The American had become the Sunday Advertiser. A third paper owned by Hearst, called the Afternoon Record, the Sunday Advertiser and Record American would ultimately be merged in 1972 into The Boston Herald Traveler a line of newspapers that stretched back to the old Boston Herald. In 1946, Herald-Traveler Corporation acquired Boston radio station WHDH, two years later, WHDH-FM was licensed, and on November 26,1957, WHDH-TV made its début as an ABC affiliate on channel 5. In 1961, WHDH-TVs affiliation switched to CBS, Herald-Traveler Corp. was granted a construction permit to replace WHDH-TV on channel 5. The two papers were merged to become a paper called the Boston Herald Traveler and Record American in the morning and Record-American. The first editions published under the new combined name were those of June 19,1972, the afternoon edition was soon dropped and the unwieldy name shortened to Boston Herald American, with the Sunday edition called the Sunday Herald Advertiser. The Herald American converted to tabloid format in September 1981, but Hearst faced steep declines in circulation, the company announced it would close the Herald American—making Boston a one-newspaper town—on December 3,1982
40.
Chicago Sun-Times
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The Chicago Sun-Times is a daily newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. It is the paper of the Sun-Times Media Group. The Chicago Sun-Times is the oldest continuously published daily newspaper in the city and it began in 1844 as the Chicago Daily Journal, which was the first newspaper to publish the rumor, now believed false, that a cow owned by Catherine OLeary was responsible for the Chicago fire. The Evening Journal, whose West Side building at 17-19 S. Canal was undamaged, in 1929, the newspaper was relaunched as the Chicago Daily Illustrated Times. The modern paper grew out of the 1948 merger of the Chicago Sun, founded December 4,1941 by Marshall Field III, and the Chicago Daily Times. The newspaper was owned by Field Enterprises, controlled by the Marshall Field family, when the Daily News ended its run in 1978, much of its staff, including Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Mike Royko, were moved to the Sun-Times. During the Field period, the newspaper had a populist, progressive character that leaned Democratic but was independent of the citys Democratic establishment, although the graphic style was urban tabloid, the paper was well regarded for journalistic quality and did not rely on sensational front-page stories. It typically ran articles from the Washington Post/Los Angeles Times wire service, the advice column Ask Ann Landers debuted in 1943. Ann Landers was the pseudonym of staff writer Ruth Crowley, who answered readers letters until 1955, eppie Lederer, sister of Dear Abby columnist Abigail van Buren, assumed the role thereafter as Ann Landers. Kups Column, written by Irv Kupcinet, also made its first appearance in 1943, Jack Olsen joined the Sun-Times as editor-in-chief in 1954, before moving on to Time and Sports Illustrated magazines and authoring true-crime books. Hired as literary editor in 1955 was Hoke Norris, who covered the civil-rights movement for the Sun-Times. Jerome Holtzman became a member of the Chicago Sun sports department after first being a boy for the Daily News in the 1940s. He and Edgar Munzel, another longtime sportswriter for the paper, famed for his World War II exploits, two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Bill Mauldin made the Sun-Times his home base in 1962. The following year, Mauldin drew one of his most renowned illustrations, two years out of college, Roger Ebert became a staff writer in 1966, and a year later was named Sun-Times film critic. He continued in this role for the remainder of his life, after the friend wrote a story about it, Grizzard fired Banks. With that, the employees union intervened, a federal arbitrator ruled for Banks and 13 months later. The articles received considerable publicity and acclaim, but a nomination for the Pulitzer Prize met resistance from some who believed the Mirage series represented a form of entrapment. In March 1978, the afternoon publication the Chicago Daily News, sister paper of the Sun-Times
41.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
42.
San Francisco Chronicle
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It was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. The paper is owned by the Hearst Corporation, which bought it from the de Young family in 2000. The paper benefited from the growth of San Francisco and was the largest circulation newspaper on the West Coast of the United States by 1880. Like many other newspapers, it has experienced a fall in circulation in the early 21st century. The newspaper publishes two web sites, SFGate, which has a mixture of news and web features. Between World War II and 1971, new editor Scott Josephine Newhall took a bold, the newspaper grew in circulation to become the citys largest, overtaking the rival San Francisco Examiner. The demise of other San Francisco dailies through the late 1950s and early 1960s left the Examiner, from 1965 on the two papers shared a single classified-advertising operation. This arrangement stayed in place until the Hearst Corporation took full control of the Chronicle, beginning in the early 1990s, the Chronicle started to face competition beyond the borders of San Francisco. The Chronicle launched five zoned sections to appear in the Friday edition of the paper, the sections covered San Francisco, and four different suburban areas. They each featured a unique columnist, enterprise pieces and local news specific to the community, the newspaper added 40 full-time staff positions to work in the suburban bureaus. The de Young family controlled the paper, via the Chronicle Publishing Company, until July 27,2000, following the sale, the Hearst Corporation transferred the Examiner to the Fang family, publisher of the San Francisco Independent and AsianWeek, along with a $66-million subsidy. Under the new owners, the Examiner became a free tabloid, in 1949, the de Young family founded KRON-TV, the Bay Areas third television station. Until the mid-1960s, the station, operated from the basement of the Chronicle Building, KRON moved to studios at 1001 Van Ness Avenue. The frequent bold-faced, all-capital-letter headlines typical of the Chronicles front page were eliminated, editor Ward Bushees note heralded the issue as the start of a new era for the Chronicle. On July 6,2009, the paper unveiled some alterations to the new design that included yet newer section fronts and wider use of color photographs and graphics. In a special section publisher Frank J. Vega described new, the newer look was accompanied by a reduction in size of the broadsheet. On November 9,2009, the Chronicle became the first newspaper in the nation to print on high-quality glossy paper, the high-gloss paper is used for some section fronts and inside pages. As of 2013 the publisher of the Chronicle is Jeffrey Johnson, audrey Cooper was named editor-in-chief in January 2015 and is the first woman to hold the position
43.
American Museum of Natural History
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The American Museum of Natural History, located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City, is one of the largest museums in the world. The museum has a scientific staff of 225, sponsors over 120 special field expeditions each year. Before construction of the present complex, the museum was housed in the Arsenal building in Central Park. Sherman, A. G. Phelps Dodge, William A. Haines, Charles A. Dana, Joseph H. Choate, Henry G. Stebbins, Henry Parish, the founding of the museum realized the dream of naturalist Dr. Albert S. Bickmore. Bickmore, a student of Harvard zoologist Louis Agassiz, lobbied tirelessly for years for the establishment of a natural history museum in New York. In 1874, the cornerstone was laid for the museums first building, the original Victorian Gothic building, which was opened in 1877, was designed by J. Wrey Mould, both already closely identified with the architecture of Central Park. The original building was eclipsed by the south range of the museum, designed by J. Cleaveland Cady. It extends 700 feet along West 77th Street, with corner towers 150 feet tall and its pink brownstone and granite, similar to that found at Grindstone Island in the St. Lawrence River, came from quarries at Picton Island, New York. The entrance on Central Park West, the New York State Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt and it leads to a vast Roman basilica, where visitors are greeted with a cast of a skeleton of a rearing Barosaurus defending her young from an Allosaurus. The museum is accessible through its 77th street foyer, renamed the Grand Gallery. The hall leads into the oldest extant exhibit in the museum, since 1930, little has been added to the exterior of the original building. The architect Kevin Roche and his firm Roche-Dinkeloo have been responsible for the planning of the museum since the 1990s. Various renovations both interior and exterior have been carried out including improvements to Dinosaur Hall and mural restoration in Roosevelt Memorial Hall, in 1992 the firm designed the new eight story AMNH Library. The museums south façade, spanning 77th Street from Central Park West to Columbus Avenue was cleaned, repaired and re-emerged in 2009, steven Reichl, a spokesman for the museum, said that work would include restoring 650 black-cherry window frames and stone repairs. The museums consultant on the latest renovation is Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. an architectural and engineering firm with headquarters in Northbrook, the museums first two presidents were John David Wolfe and Robert L. Stuart, both among the museums founders. The museum was not put on a sound footing until the appointment of the president, Morris K. Jesup. Jesup was president for over 25 years, overseeing its expansion, the fourth president, Henry Fairfield Osborn, was appointed in 1906 on the death of Jesup. Osborn consolidated the museums expansion, developing it into one of the worlds foremost natural history museums, F. Trubee Davison was president from 1933 to 1951, with A. Perry Osborn as Acting President from 1941 to 1946
44.
Frederic Augustus Lucas
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Frederic Augustus Lucas, Sc. D. was an American museum director. Frederic A. Lucas was prominent in the Great American Museum movement and he eventually became Curator in Chief of the Brooklyn Museum, in Brooklyn, NY, and subsequently enjoyed an appointment as director at the American Museum of Natural History in Manhattan. The son of a merchant seaman who was captain of a sailing vessel and he became fascinated with sea life, especially the marine birds, many of which he was able to snare, skin and prepare as mounted specimens. From this he developed an ambition to become a taxidermist and entered Wards Natural Science Establishment at Rochester, perhaps because of the manner of his development he seems to have had little regard for investigative science per se. As a consequence, he had little opportunity for formal education, Lucas came to be recognized by his contemporaries as an authority on ancient animals. His description of himself was that of all round naturalist, a specimen he regarded regretfully as fast disappearing. He never regarded as himself as deficient in that respect, Frederic Lucas died on February 9,1929, at his home in Flushing, New York at the age of 76. He was buried at Plymouth, Massachusetts, much of the information given here can be found in an address given in his memory by his colleague Charles Haskins Townsend. Lucas, F. A.1897 The Florida monster, Lucas, Frederic A. Meteorites, Meteors and Shooting Stars, Guide Leaflet Series No. 4, The American Museum of Natural History, New York,1926, fifty Years of Museum Work, Autobiography, Unpublished Papers, and Bibliography. Palmer W. Smithsonian Memo to Dall 2/16/1897, duffield & Co New York, Verrill AH.1962 Reprint of the 1948 edition. The strange story of our earth
