1.
United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs
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The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet and second to last at sixteenth in the line of succession to the presidency. Until the appointment of David Shulkin in 2017, all appointees and acting appointees to the post were United States military veterans, but that is not a requirement to fill the position. Parties No party Democratic Republican Status 1 Anthony Principi served as acting secretary in his capacity as Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs September 26, 1992—January 20,1993. 2 Hershel W. Gober served as acting secretary in his capacity as Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs July 1, 1997—January 2,1998 and July 25,3 West served as acting Secretary from January 2,1998 to May 5,1998. 4 Gordon H. Mansfield served as acting secretary in his capacity as Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs October 1—December 20,2007, as of April 2017, there are six living former Secretaries of Veterans Affairs, the oldest being Jim Nicholson. The most recent Secretary of Veterans Affairs to die was Ed Derwinski, the most recently serving Secretary to die was Jesse Brown on August 15,2002. Administrator of Veterans Affairs United States Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans Health Administration
2.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
3.
Ed Derwinski
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He previously served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1959 to 1983, representing south and southwest suburbs of Chicago. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, on September 15,1926, to Sophia Zmijewski and Casimir Ignatius Derwinski, Derwinski attended Loyola University of Chicago. Derwinski served in the United States Army in the Pacific Theater during World War II and he graduated from Loyola University Chicago in 1951. He was a member of Alpha Delta Gamma National Fraternity. In 1957, he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives and he also served as a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly 1971-1972 and as chairman of the U. S. delegation to the Interparliamentary Union from 1970–1972 and 1978-1980. OBrien were placed in the district, and OBrien won the 1982 primary on the strength of having more of his previous district included in the new configuration. After Derwinskis loss, President Ronald Reagan appointed him Counselor to the State Department. A, a Polish American, Derwinski was noted for his efforts on behalf of Eastern Europe throughout his career. Notably, he aided in the rehabilitation of the Serbian Royalist general Draža Mihailović, tito was Mihailovićs rival in World War II, and after Titos forces emerged triumphant, Mihailović was accused of collaboration with the Nazis and executed. Derwinski served as head of Ethnic Americans for Dole/Kemp during the 1996 presidential election, Derwinski resided in Glen Ellyn, Illinois with his wife, the former Bonita Hickey, known as Bonnie. He had two children, Maureen and Michael, from his first marriage to Patricia Derwinski. On January 15,2012, Derwinski died at a home from Merkel cell carcinoma. Derwinski was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, on learning of his death, former United States Senator Peter Fitzgerald described Derwinski as a giant in Illinois politics. E had incredible connections in all the different ethnic neighborhoods in Chicago, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Congressional Record, Tribute to Ed Derwinski by Dan Rostenkowski, May 17,1990
4.
Togo D. West Jr.
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Togo Dennis West Jr. is an American attorney and public official who was the third person to occupy the post of Secretary of Veterans Affairs. He was nominated by President Bill Clinton on January 27,1998, during Clintons second term and he had previously served as Secretary of the Army from 1993 to 1997. He was the second African American to be Secretary of Veterans Affairs, West was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, there, he became an Eagle Scout with Bronze Palms, and attended Atkins High School, graduating as valedictorian in 1959. He subsequently entered Howard University, obtaining a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering in 1965 and he received his Juris Doctor degree from the Howard University School of Law in 1968, receiving cum laude honors and graduating first in his class. While a freshman at Howard University, he became a brother of Zeta Phi chapter of Alpha Phi Omega service fraternity, West is a member of the Kappa Psi chapter of Omega Psi Phi Fraternity. While a student at the Howard University School of Law, West became the editor for the Howard Law Journal, he also met Gail Berry. The Wests later had two daughters, a member of St. Johns Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square, he served as a vestryman and Senior Warden. West is a member of the National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America and he has been named a Distinguished Eagle Scout by the Boy Scouts of America and was awarded the Silver Buffalo Award for his national contributions to America’s youth. He previously served as the President of the National Capital Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America, after completing law school and clerking for a federal judge, West entered the United States Army and served in the Judge Advocate Generals Corps. He was in the Army Field Artillery Corps from 1965–68 and the Army Judge Advocate Generals Corps from 1969-73, from his military service, he earned the Legion of Merit and the Meritorious Service Medal. He subsequently practiced law at the firm of Covington & Burling before being appointed an Associate Deputy Attorney General in the administration of President Gerald Ford. As the Secretary of the Army, West weighed in on the Aberdeen scandal, prompting stricter enforcement, since leaving the government, West has practiced law and served on the boards of various institutions. From 2004-2006, he served as president of the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies and he is also a strong supporter of and past board member of the Mount Vernon preservation society. West and former Chief of Naval Operations retired Admiral Vernon Clark led the Defense Departments investigation into the Fort Hood massacre, issuing a report in January 2010
5.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
6.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
7.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
8.
Warrenton, Virginia
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Warrenton is a town in Fauquier County, Virginia, United States. The population was 9,611 at the 2010 census, up from 6,670 at the 2000 census, the estimated population in 2015 was 9,897. Warrenton is the county seat of Fauquier County and it is at the junction of U. S. Route 15, U. S. Route 17, U. S. Route 29, and U. S. Route 211. The town is in the Piedmont region of Virginia, east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, the well-known Airlie Conference Center is 3 miles north of Warrenton, and the historic Vint Hill Farms military facility is 9 miles east. Fauquier Hospital is located in the town, surrounded by Virginia wine and horse country, Warrenton is a popular destination outside of Washington, D. C. Like many incorporated towns in Virginia, the town of Warrenton has government, the town and the county do share some services, such as schools and the county landfill. In the 1790s, a courthouse was built in the area, the Town of Warrenton was incorporated on January 5,1810, and named for General Joseph Warren, a Revolutionary War hero. Richard Henry Lee donated the land for the county seat, John S. Horner, Secretary of Wisconsin Territory and Acting Governor of Michigan Territory, was born in Warrenton. John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, was from Germantown, confederate Colonel John S. Mosby made raids in the town during the Civil War and later made his home and practiced law in Warrenton. The Warren Green Hotel building hosted many people, including the Marquis de Lafayette, James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, President Theodore Roosevelt. Union General George B. McClellan bade farewell to his officers November 11,1862 and it now hosts some offices of the Fauquier County government. Arthur Jordan, an African-American man, was lynched by a mob of approximately 60-75 men in white hoods in the hours of January 19,1880. A group of local men hunted the pair down near Williamsport, Maryland, captured Mr. Jordan and returned him to Fauquier, whereupon he was delivered to the town jail. Later that night, the lynch mob gained access to the jail and dragged Jordan to the nearby town cemetery. Ms. Corder remained in Maryland, estranged from her family, news of the lynching was reported in papers across the nation. Even some foreign newspapers, such as Australias Sydney Morning Herald, in 1909, a fire destroyed almost half the structures in the town, and was halted with the use of dynamite to create a firebreak to stop the flames from spreading. In 1951, the government established the Warrenton Training Center just outside Warrenton. A bypass route around the town was built in the early 1960s, which attracted restaurants, gas stations, and shopping centers, the Warrenton Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983
9.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
10.
Arlington National Cemetery
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The United States Department of the Army, a component of the United States Department of Defense, controls the cemetery. The national cemetery was established during the Civil War on the grounds of Arlington House, like nearly all federal installations in Arlington County, it has a Washington, D. C. mailing address. George Washington Parke Custis, grandson of Martha Washington, acquired the land now is Arlington National Cemetery in 1802. The estate passed to Custis daughter, Mary Anna, who had married United States Army officer Robert E. Lee. Custis will gave an inheritance to Mary Lee, allowing her to live at and run Arlington Estate for the rest of her life. Upon her death, the Arlington estate passed to her eldest son, on May 7, troops of the Virginia militia occupied Arlington and Arlington House. With Confederate forces occupying Arlingtons high ground, the capital of the Union was left in a military position. Although unwilling to leave Arlington House, Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be infested with federal soldiers, so she buried many of her family treasures on the grounds and left for her sisters estate at Ravensworth in Fairfax County, Virginia, on May 14. On May 3, General Winfield Scott ordered Brigadier General Irvin McDowell to clear Arlington, McDowell occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24. In May 1864, Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness, Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery. Within weeks, his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area, the property was high and free from floods, it had a view of the District of Columbia, and it was aesthetically pleasing. It was also the home of the leader of the forces of the Confederate States of America. The first military burial at Arlington, for William Henry Christman, was made on May 13,1864, however, Meigs did not formally authorize establishment of burials until June 15,1864. Arlington did not desegregate its burial practices until President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26,1948, the government acquired Arlington at a tax sale in 1864 for $26,800, equal to $410,000 today. Mrs. Lee had not appeared in person but rather had sent an agent, the government turned away her agent, refusing to accept the tendered payment. In 1874, Custis Lee, heir under his grandfathers will passing the estate in trust to his mother, sued the United States claiming ownership of Arlington. In December,1882, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in Lees favor in United States v. Lee, deciding that Arlington had been confiscated without due process. After that decision, Congress returned the estate to him, and on March 3,1883, the land then became a military reservation
11.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
12.
Roosevelt University
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Roosevelt University is a coeducational, private university with campuses in Chicago, Illinois and Schaumburg, Illinois. Founded in 1945, the university is named in honor of both former President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the universitys curriculum is based on principles of social justice. The university enrolls around 7,000 students between its undergraduate and graduate programs and is ranked #81 in U. S. News & World Reports Midwest Universities -2012, Roosevelt is also home to the Chicago College of Performing Arts. The Universitys newest academic building, Wabash, is located in The Loop of Downtown Chicago and it is the tallest educational building in Chicago, the second tallest educational building in the United States, and the fourth -largest academic complex in the world. President Charles R. Middleton was inaugurated in 2002, and retired in 2015, the current president, Dr. Ali Malekzadeh, started in 2015. The tuition of Business college suddenly increased up to 20% from fall 2015 to fall 2016, the university was founded in 1945. As a result, Sparling resigned under protest, when he left, he took with him a number of faculty and students, to start a new college. Faculty voted in favor 62 to 1, and students 488 to 2 for the school, in the beginning, the university had no library, campus, or endowment. Two weeks later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt died, the college obtained his widow Eleanors permission to rename the institution as Roosevelt College in his memory. In 1947, the college purchased the Auditorium Building for one dollar, the college was rededicated to both Franklin and Eleanor in 1959. Early advisory board members included Marian Anderson, Pearl Buck, Ralph Bunche, Albert Einstein, Thomas Mann, Gunnar Myrdal, Draper Daniels, in August 1996, the university opened its Albert A. Robin Campus in Schaumburg, after a donation from Albert A. Robin, the institution is accredited as a Higher Education University by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. It has been ranked the tenth most diverse university in America by the New York Times. Chicago classes are held within Roosevelts historic Auditorium Building at 430 S, Michigan Avenue, blocks from the Magnificent Mile. The Auditorium Building houses the Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University and numerous offices for the university. A second downtown campus building is the Gage Building, located at 18 S, pro footballs 2015 NFL Draft was held in the Auditorium on April 30,2015, the leagues first time hosting the draft in Chicago in more than 50 years. In Spring 2010, construction began on a new building for the downtown campus, the 32-story vertical campus, the Wabash Building, is the second-tallest higher-education building in the United States and the sixth tallest in the world. It serves as a building, housing student services, classrooms, contemporary science labs, administrative offices
13.
Catholic University of America
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The Catholic University of America is a private university located in Washington, D. C. in the United States. It is a university of the Catholic Church in the United States. Established in 1887 as a graduate and research center following approval by Pope Leo XIII on Easter Sunday, the university began offering undergraduate education in 1904. In addition, it was ranked in the top 10 of the best Catholic colleges in the country and it was described as one of the 25 most underrated colleges in the United States. CUAs programs emphasize the arts, professional education, and personal development. The school stays closely connected with the Catholic Church and Catholic organizations, the American Cardinals Dinner is put on by the residential U. S. cardinals each year to raise scholarship funds for CUA. The university has a history of working with the Knights of Columbus. The university has been visited three times by sitting popes, Pope John Paul II visited on October 7,1979. On April 16,2008, Pope Benedict XVI gave an address at the campus about Catholic education and academic freedom. Pope Francis visited on September 23,2015 during his trip to the United States, at the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1866, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops first discussed the need for a national Catholic university. At the Third Plenary Council on January 26,1885, bishops chose the name The Catholic University of America for the institution. In 1882 Bishop John Lancaster Spalding went to Rome to obtain Pope Leo XIIIs support for the university, on April 10,1887 Pope Leo XIII sent James Cardinal Gibbons a letter granting permission to establish the university. By developing new leaders and new knowledge, the university was intended to strengthen, the founders wished to emphasize the Churchs special role in United States. They believed that scientific and humanistic research, informed by faith and they wanted to develop a national institution that would promote the faith in a context of religious freedom, spiritual pluralism, and intellectual rigor. The university was incorporated in 1887 on 66 acres of land next to the Old Soldiers Home. President Grover Cleveland was in attendance for the laying of the cornerstone of Divinity Hall, now known as Caldwell Hall, on May 24,1888, as were members of Congress, at the end of the second term, lectures on canon law were added. The first students were graduated in 1889, in 1876 with the opening of the Johns Hopkins University, American universities began dedicating themselves to graduate study and research in the Prussian model. CUA was the channel through which the modern university movement entered the American Catholic community
14.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
15.
Corporal
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Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations. Within NATO, each member nations corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-4, however, there are often differences in how each nation employs Corporals. Some militaries dont have Corporals, but may instead have a Junior Sergeant, in some militaries, the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers. The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldiers pay, as the Table of Organization & Equipment rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant. In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system, the word is derived from the medieval Italian phrase capo corporale. It may also be derived from an appointment as an officers bodyguard, all three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic use two or three ranks of corporal, or cabo. Corporals in the Argentine military are considered suboficiales subalternos, superior only to all ranks of Volunteers, in the Argentine Army, there are two ranks of corporal, junior and senior, Cabo and cabo primero. While the Argentine Navy has three ranks, from junior to senior, Cabo segundo, Cabo primero and cabo principal. The Air Force has the number of corporal ranks as the navy. The rank is used by the Argentine National Gendarmerie and the Argentine Federal Police. Corporal is the second lowest of the officer ranks in the Australian Army. A corporal is usually appointed as a commander, and is in charge of 7-14 soldiers of private rank. They are assisted by a second-in-command, usually a lance-corporal or senior private, a Corporal within Artillery is known as a bombardier. Corporal is also a rank of the Royal Australian Air Force, with the exception Belgian Naval Component, the branches of the Belgian Armed Forces use three ranks of corporal, corporal, master corporal and 1st master corporal. Corporal is equivalent to NATO Rank Code OR-3, whereas master corporal, the rank immediately below corporal is 1st private and the rank directly above 1st master corporal is sergeant. The equivalent of these ranks in the Naval Component are quartermaster, chief quartermaster, Corporal is the first NCO rank of the Army, Navy, Air Force and states military polices. Soldiers who successfully complete the course may be promoted to the rank of corporal should they excel in the course. A corporal in the Brazilian Army will lead the smallest fractions of units as machine gun squads, mortar, Corporal is an Army and Air Force non-commissioned member rank of the Canadian Forces
16.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
17.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
18.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
19.
Da Nang
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Danang is the third largest city in Vietnam in terms of urban population and one of the major port cities, in addition to Ho Chi Minh City and Hai Phong. Situated on the coast of the Eastern Sea, at the end of the Han River. It is governed as one of the five direct-controlled municipalities of the SRV and is thus under direct administration of the central government. It is located within 100 km of several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Imperial City of Hue, the Old Town of Hoi An, the city was previously known as Cửa Hàn during early Đại Việt settlement, and as Tourane during French colonial rule. Before 1997, the city was part of Quang Nam-Da Nang Province, on 1 January 1997, Da Nang was separated from Quảng Nam Province to become one of four independent municipalities in Vietnam. Da Nang is listed as a first class city, and has a higher ratio than any of Vietnams other provinces or centrally governed cities. Most of the names by which Da Nang has been known make reference to its position at the Hàn River estuary, the citys present name is generally agreed to be a Vietnamese adaptation of the Cham word da nak, which is translated as opening of a large river. Other Chamic sources, with definitions, have been proposed. Another name given to Da Nang was Cửa Hàn, the name used by the French, Tourane, is said to derive from this name, by way of a rough transliteration. Notably, this appears on maps of the area drafted by Alexandre de Rhodes in 1650. The name Kean was another name used during the 17th century to refer to the land situated at the foot of the Hải Vân Pass. Other names referring to Da Nang include, Vũng Thùng, a name which survives in folklore. Trà Úc, Trà Áo, Trà Sơn and Đồng Long Loan, in Sino-Vietnamese script, used until 1945, Đà Nẵng is written as 沱灢. Thái Phiên, a name used briefly after the 1945 August Revolution, commemorating Thái Phiên, the citys origins date back to the ancient kingdom of Champa, established in 192 AD. At its peak, the Chams sphere of influence stretched from Huế to Vũng Tàu, the city of Indrapura, at the site of the modern village of Dong Duong in Quảng Nam Province, was the capital of Champa from about 875 to about 1000 AD. In the latter half of the 10th century, the kings of Indrapura came into conflict with the Đại Việt, in 982, three ambassadors sent to Champa by King Lê Hoàn of the Đại Việt were detained in Indrapura. Lê Hoàn decided to go on the offensive, sacking Indrapura, as a result of these setbacks, the Cham eventually abandoned Indrapura around 1000 AD. The Đại Việt campaign against Champa continued into the late 11th century, soon afterwards, Vietnamese peasants began moving into the untilled former Cham lands, turning them into rice fields and moving relentlessly southward, delta by delta, along the narrow coastal plain
20.
Disabled American Veterans
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It currently has nearly 1.3 million members. Charity Navigator does not rate the DAV as it is a 501 organization and it does rate the Disabled American Veterans Charitable Service Trust. In the aftermath of World War I, disabled veterans in the United States found themselves seriously disadvantaged, many of these veterans were blind, deaf, or mentally ill when they returned from the frontlines. An astonishing 204,000 Americans in uniform were wounded during the war, while touring across the U. S. as part of the election campaign of James M. Cox, Judge Marx publicized the new organization, which quickly expanded. It held its first national convention in Detroit, Michigan on June 27,1921, in 1922, a womens auxiliary organization was founded. In the midst of these years, DAVWW was issued a federal charter by Congress. The demands of World War II required the urgent expansion of the organization, in 1944, the DAV began offering a National Service Officer Training Program at American University in Washington, the first step of education that completed with a two-year mentorship program. In 1945, the DAV expanded the Idento Tag program and brought the manufacturing in-house, the program proved long-lasting and highly successful, both in bringing in donations and employing veterans in manufacture. By 1952,350 people were employed in the endeavor, which brought in over $2 million a year in donations, meanwhile, the number of disabled veterans had been increased by the still-ongoing Korean War. Vietnam veterans soon filled the ranks of the National Service Officers. On Veterans Day,1966, the DAV moved its headquarters to Cold Spring, by the time fundraising was complete in 2010, the DAV and its affiliates had raised more than $10 million for the memorial. Dedicaton of the memorial is set for October 5,2014, the organizations seal has since its foundation featured a World War I soldier, armed, kneeling before Columbia, who dubs the man knight. The logo design was taken from certificates used in World War I for sick, departments of Veterans Affairs and U. S. Department of Labor facilitators and other participants in the transition process from military life to civilian life. Assistance completion and mailing of United States Department of Veterans Affairs VA forms on behalf of the veteran, Bill and the Post-Vietnam Era Veterans Educational Assistance Program, VA Home Loans, The Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment Program or other miscellaneous benefits at the VA Regional Office. Assistance to veterans in reopening and filing completed claims for service-connected or non-service-connected disabilities, Assistance for completion the VA Form for veterans that are eligible Individual Unemployability benefits. Assistance to veterans/survivors who are filing any type of claim for benefits, filing of Notice of Disagreement forms with the VA Regional Office for veterans. C. Assistance in follow-up on status of claims filed by veterans with the VA Regional Office, free review of VA denials of claim and filing of appropriate responses. The DAV Transportation Network is administered by DAV Hospital Service Coordinators, a free copy of the official bimonthly publication DAV Magazine
21.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
22.
Homelessness
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Homelessness is the condition of people without a permanent dwelling, such as a house or apartment. People who are homeless are most often unable to acquire and maintain regular, safe, secure, the legal definition of homeless varies from country to country, or among different jurisdictions in the same country or region. According to the UK homelessness charity Crisis, a home is not just a space, it also provides roots, identity, security, a sense of belonging. American government homeless enumeration studies also include people who sleep in a public or private place not designed for use as a sleeping accommodation for human beings. There are a number of organizations who provide help for the homeless, in 2005, an estimated 100 million people worldwide were homeless, and as many as 1 billion people live as squatters, refugees or in temporary shelter, all lacking adequate housing. In Western countries, the majority of homeless are men. Most countries provide a variety of services to assist homeless people and these services often provide food, shelter and clothing and may be organized and run by community organizations or by government departments or agencies. These programs may be supported by the government, charities, churches, many cities also have street newspapers, which are publications designed to provide employment opportunity to homeless people. While some homeless have jobs, some must seek other methods to make a living, begging or panhandling is one option, but is becoming increasingly illegal in many cities. People who are homeless may have conditions, such as physical or mental health issues or substance addiction. In 2004, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs defined a homeless household as those households without a shelter that would fall within the scope of living quarters. They carry their few possessions with them, sleeping in the streets, in doorways or on piers, or in another space and this category includes persons living in the streets without a shelter that would fall within the scope of living quarters, Secondary homelessness. This category may include persons with no place of usual residence who move frequently between various types of accommodations and this category includes persons living in private dwellings but reporting no usual address on their census form. The CES acknowledges that the approach does not provide a full definition of the homeless. Homelessness is perceived and addressed according to country. The ETHOS approach confirms that homelessness is a process that affects many vulnerable households at different points in their lives. The typology was launched in 2005 and is used for different purposes, as a framework for debate, for collection purposes, for policy purposes, monitoring purposes. This typology is an exercise which makes abstraction of existing legal definitions in the EU member states
23.
Vietnam
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Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 92.7 million inhabitants as of 2016, it is the worlds 14th-most-populous country, and its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976, with Ho Chi Minh City as a historical city as well. The northern part of Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, an independent Vietnamese state was formed in 939, following a Vietnamese victory in the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War, thereafter, Vietnam was divided politically into two rival states, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified in what is known as the Vietnam War, the war ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975. Vietnam was then unified under a communist government but remained impoverished, in 1986, the government initiated a series of economic and political reforms which began Vietnams path towards integration into the world economy. By 2000, it had established relations with all nations. Since 2000, Vietnams economic growth rate has been among the highest in the world and its successful economic reforms resulted in its joining the World Trade Organization in 2007. It is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, Vietnam remains one of the worlds four remaining one-party socialist states officially espousing communism. The name Việt Nam is a variation of Nam Việt, a name that can be traced back to the Triệu Dynasty of the 2nd century BC. The word Việt originated as a form of Bách Việt. The form Vietnam is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem Sấm Trạng Trình, the name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Haiphong that dates to 1558. Then, as recorded, rewarded Yuenan/Vietnam as their nations name, to also show that they are below the region of Baiyue/Bach Viet. Between 1804 and 1813, the name was used officially by Emperor Gia Long and it was revived in the early 20th century by Phan Bội Châus History of the Loss of Vietnam, and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when both the government in Huế and the Viet Minh government in Hanoi adopted Việt Nam. Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the Paleolithic age, Homo erectus fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in Lạng Sơn and Nghệ An provinces in northern Vietnam. The oldest Homo sapiens fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of Middle Pleistocene provenance, teeth attributed to Homo sapiens from the Late Pleistocene have also been found at Dong Can, and from the Early Holocene at Mai Da Dieu, Lang Gao and Lang Cuom. The Hồng Bàng dynasty of the Hùng kings is considered the first Vietnamese state, in 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán, who consolidated the Lạc Việt and Âu Việt tribes to form the Âu Lạc, proclaiming himself An Dương Vương
24.
Gulf War
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The Iraqi Armys occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council. US President George H. W. Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia, an array of nations joined the coalition, the largest military alliance since World War II. The great majority of the military forces were from the US, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US$32 billion of the US$60 billion cost, the war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by the US network CNN. The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm. The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991 and this was followed by a ground assault on 24 February. This was a victory for the coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait. The coalition ceased its advance, and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the campaign started. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel. The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself, Gulf War, a problem with these terms is that the usage is ambiguous, having now been applied to at least three conflicts, see Gulf War. The use of the term Persian Gulf is also disputed, see Persian Gulf naming dispute, with no consensus of naming, various publications have attempted to refine the name. Other language terms include French, la Guerre du Golfe and German, Golfkrieg, German, Zweiter Golfkrieg, French, most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the wars operational phases. Operation Desert Storm was the US name of the conflict from 17 January 1991. Operation Desert Sabre was the US name for the offensive against the Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations from 24–28 February 1991, in itself. Operation Desert Farewell was the given to the return of US units and equipment to the US in 1991 after Kuwaits liberation. Operation Granby was the British name for British military activities during the operations, Opération Daguet was the French name for French military activities in the conflict. Operation Friction was the name of the Canadian operations Operazione Locusta was the Italian name for the operations, in addition, various phases of each operation may have a unique operational name. The US divided the conflict into three campaigns, Defense of Saudi Arabian country for the period 2 August 1990, through 16 January 1991
25.
American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial
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Congress adopted legislation establishing the memorial on October 23,2000, authorizing the Disabled Veterans for Life Memorial Foundation to design, raise funds for, and construct the memorial. The fundraising goal was reached in mid-2010, and ground for the memorial broken on November 10,2010, the memorial was dedicated by President Barack Obama on October 5,2014. Although she did not know him, Pope called the office of United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs Jesse Brown to plead for a memorial, Pope called every day for the next six months, until finally Browns secretary put her call through. Brown agreed to support establishing a memorial. Because the Commemorative Works Act of 1986 barred the expenditure of funds for memorials. Brown introduced Pope to Art Wilson, the National Adjutant of the Disabled American Veterans, the DAV was itself not a nonprofit, and thus Pope and Wilson agreed that a new foundation, the Disabled Veterans for Life Memorial Foundation should be created. Brown, Pope, and Wilson incorporated the foundation in 1998, the three individuals and their supporters began lobbying Congress to win passage of the necessary federal legislation. The effort was announced on November 9,1998 and they received the support of Senators John McCain, Max Cleland, and John Kerry, who introduced legislation authorizing a memorial in the United States Senate in January 1999. Companion legislation was introduced in the House of Representatives by Representative John Murtha, the CWA proved to be an obstacle for the memorial foundation. Exemptions could be made for events or individuals of singular importance or long-lasting historic significance and that exemption could only be issued by the National Capital Memorial Commission. The memorial foundation sought just such an exemption, but in November 1999—just before Veterans Day—the NCMC denied the exemption, Veterans groups were outraged, and Pope declared that bureaucracy was standing in the way of honoring people who had taken a bullet for the nation. The NCMC defended its decision, pointing out that Congress enacted the law to slow the rapid proliferation of memorials on the Mall, the agency also noted that there were already many memorials to veterans and to several wars on the National Mall. Since very little remained for memorials, what was left should be kept open for future generations. In the wake of this decision, the backers in Congress quickly added new language to their bill exempting the memorial form the CWAs National Mall ban. The National Park Service and the United States Department of the Interior now opposed the legislation because of this exemption, but Congress quickly approved the bill, and President Bill Clinton signed it into law on October 24,2000. Most of the rules of the CWA still applied to the veterans memorial. The CWA gave the seven years to begin construction, or its authorization would expire. The first site selected by the foundation was disapproved
26.
Washington National Cathedral
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The cathedral is the seat of both the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, Michael Bruce Curry, and the Bishop of the Diocese of Washington, Mariann Edgar Budde. In 2009, nearly 400,000 visitors toured the structure, average attendance at Sunday services in 2009 was 1,667, the highest of all domestic parishes in the Episcopal Church that year. The Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation, under the first seven Bishops of Washington, decorative work, such as carvings and statuary, is ongoing as of 2011. The Cathedral stands at Massachusetts and Wisconsin Avenues in the northwest quadrant of Washington and it is an associate member of the recently organized inter-denominational Washington Theological Consortium. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in 2007, it was ranked third on the List of Americas Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects. In 1792, Pierre LEnfants Plan of the Federal City set aside land for a church for national purposes. The National Portrait Gallery now occupies that site, in 1891, a meeting was held to renew plans for a national cathedral. On January 6,1893, the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation of the District of Columbia was granted a charter from Congress to establish the cathedral, the commanding site on Mount Saint Alban was chosen. Henry Yates Satterlee, first Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Washington, chose George Frederick Bodley, Britains leading Anglican church architect, Henry Vaughan was selected supervising architect. Construction started September 29,1907, with an address by President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1912, Bethlehem Chapel opened for services in the unfinished cathedral, when construction of the cathedral resumed after a brief hiatus for World War I, both Bodley and Vaughan had died. Gen. John J. Pershing led fundraising efforts for the church after World War I, American architect Philip Hubert Frohman took over the design of the cathedral and was thenceforth designated the principal architect. Funding for the National Cathedral has come entirely from private sources, maintenance and upkeep continue to rely entirely upon private support. The United States Congress has designated the Washington National Cathedral as the National House of Prayer, during World War II, monthly services were held there on behalf of a united people in a time of emergency. Before and since, the structure has hosted major events. Secretary of Commerce Ronald Brown Funeral for U. S. S, a memorial service for King was held at the cathedral later the same week. The cathedral was damaged in August 2011 during the Virginia earthquake, finial stones on several pinnacles broke off, and several pinnacles twisted out of alignment or collapsed entirely. Some gargoyles and other carvings were damaged, and a hole was punched through the roof by falling masonry
27.
Vietnam Veterans of America
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Vietnam Veterans of America, Inc. is a national non-profit corporation founded in 1978 in the United States that is committed to serving the needs of all veterans. It is funded without any contribution from any branch of government, VVA is the only such organization chartered by the United States Congress and dedicated to Vietnam veterans and their families. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code and its founding principle is Never again will one generation of veterans abandon another. VVA aims to campaign on issues important to Vietnam veterans, to create a new identity for this generation of veterans, VVA has organizing councils in 43 states,525 local chapters, and over 50,000 individual members. Never again will one generation of veterans abandon another, VVA, initially known as the Council of Vietnam Veterans, began its work. By the summer of 1979, the Council of Vietnam Veterans had transformed into Vietnam Veterans of America, a service organization made up of. Bobby Muller and Stuart F. Feldman were among the organizations co-founders, membership grew steadily, and for the first time, VVA secured significant contributions. The week-long activities rekindled a sense of brotherhood among the veterans, in 1983, VVA took a significant step by founding Vietnam Veterans of America Legal Services to provide assistance to veterans seeking benefits and services from the government. The next several years saw VVA grow in size, stature, VVAs professional membership services, veterans service, and advocacy work gained the respect of Congress and the veterans community. In 1986, VVAs exemplary work was acknowledged by the granting of a congressional charter. Today, Vietnam Veterans of America has a membership of approximately 75,000, with over 500 chapters throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands. VVA state councils coordinate the activities of local chapters, john Rowan, 2005–present Thomas H. Corey, 2001–2005 George C. Duggins, 1997–2001 James L. Brazee, Jr, the VVA Veteran, VVAs award-winning magazine, is mailed to all VVA members and friends of the organization. In addition, self-help guides on issues such as Agent Orange, to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, to discharge upgrading are published and made available to anyone interested
28.
Hershel Gober
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Hershel Wayne Gober is a former government official and Vietnam War veteran. He started out in the VA as deputy secretary, serving from February 4,1993, Gober was also briefly secretary-designate, when Clinton named him on July 31,1997, to replace Jesse Brown. During his tenure Gober, as a close and longtime aide and he headed a delegation that traveled to Vietnam to seek the fullest possible accounting of missing veterans. He was also active in improving health care and expanding clinics for veterans, before serving in the VA, Gober was director of the Arkansas Department of Veterans Affairs from January 4,1988, to February 4,1993, during Clintons tenure as governor. Gober served two tours in Vietnam, later, in 1969, he was wounded while serving as a company commander. In 1970, Gober released a 45 rpm single, Picture of a Man, Gober had at least five single releases and one album as a recording artist, the first two were as Hershel Almond on Ace and Challenge in 1959. The others were on ABC, Tee Pee and Buddah, lansdale collection at the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University Appearances on C-SPAN
29.
Anthony Principi
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Anthony Joseph Principi was the fourth United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. He was appointed by President George W. Bush on January 23,2001 and he is currently a lobbyist for Pfizer and chairman of QTC Management, a company that works on contracts for the Veterans Affairs Department. Principi was born in the East Bronx on April 16,1944 and he grew up in Teaneck, New Jersey and attended St. Anastasia School there during his younger years. He graduated from Mount Saint Michael Academy in 1962 as the top athlete. In 1967, Principi graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis and he first saw active duty aboard the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy. Principi later served in the Vietnam War, commanding a River Patrol Unit in the Mekong Delta, in 1980, he was transferred to Washington as a legislative counsel for the Department of the Navy. Principi has worked on policy issues and has held several executive-level positions in federal government throughout his career. He chaired the Federal Quality Institute in 1991, and was chairman of the Commission on Servicemembers and he served in that position until January 1993. Following that appointment, he served as Republican chief counsel and staff director of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, from 1984 to 1988, he served as Republican chief counsel and staff director of the Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs. On March 15,2005, President George W. Bush appointed nine members to serve on the 2005 BRAC Commission, in October 2015, Principi was elected to the board of directors of Imprimis Pharmaceuticals
30.
Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)
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Robert James Jim Nicholson is an attorney, real estate developer, and a former Republican Party chairman. He was the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs from January 26,2005 until October 1,2007, Nicholson was born on a farm near Struble, Iowa. Nicholson has characterized his childhood as growing up poor in a tenant house without plumbing. He is the brother of retired Army General John W. Nicholson, Nicholson has a Masters degree in Public Policy from Columbia University. He received a law degree from the University of Denver College of Law in 1972, Nicholson is married to the former Suzanne Marie Ferrell of Highland Falls, New York, who is an accomplished artist. They are the parents of three children and he is a 1961 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York and served eight years in active duty. He was a paratrooper and Ranger-qualified Army officer and he fought in the Vietnam War, where he earned the Bronze Star, Combat Infantryman Badge, the Meritorious Service Medal, Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry and two Air Medals. After thirty years of service he retired in 1991 with the rank of Colonel. In 2005, he was awarded the Distinguished Graduate Award by the USMA, before becoming active in civilian government service, he practiced law in Denver, Colorado, specializing in real estate, municipal finance and zoning law. In 1978 he founded Nicholson Enterprises, Inc. a developer of planned communities, and in 1987 he bought Renaissance Homes. Currently, he is senior counsel with Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck LLP and his practice includes public policy, health care, state and federal regulatory law, international relations, real estate, oil and gas, and alternative energy. He works from both the Washington, D. C. and Denver offices, Nicholson was chairman of the Volunteers of America of Colorado. He serves as director of the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans, Inc, Daniels Fund, Federated Funds, Nicholson has never held elected office, but has long been active in the Republican Party. In January 1986, he was elected committeeman from Colorado for the Republican National Committee, in 1993, he was elected Vice-Chairman of the RNC, and was the surprise pick for GOP national chairman in January 1997. He served in that role through the 2000 presidential election, between 2001 and 2005, Nicholson served as United States Ambassador to the Holy See. In 2003, Pope John Paul II knighted him with the Grand Cross for his leadership on human rights issues and standing for religious freedom. Order of Pius IX
31.
James Peake
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James Benjamin Peake was the sixth United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs, serving from 2007 to 2009. In 2004, he retired from a 38-year United States Army career and he also served as the 40th Surgeon General of the United States Army. Peake was born in St. Louis, Missouri to a military family and his father began as an enlisted man in the Army, and became an officer who spent most of his 30-year career in the Medical Service Corps. Peakes mother was an Army nurse, and his brother was a naval aviator, at the age of 18, he set upon his own Army career when he was accepted to West Point. Peake received his Bachelor of Science degree from U. S, military Academy at West Point in 1966 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U. S. Army Infantry. He was awarded a doctorate in 1972. He retired from the Army in 2004, as a Lieutenant General, Peake served for four years as the United States Army Surgeon General. He also served as commander of several Army medical units, previous key assignments include Commander, U. S. Army Medical Department Center and School and Installation Commander, Fort Sam Houston, Deputy Commander, U. S. After Vietnam, he attended Cornell Universitys Weill Cornell Medical College and he is also a graduate of the United States Army War College, in 1988. After retiring from the Army, Peake served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Project Hope, peakes selection as VA secretary was announced on October 30,2007. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 14,2007, ex-Army Doctor, Vietnam Vet Nominated as VA Secretary Valor awards for James Peake
32.
Eric Shinseki
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Eric Ken Shinseki is a retired United States Army general who served as the seventh United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. His final U. S. Army post was as the 34th Chief of Staff of the Army, Shinseki is a veteran of two tours of combat in the Vietnam War, in which he was awarded three Bronze Stars for valor and two Purple Hearts. He was the first Asian-American four-star general, and the first Asian-American Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Shinseki was born in Lihue, Kauaʻi, in the then Territory of Hawaii, to an American family of Japanese ancestry. His grandparents emigrated from Hiroshima to Hawaii in 1901 and he grew up in a sugarcane plantation community on Kauai and graduated from Kauai High and Intermediate School in 1960. While attending Kauai he was active in the Boy Scouts and served as class president, motivated by his uncles example, he attended the United States Military Academy and graduated in 1965 with a bachelor of science degree and a commission as a second lieutenant. He earned a Master of Arts degree in English Literature from Duke University and he was also educated at the Armor Officer Advanced Course, the United States Army Command and General Staff College, and the National War College of National Defense University
33.
Robert A. McDonald
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Robert Alan Bob McDonald served as the eighth United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. He is the retired Chairman, President, and CEO of Procter & Gamble, McDonald was born on June 20,1953 in Gary, Indiana, and grew up in Chicago. Military Academy at West Point in 1975 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering, at West Point he served as the Brigade Adjutant for the Corps of Cadets and was awarded the Silver Medal from the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufacturing and Commerce. After graduation, he served in the U. S. Army for 5 years, primarily in the 82nd Airborne Division, attaining the rank of Captain, upon leaving the military he received the Meritorious Service Medal. McDonald joined Procter & Gamble in 1980 and he served as a brand manager for Tide from 1984–1986. In 1989 he transferred to Toronto to lead P&Gs Canadian Laundry business, in 1995 he became Vice President, Laundry & Cleaning Products Asia, and relocated to Japan. A year later in 1996, McDonald became President, Japan Operations, two years later he moved to Brussels as President, Global Fabric Care and later President, Global Fabric & Home Care. He was appointed Vice Chairman, Global Operations in 2004 and appointed Chief Operating Officer in July 2007, McDonald became President and Chief Executive on July 1,2009. He assumed the Chairman of the Board role January 1,2010 and he retired from P&G on June 30,2013. Under McDonalds leadership, P&G grew organic sales by an average of three percent per year with core earnings per share up an average of about four percent. P&G’s stock price rose from $51.10 to $78.80 during his tenure as CEO – over a fifty percent increase, the companys market capitalization puts it among the top fifteen most valuable companies in the world. P&G also made significant strategic adjustments to its product portfolio, the Company acquired Ambi Pur and formed a joint venture with Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, which will enable P&G to expand its Consumer Health Care business. McDonald succeeded Eric Shinseki, who resigned on May 30,2014, on June 29,2014, it was widely reported that U. S. President Obama would nominate McDonald to fill the Cabinet position of United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. On July 7,2014, Obama formally nominated McDonald to the post, on June 30,2014, President Obama announced his nomination for the eighth Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Robert A. McDonald, former CEO of Procter & Gamble. President Obama cited McDonald’s business background and experience revitalizing organizations in his decision, Obama said, “hat especially makes Bob the right choice to lead the VA now is his three decades of experience in building and managing one of the world’s most recognized companies, Procter & Gamble. The VA is not a business, but it is one of our largest departments, and the workload at the VHA alone is enormous. ”Obama added, “Bob is an expert at making organizations better. In his career he’s taken over struggling business units, putting an end to what doesn’t work, adopting the best practices that do, restructuring, introducing innovations, making operations more efficient and effective. In short, he’s about delivering better results. ”On July 23,2014, on July 29,2014, the Senate confirmed McDonald in a 97-0 vote
34.
Cabinet of the United States
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The Cabinet of the United States is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the government serving under the President. Aside from the Attorney General, the heads of the executive departments all receive the title of Secretary, all members of the Cabinet serve at the pleasure of the President, who can dismiss them at will for no cause. There is no definition of the term Cabinet in the United States Constitution. The name comes from a 17th-century usage for a room where advisors would meet. The term principal officers of the departments is also mentioned in the Twenty-fifth Amendment. The executive departments are listed in 5 U. S. C, under the 1967 Federal Anti-Nepotism statute, federal officials are prohibited from appointing their immediate family members to certain governmental positions, including those in the Cabinet. Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, an incoming administration may appoint acting heads of department from employees of the relevant department and these may be existing high-level career employees, from political appointees of the outgoing administration, or sometimes lower-level appointees of the incoming administration. The heads of the departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President. If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in, an elected Vice President does not require Senate confirmation, nor does the White House Chief of Staff, which is an appointed staff position of the Executive Office of the President. 21 positions, including the heads of the departments and others. §5312, and those 46 positions on Level II pay are listed in 5 U. S. C, as of 2015, Level I annual pay, was set at $203,700. The annual salary of the Vice President is $235,300, the salary level was set by the Government Salary Reform Act of 1989, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. For a full list of people nominated for Cabinet positions, see Formation of Donald Trumps Cabinet, the Cabinet includes the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive departments, listed here according to their order of succession to the Presidency. The following officials hold positions that are considered to be Cabinet-level positions, Department of the Navy, headed by the Secretary of the Navy, became a military department within the Department of Defense. Post Office Department, headed by the Postmaster General, reorganized as the United States Postal Service, National Military Establishment, headed by the Secretary of Defense, created by the National Security Act of 1947 and recreated as the Department of Defense in 1949. Department of the Army, headed by the Secretary of the Army, Department of the Air Force, headed by the Secretary of the Air Force, became a military department within the Department of Defense. Secretary of Foreign Affairs, created in July 1781 and renamed Secretary of State in September 1789, Secretary of War, created in 1789 and was renamed as Secretary of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947. The 1949 Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made the Secretary of the Army a subordinate to the Secretary of Defense
35.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
36.
United States Secretary of State
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Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level. The current Secretary of State is former ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson and those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal of the United States, performance of protocol functions for the White House, and the drafting of certain proclamations. The Secretary also negotiates with the individual States over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries, under Federal Law, the resignation of a President or of a Vice President is only valid if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the Secretary of State. Accordingly, the resignations of President Nixon and of Vice-President Spiro Agnew, domestic issues, were formalized in instruments delivered to the Secretary of State, six Secretaries of State have gone on to be elected President. Former Secretaries of State retain the right to add the title Secretary to their surnames, as the head of the United States Foreign Service, the Secretary of State is responsible for management of the diplomatic service of the United States. The foreign service employs about 12,000 people domestically and internationally, the U. S. Secretary of State has the power to remove any foreign diplomat from U. S. soil for any reason. The nature of the means that Secretaries of State engage in travel around the world. The record for most countries visited in a secretarys tenure is 112, second is Madeleine Albright with 96. The record for most air miles traveled in a secretarys tenure is 1.380 million miles, second is Condoleezza Rices 1.059 million miles and third is Clintons 956,733 miles. S
37.
Warren Christopher
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Warren Minor Christopher was an American lawyer, diplomat and politician. During Bill Clintons first term as President, Christopher served as the 63rd Secretary of State and he also served as Deputy Attorney General in the Lyndon Johnson Administration, and as Deputy Secretary of State in the Carter Administration. At the time of his death, he was a Senior Partner at OMelveny & Myers in the firms Century City, California and he also served as a professor in the College Honors Program at the University of California at Los Angeles. At the behest of Al Gore, Christopher oversaw the Vice Presidents Florida recount effort in the aftermath of the disputed United States Presidential election,2000, Christopher was born in Scranton, North Dakota, the son of Catherine Anne and Ernest William Christopher, a bank manager. He was of part Norwegian descent, Christopher graduated from Hollywood High School, and attended the University of Redlands, before transferring to the University of Southern California. He was a member of the college fraternity Kappa Sigma Sigma and he graduated magna cum laude from the University of Southern California in February 1945. From July 1943 to September 1946, he served in the United States Naval Reserve and he attended Stanford Law School from 1946 to 1949, where he was the founder and President of the Stanford Law Review and was elected to the Order of the Coif. He married Joan Southgate Workman on June 14,1949 in San Diego and he practiced law with the firm of OMelveny & Myers from October 1950 to June 1967, becoming a partner in 1958 and serving as special counsel to Governor Pat Brown. Christopher served as United States Deputy Attorney General from June 1967 until January 20,1969, in 1974, Christopher served as the president of the Los Angeles County Bar Association. Christopher was sworn in on February 26,1977, as the Deputy Secretary of State, as Deputy Secretary, he was involved in negotiating the Algiers Accords, and securing the release of 52 American hostages in Iran. He also spearheaded the Sino-American relations with the Peoples Republic of China, helped to win ratification of the Panama Canal treaties, President Jimmy Carter awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian award, on January 16,1981. In 1981, Christopher received the U. S, Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. In 1991, Christopher served as Chairman of the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department, the Commission proposed significant reforms of the Los Angeles Police Department in the aftermath of the Rodney King incident, which were approved overwhelmingly at the ballot box. In 1992, Christopher headed the presidential search for Governor Bill Clinton. On April 13,1993, eleven Iraqi intelligence agents smuggled a car bomb into Kuwait in an attempt to kill former President George H. W. Bush as he spoke at Kuwait University. Secretary Christopher, among others, urged President Clinton to make a strike against Iraq. On June 26,1993, the United States launched 23 Tomahawk missiles against the Baghdad intelligence headquarters, Secretary Christopher accepted Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peress offer to host the signing ceremony. The ceremony took place in Washington D. C. on 13 September 1993, with Yasser Arafat signing for the Palestine Liberation Organization and it was witnessed by Secretary Christopher for the United States and Andrei Kozyrev for Russia, in the presence of President Clinton
38.
Madeleine Albright
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Madeleine Jana Korbel Albright is an American politician and diplomat. She is the first woman to have become the United States Secretary of State and she was nominated by U. S. President Bill Clinton on December 5,1996, and was unanimously confirmed by a U. S. Senate vote of 99–0. She was sworn in on January 23,1997, Albright currently serves as chair of Albright Stonebridge Group and as a professor of International Relations at Georgetown Universitys School of Foreign Service. She holds a PhD from Columbia University and numerous honorary degrees, in May 2012, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U. S. President Barack Obama. Secretary Albright also serves as a director on the board of the Council on Foreign Relations, Marie Jana Korbelová was born in 1937 in the Smíchov district of Prague, Czechoslovakia, the daughter of Anna and Czech diplomat Josef Korbel. At the time of her birth, Czechoslovakia had been independent for less than 20 years, Josef was a supporter of the early Czech democrats Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš. Madeleine grew up with a sister named Katherine and a younger brother named John. At the time of her birth, Josef was serving as press-attaché at the Czechoslovak Embassy in Belgrade. However, the signing of the Munich Agreement in September 1938, in 1941, Josef and Anna had converted from Judaism to Catholicism. Albright spent the war years in Britain, while her father worked for Beneš’s Czechoslovak government-in-exile. They first lived on Kensington Park Road in Notting Hill, London, where they endured the worst of the Blitz and she later reminisced about the constant presence of a large metal table in the house, to protect the family from the recurring threat of Nazi bomb attacks. While in England, a young Albright appeared as a child in a film designed to promote sympathy for all war refugees in London. Albright was raised Catholic, but converted to Episcopalianism at the time of her marriage in 1959 and she did not learn until adulthood that her parents were originally Jewish and that many of her Jewish relatives in Czechoslovakia had perished in the Holocaust, including three of her grandparents. Korbel was named Czechoslovakian Ambassador to the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia, and she learned to speak French while in Switzerland and changed her name from Marie Jana to Madeleine. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took over the government in 1948, with support from the Soviet Union, and as an opponent of communism, Korbel was forced to resign from his position. The family emigrated from the United Kingdom on the SS America, departing Southampton on November 5,1948, the family initially settled in Great Neck on Long Island. Korbel applied for asylum, arguing that as an opponent of communism. She attended Wellesley College, in Wellesley, Massachusetts, on a scholarship, majoring in political science
39.
United States Secretary of the Treasury
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This position in the Federal Government of the United States is analogous to the Minister of Finance in many other countries. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the Presidents Cabinet, nominees for The Secretary of the Treasury undergo a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance before being confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the U. S. National Security Council. The Secretary along with the Treasurer must sign Federal Reserve notes before they can become legal tender, the Secretary also manages the United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund. Most of the Departments law enforcement agencies such as the U. S. Customs Service, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, secret Service were reassigned to other Departments in 2003 in conjunction with the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The Secretary of the Treasury salary is $205,700 annually,2 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury M. Peter McPherson served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from August 17,1988, to September 15,1988. 4 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Kenneth W. Dam served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from December 31,2002,5 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Robert M. Kimmitt served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from June 30,2006, to July 9,2006. 7 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Neal Wolin served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from January 25,2013, as of April 2017, there are eleven living former Secretaries of the Treasury, the oldest being George P. Shultz. The most recent Secretary of the Treasury to die was Lloyd M. Bentsen, United States Department of the Treasury
40.
Lloyd Bentsen
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Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. was an American politician who was a four-term United States Senator from Texas and the Democratic Party nominee for vice president in 1988 on the Michael Dukakis ticket. He also served in the House of Representatives from 1948 to 1955, in his later political life, he was Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the U. S. Treasury Secretary during the first two years of the Clinton administration. Bentsen was born in Mission in Hidalgo County to Lloyd Millard Bentsen, Sr. a first-generation Danish-American, at age 15 he graduated from Sharyland High School in Mission. Bentsen was an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He graduated from the University of Texas School of Law with an LL. B. degree in 1942 and was admitted to the bar, but soon afterwards joined the military for World War II. After brief service as a private in intelligence work in Brazil, he trained to be a pilot and in early 1944 began flying missions in B-24s from Foggia, Italy. At age 23, he was promoted to major and given command of a squadron of 600 men, overseeing the operations of 15 bombers, their crews and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel before being discharged in 1947. Bentsen flew thirty-five missions against many heavily defended targets, including the Ploiești oil fields in Romania, the 15th Air Force, which included the 449th Bomb Group, destroyed all petroleum production within its range, eliminating about half of Nazi Germanys sources of fuel. Bentsens unit also flew against communications centers, aircraft factories and industrial targets in Germany, Italy, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bentsen participated in raids in support of the Anzio campaign and flew missions against targets in preparation for the landing in southern France. Bentsen was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, one of the Air Forces highest commendations for achievement or heroism in flight, in addition to the Distinguished Flying Cross, Bentsen was awarded the Air Medal with three Oak Leaf Clusters. Bentsen served in the United States Air Force Reserve from 1950 to 1959, after the war, Bentsen returned to his native Rio Grande Valley. He served the people of his home area from 1946 to 1955, First elected in the Truman landslide of 1948, he served three successive terms in the United States House of Representatives. He became a protégé of Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn, while sitting as a member of the House, Bentsen advocated using atomic weapons against North Korean cities if they did not withdraw north of the 38th parallel. In 1954, he declined to seek reelection and entered what was to become a career in business. Bentsen moved to Houston, where he founded Consolidated American Life Insurance Company and he also served on the board of Lockheed Corporation as well as those of several oil and gas companies. He was successful in his business career, and became very secure financially, by 1970, he had become president of Lincoln Consolidated, a financial holding institution. Bentsen upset incumbent Ralph Yarborough, an icon, in a bruising primary campaign for the 1970 Texas Democratic Senatorial nomination. The campaign came in the wake of Yarboroughs politically hazardous votes in favor of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, Bentsen made Yarboroughs opposition to the war a major issue
41.
Robert Rubin
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Robert Edward Bob Rubin is an American lawyer, former cabinet member, and retired banking executive. He served as the 70th United States Secretary of the Treasury during the Clinton administration and his most prominent post-government role was as director and senior counselor of Citigroup, where he performed ongoing advisory and representational roles for the firm. From November to December 2007, he served temporarily as chairman of Citigroup and he received more than $126 million in cash and stock during his tenure at Citigroup, up through and including Citigroups bailout by the U. S. Treasury. Additionally, Rubin serves as counselor at Centerview Partners, an investment banking firm based in New York City. Rubin was born in New York City, the son of Sylvia and Alexander Rubin and he moved to Miami Beach, Florida, at an early age and graduated from Miami Beach High School. He was a member of Boy Scout Troop 35, sponsored by the American Legion, in 1960, Rubin graduated with an A. B. summa cum laude in economics from Harvard College. He then attended Harvard Law School for three days before leaving to see the world and he later attended the London School of Economics and received an LL. B. from Yale Law School in 1964. Rubin began his career as an attorney at the firm of Cleary, Gottlieb and he joined Goldman Sachs in 1966 as an associate in the risk arbitrage department, becoming a general partner in 1971. He joined the management committee in 1980 along with Jon Corzine, Rubin was Vice Chairman and Co-Chief Operating Officer from 1987 to 1990. From the end of 1990 to 1992, Rubin served as Co-Chairman, Rubin has been awarded honorary degrees from Harvard University, Yale University, University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University, New York University and the University of Miami. From January 25,1993, to January 10,1995, in that capacity, he directed the National Economic Council, which Bill Clinton created after winning the presidency. The NEC coordinated policy recommendations going into the Presidents office, Robert S. Strauss credited Rubin with making the system work. Hes surely the only man or woman in America that I know who could make the NEC succeed, anyone else would have been a disruptive force, and the council wouldnt have worked. In its February 15,1999, edition, Time Magazine dubbed the three policymakers The Committee to Save the World, in 1998, Rubin received the U. S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, Rubin was succeeded on July 1,1999, as Treasury Secretary by his deputy, Lawrence H. Summers. Upon Rubins retirement, Clinton called him the greatest secretary of the Treasury since Alexander Hamilton, on April 18,2010, in an interview on ABC’s This Week program, Clinton said Rubin was wrong in the advice he gave him not to regulate derivatives. During his tenure as Treasury Secretary, Senator Chuck Hagel said, Rubins role was highlighted in a Public Broadcasting Service Frontline report, The Warning. Over-the-counter credit derivatives were eventually excluded from regulation by the CFTC by the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, according to the Frontline documentary, they played a key role in the 2008 financial crisis
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Lawrence Summers
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He is a former President of Harvard University, where he is currently a professor and director of the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Summers became a professor of economics at Harvard University in 1983 and he left Harvard in 1991, working as the Chief Economist at the World Bank from 1991 to 1993. In 1993, Summers was appointed Undersecretary for International Affairs of the United States Department of the Treasury under the Clinton Administration, in 1995, he was promoted to Deputy Secretary of the Treasury under his long-time political mentor Robert Rubin. In 1999, he succeeded Rubin as Secretary of the Treasury, following the end of Clintons term, Summers served as the 27th President of Harvard University from 2001 to 2006. Remarking upon political correctness in institutions of education, Summers said in 2016. After his departure from the NEC in December 2010, Summers has worked in the private sector, Summers retains his Harvard University status as President Emeritus and Charles W. Eliot University Professor. He is also the nephew of two Nobel laureates in economics, Paul Samuelson and Kenneth Arrow and he spent most of his childhood in Penn Valley, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, where he attended Harriton High School. At age 16, he entered Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he intended to study physics. He was also a member of the MIT debating team. He attended Harvard University as a graduate student, in 1983, at age 28, Summers became one of the youngest tenured professors in Harvards history. It was also during this time that Summers was diagnosed with Hodgkins lymphoma and he underwent treatment and has since remained cancer free. He was an academic at the London School of Economics in 1987. Summers has three children with his first wife, Victoria Joanne, in December 2005, Summers married English professor Elisa New, who has three daughters from a previous marriage. He owns two houses, one in Washington, D. C. and one in Brookline, Massachusetts, as a researcher, Summers has made important contributions in many areas of economics, primarily public finance, labor economics, financial economics, and macroeconomics. Summers has also worked in international economics, economic demography, economic history, in 1987, he was the first social scientist to win the Alan T. Waterman Award from the National Science Foundation. Summers is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences, Summers was on the staff of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Reagan in 1982–1983. He also served as an adviser to the Dukakis Presidential campaign in 1988. Summers left Harvard in 1991 and served as Vice President of Development Economics, according to the World Banks Data & Research office, Summers returned to Washington, D. C. in 1991 as the World Banks Vice President of Development Economics and Chief Economist
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United States Secretary of Defense
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The Secretary of Defense is the leader and chief executive officer of the Department of Defense, an Executive Department of the Government of the United States of America. The Secretary of Defenses power over the United States military is only to that of the President. This position corresponds to what is known as a Defense Minister in many other countries. The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, Secretary of Defense is a statutory office, and the general provision in 10 U. S. C. This is also extended to the United States Coast Guard during any period of time in which its command, only the Secretary of Defense can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three Military Departments and the nine Combatant Commands. The current Secretary of Defense is retired United States Marine Corps general James Mattis, the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were established in 1775, in concurrence with the American Revolution. Based on the experiences of World War II, proposals were made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment. The Army generally favored centralization while the Navy had institutional preferences for decentralization, the resulting National Security Act of 1947 was largely a compromise between these divergent viewpoints. The Act merged the Department of War with the Department of the Navy to form the National Military Establishment, the Act also separated the Army Air Forces from the Department of the Army to become its own branch of service, the Department of the Air Force. At first, each of the service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status, the position of the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the number two position in the department, was also created at this time. The last major revision of the framework concerning the position was done in the Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. In particular, it elevated the status of joint service for commissioned officers, making it in practice a requirement before appointments to general officer and flag officer grades could be made. Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, as the head of DoD, all officials, employees and service members are under the Secretary of Defense. All of these positions, civil and military, require Senate confirmation. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the name of the principally military staff organization, organized under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is the Joint Staff. In addition, there is the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, which is the ribbon and unit award issued to joint DoD activities. While the approval authority for DSSM, DMSM, JSCM, JSAM and JMUA is delegated to inferior DoD officials, Permanent Representative to NATO in recognition of U. S
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Les Aspin
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Leslie Les Aspin, Jr. was a United States Representative from 1971 to 1993, and the United States Secretary of Defense under President Bill Clinton from January 21,1993 to February 3,1994. In Congress, Aspin had a reputation as an intellectual who took a position on controversial issues. He supported the Reagan administration regarding the MX missile and aid to the Nicaraguan Contras, but he opposed the B-2 bomber and he played a major role in convincing the House to support the January 1991 resolution supporting the use of force by President G. H. W. Bush against Iraq, after it invaded Kuwait, as Secretary of Defense, he faced complex social issues, such as the roles of homosexuals in uniform, and of women in combat. He faced major decisions regarding the use of force in Somalia, Bosnia. He proposed budget cuts and restructuring of forces as part of the downsizing of the military after the end of the Cold War, the loss of American lives in Somalia because of inadequate military support led to his resignation. Aspin was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and he graduated from Shorewood High School. He attended Yale University, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity, in 1962, Aspin received his Master of Philosophy in economics from Oxford University and his Ph. D in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1966. Aspin met his wife, Maureen Shea, in Saigon during the Vietnam War, Shea, a graduate of Hollins College, was working for a research firm interviewing Vietcong defectors when the two were introduced by a mutual acquaintance. After the project was completed she moved to Wisconsin to work on Aspins unsuccessful bid for Wisconsin State Treasurer in 1968, the couple became engaged in October 1968 and married in January 1969 in Sheas hometown of Hillsdale, New York. The couple divorced in 1979 and had no children, Aspin served a brief tenure as a congressional staff member for United States Senator William Proxmire. As an officer in the U. S. Army from 1966 to 1968, he served as a systems analyst in the Pentagon under Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, serving in the Office of Systems Analysis. Before his election as a Democrat to Congress in 1970, Aspin had been active in Wisconsin politics and had taught economics at Marquette University, Aspin ran as a peace candidate in 1970, opposing the Vietnam War. In the Democratic primary he was opposed by Doug LaFollette, who was endorsed by the party, Aspin lost the initial count by a few dozen votes, and initially refused to pay for a recount out of his own pocket. In the general election he defeated the incumbent, Henry Schadeberg, Aspin was elected as a Democrat to the 92nd and to the 11 succeeding Congresses and served from January 3,1971, until his resignation January 20,1993. Aspin began his career in the United States House of Representatives as an outsider but honed his particular interest, before and during his tenure in the House, he had opposed the U. S. involvement in the Vietnam War. In his early years in Congress, he often issued press releases critical of shortcomings he detected in the armed forces. In 1973, he criticized the Air Force for devising a plan to purchase 200 beagle puppies, tie the dogs vocal cords, by 1985, when Aspin became chairman of the Armed Services Committee, he was recognized as a leading defense authority
United States
United States Marine Corps
Corporal
