1.
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
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The president pro tempore of the United States Senate, also president pro tem, is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Unlike the vice president, the president pro tempore is a member of the Senate. Selected by the Senate at large, the president pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges, during the vice presidents absence, the president pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. Since 1890, the most senior senator in the majority party has generally chosen to be president pro tempore. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949, the current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6,2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office, although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. The president pro tempore is third in the line of succession, following the vice president. Additional duties include appointment of various officers, certain commissions, advisory boards. The officeholder is an ex member of various boards and commissions. With the secretary and sergeant at arms, the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol, the office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789. The first president pro tempore, John Langdon, was elected on April 6 the same year, originally, the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate. Until the 1960s, it was practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions. Until 1891, the president pro tempore only served until the return of the president to the chair or the adjournment of a session of Congress. Between 1792 and 1886, the president pro tempore was second in the line of succession following the vice president. When President Andrew Johnson, who had no president, was impeached and tried in 1868. Wades radicalism is thought by historians to be a major reason why the Senate. The President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House were removed from the line of succession in 1886. Both were restored to it in 1947, though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker, William P. Frye served as President pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 (54th–62nd Congress, a tenure longer than anyone else
2.
Benjamin Fitzpatrick
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Benjamin Fitzpatrick was the 11th Governor of the U. S. state of Alabama and a United States Senator from Alabama. Born in Greene County, Georgia, Fitzpatrick was orphaned at the age of seven and was taken by his sister to Alabama in 1815, Fitzpatrick helped his brothers manage land they owned on the Alabama River, and served as deputy under the first sheriff of Autauga County. He worked in the law office of Nimrod E. Benson before he was admitted to the bar, Fitzpatrick studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1821, commencing practice in Montgomery, Alabama. Fitzpatrick served as solicitor of the Montgomery circuit from 1822 to 1823, but moved to his plantation in Autauga County in 1829 and engaged in planting. He was again appointed on January 14,1853 and subsequently elected to the Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William R. King and he served in this Congress as Chairman of the Committee on Printing and the Committee on Engrossed Bills. He was elected to the Senate again to fill the vacancy caused by the failure of the legislature to elect his own successor on November 26,1855, in this role he served several times as President pro tempore of the Senate. The country was plagued by depression as a result of the Panic of 1837. Fitzpatricks predecessor, Governor Arthur P. Bagby introduced measures to assist the state banks, all the state banks were closed by Fitzpatrick. Fitzpatrick withdrew from the Senate on January 21,1861, following the secession of his home state, Fitzpatrick did not take a particularly active role in the politics of the Confederacy, but did serve as president of the constitutional convention of Alabama in 1865. Fitzpatrick died on his plantation near Wetumpka, Alabama, on November 21,1869, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Benjamin Fitzpatrick at Find a Grave
3.
Charles E. Stuart
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Charles Edward Stuart was a U. S. Senator from the state of Michigan, Stuart was born in New York, either near Waterloo, New York, or in Columbia County. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1832 and he moved to Michigan in 1835 and settled in Portage, Michigan. He served in the U. S. House from December 6,1847, two years later, he defeated Sprague by being elected to the 32nd Congress, serving from March 4,1851 to March 3,1853. He served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of State in the 32nd Congress. Stuart was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1852 and served in the 34th, 35th and he was the President pro tempore of the Senate during the 34th Congress, and chairman of the Committee on Public Lands in the 34th and 35th Congresses. He did not seek reelection to the Senate but was a candidate for Governor of Michigan in 1858. He resumed the practice of law in Kalamazoo and was a delegate to the 1860 Democratic National Convention from Michigan, during the Civil War, Stuart raised and equipped the 13th Michigan Infantry, of which he was commissioned colonel. He later resigned due to ill health, Charles E. Stuart died in Kalamazoo and was interred in Mountain Home Cemetery. His home in Portage at 427 Stuart Ave. is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the surrounding Stuart Area Historic District is also listed. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2008-02-15 Charles E. Stuart at The Political Graveyard Works by or about Charles E. Stuart at Internet Archive Charles E. Stuart
4.
James Murray Mason
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James Murray Mason was a United States Representative and United States Senator from Virginia. In November 1861, Mason was among those captured by Federal troops during the Trent Affair in November 1861 while on a mission to England. He was born on Analostan Island in the District of Columbia and he practiced law in Virginia and was a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830, and a member of the State house of delegates. He was elected to the Twenty-fifth United States Congress in 1836 as a Jackson Democrat, in 1847, he was elected to the Senate after the death of Isaac S. Pennybacker, and was reelected in 1850 and 1856. Mason famously read aloud the dying Senator John C, calhouns final speech to the Senate, on March 4,1850, which warned of disunion and dire consequences if the North did not guarantee the South permanently equal representation in Congress. Mason represented the majority view in leading the Senate committee which investigated the John Brown raid on Harpers Ferry of October 1859, Mason was President pro tempore of the Senate during the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congresses but was expelled from the Senate in 1861 for support of the Confederacy. While traveling to his post as Confederate envoy to Britain and France, on the British mail steamer RMS Trent, the ship was stopped by USS San Jacinto on November 8,1861. Mason and John Slidell were confined in Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, the Northern public erupted with a huge display of triumphalism at this dramatic capture, and even the cool-headed Lincoln was swept along in the celebratory spirit. But when he and his cabinet studied the likely consequences of a war with Britain, after some careful diplomatic exchanges, they admitted that the capture had been conducted contrary to maritime law, and that private citizens could not be classified as ‘enemy despatches’. Slidell and Mason were released, and war was averted, the two diplomats set sail for England again on January 1,1862. Mason represented the Confederacy there until April 1865, one of his first acts in London was to raise the issue of Union blockades. Until 1868 he lived in Canada, and then returned to the Clarens Estate near Alexandria, Virginia and he died at Clarens on 28 April 1871, age 72. and was interred in the churchyard of Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia. Mason married Eliza Margaretta Chew on 25 July 1822 at Cliveden in Germantown, a first cousin 5 times removed was Betty Mason first wife of Gen. Edward Porter Alexander. Sister Sarah Maria was the wife of Confederate general Adjutant Samuel Cooper, sister Anna Maria was the wife of Sydney Smith Lee-son of Henry Light Horse Harry Lee, they were the parents of Confederate Major General and Virginia Governor Fitzhugh Lee. Brother John T. married Catherine Macomb daughter of Gen. Alexander Macomb, Jr. Commanding General of the army {1828-1841)
5.
Lewis Cass
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During his long political career, Cass served as an American ambassador to France, and as a U. S. A Mason from his years as a man in Ohio, Cass was co-founder of the Grand Lodge of Michigan. Cass was nationally known in the antebellum period as a leading spokesman for the controversial Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty. It proposed allowing voters in the United States territories to determine whether to allow slavery in each jurisdiction rather than having Congress determine this, in 1848 Cass ran as a presidential candidate for the Democratic Party but lost to Zachary Taylor. Lewis Cass was born in 1782 in Exeter, New Hampshire and he attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy. His parents were Major Jonathan Cass, a Revolutionary War veteran, in 1800 the family moved to Marietta, Ohio, part of a wave of westward migration after the end of the war and defeat of Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War. Cass became an attorney, practicing in Zanesville, Ohio, on May 26,1806, Cass married Elizabeth Spencer. That same year, he was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives, the following year, President Thomas Jefferson appointed Cass as the U. S. He achieved his Fellowcraft degree on April 2,1804, on June 24,1805, he was admitted as Charter member of Lodge of Amity 105, Zanesville. He served as the first Worshipful Master of Lodge of Amity in 1806, Cass was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio, representing Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4,1808. He was elected Deputy Grand Master on January 5,1809, and Grand Master on January 3,1810, January 8,1811, when the War of 1812 began against Great Britain, he took command of the 3rd Ohio Volunteer Regiment. He became colonel of the 27th United States Infantry Regiment on February 20,1813, soon after, he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on March 12,1813. Cass took part in the Battle of the Thames, a defeat of British Canadian forces, Cass resigned from the Army on May 1,1814. Overall, the war closed in, essentially, a draw, as a reward for his military service, Cass was appointed Governor of the Michigan Territory by President James Madison on October 29,1813, serving until 1831. As he was traveling on business, several territorial secretaries often acted as governor in his place. During this period, he helped negotiate and implement treaties with Native American tribes in Michigan, some were given small reservations in the territory. This helped open up areas of Michigan to settlement by European Americans and that same year, Cass was named to serve as Secretary of War under President James Monroe, but he declined the honor. In 1820, Cass led an expedition to the part of the Michigan Territory
6.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
7.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
8.
Albert Smith White
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Albert Smith White was a U. S. Senator and Representative from the state of Indiana, White was born in Orange County, New York. He graduated from Union College in Schenectady in 1822, after which he studied law, after a time he moved to Lafayette, Indiana, where he worked as the assistant clerk of the Indiana House of Representatives from 1831–32, moving up to the full clerkship in 1832-35. He also ran for the House in 1832, but was defeated,1836 proved a more successful year for White, he served as a presidential elector on the Whig ticket, and was himself elected as a Whig to the 25th Congress. After a single term in the House, White ran for the Senate in the 1838 election, White won election to the Senate, where he served as chairman of two committees, the Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses, and the Committee on Indian Affairs. White declined to stand for reelection, in the 1860 election, he re-entered politics, running as a Republican for the House. White was elected to the House again, serving from March 4,1861 – March 3,1863 and he was a member of the select committee on emancipation. After his first term, he again did not run for reelection, after White left the House, President Abraham Lincoln named him a member of a commission that would judge claims from citizens against the government for not protecting them from Indian attacks. After his service there, he was made a judge on the U. S. District Court for Indiana and he served in this capacity until his death in Stockwell in 1864, when he was interred in Greenbush Cemetery in Lafayette. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2009-03-21 Albert Smith White
9.
Joseph A. Wright
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Joseph Albert Wright was the tenth Governor of the U. S. state of Indiana from December 5,1849 to January 12,1857, most noted for his opposition to banking. His positions created a rift between him and the Indiana General Assembly who overrode all of his anti-banking vetoes and he responded by launching legal challenges to the acts, but was ruled against by the Indiana Supreme Court. The states second constitutional convention was held during 1850-1851 in which the current Constitution of Indiana was drafted and he was a supporter of the new constitution and gave speeches around the state urging its adoption. He was opposed throughout his term by Senator Jesse D. Bright, after his term as governor, he was appointed to serve as United States Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Prussia where he served until the outbreak of the American Civil War. Following the war he was reappointed to his ambassadorial post where he remained until his death in Berlin, Joseph Albert Wright was born in Washington, Pennsylvania on April 17,1810 the son of John and Rachel Seaman Wright. He moved with his family to Bloomington, Indiana in 1820 and his father was a bricklayer, and worked as one of the laborers who built the first halls of Indiana State Seminary. He was the brother of future Iowa Senator George G. Wright and his father died when he was fourteen, and his family become impoverished. Wright worked as a janitor, bell ringer, and occasional bricklayer, in order to pay for his schooling, living in Bloomington, he was able to attend the seminary while living at home, making the education affordable for him. Many of his classmates were from families, and he earned money by selling them nuts and fruits he picked in the forest around his home. Wright received an education, learning Greek and Latin. He graduated in 1828 and decided to become a lawyer and he studied law in the office of Craven Hester, one of southern Indianas leading judges and political figures, and was admitted to the bar in 1829. He then moved to Rockville where he opened a law practice where he met Louisa Cook and she was an ardent Methodist who converted Wright before the couple married on November 30,1831. The couple had a son, but Louisas poor health and several bouts with malaria prevented her from having more children, Wright became very active in the Methodist Church and an outspoken advocate of Sunday School and religious study in public schools. Much of his support came from the church and many of his campaign rallies were held in Methodist churches. Through his law office, Wright became a friend of state representative William Perkins Bryant, in 1832, Bryant moved to Kentucky, leaving his seat vacant, and urged Wright to take it. With his support, Wright was elected and served as Park Countys representative to the Indiana House of Representatives, during the term he supported the charter for the Bank of Indiana, an unpopular act in his district, and he was defeated in his reelection bid. He left the General Assembly to become the prosecuting attorney of the Indiana 1st circuit in 1838 and he ran for the Indiana State Senate in 1839. The campaign was fought, occurring in the same year that the Indiana Territorys popular former governor, William Henry Harrison
10.
Lieutenant Governor of Indiana
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The Lieutenant Governor of Indiana is a constitutional office in the US State of Indiana. Republican Suzanne Crouch, who assumed office 9 January 2017, is the incumbent, Lieutenant governors have succeeded ten governors following their deaths or resignations. The lieutenant governor holds statutory positions, serving as the head of the agricultural and rural affairs bureaus. The annual salary of the lieutenant governor of Indiana is $88,000, the lieutenant governor is elected on the same election ticket as the Governor in a statewide election held every four years, concurrent with United States presidential elections. Should a lieutenant governor die while in office, resign, or succeed to the governorship, historically, the position has generally remained vacant during such events. The last attempt to fill such a vacancy in 1887 led to the outbreak of violence in the state known as the Black Day of the General Assembly. However, in recent years the Governor has appointed a Lieutenant Governor if a vacancy arises, the position of lieutenant governor was created with the adoption of the first Constitution of Indiana in August 1816. The position was filled by an October election, the position was retained and the current requirements established in the states second and current constitution adopted in 1851. To become lieutenant governor of Indiana, a candidate must have been a United States citizen, the candidate must also be at least thirty years old when sworn into office. The lieutenant governor may not hold any federal office during his term, before taking the office, the candidate must swear an oath of office administered by the Chief Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court, promising to uphold the constitution and laws of Indiana. The lieutenant governor of Indiana serves as acting governor when the governor becomes incapacitated, in the states early history, lieutenant governors would serve as acting governor while the governor was away from the capital. Christopher Harrison was the first lieutenant governor to serve as acting governor while Jonathan Jennings negotiated treaties far from the capital, if the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns, or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. In total, ten lieutenant governors become governor by succession, the first occurrence was when Jonathan Jennings resigned to become a congressman and was succeeded by Ratliff Boon. In the event that both the governorship and lieutenant-governorship are vacant, the constitution stipulates that the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor, historically, governors appointed the pro tempore to serve as acting lieutenant governor as a formality. This practice ended in the twentieth century. Although the constitution did not specify a method to fill a vacancy in the lieutenant governorship, an attempt to fill a vacancy occurred in 1887. When the winner of the election attempted to be seated, the Senate erupted into violence known as the Black Day of the General Assembly, the lieutenant governor has two constitutional functions. The primary function is to serve as the President of the Indiana Senate, in the Senate the lieutenant governor is permitted to debate on legislation, introduce legislation, and vote on matters to break ties
11.
James Whitcomb
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James Whitcomb was a Democratic United States Senator and the eighth Governor of Indiana. As governor during the Mexican-American War, he oversaw the formation, by skillfully guiding the state through its bankruptcy, Whitcomb is usually credited as being one of the most successful of Indianas governors. He was elected to the United States Senate after his term as governor, James Whitcomb was born in Rochester, Vermont on December 1,1795, the fourth of ten children of John W. and Lydia Parmenter Whitcomb. In 1806 his family moved to Cincinnati, Ohio where they farmed land, Whitcomb loved to read books, but his father would often discourage him from reading, believing that his son needed to take up manual labor to have a successful future. Instead, young Whitcomb taught school and attended Transylvania University in Kentucky and he became well known for his talented playing and would often dance, sing, and play for friends throughout his life. After graduating in 1819 he moved to Fayette County, Kentucky and he moved to Bloomington, Indiana in 1824, where he continued to practice law. In Bloomington he quickly became respected in the community, Whitcomb was appointed as prosecuting attorney for Monroe County, Indiana by Governor James B. Ray and served from 1826 to 1829 and his position earned him some fame in the area because of several high-profile cases that he successfully prosecuted. In 1830, he was elected to serve as a member of the Indiana Senate, other senators noted Whitcombs addiction to tobacco, and that he was almost always smoking a cigar. In the Senate Whitcomb was the most outspoken of the anti-internal-improvement men and he was one of only nine men to speak against the Mammoth Internal Improvement Act in the Senate debate, his chief cohorts being Dennis Pennington, Calvin Fletcher and John Durmont. Despite their protests the bill was passed, and he voted for it after a meeting with his own constituents who asked him to go for it. Whitcomb was appointed by President Andrew Jackson to serve as the Commissioner of the General Land Office in Washington and he probably secured the post with the help of Congressman Ratliff Boon. While in office he undertook the study of French and Spanish so that he was able to read the land treaties and his primary work was overseeing the survey of large tracts of land in Iowa and Wisconsin and dealing with land disputes in the recently purchased Florida Territory. Upon resigning from the Land Office in 1841, Whitcomb moved to Terre Haute, in 1843 he authored a pamphlet entitled Facts for the People in which he made a case against the federal governments adoption of protective tariffs. The pamphlet was popular and widely read in the state and that year he was nominated as the Democratic candidate for governor. The Whigs, who had been the primary backers of the improvements, had come under increasing criticism in the term of Samuel Bigger. The program had completely broken down in 1841 and most of the investment in the projects was lost. The state had negotiated a partial bankruptcy by the transfer of the project to the states creditors, despite this progress, the debt was still too large for the state to bear and the situation was still dire
12.
Paris C. Dunning
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He is the only person to hold to every elected seat in the state government under the 1816 constitution. As a delegate to the subsequent convention, he successfully advocated legislative, as the American Civil War broke out, he left the Democratic party and declared for the Union, personally raising many companies of soldiers for the war effort. He returned to the senate during the war, and then resumed his law practice after his term ended. He remained popular in the state, and declined several nominations to run for office after retiring from politics, Dunning was born in 1806 in Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina the youngest of the six sons of James and Rachel North Dunning. He attended the nearby Greensboro Academy and graduated at age seventeen, upon graduation he enrolled in the state university at Chapel Hill to study medicine. After the death of his father, he, his mother, there he met Sarah Alexander, the couple married on July 6,1826 and had four children. He and his moved to Louisville, Kentucky for a short time to complete his medical training and then he opened a medical practice in Rockville. The practice was short lived as he became interested in law. Working in the law office, he met Indianas Democratic Party leaders, Dunning was elected to represent Monroe County in the Indiana House of Representatives in 1833. He was reelected twice, and served three one years terms, ending in 1836 and that year he was elected to the Indiana State Senate representing Monroe and Brown County. During his years in the Indiana General Assembly, he had voted for the Mammoth Internal Improvement Act that had led the state to bankruptcy in 1841 and he served two three year terms before opening his Bloomington law practice in 1840. His exit from elected office was related to his support of the improvement act. He continued to be active in the party, and was an elector in 1844. In 1846 Whitcomb ran for his term as governor of Indiana. Whitcomb choose Dunning to run as his Lieutenant Governor, and their ticket won, Dunning served in the position until Whitcomb was elected to the United States Senate in December 1848. Whitcomb resigned from office and Dunning was elevated to his seat, Dunning served a brief term, but it was time of several momentous events in the state. Congress was debating the extension of slavery in the territories during his term. Dunning delivered a speech to the General Assembly in which he condemned the expansion of slavery and he was the first outspoken anti-slavery governor since William Hendricks, and he recommended the assembly pass a resolution for him to forward to Congress
13.
Indiana Senate
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The Indiana Senate is the upper house of the Indiana General Assembly, the state legislature of the U. S. state of Indiana. The Senate is composed of 50 members representing a number of constituent districts. Senators serve four-year terms without term limits, according to the 2010 census, the average State Senator represents 129,676 people. The Senate convenes at the Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis, Indiana, the Indiana State Senate is operated according to a set of internal regulations developed and maintained largely by tradition. These rules are similar to the rules that govern the house most of the state senates in the United States. The Senate convenes its annual session the first Tuesday following the first Monday of January every year, in odd numbered years the senate must meet for 61 days, and must adjourn no later than April 30. This is typically called a long session, in even numbered years, when elections are held, the Senate must meet for 30 days and adjourn no later than March 15. This is typically called the short session, the only time the senate may convene outside of these dates is if the Governor calls a special assembly. The senate must convene by 1,30 pm each day a session is scheduled, two thirds of the senators must be present for the session to begin. Senators must be present at each session unless they are excused by the president-pro-tempore. Members who are not present can be forced to attend the session or be censured and expelled from the body, the Lieutenant Governor of Indiana serves as the President of the Senate and is responsible for ensuring that the senate rules are followed by its members. The President of the Senate takes no part in the debates of the senate, the senate also elects a president-pro-tempore, a majority leader, and a minority leader. The president-pro-tempore is typically a member of majority party. The president-pro-tempore presides over the senate whenever the President of the Senate is not present, the president-pro-tempore is largely responsible for setting the agenda of the senate. When debate occurs in the senate, each senator is granted permission to speak on each issue once, a senator may not speak on an issue more than once without a permission from the rest of the senate, which is attained with a senate vote. A senator can speak for no longer than a half-hour at any one time, article 4 of the Constitution of Indiana places several limitation on the size and composition of the senate. The senate can contain no more than 50 members, the term of a senator lasts four years with 25 senators being elected every two years. There is no limit to how many terms a senator may be elected, article 4 of the Constitution of Indiana states the qualifications to become a senator
14.
Kentucky House of Representatives
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The Kentucky House of Representatives is the lower house of the Kentucky General Assembly. It is composed of 100 Representatives elected from single-member districts throughout the Commonwealth, not more than two counties can be joined to form a House district, except when necessary to preserve the principle of equal representation. Representatives are elected to terms with no term limits. The Kentucky House of Representatives convenes at the State Capitol in Frankfort, the first meeting of the Kentucky House of Representatives was in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1792, shortly after statehood. During the first legislative session, legislators chose Frankfort, Kentucky to be the permanent state capital, after women gained suffrage in Kentucky, Mary Elliott Flanery was elected as the first female member of the Kentucky House of Representative. She took her seat January 1922 and was the first female legislator elected south of the Mason–Dixon line, in 2017, the Republican party became the majority party in the House. Section 47 of the Kentucky Constitution stipulates that all bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Representatives, per section 30 of the Kentucky Constitution, representatives are elected every two years in the November following a regular session of the General Assembly. The Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the Kentucky House. Traditionally, the Speaker has also served as Chair of the Rules Committee, when the Speaker is absent from the floor or otherwise unavailable, the Speaker pro tempore fills in as the chief presiding officer of the House. In addition to the Speaker and Speaker pro tem, each party elects a floor leader, a whip. † Winner of a special election Kentucky Legislature Kentucky Senate Government of Kentucky American Legislative Exchange Council members Legislative Research Commission
15.
Norwich, New York
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Norwich is a city in Chenango County, New York, United States. Surrounded on all sides by the town of Norwich, the city is the county seat of Chenango County, the name is taken from Norwich, England. Its population was 7,190 at the 2010 census, lt. Warren Eaton Airport, serving the area, is located north of the city in the town of North Norwich. The first settlers arrived around 1788, the town of Norwich was formed in 1793 from the towns of Union and Bainbridge. Afterwards, Norwich, as a town of the county. In 1806, Norwich gave up territory to form the towns of Pharsalia, Plymouth, more of Norwich was lost in 1807 to form parts of the towns of New Berlin and Columbus. In 1808 and 1820, Norwich exchanged territory with the town of Preston, the central community of Norwich set itself off from the town in 1816 by incorporating as a village, later becoming the city of Norwich in 1914. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.1 square miles. Unlike many upstate cities, there are few, if any, although the city is divided into six wards for political purposes, neighborhoods are seldom referred to in this manner. The downtown district is bordered on the north by Cortland and Mitchell streets, Norwich is located in upstate New York, in the Chenango River valley. The river, a tributary of the Susquehanna, winds south along the edge of the city. Along the western border, Canasawacta Creek flows south, until it unites with the Chenango River at the city limits. Norwich lies near the center of the triangle that can be drawn connecting the cities of Syracuse, Albany, and Binghamton, along Interstates 90,88, the city is located at the intersection of New York State Route 12 and New York State Route 23. On Route 12, Utica and access to Interstate 90 is 48 miles to the north, while Binghamton and access to Interstate 81, Route 12 bisects the city on a north-south axis, becoming North and South Broad Street within city limits. A community of businesses is found along it. On the north side of town lies the North Plaza, desolate since the departure of anchor tenant Jamesway, and a commercial strip of gas stations and fast food outlets. To the south are three plazas just outside city limits, featuring supermarkets, gas stations, fast food, a new Lowes home center and a recently upgraded Super Walmart. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,355 people,3,131 households, the population density was 3,609.0 people per square mile
16.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
17.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
18.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
19.
Copperhead (politics)
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Republicans started calling anti-war Democrats Copperheads, likening them to the venomous snake. Those Democrats accepted the label, reinterpreting the copper head as the likeness of Liberty, Democratic supporters of the war, by contrast, were called War Democrats. The Copperheads represented the extreme wing of the Northern Democrats. Notable Copperheads included two Democratic congressmen from Ohio, Clement L. Vallandigham and Alexander Long, Republican prosecutors accused some prominent Copperheads of treason in a series of trials in 1864. Copperheadism, a highly contentious, grass-roots movement, had its strongest base in the area just north of the Ohio River, historians agree that the Copperheads goal of restoring the Union with slavery was naive and impractical, for the Confederates refused to consider giving up their independence. The Copperheads became a target of the Union party in the 1864 presidential election. Copperhead support increased when Union armies did poorly, and decreased when they won great victories, after the fall of Atlanta in September 1864, Union military success seemed assured, and Copperheadism collapsed. They wanted President Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans ousted from power, seeing the president as a tyrant destroying American republican values with despotic, some Copperheads tried to persuade Union soldiers to desert. They talked of helping Confederate prisoners of war seize their camps and they sometimes met with Confederate agents and took money. The Confederacy encouraged their activities whenever possible, the Copperheads had numerous important newspapers, but the editors never formed an alliance. In Chicago, Wilbur F. Storey made the Chicago Times into Lincolns most vituperative enemy, the New York Journal of Commerce, originally abolitionist, was sold to owners who became Copperheads, giving them an important voice in the largest city. A typical editor was Edward G. Roddy, owner of the Uniontown and he was an intensely partisan Democrat who saw African Americans as an inferior race and Abraham Lincoln as a despot and dunce. Although he supported the war effort in 1861, he blamed abolitionists for prolonging the war, by 1864, he was calling for peace at any price. John Mullalys Metropolitan Record was the official Catholic newspaper in New York City, reflecting Irish American opinion, it supported the war until 1863 before becoming a Copperhead organ. In the spring and summer of 1863, the paper urged its Irish working-class readers to pursue armed resistance to the draft passed by Congress earlier in the year, on August 19,1864, John Mullaly was arrested for inciting resistance to the draft. Even in an era of extremely partisan journalism, Copperhead newspapers were remarkable for their angry rhetoric, the Copperheads sometimes talked of violent resistance, and in some cases started to organize. They never actually made an attack, however. As war opponents, Copperheads were suspected of disloyalty, and their leaders were sometimes arrested, one famous example was General Ambrose Burnsides 1863 General Order Number 38, issued in Ohio, which made it an offence to criticize the war in any way
20.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
21.
Madison, Indiana
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Madison is a city in and the county seat of Jefferson County, Indiana, United States, along the Ohio River. Its estimated population was 12,247 as of 2016, over 55,000 people live within 15 miles of downtown Madison. Madison is the largest city along the Ohio River between Louisville, Kentucky and Cincinnati, Ohio, Madison is one of the core cities of the Louisville-Elizabethtown-Madison metroplex, an area with a population of approximately 1.5 million. Madison is located at 38°45′N 85°24′W, according to the 2010 census, Madison has a total area of 8.842 square miles, of which 8.57 square miles is land and 0.272 square miles is water. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Madison has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $35,092, males had a median income of $32,800 versus $22,039 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,923, about 10. 2% of families and 12. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 3% of those under age 18 and 8. 6% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 11,967 people,5,048 households, the population density was 1,396.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 5,787 housing units at a density of 675.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 5% White,2. 8% African American,0. 2% Native American,1. 2% Asian,0. 7% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 7% of the population. 35. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age in the city was 42.2 years. 21% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 25% were from 25 to 44,28. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44. 8% male and 55. 2% female, Madison was laid out and platted in 1810, and the first lots were sold in 1811 by John Paul. It had busy early years due to river traffic and its position as an entry point into the Indiana Territory along the historic Old Michigan Road. Madisons location across the Ohio River from Kentucky, a state, made it an important location in the Underground Railroad. George DeBaptistes barbershop in town became a center of the local group. Indianas first railroad, the Madison & Indianapolis Railroad, was there from 1836 to 1847
22.
Admission to the bar in the United States
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Admission to the bar in the United States is the granting of permission by a particular court system to a lawyer to practice law in that system. Each U. S. state and similar jurisdiction has its own system and sets its own rules for bar admission. In most cases, a person who is admitted to the bar is thereby a member of the particular bar. In the canonical case, lawyers seeking admission must earn a Juris Doctor degree from a law approved by the jurisdiction. Typically, there is also a character and fitness evaluation, which includes a background check, however, there are exceptions to each of these requirements. A lawyer who is admitted in one state is not automatically allowed to practice in any other, some states have reciprocal agreements that allow attorneys from other states to practice without sitting for another full bar exam, such agreements differ significantly among the states. The use of the bar to mean the whole body of lawyers. In the early 16th century, a railing divided the hall in the Inns of Court, with students occupying the body of the hall, Students who officially became lawyers were called to the bar, crossing the symbolic physical barrier and thus admitted to the bar. Later, this was assumed to mean the wooden railing marking off the area around the judges seat in a courtroom, where prisoners stood for arraignment. The first bar exam in what is now the United States was instituted by Delaware Colony in 1763, the other American colonies soon followed suit. By the late 19th century, the examinations were administered by committees of attorneys, today, each state has its own rules which are the ultimate authority concerning admission to its bar. This test is not administered at the time as any U. S. bar exam. Most candidates usually sit for the MPRE while still in law school, right after studying professional responsibility, some states require that a candidate pass the MPRE before being allowed to sit for the bar exam. Connecticut and New Jersey waive the MPRE for candidates who have received a grade of C or better in a law school professional ethics class, pass a bar examination, usually administered by the state bar association or under the authority of the supreme court of the particular state. As of June 2015,16 jurisdictions have adopted the Uniform Bar Examination, missouri and North Dakota were the first two states to administer the UBE, doing so in February 2011. Since then, Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Utah, Washington, UBE jurisdictions are allowed to additionally test candidates knowledge of state-specific law, through either a test or course. Examinees have three hours to answer 100 questions in a session and the same for an afternoon session. The MBE is administered on the last Wednesday in February and July, the Multistate Essay Examination, a uniform though not standardized test that examines a candidates ability to analyze legal issues and communicate them effectively in writing
23.
Jefferson County, Indiana
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Jefferson County is a county located in the U. S. state of Indiana. As of 2016, the population was 32,683, Jefferson County was formed in 1811. It was named for Thomas Jefferson, principal draftsman of the Northwest Ordinance, Jefferson County was one of Indianas first counties and many important early Hoosiers came from Madison, including William Hendricks. Throughout the early history of the state, Madison was one of the leading cities competing with Vincennes, the county fell into economic decline after the American Civil War, as industry began to shift from southern Indiana to the northern part of the state. On the evening of May 20,2009 the county courthouse caught fire, the fire began in the steeple of the courthouse, which was under reconstruction for Madisons bicentenary. The roof of the dome had just been painted gold, fire departments from across southern Indiana and northern Kentucky arrived to put out the fire which burned for several hours, destroyed much of the inside of the building and the county records. The fire forced the evacuation of the county jail. It was later determined the fire was started by workers who were welding on the metal roof dome. According to the 2010 census, the county has an area of 362.89 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.92 inches in September to 4.96 inches in May, the county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by the Constitution of Indiana, and by the Indiana Code. County Council, The county council is the branch of the county government and controls all the spending. Representatives are elected from county districts, the council members serve four-year terms. They are responsible for setting salaries, the budget. The council also has limited authority to local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes. Board of Commissioners, The executive body of the county is made of a board of commissioners, the commissioners are elected county-wide, in staggered terms, and each serves a four-year term. One of the commissioners, typically the most senior, serves as president, the commissioners are charged with executing the acts legislated by the council, collecting revenue, and managing the day-to-day functions of the county government. Court, The county maintains a small court that can handle some civil cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of four years, the judge is assisted by a constable who is also elected to a four-year term
24.
United States Marshals Service
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The United States Marshals Service is a federal law enforcement agency within the U. S. Department of Justice. It is the oldest American federal law enforcement agency, which was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 during the presidency of George Washington, the Marshals Service is attached to the Judicial branch of government, and is the enforcement arm of the federal courts. It is the agency for fugitive operations, responsible for prisoner transport, the protection of officers of the court. The Marshals Service operates the Witness Protection Program, and serves federal level arrest warrants, the office of United States Marshal was created by the First Congress. President George Washington signed the Judiciary Act into law on September 24,1789, the Act provided that the United States Marshals primary function was to execute all lawful warrants issued to him under the authority of the United States. The critical Supreme Court decision, affirming the authority of the federal marshals, was made in In re Neagle 135 U. S.1. For over 100 years marshals were patronage jobs, typically controlled by the district judge and they were paid primarily by fees until a salary system was set up in 1896. Many of the first US Marshals had already proven themselves in service during the American Revolution. From the nations earliest days, marshals were permitted to recruit special deputies as local hires, Marshals were also authorized to swear in a posse to assist with manhunts, and other duties, ad hoc. Marshals were given authority to support the federal courts within their judicial districts. Federal marshals were by far the most important government officials in territorial jurisdictions, local law enforcement officials were often called marshals so there is often an ambiguity whether someone was a federal or a local official. Federal marshals are most famous for their law enforcement work, the largest part of the business was paper work—serving writs, and other process issued by the courts, made all the arrests, and handled all federal prisoners. They also disbursed funds as ordered by the courts, Marshals paid the fees and expenses of the court clerks, U. S. Attorneys, jurors, and witnesses. They rented the courtrooms and jail space, and hired the bailiffs, criers and they made sure the prisoners were present, the jurors were available, and that the witnesses were on time. The marshals thus provided local representation for the government within their districts. They took the census every decade through 1870. During the settlement of the American Frontier, marshals served as the source of day-to-day law enforcement in areas that had no local government of their own. U. S. Marshals were instrumental in keeping law and order in the Old West era, Bill Tilghman, Heck Thomas, and Chris Madsen formed a legendary law enforcement trio known as The Three Guardsmen when they worked together policing the vast, lawless Oklahoma and Indian Territories
25.
United States Senate Committee on Claims
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The United States Senate Committee on Claims was among the first standing committees established in the Senate. It dealt generally with issues related to private bills and petitions, after reforms in the 1880s that created judicial and administrative remedies for petitioners, it declined in importance, and was abolished in 1947. The United States House of Representatives also had a Committee on Claims until 1946, spooner 1886–1891 John H. Mitchell 1891–1893 Samuel Pasco 1893–1895 Henry M. Teller 1895–1899 Francis E. Warren 1899–1905 Charles W. Fulton 1905–1909 Henry E. Burnham 1909–1911 Coe I. Crawford 1911–1913 Nathan P. Bryan 1913–1917 Joseph T. Robinson 1917–1919 Selden P
26.
United States presidential line of succession
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The line of succession is delineated by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices. To be eligible to serve as President, a person must be a natural-born U. S. citizen, at least thirty-five years of age, and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years. These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U. S. Constitution, Article II, Section 1, Clause 5, the 1886 Act refers to such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named. The current act merely refers to officers appointed, by and with the advice, read literally, this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post. It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office, though there is some dispute over this provision, the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession. Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Harry S, the Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President, while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials. The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and the President pro tempore in line, in his speech supporting the changes, Truman noted that the House is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate. The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation, however, when the changes to the succession were signed into law, they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President. Some of Trumans critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then-current holder of the latter rank, Senator Kenneth McKellar. Further motivation may have been provided by Trumans preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession, rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr. The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, in Section 3 of the 20th Amendment, the current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947. Finally, Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect is eligible or available to serve. The 25th Amendment, ratified in 1967, clarified Article II, Section 1 and he or she becomes President if the President dies, resigns or is removed from office. The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled, the amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession, by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress. Until the disability be removed, or a President elected and this originally left open the question whether the same refers to the said office or only the powers and duties of the said office. Nonetheless, Tyler adhered to his position, even returning, unopened, tylers view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title President, and this precedent was followed thereafter. The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the set of circumstances. The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other acting as President rather than becoming President
27.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
28.
William R. King
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William Rufus DeVane King was an American politician and diplomat. He was the 13th Vice President of the United States for six weeks in 1853 before his death, earlier he had been elected as a U. S. Representative from North Carolina and a Senator from Alabama and he also served as Minister to France during the reign of King Louis Philippe I. A Democrat, he was a Unionist and his contemporaries considered him to be a moderate on the issues of sectionalism, slavery and westward expansion and he helped draft the Compromise of 1850. He is the only United States executive official to take the oath of office on foreign soil, inaugurated in Havana, King died of tuberculosis after 45 days in office. With the exceptions of John Tyler and Andrew Johnson—both of whom succeeded to the Presidency—he is the shortest-serving Vice President, King was the only Vice President from the State of Alabama and held the highest political office of any Alabamian in American history. He was the third Vice President to die in office, King was born in Sampson County, North Carolina, to William King and Margaret deVane. His family was large, wealthy and well-connected and he graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1803, where he was also a member of the Philanthropic Society. Admitted to the bar in 1806 after reading the law with Judge William Duffy of Fayetteville, North Carolina, King was an ardent Freemason, and was a member of Fayettevilles Phoenix Lodge No.8. King entered politics and was elected as a member of the North Carolina House of Commons, where he served from 1807 to 1809 and he developed a large cotton plantation based on slave labor, calling the property Chestnut Hill. King and his relatives formed one of the largest slaveholding families in the state, William Rufus King was a delegate to the convention which organized the Alabama state government. Upon the admission of Alabama as the twenty-second State in 1819 he was elected by the State Legislature as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate. King was reelected as a Jacksonian in 1822,1828,1834, and 1841, serving from December 14,1819, until April 15,1844, when he resigned. During this time, in March–April 1824, William R. King was honored with a vote at the Democratic-Republican Party Caucus to be the partys candidate for the Office of U. S. Vice President for the upcoming 1824 Presidential election, later he served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate during the 24th through 27th Congresses. King was Chairman of the Senates Committee on Public Lands and the Committee on Commerce and he was appointed as Minister to France, and served from 1844 to 1846. After his return, King resumed serving in the Senate, appointed and he held his seat from July 1,1848 until resigning because of ill health on December 20,1852, after having been elected Vice President. King supported a conservative, pro-slavery position, arguing that the Constitution protected the institution of slavery in both the Southern states and the federal territories and he opposed both the abolitionists efforts to abolish slavery in the territories as well as the Fire-Eaters calls for Southern secession
29.
Stephen A. Douglas
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Stephen Arnold Douglas was an American politician from Illinois and the designer of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He was a U. S. representative, a U. S. senator, Douglas had previously defeated Lincoln in a Senate contest, noted for the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. He was nicknamed the Little Giant because he was short in physical stature, Douglas was well known as a resourceful party leader, and an adroit, ready, skillful tactician in debate and passage of legislation. He was a champion of the Young America movement which sought to modernize politics and replace the agrarian, as chairman of the Committee on Territories, Douglas dominated the Senate in the 1850s. Opposition to this led to the formation of the Republican Party, Douglas initially endorsed the Dred Scott decision of 1857. But during the 1858 Senate campaign, he argued its effect could be negated by popular sovereignty and he also opposed the efforts of President James Buchanan and his Southern allies to enact a Federal slave code and impose the Lecompton Constitution on Kansas. In 1860, the conflict over slavery led to the split in the Democratic Party in the 1860 Convention, hardline pro-slavery Southerners rejected Douglas, and nominated their own candidate, Vice President John C. Breckinridge, while the Northern Democrats nominated Douglas, Douglas deeply believed in democracy, arguing the will of the people should always be decisive. When civil war came in April 1861, he rallied his supporters to the Union cause with all his energies and he was born Stephen Arnold Douglass in Brandon, Vermont, to Stephen Arnold Douglass and Sarah Fisk. Douglas dropped the s from his name some years later. His father, a physician and Middlebury College graduate, died suddenly when Stephen was just a few months old and he grew up with his mother and was educated in the local schools. As a teenager, he was apprenticed to a cabinetmaker in Middlebury and his mother remarried in 1830 and moved to western New York. Although he wished to attend Middlebury College like his father, his family couldnt support his continued formal education, instead, he began to teach school while studying law with Walter and Levi Hubbell. While studying law he became friendly with Henry B, payne, a law student in another attorneys office. Payne later became a prominent businessman and politician in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1833 Douglas migrated first to Cleveland, and then to Winchester, Illinois, where he served as an itinerant teacher and opened a school for three months at three dollars a pupil. He then settled in Jacksonville, Illinois, where he was admitted to the bar, Douglas became a member of the Masonic fraternity in Springfield Lodge No.4 in Springfield, Illinois in 1839. He was a member of several Masonic organizations in Springfield, in March 1847 he married Martha Martin, the 21-year-old daughter of wealthy Colonel Robert Martin of North Carolina. The year after their marriage, her father died and bequeathed Martha a 2, 500-acre cotton plantation with 100 slaves on the Pearl River in Lawrence County, Mississippi
30.
William Hayden English
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William Hayden English was an American congressman from Indiana and the Democratic nominee for vice president in 1880. English entered politics at an age, becoming a part of Jesse D. Brights conservative faction of the Indiana Democratic Party. After a few years in the bureaucracy in Washington beginning in 1845, he returned to Indiana. He was elected to the house of representatives in 1851. English retired from the House in 1861, but remained involved in party affairs, in the American Civil War he was a War Democrat, supporting the Union war effort. As well as pursuing a career, he was an author and businessman, owning an opera house, serving as president of a bank. Englishs business career was successful, and he one of the wealthiest men in Indiana. After nearly two decades in the sector, English returned to political life as the Democratic nominee for vice president in 1880. English and his running mate, Winfield Scott Hancock, lost narrowly to their Republican opponents, James A. Garfield. William Hayden English was born August 27,1822, in Lexington, Indiana, both his parents were Kentucky natives from slaveholding families of English and French Huguenot ancestry. They moved to southern Indiana in 1818, Elisha English quickly became involved in local politics as a Democrat, serving in the state legislature as well as building a prominent business career. William English was educated in the public schools, later attending Hanover College. He left college after three years and began to read law, in 1840, English was admitted to the bar at the age of eighteen and soon built a practice in his native Scott County. He started early in politics as well, attending the state Democratic convention that year and giving speeches on behalf of the Democratic presidential candidate. By the end of 1842, English came under the mentorship of Lieutenant Governor Jesse D. Bright, the following year, Indiana House of Representatives selected English as their clerk. In 1844, he worked the campaign trail, this time in the service of presidential candidate James K. Polk. As a reward, after Polk took office in 1845, he granted English a patronage appointment as a clerk in the federal Treasury Department in Washington, English held this position for four years, during which time he met Emma Mardulia Jackson. They would have two children, William Eastin and Rosalind, English attended the 1848 Democratic National Convention in Baltimore, where he supported Lewis Cass, the eventual presidential nominee
31.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
32.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
33.
James Buchanan
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James Buchanan, Jr. was the 15th President of the United States, serving immediately prior to the American Civil War. He is the president from Pennsylvania, the only president to remain a lifelong bachelor. Beginning in the 1820s, he represented Pennsylvania in the United States House of Representatives and later the Senate, Buchanan was nominated by the Democratic Party in the 1856 presidential election, on a ticket with former Kentucky Representative John C. He defeated both the incumbent President Pierce and Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas to win the nomination and his subsequent election victory took place in a three-man race against Republican John C. Shortly after taking office, Buchanan lobbied the Supreme Court to issue a ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford. He allied with the South in attempting to gain the admission of Kansas to the Union as a state under the Lecompton Constitution. In the process, he alienated both Republican abolitionists and Northern Democrats, most of whom supported the principle of sovereignty in determining a new states slaveholding status. He was often called a doughface, a Northerner with Southern sympathies, and he fought with Douglas, in the midst of the growing sectional crisis, the Panic of 1857 struck the nation. Buchanan indicated in his 1857 inaugural address that he would not seek a second term, he kept his word, Breckinridge in the 1860 presidential election. In response, seven Southern states declared their secession from the Union, Buchanans view was that secession was illegal, but that going to war to stop it was also illegal, and so didnt confront the new polity militarily. Buchanan, an attorney, was noted for his mantra, I acknowledge no master, Buchanan supported the United States during the Civil War, and publicly defended himself against charges that he was responsible for the Civil War. Shortly after the Union victory, he published his memoirs, Mr. Buchanans Administration on the Eve of Rebellion and he died in 1868 at age 77. Buchanan aspired to be a president who would rank in history with George Washington, historians who participated in a 2006 survey voted his failure to deal with secession the worst presidential mistake ever made. His parents were both of Ulster Scots descent, the father having emigrated from Milford, County Donegal, Ireland, one of eleven siblings, Buchanan was the oldest child in the family to survive infancy. Shortly after Buchanans birth the family moved to a farm near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, Buchanans father became the wealthiest person in town, becoming a prosperous merchant and investing in real estate. The family home in Mercersburg was later turned into the James Buchanan Hotel, Buchanan attended the village academy and, starting in 1807, Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Though he was expelled at one point for poor behavior, he pleaded for a second chance. Later that year, he moved to Lancaster, which, at the time, was the capital of Pennsylvania, James Hopkins, the most prominent lawyer in Lancaster, accepted Buchanan as a student, and in 1812 Buchanan was admitted to the bar after an oral exam
34.
United States Secretary of State
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Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level. The current Secretary of State is former ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson and those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal of the United States, performance of protocol functions for the White House, and the drafting of certain proclamations. The Secretary also negotiates with the individual States over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries, under Federal Law, the resignation of a President or of a Vice President is only valid if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the Secretary of State. Accordingly, the resignations of President Nixon and of Vice-President Spiro Agnew, domestic issues, were formalized in instruments delivered to the Secretary of State, six Secretaries of State have gone on to be elected President. Former Secretaries of State retain the right to add the title Secretary to their surnames, as the head of the United States Foreign Service, the Secretary of State is responsible for management of the diplomatic service of the United States. The foreign service employs about 12,000 people domestically and internationally, the U. S. Secretary of State has the power to remove any foreign diplomat from U. S. soil for any reason. The nature of the means that Secretaries of State engage in travel around the world. The record for most countries visited in a secretarys tenure is 112, second is Madeleine Albright with 96. The record for most air miles traveled in a secretarys tenure is 1.380 million miles, second is Condoleezza Rices 1.059 million miles and third is Clintons 956,733 miles. S
35.
37th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1861 to March 4,1863, during the first two years of Abraham Lincolns presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Seventh Census of the United States in 1850, both chambers had a Republican majority. March 4,1861, Republican pluralities are seated in Senate and House, Louisiana has 2 of 4 representatives remaining. Although represented in the Confederate Congress, Missouri and Kentucky remained with full delegations in the 37th Congress, may 6,1861, Arkansas Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession. May 20,1861, North Carolina Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession, may 23,1861, Virginia popular referendum ratified Ordinance of Secession. Two senators from the Restored Government of Virginia replaced the two who withdrew, June 8,1861, Tennessee popular referendum ratified Ordinance of Secession. July 21,1861, First Battle of Bull Run Union approach to Richmond is repulsed, September 17,1862, Battle of Antietam rebel invasion into Maryland is repulsed. The Senate, a body, was called into special session by President Buchanan. The border states and Texas were still represented, shortly after the Senate session adjourned, Fort Sumter was attacked. The immediate results were to draw four additional states into the confederacy with their more Southern sisters, the Senate confirmed calling forth troops and raising money to suppress rebellion as authorized in the Constitution. Both Houses then duly met July 4,1861, seven states which would send representatives held their state elections for Representative over the months of May to June 1861. Members taking their seats had been elected before the crisis, during the formation of the Confederate government. Once assembled with a quorum in the House, Congress approved Lincolns war powers innovations as necessary to preserve the Union, following the July Federal defeat at First Manassas, the Crittenden Resolution asserted the reason for the present deplorable civil war. Following resignations and expulsions occasioned by the outbreak of the Civil War, five states had some degree of representation in the U. S. Congress accredited Members elected running in five as Unionist, Democratic, Constitutional Unionist. All ten Kentucky and all seven Missouri representatives were accepted, the other three states seated four of thirteen representatives from Virginia, three of ten Tennesseans, and two of four from Louisiana. Democrats seized on this document, especially its assurances of no conquest or overthrowing domestic institutions, Congressional policy and military strategy were intertwined. In the first regular March session, Republicans superseded the Crittenden Resolution, in South Carolina, Gen. David Hunter, issued a General Order in early May 1861 freeing all slaves in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
36.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
37.
Jefferson Davis
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Jefferson Finis Davis was an American politician who was a Democratic U. S. Representative and Senator from Mississippi, the 23rd U. S. Secretary of War, and he took personal charge of the Confederate war plans but was unable to find a strategy to defeat the more populous and industrialized Union. Davis was born in Kentucky to a prosperous farmer, and grew up on his older brother Josephs large cotton plantations in Mississippi. Joseph Davis also secured his appointment to the U. S, after graduating, Jefferson Davis served six years as a lieutenant in the U. S. Army. He fought in the Mexican–American War, as the colonel of a volunteer regiment and he served as the U. S. Secretary of War from 1853 to 1857 under President Franklin Pierce, and as a Democratic U. S. senator from Mississippi. Before the war, he operated a cotton plantation in Mississippi. After the war had ended, he remained a proud apologist for the cause of slavery for which he, although Davis argued against secession in 1858, he believed that each state was sovereign and had an unquestionable right to secede from the Union. Daviss first wife, Sarah Knox Taylor, died of malaria three months of marriage, and he also struggled with recurring bouts of the disease. He was unhealthy for much of his life, at the age of 36, Davis married again, to 18-year-old Varina Howell, a native of Natchez who had been educated in Philadelphia and had some family ties in the North. Only two survived him, and only one married and had children, many historians attribute the Confederacys weaknesses to the poor leadership of President Davis. Historians agree he was a less effective war leader than his Union counterpart Abraham Lincoln. After Davis was captured in 1865, he was accused of treason and he was never tried and was released after two years. While not disgraced, Davis had been displaced in ex-Confederate affection after the war by his leading general, Davis wrote a memoir entitled The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, which he completed in 1881. By the late 1880s, he began to encourage reconciliation, telling Southerners to be loyal to the Union, ex-Confederates came to appreciate his role in the war, seeing him as a Southern patriot, and he became a hero of the Lost Cause in the post-Reconstruction South. Daviss paternal grandparents each immigrated separately to North America from the region of Snowdonia in North Wales in the early 18th century, the rest of his ancestry was English. After arriving in Philadelphia, Daviss paternal grandfather Evan settled in the colony of Georgia and he married the widow Lydia Emory Williams, who had two sons from a previous marriage. Their son Samuel Emory Davis was born in 1756 and he served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, along with his two older half-brothers. In 1783, after the war, he married Jane Cook and she was born in 1759 to William Cook and his wife Sarah Simpson in what is now Christian County, Kentucky
38.
President of the Confederate States of America
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The President of the Confederate States of America was the elected head of state and government of the Confederate States. The president also headed the branch of government and was commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy. Article II of the Confederate States Constitution vested the power of the Confederacy in the president. He was further empowered to grant reprieves and pardons, and convene, on February 18,1861, Jefferson Davis became president of the provisional government. On February 22,1862, he became president of the permanent government, the constitutional powers of the President of the Confederate States of America were similar to those of the President of the United States of America. The permanent Confederate States Constitution made him commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy and he was also empowered to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the Confederate States. He could fill vacancies during a recess of the Senate, but he could not reappoint, during a recess, on February 9,1861, the provisional congress at Montgomery unanimously elected Jefferson Davis president and Alexander H. Stephens vice president. Stephens, who was a delegate to Congress from Georgia, was inaugurated on February 11, Davis was inaugurated on February 18 upon his arrival from Mississippi, where he had gone upon his resignation from the U. S. Senate. Davis and Stephens were elected on November 6,1861, for six-years terms, the Capital had been moved in June 1861, to Richmond, and the inauguration took place at the statue of Washington, on the public square, on February 22,1862. In 1861, the President of the Confederate States earned a CS$25,000 annual salary, along with an account. The Presidents Office was located on the floor of the Custom House on Main Street, a structure which also housed the Cabinet Room. The City of Richmond purchased the Brockenbrough house for presentation to the Confederate government for use as an executive mansion, Davis declined to accept the gift, but the mansion was leased for his use. Referred to as the White House of the Confederacy or the Grey House, later it became a repository for documents, relics, and pictures, and in 1896 it was redesignated the Confederate Museum. Late on the evening of April 2,1865, President Davis, his aides, the Cabinet stayed at Danville,140 miles southwest of Richmond, until April 10, when, hearing of Lees surrender, it continued farther south. At Greensboro, North Carolina, on April 12 the Cabinet met with Generals Johnston and Beauregard, as the railroad south of Greensboro had been destroyed, the flight from that location was on horseback and in ambulances, wagons, and carriages. The last Cabinet meetings took place at Charlotte, on April 24, and 26, and on May 4, when Davis left Washington, Georgia, elements of the United States Cavalry captured Davis and his companions at an encampment near Irwinville, May 10,1865. Jefferson Davis was imprisoned at Fort Monroe, Virginia, until his release on bail on May 13,1867, during his confinement the United States Government prepared to bring him to trial for treason and for complicity in the assassination of United States President Abraham Lincoln. In November 1868 Davis was brought to trial under a new indictment, but the judges disagreed, President Johnson issued a general amnesty in December 1868, and the Supreme Court entered a nolle prosequi, thus freeing Davis
39.
Morton S. Wilkinson
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Morton Smith Wilkinson was an American politician. Born in Skaneateles, New York, he moved to Illinois in 1837 and was employed in work for two years. Upon returning to Skaneateles in 1840, he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1842 and he moved to Stillwater, Minnesota in 1847. Wilkinson was elected to the first legislature of Minnesota Territory in 1849, after moving to Mankato, Minnesota in 1858, he served as a member of the board of commissioners to prepare a code of laws for the Territory of Minnesota in 1858. He served in the United States Senate from March 4,1859 to March 3,1865, as a Republican from Minnesota, in the 36th, 37th and 38th congresses, in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from March 4,1869 to March 3,1871, but unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1870. Wilkinson moved to Wells, Minnesota, and was member of the Minnesota State Senate 1874 –1877 as well as an attorney of Faribault County 1880 –1884. He died in Wells on February 4,1894, and was interred in Glenwood Cemetery, Mankato, Blue Earth County, Minnesota Legislators Past and Present United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
40.
Firearm
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A firearm is a portable gun - a barreled weapon that launches one or more projectiles, often driven by the action of an explosive force. The first primitive firearms originated in 13th-century China when the fire lance was combined with projectiles. The technology gradually spread through the rest of East Asia, South Asia, older firearms typically used black powder as a propellant, but modern firearms use smokeless powder or other propellants. Most modern firearms have rifled barrels to impart spin to the projectile for improved flight stability, modern firearms can be described by their caliber or in the case of shotguns their gauge, by the type of action employed together with the usual means of deportment. The word firearms usually is used in a sense restricted to small arms, shooters aim firearms at their targets with hand-eye co-ordination, using either iron sights or optical sights. The accurate range of pistols generally does not exceed 100 yards, while most rifles are accurate to 550 yards using iron sights, some purpose-built sniper rifles are accurate to ranges of more than 2,200 yards. The smallest of all firearms is the handgun, there are three common types of handguns, single-shot pistols, revolvers, and semi-automatic pistols. Revolvers have a number of firing chambers or charge holes in a revolving cylinder, semi-automatic pistols have a single fixed firing chamber machined into the rear of the barrel, and a magazine so they can be used to fire more than one round. Each press of the fires a cartridge, using the energy of the cartridge to activate the mechanism so that the next cartridge may be fired immediately. This is opposed to double-action revolvers which accomplish the end using a mechanical action linked to the trigger pull. Prior to the 19th century, virtually all handguns were single-shot muzzleloaders, with the invention of the revolver in 1818, handguns capable of holding multiple rounds became popular. Certain designs of auto-loading pistol appeared beginning in the 1870s and had largely supplanted revolvers in military applications by the end of World War I. By the end of the 20th century, most handguns carried regularly by military, police and civilians were semi-automatic, both designs are common among civilian gun owners, depending on the owners intention. A long gun is any firearm that is larger than a handgun and is designed to be held. Early long arms, from the Renaissance up to the century, were generally smoothbore firearms that fired one or more ball shot. Most modern long guns are either rifles or shotguns, both are the successors of the musket, diverging from their parent weapon in distinct ways. A rifle is so named for the spiral fluting machined into the surface of its barrel. Shotguns are predominantly smoothbore firearms designed to fire a number of shot, shotguns are also capable of firing single slugs, or specialty rounds such as bean bags, tear gas or breaching rounds
41.
First Battle of Bull Run
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It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Unions forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail, each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a retreat of the Union forces. Yielding to political pressure, Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Confederate reinforcements under Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad, the Confederates launched a strong counterattack, and as the Union troops began withdrawing under fire, many panicked and the retreat turned into a rout. McDowells men frantically ran without order in the direction of Washington, both armies were sobered by the fierce fighting and many casualties, and realized that the war was going to be much longer and bloodier than either had anticipated. The Battle of First Bull Run highlighted many of the problems, McDowell, with 35,000 men, was only able to commit about 18,000, and the combined Confederate forces, with about 32,000 men, committed only 18,000. Earlier, South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states and he later accepted an additional 40,000 volunteers with three-year enlistments and increased the strength of the U. S. Army to almost 20,000. In Washington, D. C. as thousands of volunteers rushed to defend the capital, General in Chief Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott laid out his strategy to subdue the rebellious states. He proposed that an army of 80,000 men be organized and sail down the Mississippi River, while the Army strangled the Confederacy in the west, the U. S. Navy would blockade Southern ports along the eastern and Gulf coasts. The press ridiculed what they dubbed as Scotts Anaconda Plan, instead, many believed the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond, only one hundred miles south of Washington, would quickly end the war. By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington, since General Scott was seventy-five years old and physically unable to lead this force, the administration searched for a more suitable field commander. Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase championed fellow Ohioan, although McDowell was a West Point graduate, his command experience was limited. In fact, he had spent most of his career engaged in staff duties in the Adjutant Generals Office. While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase, a former Ohio governor and senator, McDowell immediately began organizing what became known as the Army of Northeastern Virginia,35,000 men arranged in five divisions. Under public and political pressure to begin operations, McDowell was given very little time to train the newly inducted troops. Units were instructed in the maneuvering of regiments, but they received little or no training at the brigade or division level and he was reassured by President Lincoln, You are green, it is true, but they are green also, you are all green alike
42.
Union (American Civil War)
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The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
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Port Fulton, Indiana
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Port Fulton was a town located two miles up the river from Louisville, within present-day Jeffersonville, Indiana. At its height it stretched from the Ohio River to modern-day 10th Street, Port Fulton was laid out in 1835 by Victor Neff, and named for Robert Fulton, the inventor of steamboats. Its original boundaries were present day Jackson Street, Division Street and it became a magnet for those in the maritime business. Henry French, a builder, already had a home there. The shipyards of both French and Howard became Jeffboat, in April 1853 the city of Jeffersonville attempted to annex Port Fulton, only to be stymied by its residents. The third-largest Civil War hospital, Jefferson General Hospital, was operated there, in 1880 the population was 907, in 1900, it was 1,104. However, Port Fultons population declined to 971 in the 1920 census and this allowed Jeffersonville to finally annex Port Fulton in 1926
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Jefferson General Hospital
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Jefferson General Hospital was the third-largest hospital during the American Civil War, located at Port Fulton, Indiana and was active between February 21,1864 and December 1866. The land was owned by U. S, Senator from Indiana Jesse D. Bright. Bright was sympathetic to the Confederates, and was expelled from his position as Senator in 1862, union authorities took the property without compensation, similar to what happened at Arlington National Cemetery. The Hospital was built to replace the hospital at Camp Joe Holt. 27 buildings, each 175 by 20, encircled a corridor that was 0.5 mile in circumference,24 of the buildings were wards, each having 53 beds for patients and one for the ward master. Each ward had 4 large cast iron stoves, which warmed the building, inside the perimeter made by the buildings was a chapel with reading rooms, post office, drug & instrument house, and a dead house. Throughout the period the hospital was in use, Dr. Middleton Goldsmith was its Chief Surgeon, the executive office, the second command, was held by four different people. In total,16,120 people were treated at the hospital and those that died while in the hospital were buried down the hill, where Meijer Fields now lies. After the hospital closed, the buildings were intended for a soldiers home, after two months possession, the proposed home was instead built near Knightstown, and the buildings returned to the US Government. Until 1874 it was used as storehouses for army materials such as clothing, eventually, a man named James Holt came into ownership of the property. At his death he bequeathed the property to his Masonic Lodge, in 1962, the Indiana Historical Bureau placed a state historical marker on the property. The groundbreaking was the last weekend of March, and the building was used beginning in November, as there were seldom any Masonic orphans to house, the orphanage building was sold in 2006, with the proceeds going for college scholarships to those that have Masonic heritage. Indiana in the American Civil War Louisville in the American Civil War
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This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http://bioguide.congress.gov.