1.
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
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The president pro tempore of the United States Senate, also president pro tem, is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Unlike the vice president, the president pro tempore is a member of the Senate. Selected by the Senate at large, the president pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges, during the vice presidents absence, the president pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. Since 1890, the most senior senator in the majority party has generally chosen to be president pro tempore. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949, the current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6,2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office, although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. The president pro tempore is third in the line of succession, following the vice president. Additional duties include appointment of various officers, certain commissions, advisory boards. The officeholder is an ex member of various boards and commissions. With the secretary and sergeant at arms, the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol, the office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789. The first president pro tempore, John Langdon, was elected on April 6 the same year, originally, the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate. Until the 1960s, it was practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions. Until 1891, the president pro tempore only served until the return of the president to the chair or the adjournment of a session of Congress. Between 1792 and 1886, the president pro tempore was second in the line of succession following the vice president. When President Andrew Johnson, who had no president, was impeached and tried in 1868. Wades radicalism is thought by historians to be a major reason why the Senate. The President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House were removed from the line of succession in 1886. Both were restored to it in 1947, though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker, William P. Frye served as President pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 (54th–62nd Congress, a tenure longer than anyone else
2.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
3.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
4.
Lieutenant Governor of Indiana
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The Lieutenant Governor of Indiana is a constitutional office in the US State of Indiana. Republican Suzanne Crouch, who assumed office 9 January 2017, is the incumbent, Lieutenant governors have succeeded ten governors following their deaths or resignations. The lieutenant governor holds statutory positions, serving as the head of the agricultural and rural affairs bureaus. The annual salary of the lieutenant governor of Indiana is $88,000, the lieutenant governor is elected on the same election ticket as the Governor in a statewide election held every four years, concurrent with United States presidential elections. Should a lieutenant governor die while in office, resign, or succeed to the governorship, historically, the position has generally remained vacant during such events. The last attempt to fill such a vacancy in 1887 led to the outbreak of violence in the state known as the Black Day of the General Assembly. However, in recent years the Governor has appointed a Lieutenant Governor if a vacancy arises, the position of lieutenant governor was created with the adoption of the first Constitution of Indiana in August 1816. The position was filled by an October election, the position was retained and the current requirements established in the states second and current constitution adopted in 1851. To become lieutenant governor of Indiana, a candidate must have been a United States citizen, the candidate must also be at least thirty years old when sworn into office. The lieutenant governor may not hold any federal office during his term, before taking the office, the candidate must swear an oath of office administered by the Chief Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court, promising to uphold the constitution and laws of Indiana. The lieutenant governor of Indiana serves as acting governor when the governor becomes incapacitated, in the states early history, lieutenant governors would serve as acting governor while the governor was away from the capital. Christopher Harrison was the first lieutenant governor to serve as acting governor while Jonathan Jennings negotiated treaties far from the capital, if the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns, or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. In total, ten lieutenant governors become governor by succession, the first occurrence was when Jonathan Jennings resigned to become a congressman and was succeeded by Ratliff Boon. In the event that both the governorship and lieutenant-governorship are vacant, the constitution stipulates that the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor, historically, governors appointed the pro tempore to serve as acting lieutenant governor as a formality. This practice ended in the twentieth century. Although the constitution did not specify a method to fill a vacancy in the lieutenant governorship, an attempt to fill a vacancy occurred in 1887. When the winner of the election attempted to be seated, the Senate erupted into violence known as the Black Day of the General Assembly, the lieutenant governor has two constitutional functions. The primary function is to serve as the President of the Indiana Senate, in the Senate the lieutenant governor is permitted to debate on legislation, introduce legislation, and vote on matters to break ties
5.
Norwich, New York
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Norwich is a city in Chenango County, New York, United States. Surrounded on all sides by the town of Norwich, the city is the county seat of Chenango County, the name is taken from Norwich, England. Its population was 7,190 at the 2010 census, lt. Warren Eaton Airport, serving the area, is located north of the city in the town of North Norwich. The first settlers arrived around 1788, the town of Norwich was formed in 1793 from the towns of Union and Bainbridge. Afterwards, Norwich, as a town of the county. In 1806, Norwich gave up territory to form the towns of Pharsalia, Plymouth, more of Norwich was lost in 1807 to form parts of the towns of New Berlin and Columbus. In 1808 and 1820, Norwich exchanged territory with the town of Preston, the central community of Norwich set itself off from the town in 1816 by incorporating as a village, later becoming the city of Norwich in 1914. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.1 square miles. Unlike many upstate cities, there are few, if any, although the city is divided into six wards for political purposes, neighborhoods are seldom referred to in this manner. The downtown district is bordered on the north by Cortland and Mitchell streets, Norwich is located in upstate New York, in the Chenango River valley. The river, a tributary of the Susquehanna, winds south along the edge of the city. Along the western border, Canasawacta Creek flows south, until it unites with the Chenango River at the city limits. Norwich lies near the center of the triangle that can be drawn connecting the cities of Syracuse, Albany, and Binghamton, along Interstates 90,88, the city is located at the intersection of New York State Route 12 and New York State Route 23. On Route 12, Utica and access to Interstate 90 is 48 miles to the north, while Binghamton and access to Interstate 81, Route 12 bisects the city on a north-south axis, becoming North and South Broad Street within city limits. A community of businesses is found along it. On the north side of town lies the North Plaza, desolate since the departure of anchor tenant Jamesway, and a commercial strip of gas stations and fast food outlets. To the south are three plazas just outside city limits, featuring supermarkets, gas stations, fast food, a new Lowes home center and a recently upgraded Super Walmart. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,355 people,3,131 households, the population density was 3,609.0 people per square mile
6.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
7.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
8.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
9.
Madison, Indiana
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Madison is a city in and the county seat of Jefferson County, Indiana, United States, along the Ohio River. Its estimated population was 12,247 as of 2016, over 55,000 people live within 15 miles of downtown Madison. Madison is the largest city along the Ohio River between Louisville, Kentucky and Cincinnati, Ohio, Madison is one of the core cities of the Louisville-Elizabethtown-Madison metroplex, an area with a population of approximately 1.5 million. Madison is located at 38°45′N 85°24′W, according to the 2010 census, Madison has a total area of 8.842 square miles, of which 8.57 square miles is land and 0.272 square miles is water. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Madison has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $35,092, males had a median income of $32,800 versus $22,039 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,923, about 10. 2% of families and 12. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 3% of those under age 18 and 8. 6% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 11,967 people,5,048 households, the population density was 1,396.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 5,787 housing units at a density of 675.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 5% White,2. 8% African American,0. 2% Native American,1. 2% Asian,0. 7% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 7% of the population. 35. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age in the city was 42.2 years. 21% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 25% were from 25 to 44,28. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44. 8% male and 55. 2% female, Madison was laid out and platted in 1810, and the first lots were sold in 1811 by John Paul. It had busy early years due to river traffic and its position as an entry point into the Indiana Territory along the historic Old Michigan Road. Madisons location across the Ohio River from Kentucky, a state, made it an important location in the Underground Railroad. George DeBaptistes barbershop in town became a center of the local group. Indianas first railroad, the Madison & Indianapolis Railroad, was there from 1836 to 1847
10.
United States Marshals Service
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The United States Marshals Service is a federal law enforcement agency within the U. S. Department of Justice. It is the oldest American federal law enforcement agency, which was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 during the presidency of George Washington, the Marshals Service is attached to the Judicial branch of government, and is the enforcement arm of the federal courts. It is the agency for fugitive operations, responsible for prisoner transport, the protection of officers of the court. The Marshals Service operates the Witness Protection Program, and serves federal level arrest warrants, the office of United States Marshal was created by the First Congress. President George Washington signed the Judiciary Act into law on September 24,1789, the Act provided that the United States Marshals primary function was to execute all lawful warrants issued to him under the authority of the United States. The critical Supreme Court decision, affirming the authority of the federal marshals, was made in In re Neagle 135 U. S.1. For over 100 years marshals were patronage jobs, typically controlled by the district judge and they were paid primarily by fees until a salary system was set up in 1896. Many of the first US Marshals had already proven themselves in service during the American Revolution. From the nations earliest days, marshals were permitted to recruit special deputies as local hires, Marshals were also authorized to swear in a posse to assist with manhunts, and other duties, ad hoc. Marshals were given authority to support the federal courts within their judicial districts. Federal marshals were by far the most important government officials in territorial jurisdictions, local law enforcement officials were often called marshals so there is often an ambiguity whether someone was a federal or a local official. Federal marshals are most famous for their law enforcement work, the largest part of the business was paper work—serving writs, and other process issued by the courts, made all the arrests, and handled all federal prisoners. They also disbursed funds as ordered by the courts, Marshals paid the fees and expenses of the court clerks, U. S. Attorneys, jurors, and witnesses. They rented the courtrooms and jail space, and hired the bailiffs, criers and they made sure the prisoners were present, the jurors were available, and that the witnesses were on time. The marshals thus provided local representation for the government within their districts. They took the census every decade through 1870. During the settlement of the American Frontier, marshals served as the source of day-to-day law enforcement in areas that had no local government of their own. U. S. Marshals were instrumental in keeping law and order in the Old West era, Bill Tilghman, Heck Thomas, and Chris Madsen formed a legendary law enforcement trio known as The Three Guardsmen when they worked together policing the vast, lawless Oklahoma and Indian Territories
11.
United States presidential line of succession
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The line of succession is delineated by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices. To be eligible to serve as President, a person must be a natural-born U. S. citizen, at least thirty-five years of age, and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years. These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U. S. Constitution, Article II, Section 1, Clause 5, the 1886 Act refers to such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named. The current act merely refers to officers appointed, by and with the advice, read literally, this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post. It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office, though there is some dispute over this provision, the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession. Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Harry S, the Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President, while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials. The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and the President pro tempore in line, in his speech supporting the changes, Truman noted that the House is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate. The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation, however, when the changes to the succession were signed into law, they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President. Some of Trumans critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then-current holder of the latter rank, Senator Kenneth McKellar. Further motivation may have been provided by Trumans preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession, rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr. The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, in Section 3 of the 20th Amendment, the current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947. Finally, Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect is eligible or available to serve. The 25th Amendment, ratified in 1967, clarified Article II, Section 1 and he or she becomes President if the President dies, resigns or is removed from office. The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled, the amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession, by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress. Until the disability be removed, or a President elected and this originally left open the question whether the same refers to the said office or only the powers and duties of the said office. Nonetheless, Tyler adhered to his position, even returning, unopened, tylers view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title President, and this precedent was followed thereafter. The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the set of circumstances. The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other acting as President rather than becoming President
12.
William R. King
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William Rufus DeVane King was an American politician and diplomat. He was the 13th Vice President of the United States for six weeks in 1853 before his death, earlier he had been elected as a U. S. Representative from North Carolina and a Senator from Alabama and he also served as Minister to France during the reign of King Louis Philippe I. A Democrat, he was a Unionist and his contemporaries considered him to be a moderate on the issues of sectionalism, slavery and westward expansion and he helped draft the Compromise of 1850. He is the only United States executive official to take the oath of office on foreign soil, inaugurated in Havana, King died of tuberculosis after 45 days in office. With the exceptions of John Tyler and Andrew Johnson—both of whom succeeded to the Presidency—he is the shortest-serving Vice President, King was the only Vice President from the State of Alabama and held the highest political office of any Alabamian in American history. He was the third Vice President to die in office, King was born in Sampson County, North Carolina, to William King and Margaret deVane. His family was large, wealthy and well-connected and he graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1803, where he was also a member of the Philanthropic Society. Admitted to the bar in 1806 after reading the law with Judge William Duffy of Fayetteville, North Carolina, King was an ardent Freemason, and was a member of Fayettevilles Phoenix Lodge No.8. King entered politics and was elected as a member of the North Carolina House of Commons, where he served from 1807 to 1809 and he developed a large cotton plantation based on slave labor, calling the property Chestnut Hill. King and his relatives formed one of the largest slaveholding families in the state, William Rufus King was a delegate to the convention which organized the Alabama state government. Upon the admission of Alabama as the twenty-second State in 1819 he was elected by the State Legislature as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate. King was reelected as a Jacksonian in 1822,1828,1834, and 1841, serving from December 14,1819, until April 15,1844, when he resigned. During this time, in March–April 1824, William R. King was honored with a vote at the Democratic-Republican Party Caucus to be the partys candidate for the Office of U. S. Vice President for the upcoming 1824 Presidential election, later he served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate during the 24th through 27th Congresses. King was Chairman of the Senates Committee on Public Lands and the Committee on Commerce and he was appointed as Minister to France, and served from 1844 to 1846. After his return, King resumed serving in the Senate, appointed and he held his seat from July 1,1848 until resigning because of ill health on December 20,1852, after having been elected Vice President. King supported a conservative, pro-slavery position, arguing that the Constitution protected the institution of slavery in both the Southern states and the federal territories and he opposed both the abolitionists efforts to abolish slavery in the territories as well as the Fire-Eaters calls for Southern secession
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This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http://bioguide.congress.gov.
