1.
County-level city
–
A county-level municipality, county-level city, or county city is a county-level administrative division of mainland China. County-level cities are governed by prefecture-level divisions, but a few are governed directly by province-level divisions. Most county-level cities were created in the 1980s and 1990s by replacing counties, a county-level city is a city and county that have been merged into one unified jurisdiction. As such it is simultaneously a city, which is an entity. County-level cities are not cities in the strictest sense of the word, since they usually contain rural areas many times the size of their urban and this is because the counties that county-level cities have replaced are themselves large administrative units containing towns, villages, and farmland. To distinguish a city from its actual urban area, the term 市区 shìqū. In France, an equivalent of a city is an agglomeration community. For example, in New South Wales such a unit may often be called a city, city of Blue Mountains is made of a number of towns. Another example would be municipal government in the Canadian province of Ontario and this agglomeration includes all of the townships in the county of Kent, with cities and towns like Wallaceberg, Thamesville, Dresden, Wheatley. This amalgamation as it is referred to, was controversial when it was forced upon the constituents through provincial legislation. Today, instead of each city having its own mayor and city councillors, as of January 2017, there are 360 County-level city in total, A sub-prefecture-level city is a county-level city with powers approaching those of prefecture-level cities. Examples include, Xiantao, Qianjiang, Tianmen and Jiyuan, administrative divisions of China Counties of the Peoples Republic of China Prefecture-level city List of cities in China
County-level city
–
In the main urban area of
Daye, a county-level city within the prefecture-level city of
Huangshi,
Hubei. Daye also includes some separate
towns, such as Dajipu (大箕铺)
County-level city
–
County-level city
County-level city
–
Old City Chinese quarter
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
3.
Provinces of China
–
Provinces, formally provincial-level administrative divisions or first-level administrative divisions, are the highest-level Chinese administrative divisions. There are 34 such divisions, classified as 23 provinces, four municipalities, five autonomous regions, the Peoples Republic of China claims sovereignty over the territory administered by the Republic of China, claiming most of it as its Taiwan Province. The ROC also administers some offshore islands which form Fujian Province and these were part of an originally unified Fujian province, which since the stalemate of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 has been divided between the PRC and ROC. Note that every province has a Communist Party of China provincial committee, the committee secretary is in effective charge of the province, rather than the nominal governor of the provincial government. The government of each province is nominally led by a provincial committee. The committee secretary is first-in-charge of the province, second-in-command is the governor of the provincial government, the Peoples Republic of China claims the island of Taiwan and its surrounding islets, including Penghu, as Taiwan Province. The territory is controlled by the Republic of China, a municipality or direct-controlled municipality is a higher level of city which is directly under the Chinese government, with status equal to that of the provinces. In practice, their status is higher than that of common provinces. The governor of each region is usually appointed from the respective minority ethnic group. A special administrative region is an autonomous and self-governing subnational subject of the Peoples Republic of China that is directly under the Central Peoples Government. Each SAR has an executive as head of the region. The regions government is not fully independent, as policy and military defence are the responsibility of the central government. Notes,1, as of 20102, per km23, km24, Abbreviation in the parentheses is informal 5, Since founding in 1949, however, the PRC has never controlled Taiwan. Taiwan currently administers Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, the subject of whether or not Taiwan is part of China is often debated, with no clear conclusion. The Ming Dynasty kept the system set up by the Yuan Dynasty, however. By the time of the establishment of the Qing Dynasty in 1644 there were 18 provinces, in addition, there was a zongdu, a general military inspector or governor general, for every two to three provinces. Outer regions of China were not divided into provinces, military leaders or generals oversaw Manchuria, Xinjiang, and Mongolia, while vice-dutong and civilian leaders headed the leagues, a subdivision of Mongolia. The ambans supervised the administration of Tibet, in 1884 Xinjiang became a province, in 1907 Fengtian, Jilin, and Heilongjiang were made provinces as well
Provinces of China
–
Map comparing administrative divisions as drawn by the PRC and ROC.
Provinces of China
–
Provincial division 省份 Shěngfèn
4.
Jiangsu
–
Jiangsu, formerly romanized as Kiangsu, is an eastern-central coastal province of the Peoples Republic of China. It is one of the provinces in manufacturing electronics and apparel items. Jiangsu is the third smallest, but the fifth most populous, Jiangsu has the second-highest GDP of Chinese provinces, after Guangdong. Jiangsu borders Shandong in the north, Anhui to the west, Jiangsu has a coastline of over 1,000 kilometres along the Yellow Sea, and the Yangtze River passes through the southern part of the province. Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, Jiangsu has been an economic and commercial center. Cities such as Yangzhou, Nanjing, Wuxi, Suzhou and Shanghai are all major Chinese economic hubs, since the initiation of economic reforms in 1990, Jiangsu has become a focal point for economic development. It is widely regarded as Chinas most developed province measured by its Human Development Index, Jiangsu is home to many of the worlds leading exporters of electronic equipment, chemicals and textiles. It has also been Chinas largest recipient of foreign investment since 2006. Its 2014 nominal GDP was more than 1 trillion US dollars and its name is a compound of the first elements of the names of the two cities of Jiangning and Suzhou. The abbreviation for this province is 苏, the character of its name. The state of Wu was subjugated in 473 BC by the state of Yue, Yue was in turn subjugated by the powerful state of Chu from the west in 333 BC. Eventually the state of Qin swept away all the other states, during the Three Kingdoms period, southern Jiangsu became the base of the Eastern Wu whose capital, Jiankang, is modern Nanjing. When nomadic invasions overran northern China in the 4th century, the court of the Jin Dynasty moved to Jiankang. Cities in southern and central Jiangsu swelled with the influx of migrants from the north, Jiankang remained as the capital for four successive Southern Dynasties and became the largest commercial and cultural center in China. The Tang Dynasty relied on southern Jiangsu for annual deliveries of grain and it was during the Song Dynasty, which saw the development of a wealthy mercantile class and emergent market economy in China, that south Jiangsu emerged as a center of trade. From then onwards, south Jiangsu, especially cities like Suzhou or Yangzhou, would be synonymous with opulence. Today south Jiangsu remains one of the richest parts of China, the Mongols took control of China in the thirteenth century. The Ming Dynasty, which was established in 1368 after driving out the Mongols who had occupied China, following a coup by Zhu Di, however, the capital was moved to Beijing, far to the north
Jiangsu
–
One of the
tortoise stelae of Xiao Dan (478—522), a member of the
Liang royal family. Ganjiaxiang,
Qixia District, near Nanjing
Jiangsu
–
Map showing the location of Jiangsu Province
Jiangsu
–
The
Huqiu Tower of
Tiger Hill, Suzhou, built in 961.
Jiangsu
–
The
Beisi Pagoda of
Suzhou, built between 1131 and 1162 during the
Song Dynasty, 76 m (243 ft) tall.
5.
Prefecture-level city
–
Prefectural level cities form the second level of the administrative structure. Administrative chiefs of prefectural level cities generally have the rank as a division chief of a national ministry. Since the 1980s, most former prefectures have been renamed into prefectural level cities, a prefectural level city is a city and prefecture that have been merged into one unified jurisdiction. The larger prefectural level cities span over 100 kilometres, prefectural level cities nearly always contain multiple counties, county level cities, and other such sub-divisions. To distinguish a prefectural level city from its urban area. The first prefectural level cities were created on 5 November 1983, over the following two decades, prefectural level cities have come to replace the vast majority of Chinese prefectures, the process is still ongoing. Most provinces are composed entirely or nearly entirely of prefectural level cities, shijiazhuang and Zhengzhou are the largest prefectural level cities with populations approaching or exceeding some sub-provincial cities. A sub-prefecture-level city is a city with powers approaching those of prefectural level cities. There are total of three classification of prefecture-level city, Regular prefectural level city which consist of counties, county level cities, consolidated district-governed prefectural level city which only consist of districts as it subdivisions. Thus, Bloomington, Indiana is indicated on the map by a point, which is distinct from, and enclosed by, in China, however, large cities such as City of Xianning may, in reality, contain both urban and rural elements. Moreover, they may enclose counties or other cities, on a less detailed map, City of Xianning would be indicated by a point, more or less corresponding to the coordinates of its city government. Other populous areas may also be exhibited as points, such as County of Tongshan, with no indication that County of Tongshan is, in fact, enclosed by City of Xianning. On a more detailed map, City of Xianning would be drawn as an area, similar to a county of the United States and this convention may lead to difficulty in the identification of places mentioned in older sources. For example, Guo Moruo writes that he was born in Town of Shawan, within Prefecture of Leshan, and attended primary school in Town of Jiading. A modern map is unlikely to show either town, Shawan, because it is too small, and Jiading, because it is the seat of City of Leshan, and is therefore indicated on the map by a point labelled Leshan. A more detailed map would show Shawan as a district within City of Leshan, statistics of China such as population and industrial activity are generally reported along prefectural city lines. Thus, the relatively unknown City of Huangshi has 2.5 million residents, more than most European capitals, but upon closer inspection, furthermore, Huangshi contains several other cities, such as City of Daye. If a person wished to calculate the population of the area of Huangshi, and had a map of Huangshi, and a table of its population by district
Prefecture-level city
–
A road sign shows distance to the "Huangshi urban area" (黄石市区) rather than simply "
Huangshi " (黄石). This is a useful distinction, because the sign is located already within Huangshi prefectural level city (immediately upon entering its
Yangxin County from the neighboring
Xianning), but still 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the Huangshi main urban area.
Prefecture-level city
–
Prefecture-level city Prefectural-level city
6.
Wuxi
–
Wuxi is an old city in southern Jiangsu province, China. The city borders two other cities, Changzhou to the west and Suzhou to the east, and borders Zhejiang Province as well in the south. It also covers a coastline of the Yangtze River in the north, the modern name consists of the Chinese characters 无锡, literally translated no tin. According to a myth, at the time of the Warring States, while burying a pot to prepare food, a soldier found a stone plaque engraved with the words If there is tin there is an army, there will be conflict under heaven. If there is no tin, there will be peace under heaven, however, some scholars believe the name may have been originated from 吳墟, meaning the Ruins of Wu, due to Meicuns role as the original capital of the region. Another interesting theory suggests the name comes from a Chinese transcription of an indigenous Baiyue name honoring a bird deity. Others believe that the name could be derived from an ancient pronunciation of the name Fu Xi, Former translations to English include Wu-shi, Wushi and Wu-hsi. According to traditional Chinese historians, two Zhou princes, Taibo and Zhongyong, founded the first Chinese state in the area of Wuxi around the 11th century BC and this state of Wu had its first capital at Meili, generally thought to be the village of Meicun in Wuxi. Taibo and Zhongyong helped develop Wus agriculture and waterways and the area soon flourished, Taibo died without an heir, and Zhongyong succeeded him as King of Wu. His descendants were later officially enfeoffed by the Zhou court as vassals before declaring themselves full kings again during the Spring, a shrine to Taibo was set up in todays Meicun. Although the original structure was eventually destroyed in war, it has been rebuilt several times. A stone carved with sayings by Confucius can still be seen at the modern Taibo Shrine, the State of Wu became one of the strongest kingdoms during the Spring and Autumn period. Sunzi, who wrote the famous the Art of War came to Wu, Wu was considered one of the seven strongest kingdoms during this period. Some of Sunzis descendants still live in Sunxiang in Wuxi near the Plum Garden, however, Wu was later defeated by the State of Yue, todays Zhejiang and Fujian, which in turn was overthrown by the State of Chu and incorporated into Chu during the Warring States period. The cultural and economic center of the Wu area shifted to Suzhou after the reign of the first Qin dynasty emperor, Qin Shi Huang, during the Han dynasty, Wuxi was set up as a county by emperor Han Wudi. Historic records show that tin was discovered during the early Han era, soon, however, the tin was depleted. This was once believed to be the origin of the name Wuxi, the name was changed to Youxi, meaning having tin, during the Wang Mang conflicts period because Wang wanted to change the name. Agriculture and the industry flourished in Wuxi and the town became a transportation center under the early Tang Dynasty after the construction of the Grand Canal
Wuxi
–
Jichang Garden
Wuxi
–
Location of Wuxi City jurisdiction in Jiangsu
Wuxi
–
Wuxi Painter Yu Wenshan c. 1658, landscape With Western Influenced Perspective
Wuxi
–
Nanchan Temple and Pagoda
7.
Urban area
–
An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
Urban area
–
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
Urban area
–
Buenos Aires Córdoba
Urban area
Urban area
–
Rosario Mendoza
8.
Metropolitan area
–
As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
Metropolitan area
–
Greater Buenos Aires,
Argentina
Metropolitan area
–
Paris (
France), one of Europe's major centres
Metropolitan area
–
Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area,
Israel
Metropolitan area
–
Perth, Western Australia, an isolated metropolitan area
9.
China Standard Time
–
The time in China follows a single standard time offset of UTC+08,00, despite China spanning five geographical time zones. The official national standard time is called Beijing Time domestically and China Standard Time internationally, daylight saving time has not been observed since 1991. The special administrative regions maintain their own authorities, with standards called Hong Kong Time. These have been equivalent to Beijing time since 1992, in addition, a second time standard is used in Xinjiang, two hours less than the Beijing Time, which is called Ürümqi Time or Xinjiang Time. In 1912, the Republic of China established five standard time zones, namely Kunlun, Sinkiang-Tibet, Kansu-Szechwan, Chungyuan, and Changpai. The unified time zone policy was adopted by the Communist Party of China or the Central People’s Government some time between 27 September 1949 and 6 October 1949, the date is unknown. However, recent research suggests that the policy was most likely adopted on 27 September 1949, daylight saving time was observed from 1986 to 1991. In 1997 and 1999, Hong Kong and Macau were transferred to China from the United Kingdom and Portugal, although the sovereignty of the SARs belongs to China, they retain their own policies regarding time zones for historical reasons. Due to their locations, both are within the UTC+08,00 time zone, which is the same as the national standard — Beijing time. Xinjiang Time, also known as Ürümqi Time, is set due to its location in the westernmost part of the country. The time offset is UTC+06,00, which is two hours behind Beijing, and is shared with neighbouring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Currently, timezone usage within Xinjiang is roughly split along the divide, with most ethnic Han following Beijing time. Some local authorities are now using both time standard side by side, the coexistence of two timezones within the same region causes some confusion among the local population, especially when inter-racial communication occur. Some ethnic Han in Xinjiang might not be aware of the existence of the UTC+6 Xinjiang Time because of language barrier, regardless, Beijing Time users in Xinjiang usually schedule their daily activities two hours later than those who live in eastern China. As such, stores and offices in Xinjiang are commonly opening from 10am to 7pm Beijing Time and this is known as the work/rest time in Xinjiang. Hong Kong maintains its own time authority after transfer of sovereignty in 1997, the Hong Kong Time is UTC+08,00 all year round, and daylight saving time has not been used since 1979. Greenwich Mean Time was adopted as the basis in 1904, before that, local time was determined by astronomical observations at Hong Kong Observatory using a 6-inch Lee Equatorial and a 3-inch Transit Circle. Macau maintains its own time authority after transfer of sovereignty in 1999, the Macau Standard Time is the time in Macau
China Standard Time
–
Obsoleted time zones used from 1918 to 1949
10.
Simplified Chinese characters
–
Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of the two character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the 1950s and 1960s in an attempt to increase literacy and they are officially used in the Peoples Republic of China and Singapore. Traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong, Macau. Overseas Chinese communities generally tend to use traditional characters, Simplified Chinese characters may be referred to by their official name above or colloquially. Strictly, the latter refers to simplifications of character structure or body, character forms that have existed for thousands of years alongside regular, Simplified character forms were created by decreasing the number of strokes and simplifying the forms of a sizable proportion of traditional Chinese characters. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms embodying graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms, some characters were simplified by applying regular rules, for example, by replacing all occurrences of a certain component with a simplified version of the component. Variant characters with the pronunciation and identical meaning were reduced to a single standardized character. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification, and are identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. Some simplified characters are very dissimilar to and unpredictably different from traditional characters and this often leads opponents not well-versed in the method of simplification to conclude that the overall process of character simplification is also arbitrary. In reality, the methods and rules of simplification are few, on the other hand, proponents of simplification often flaunt a few choice simplified characters as ingenious inventions, when in fact these have existed for hundreds of years as ancient variants. However, the Chinese government never officially dropped its goal of further simplification in the future, in August 2009, the PRC began collecting public comments for a modified list of simplified characters. The new Table of General Standard Chinese Characters consisting of 8,105 characters was promulgated by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on June 5,2013, cursive written text almost always includes character simplification. Simplified forms used in print have always existed, they date back to as early as the Qin dynasty, One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lubi Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China, Traditional culture and values such as Confucianism were challenged. Soon, people in the Movement started to cite the traditional Chinese writing system as an obstacle in modernising China and it was suggested that the Chinese writing system should be either simplified or completely abolished. Fu Sinian, a leader of the May Fourth Movement, called Chinese characters the writing of ox-demons, lu Xun, a renowned Chinese author in the 20th century, stated that, If Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die. Recent commentators have claimed that Chinese characters were blamed for the problems in China during that time
Simplified Chinese characters
–
Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese characters
–
The slogan 战无不胜的毛泽东思想万岁 (Zhàn wúbù shèng de Máo Zédōng sīxiǎng wànsuì; Long live the invincible
Mao Zedong Thought) on
Xinhua Gate in Beijing.
Simplified Chinese characters
–
The first batch of Simplified Characters introduced in 1935 consisted of 324 characters.
11.
Traditional Chinese characters
–
Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong. Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities. Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text. They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters. Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan. Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting. For example, while the name of Taiwan is written as 臺灣, similarly, in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese has been the legal written form since colonial times. In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government. This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage. In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications like the Chinese Commercial News, World News, and United Daily News still use traditional characters, on the other hand, the Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified. Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. In case of film or television subtitles on DVD, the Chinese dub that is used in Philippines is the same as the one used in Taiwan and this is because the DVDs belongs to DVD Region Code 3. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters. A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world
Traditional Chinese characters
–
Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese characters
–
Job announcement in a Filipino Chinese daily newspaper written in Traditional Chinese characters.
Traditional Chinese characters
–
A Series of Reading workbook in Traditional Chinese used in some Elementary schools in the Philippines.
12.
Pinyin
–
Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
Pinyin
–
A school slogan asking elementary students to speak
Putonghua is annotated with pinyin, but without tonal marks.
Pinyin
–
In
Yiling,
Yichang,
Hubei, text on road signs appears both in Chinese characters and in Hanyu Pinyin
13.
Yangtze River
–
The Yangtze River, known in China as the Cháng Jiāng or the Yángzǐ Jiāng, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world. The river is the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country and it drains one-fifth of the land area of the Peoples Republic of China and its river basin is home to one-third of the countrys population. The Yangtze is the sixth-largest river by volume in the world. The Yangtze River plays a role in the history, culture. The prosperous Yangtze River Delta generates as much as 20% of the PRCs GDP, for thousands of years, the river has been used for water, irrigation, sanitation, transportation, industry, boundary-marking and war. The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River is the largest hydro-electric power station in the world, in recent years, the river has suffered from industrial pollution, agricultural run-off, siltation, and loss of wetland and lakes, which exacerbates seasonal flooding. Some sections of the river are now protected as nature reserves, a stretch of the upstream Yangtze flowing through deep gorges in western Yunnan is part of the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In mid-2014 the Chinese government announced it was building a transport network, comprising railways, roads and airports. Because the source of the Yangtze was not ascertained until modern times, Yangtze was actually the name of Chang Jiang for the lower part from Nanjing to the river mouth at Shanghai. In modern Chinese, Yangtze is still used to refer to the part of Chang Jiang from Nanjing to the river mouth. Yangtze never stands for the whole Chang Jiang, Chang Jiang is the modern Chinese name for the lower 2,884 km of the Yangtze from its confluence with the Min River at Yibin in Sichuan Province to the river mouth at Shanghai. Chang Jiang literally means the Long River, in Old Chinese, this stretch of the Yangtze was simply called Jiang/Kiang 江, a character of phono-semantic compound origin, combining the water radical 氵 with the homophone 工. Krong was probably a word in the Austroasiatic language of local peoples such as the Yue, similar to *krong in Proto-Vietnamese and krung in Mon, all meaning river, it is related to modern Vietnamese sông and Khmer kôngkea. By the Han Dynasty, Jiang had come to any river in Chinese. The epithet 長, means long, was first formally applied to the river during the Six Dynasties period, various sections of Chang Jiang have local names. From Yibin to Yichang, the river through Sichuan and Chongqing Municipality is also known as the Chuan Jiang or Sichuan River, in the Hubei Province, the river is also called the Jing Jiang or the Jing River after Jingzhou. In Anhui Province, the takes on the local name Wan Jiang after the shorthand name for Anhui. And Yangzi Jiang t 揚子江s 扬子江, p Yángzǐjiāng) or the Yangzi River, the name likely comes from an ancient ferry crossing called Yangzi or Yangzijin
Yangtze River
–
Dusk on the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (
Three Gorges)
Yangtze River
–
A map of China depicting the Yellow River's southerly path following its stabilization by the Grand Eunuch
Li Xing 's public works after the
1494 flood.
Yangtze River
–
Cruise on the Yangtze River before sunset
Yangtze River
–
The glaciers of the Tanggula Mountains, the source of the Yangtze River
14.
Jingjiang
–
Jingjiang is a county-level city under the administration of Taizhou, Jiangsu province, China. Originally under the administration of the city of Yangzhou, Jingjiang was transferred to the Taizhou in 1996. The area of Jingjiang is 655.6 square kilometres and the population was 684,360 at the 2010 census. The city is now part of Jiangyn-Zhangjiagang built-up area with 3,526,260 inhabitants, growing very fastly, as most of central Jiangsu, Jingjiang is situated on the Yangtze Rivers alluvial plain. About the only non-flat topographic feature is the appropriately named Lonely Hill, or Gushan, the city is part of the Yangtze River Delta region and has one river crossing. The Jiangyin Suspension Bridge, which carries the G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway to Jiangyin, is one of the longest suspension bridges in the world, the G40 Shanghai–Xian Expressway to Nanjing and Shanghai also passes through the city. Nanjing Lukou International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport are both two hours drive from Jingjiang and it was ranked in the “National Top 100 County in Comprehensive Strength” and as the “Most Worthy City for Investment in Yangtze Delta”. Traditionally, the city has been noted for its manufacturing industries in electronics, auto parts, biochemicals, textiles. Emerging industries include shipbuilding and logistics, the city has 52.3 kilometers of superior deep water shoreline of Yangtze River which could meet the need of constructing 50 docks of the ten-thousand-ton class. The city is noted for its State Class-1 Open Port Jingjiang Port, the city has been officially titled “Ship Export Base of Jiangsu Province” for the potency of shipbuilding. And approximately 60 supporting enterprises have been forming Jingjiang shipbuilding industry chain, the shipbuilding industry boosts the development of supporting enterprises. It is mainly noted for its numerous award winning pork jerky, dried pork slices, henry Liu Tao Siju Song Zude Younan Xia 中国靖江网
Jingjiang
–
Jingjiang
15.
Precipitation
–
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel, Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and precipitates. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated, Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers, moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is active when freezing rain is occurring. A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain, provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely stratus and cumulonimbus. Eventually, the droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops. Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy, thundersnow is possible within a cyclones comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation, on the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. The movement of the trough, or intertropical convergence zone. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 cubic kilometres of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres over land. Given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres, Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Precipitation may occur on celestial bodies, e. g. when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 km3 of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 km3 of it over the oceans, given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres. Mechanisms of producing precipitation include convective, stratiform, and orographic rainfall, Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice
Precipitation
–
A thunderstorm with heavy precipitation
Precipitation
–
Long-term mean precipitation by month
Precipitation
–
Late-summer
rainstorm in
Denmark
Precipitation
–
Lenticular cloud forming due to mountains over Wyoming
16.
Xu Xiake
–
He traveled throughout China for more than 30 years, documenting his travels extensively. The records of his travels were compiled posthumously in The Travel Diaries Xu Xiake, Xus writing falls under the old Chinese literary category of travel record literature, which used narrative and prose styles of writing to portray ones travel experiences. The Peoples Liberation Army Navy barracks ship Xu Xiake was named after him, with ancestors from Jiangxi province, Xu Xiake was born in what is today Jiangyin as Xu Hongzu, as the second son of Xu Yuan and Wang Ruren. It was often said his mother encouraged him to travel and this shaped Xus predilections, Xiake was an alternate sobriquet given to him by his friend Chen Jiru and it means one who is in the sunset clouds. His other friend, Huang Daozhou, also gave Xu an alternate sobriquet, Xiayi, on his journeys throughout China he travelled with a servant called Gu Xing. He faced many hardships along the way, as he was dependent on the patronage of local scholars who would help him after he had been robbed of all his belongings. Local Buddhist abbots of the places he visited often would pay him money as well. The written work of Xu Xiakes travel records and diaries contained some 404,000 Chinese characters, in Guizhou, he made the discovery of the true source of the West River. He also discovered the Mekong and Salween rivers were, in fact, some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty, Chinese Literature, Essays, Articles, Reviews, 67–93. Ward, Julian, and Hongzu Xu.2001, Xu Xiake, the art of travel writing. Science and Civilisation in China, Mathematics and the Sciences of Heaven, Xu Xiake bio at Chinaculture. org Travel Diary of Xu Xiake
Xu Xiake
–
Former residence of Xu Xiake in Jiangyin
Xu Xiake
–
Portrait of Xu Xiake
17.
Shangguan Yunzhu
–
Shangguan Yunzhu was a Chinese actress active from the 1940s to the 1960s. She was considered one of the most talented and versatile actresses in China, born Wei Junluo, Shangguan Yunzhu fled to Shanghai when her hometown Jiangyin was attacked by the Japanese. In Shanghai she became a drama and film actress, and her career took off after the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War and she starred in several prominent leftist films such as Spring River Flows East, Crows and Sparrows, and Women Side by Side. Shangguan Yunzhu was married three times and had three children, but all her marriages ended in divorce, Shangguan Yunzhu was born in 1920 in the town of Changjing in Jiangyin, Jiangsu province. Her birth name was Wei Junluo, and she used the name Wei Yajun. She was the fifth and youngest child of her parents, in 1936 she married Zhang Dayan, an art teacher and a friend of her brothers, and soon gave birth to a son named Zhang Qijian at the age of 17. Soon after her marriage, the Second Sino-Japanese War erupted, in November 1937 the invading Japanese army attacked Jiangyin, and one of Wei Junluos sisters was killed in a bombing raid. She fled to Shanghai with her family, in Shanghai Wei Junluo found work at a photo studio owned by He Zuomin, a photographer for the Mingxing Film Company. Influenced by the many customers from the film industry, she became fascinated with acting. In 1940 she enrolled in a school and was employed by the Xinhua Film Company after graduation. She adopted the name Shangguan Yunzhu suggested by the influential director Bu Wancang, after successfully playing the female lead in Cao Yus stage play Thunderstorm, Shangguan joined the Yihua Company and made her film debut in Fallen Rose in 1941. In 1942 Shangguan joined the Tianfeng Drama Society, where she met the playwright Yao Ke, the next year Shangguan divorced Zhang Dayan and married Yao. In August 1944 she gave birth to a daughter named Yao Yao, however, her new marriage was short-lived due to Yaos infidelity, and the couple divorced before their daughter turned two. Shangguan subsequently had a relationship with the actor Lan Ma. In the post-war period, Shangguan Yunzhu played her first lead roles in Dream in Paradise directed by Tang Xiaodan and she then starred in several leftist films including Spring River Flows East, Myriad of Lights, Crows and Sparrows, and Women Side by Side. Her masterful performances in these films brought her great fame. After Mao Zedongs communists won the Chinese Civil War and established the Peoples Republic of China in 1949, in 1951 she married her third husband Cheng Shuyao, manager of Shanghais Lyceum Theatre. She gave birth to a son named Wei Ran, however, Cheng Shuyao was soon embroiled in the Five-anti Campaign, a political campaign launched by Mao against the capitalist class in 1952
Shangguan Yunzhu
–
Autographed photo, taken in the 1940s
Shangguan Yunzhu
–
Shangguan Yunzhu's new image in the Communist era
Shangguan Yunzhu
–
Shangguan Yunzhu with daughter Yao Yao in the late 1940s
18.
Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge
–
The Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge is a suspension bridge over the Yangtze River in Jiangsu, China. The bridge has a span of 1,385 metres connects Jiangyin south of the river to Jingjiang to the north. When the bridge was completed in 1999, it was the fourth longest suspension span in the world. Several longer bridges have since been completed in China and abroad, the bridge was also the furthest downstream on the Yangtze until the completion of the Sutong Yangtze River Bridge in 2008 and the Chongming–Qidong Yangtze River Bridge in 2011. Located in the centre of the Jiangsu Province, the bridge carries traffic on the G2 Beijing-Shanghai Expressway, there are three lanes in both directions and pedestrian sidewalks. The location was selected due to the width of the river at the bridge. The height clearance for navigation is 50 metres. The bridge was planned so that it would be completed in time to mark the 50th anniversary of the Chinese Revolution of 1947 and it was the first long-span bridge of its kind to be designed in China. Engineering, manufacture and construction of the bridge was completed in just less than three years, the concrete towers are 190 metres tall, roughly equivalent in height to a 60 story building. The main span, constructed by Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company, is made of flat streamlined steel box girders, the steel deck was erected by raising pre-assembled units weighing up to 500 metric tons with jacks. The total investment of the bridge adds up to 2.728 billion yuan, the bridge opened on September 28,1999. Jiang Zemin entitled the bridge and cut the ribbon, goodwin Steel Castings manufactured the cable bands for the bridge
Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge
–
Jiangyin Bridge 江陰長江大橋
Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge
–
Cable band for Jiangyin Bridge undergoing dimensional inspection
19.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
20.
Nanjing
–
Nanjing has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capitals of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century CE to 1949. When being the capital of a state, for instance, the ROC, Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling or Ginling and the old name has been used since the Warring States period in Zhou Dynasty. Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of east China and it has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing boasts many high-quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third, the ratio of college students to total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of the three Chinese top research centers according to Nature Index, Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum. Archaeological discovery shows that Nanjing Man lived in more than 500 thousand years ago, zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. According to a legend quoted by an artist in Ming dynasty, Chen Yi, Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, later in 473 BCE, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BCE, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi in the part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling during reign of Qin Shi Huang, since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times. Nanjing was later the city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang. This city would soon play a role in the following centuries. Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed, First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. Its the first time that the capital of the moved to southern part. During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries, during this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households, assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents. As the old capital of China, many legendary stories happened here, residents in Nanjing all have the warmest affection for this city. Throughout glory and darkness in past centuries, Nanjing becomes a low-key city, GDP growth rate significantly exceeds the average rate in China for decades, which also maintain a fast developing model. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu, the period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town
Nanjing
–
Clockwise from top: 1. the city,
Xuanwu Lake and
Purple Mountain; 2.
stone sculpture "
bixie "; 3.
Jiming Temple; 4. Yijiang Gate with the
City Wall of Nanjing; 5.
Qinhuai River and
Fuzi Miao; 6.
Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre; 7. the
spirit way of
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum; 8.
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
Nanjing
–
Location of Nanjing City jurisdiction in Jiangsu
Nanjing
–
Historic names of Nanjing.
Nanjing
–
A
bixie sculpture at
Xiao Xiu 's tomb (AD 518).
Stone sculpture of the southern dynasties is widely considered as the city's icon
21.
Grand Canal of China
–
The Grand Canal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the longest canal or artificial river in the world and a famous tourist destination. Starting at Beijing, it passes through Tianjin and the provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the city of Hangzhou, linking the Yellow River and Yangtze River. The oldest parts of the date back to the 5th century BC. The total length of the Grand Canal is 1,776 km and its greatest height is reached in the mountains of Shandong, at a summit of 42 m. The canal has been admired by many throughout history including Japanese monk Ennin, Persian historian Rashid al-Din, Korean official Choe Bu, historically, periodic flooding of the adjacent Yellow River threatened the safety and functioning of the canal. During wartime the high dikes of the Yellow River were sometimes deliberately broken in order to flood advancing enemy troops and this caused disaster and prolonged economic hardships. Despite temporary periods of desolation and disuse, the Grand Canal furthered an indigenous and it has allowed faster trading and has improved Chinas economy. The southern portion remains in constant heavy use to the present day, in the late Spring and Autumn period, King Fuchai of Wu, ruler of the State of Wu, ventured north to conquer the neighboring State of Qi. He ordered a canal be constructed for trading purposes, as well as a means to ship ample supplies north in case his forces should engage the northern states of Song and this canal became known as the Han Gou. Han Gou is known as the second oldest section of the later Grand Canal since the Hong Gou most likely preceded it and it linked the Yellow River near Kaifeng to the Si and Bian rivers and became the model for the shape of the Grand Canal in the north. The exact date of the Hong Gous construction is uncertain, it is first mentioned by the diplomat Su Qin in 330 BC when discussing state boundaries. The historian Sima Qian dated it much earlier than the 4th century BC, attributing it to the work of Yu the Great and its main role throughout its history was the transport of grain to the capital. By the year 600, there were major build ups of silt on the bottom of the Hong Gou canal, obstructing river barges whose drafts were too deep for its waters. The chief engineer of the Sui dynasty, Yuwen Kai, advised the dredging of a new canal that would run parallel to the existing canal, diverging from it at Chenliu. The new canal was to pass not Xuzhou but Suzhou, to connecting with the Si River. With the recorded labor of five men and women under the supervision of Ma Shumou. The Grand Canal was fully completed under the second Sui emperor, from the years 604 to 609, first by linking Luoyang to the Yangzhou, then expanding it to Hangzhou and this allowed the southern area to provide grain to the northern province, particularly to troops stationed there. Running alongside and parallel to the canal was an imperial roadway, the government also planted an enormous line of trees
Grand Canal of China
–
Grand Canal of China in
Suzhou
Grand Canal of China
–
Emperor Wen of Sui, who launched the project of the Grand Canal. Painting by
Tang dynasty artist
Yan Liben (600–673).
Grand Canal of China
–
Emperor Yang of Sui, son of Emperor Wen of Sui, who completed the project. Painting by Yan Liben.
Grand Canal of China
–
The
Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) restored the Grand Canal in the Ming era.
22.
Yellow Sea
–
The Yellow Sea is the name given to the northern part of the East China Sea, which is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. It is located between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula and its name comes from the sand particles from Gobi Desert sand storms that turn the surface of the water golden yellow. The innermost bay of the Yellow Sea is called the Bohai Sea, into it flow both the Yellow River and Hai He. Deposits of sand and silt from those rivers contribute to the sea colour, the northern extension of the Yellow Sea is called the Korea Bay. The Yellow Sea is one of four seas named after common colour terms — the others being the Black Sea, the Red Sea, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Yellow Sea as follows, On the South. The parallel of 33°17 North from Saisyu To to the mainland. The Yellow Sea, excluding the Bohai, extends by about 960 km from north to south and about 700 km from east to west, it has an area of about 380,000 km2 and the volume of about 17,000 km3. Its depth is only 44 m on average, with a maximum of 152 m, the sea is a flooded section of continental shelf that formed after the last ice age as sea levels rose 120 m to their current levels. The sea bottom is slowly rising toward China and more rapidly at the Korean Peninsula, the depth gradually increases from north to south. The sea bottom and shores are dominated by sand and silt brought by the rivers through the Bohai Sea and those deposits, together with sand storms are responsible for the yellow water color and the sea name. The area has cold, dry winters with strong northerly monsoons blowing from late November to March, average January temperatures are −10 °C in the north and 3 °C in the south. Summers are wet and warm with frequent typhoons between June and October, air temperatures range between 10 and 28 °C. The average annual precipitation increases from about 500 mm in the north to 1,000 mm in the south, fog is frequent along the coasts, especially in the upwelling cold-water areas. The sea has a warm cyclone current and it is a part of the Kuroshio Current, which diverges near the western part of Japan and flows northward into the Yellow Sea at the speed of below 0.8 km/h. Southward currents prevail near the sea coast, especially in the monsoon period. The water temperature is close to freezing in the part in winter, so drift ice patches and continuous ice fields form. The water temperature and salinity are homogeneous across the depth, the southern waters are warmer at 6–8 °C. In spring and summer, the layer is warmed up by the sun and diluted by the fresh water from rivers, while the deeper water remains cold
Yellow Sea
–
Satellite image of a dust storm over East Asia on 2 March 2008
Yellow Sea
–
Yellow Sea
Yellow Sea
–
Waves crashing at
Jeju Province island
Yellow Sea
–
Rocky shore in
Dalian, China
23.
East China Sea
–
The East China Sea is a marginal sea east of China. The East China Sea is a part of the Pacific Ocean, to the east lies the Japanese islands of Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands, to the south lies the South China Sea, and to the west by the Asian continent. The sea connects with the Sea of Japan through the Korea Strait, the sovereign states which border the sea include South Korea, Japan, the Republic of China and the Peoples Republic of China. The East China Sea is a part of the Pacific Ocean and it is bounded on the east by Kyūshū and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, on the south by the South China Sea, and on the west by the Asian continent. It connects with the Sea of Japan through the Korea Strait, it opens in the north to the Yellow Sea, states with borders on the sea include, South Korea, Japan, Republic of China and the Peoples Republic of China. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Eastern China Sea as follows, the Northern limit of the South China Sea, thence from Santyo the Northeastern point of Formosa to the West point of Yonakuni Island and thence to Haderuma Sima. The Yangtze River is the largest river flowing into the East China Sea, tong Island There is a cluster of submerged reefs in the northern East China Sea. These include, Socotra Rock, also called Suyan Rock or Ieodo, hupijiao Rock Yajiao Rock The sea is called the East Sea in Chinese, being one of the Four Seas of Chinese literature. There are three other seas, one for each of the four cardinal directions, until World War II, the sea was referred to as 東支那海 in Japanese. In 2004, official documents of the Japanese Foreign Ministry and other departments switched to the name 東シナ海, common usage in Indonesia refers to the sea as Laut Cina Timur. Despite this, many Indonesian media outlets and publications continue to use the sea name. American whaleships cruised for whales in the sea between 1849 and 1892. There are disputes between the Peoples Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea over the extent of their exclusive economic zones. The dispute between the PRC and Japan concerns the different application of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, China and Japan both claim 200 nautical miles EEZ rights, but the East China Sea width is only 360 nautical miles. China proposed the application of UNCLOS, considering the natural prolongation of its continental shelf, in 2012, China presented a submission under the UNCLOS concerning the outer limits of the continental shelf to the UN. Japan has objected to PRC development of gas resources in the East China Sea near the area where the two countries Exclusive Economic Zone claims overlap. The specific development in dispute is the PRCs drilling in the Chunxiao gas field, Japan therefore seeks a share in the natural gas resources. The gas fields in the Xihu Sag area in the East China Sea are estimated to hold reserves of 364 BCF of natural gas
East China Sea
–
The East China Sea, showing surrounding regions, islands, cities, and seas
East China Sea
–
An 1836 French map of China and Japan, referring to the East China Sea as Mer de Corée (Sea of Korea).
East China Sea
–
View of East China Sea from
Yeliou, Taiwan
24.
Lake Tai
–
Lake Tai or Lake Taihu is a large freshwater lake in the Yangtze Delta plain in Wuxi, China. The lake belongs to Jiangsu and the shore forms its border with Zhejiang. With an area of 2,250 square kilometers and a depth of 2 meters, it is the third-largest freshwater lake in China. The lake houses about 90 islands, ranging in size from a few meters to several square kilometers. Lake Tai is linked to the renowned Grand Canal and is the origin of a number of rivers, in recent years, Lake Tai has been plagued by pollution as the surrounding region experienced rapid industrial development. Also translated as Tai or Tai Lake and as Taihu or Tai-hu Lake, the prospective impact crater has been dated to be greater than 70 million years old and possibly from the late Devonian Period. However, new research suggests that present evidence shows no impact crater structure or shock-mineral at Lake Tai, fossils indicate that Lake Tai was dry land until the ingression of the East China Sea during the Holocene epoch. The growing deltas of the Yangtze and Qiantang rivers eventually sealed off Lake Tai from the sea, the lake is renowned for its unique limestone formations at the foot of the adjacent Dongting Mountain. These scholars rocks or Taihu stones are prized as a decorating material for traditional Chinese gardens. Lake Tai is best seen from atop the Dragon Light Pagoda in western Wuxis Xihui Park, another well-known panoramic view, made famous by an 11th-century poem by Su Shi, is that from Longshan. Three of the islands are preserved as a national geological park under the name Sanshan. They are famed as a haunt of local bandits. Mei Yuan is also located in Lake Tai, along with Yuantouzhu, Yuantouzhu received its name from the shape of its outline. The lake is known for its productive fishing industry and is often occupied by fleets of small private fishing boats. Since the late 1970s, harvesting food products such as fish, the lake is home to an extensive ceramics-industry, including the Yixing pottery-factory, which produces the world-renowned Yixing clay teapots. The Star of Lake Tai is a 115-meter tall giant Ferris wheel on the shoreline of the lake, completed in 2008, it takes 18 minutes to complete one revolution. Passengers can enjoy the scenery of Lake Tai and the city center, at night, lighting effects are switched on around the wheel. Pollution of the lake has been ongoing for decades despite efforts to reduce pollution that were not sustained, in the 1980s and 1990s the number of industries in the lake region has tripled, while the population also increased significantly
Lake Tai
–
Lake scenery at Wuxi
25.
Yangcheng Lake
–
Yangcheng Lake is a freshwater lake about 3 kilometres northeast of the city of Suzhou in Jiangsu Province, China. It is the most famous area of origin for the Chinese mitten crabs which are considered a delicacy, yangchen lake is located between Lake Tai and the Yangtze River. It crosses the boundary of the cities Suzhou, Changshu and Kunshan and has an area of about 20 square kilometres. The Chinese mitten crabs migrate from Yangcheng Lake towards the Yangtze delta for mating in September and October, the local fishermen harvest the animals during this migration. In 2002, the production of Chinese mitten crabs in Yangcheng Lake was estimated to be about 1,500 tonnes. China Daily article on faked origins of Hairy Crabs Article on the lake and the crab by the Suzhou government
Yangcheng Lake
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Scenery of Yangcheng Lake
26.
Huai River
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The Huai River, formerly romanized as the Hwai, is a major river in China. It is located midway between the Yellow River and Yangtze, the two largest rivers in China, and like them runs from west to east. Historically draining directly into the Yellow Sea, floods have changed the course of the river such that it is now a tributary of the Yangtze. The Huai is notoriously vulnerable to flooding, the Huai River-Qin Mountains line is generally regarded as the geographical dividing line between Northern and southern China. This line approximates the 0 degree January isotherm and the 800 mm isohyet in China and it also reflects the boundary established in 1142 by the Treaty of Shaoxing between the Jin dynasty in North China and the Southern Song in South China. The Huai River is 1,110 kilometres long with an area of 174,000 square kilometres. The Huai River originates in Tongbai Mountain in Henan province and it flows through southern Henan, northern Anhui, and northern Jiangsu, entering the Yangtze River at Jiangdu, Yangzhou. Historically, the Huai River entered the Yellow Sea at Yuntiguan through a broad and it was long used to irrigate the surrounding farmlands, and was the centre of an extensive network of canals and tributaries. Beginning in 1194, however, the Yellow River to the north repeatedly changed its course southwards to run into the Huai River. As a result, water from the midsection of the river could not easily flow into the lower section, the main stem of the Yellow River flowed through the levee breach for the next nine years, further disrupting the Huai river system. The result of changes was that water from the Huai River pooled up into Lake Hongze. Major and minor floods occurred frequently, with the area suffering droughts in between floods, in the 450 years to 1950, the Huai River saw, on average,94 major floods per century. Attempts to solve the Huai Rivers problems have focussed on building outlets for the Huai River into the Yangtze River, currently, the major part of the rivers flow enters the Yangtze River via Lake Hongze. The North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal also diverts some of its water along its old course to the sea. Several former tributaries also carry water to the sea
Huai River
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Huai River
Huai River
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Map of the Huai River
Huai River
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The Wanfu Floodgate (万福闸) near
Yangzhou, one of the major flood control projects in the area
27.
Nanjing University
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Nanjing University, or Nanking University, located in Nanjing, China, is one of the oldest and most prestigious institutions of higher learning in China. Before the eve of establishment of Peoples Republic of China in 1949, Nanjing University is a top comprehensive research university. It is a member of the C9 League and Yangtze Delta Universities Alliance and it is a national university directly under the Ministry of Education of China, largely funded by national and Jiangsu provincial governments, also with other income sources including donations. In 1403 Peking Guozijian was established, the publishing house of Nanking Imperial University had been a publishing centre for several hundred years. Wu Chengen and Zheng Chenggong studied there during the Ming dynasty, each time when Nanking became a non-capital city, the Nanking Imperial University was changed to be regional Nanking Academy. The Imperial Nanking University was changed to Nanking Academy in 1650 after Qing dynasty replaced Ming dynasty, the ancient school history was recognized during ROC. In 1954 the school authority controlled by CPC decided to set the starting to establish the modern new type school Sanjiang Normal College as the schools new founding year. The name was changed to Liangjiang Normal College in 1906, the school established the Chinas first faculty of modern gymnastics in 1916. The China Science Society, a major organization in the modern history of China. Its members established Academia Sinica which was moved to Taiwan. Numerous Chinese modern science pioneers, most of whom studied in America and some European countries such as Britain, France and Germany and it became the Chinese cradle of modern science. Among 81 academicians of Academia Sinica elected for the first time in 1948, more than half of the leading Chinese scientists whose works were published in scientific journals in the early period of Chinese modern science were graduates or academics of Nanjing University. Kuo Ping-wen, a university president, was appointed in 1919 after Jiang Qian. The school became the first higher learning institution in China to recruit coeducational students and it enrolled eight women students in the first year 1920, and in addition, more than 50 female auditing students were admitted. In 1921 the National Southeastern University was founded, and in 1923 Nanking Higher Normal School was merged into it, in the autumn of 1921, the Faculty of Business established in 1917 was moved to Shanghai to establish the first business school conferring degrees in China. The university consisted of five colleges at the time, Liberal Arts, Education, Agriculture, Engineering, the earliest modern scientific research laboratories and groups in China were established at the university. It integrated teaching and research, with status of independence and academic freedom. In October 1921, Hsuehheng Society was founded in the university which was the focus of the Hsuehheng School included the scholars Liu Yizheng, Liu Boming, Mei Guangdi, Wu Mi and they reinvigorated Confucian culture and humanism and published the monthly Critical Review in January 1922
Nanjing University
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南雍祭酒 湛若水 (
Zhan Ruoshui, former 'president')
Nanjing University
Nanjing University
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Old Great Hall (大禮堂)
Nanjing University
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Nanjing University Library (Xianlin Campus)
28.
Southeast University
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Southeast University, colloquially Dongda is a public research university located in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. It was part of one of the oldest universities and the first coeducational university in China and it is a member of both Project 985 and Project 211, and sponsored by the Ministry of Education of China aiming to become a well-known world-class university. SEU has been ranked among the top 20 research universities in China and its source Sanjiang Normal College, was established in 1902 as a modern university on the campus of an academy which dates back to 258. In 1952, many departments were divested of the original Nanking University as part of the adjustment of higher education, the Imperial Nanjing School, the highest educational institution of kingdom, as the predecessor, was founded in CE258 in the period of the Three Kingdoms. The imperial school enjoyed the same campus with the current Southeast University since the 14th year of Hongwu reign in Ming dynasty, at the end of the 19th century, under the domination of Qing Dynasty, the Chinese society was under the situation of domestic trouble and foreign invasion. 1901, the Qing government began to reform under this situation, and in 1902 issued The imperial rules for colleges, and adapted the new modern education system. On May, 30th of the year, the Liangjiang governor Kunyi Liu submitted a document of preparing colleges to the Qing government. In September 1903, Sanjiang Normal College was officially started, due to the ambiguous meaning of the college name which led to several disputes, the Sanjiang Normal College was named as Liangjiang Normal College in 1905. Until 1907, there had already been Geography-History department, Chinese-Foreign Language Department, Mathematic-Physics- Chemistry Department, at the end of 1911, due to the breaking out of Xinhai Revolution, Liangjiang Normal College was almost closed. On 15 July 1914, Guojun Han nominated Qian Jiang as the principal, who was responsible for the starting up of Nanjing Higher Normal School in the same site of Liangjiang Normal College. Qiang Jiang employed a U. S scholar Bingwen Guo as the dean of teaching, Rong Chen as the advisor, on 10 September 1915, Nanjing Higher Normal School was officially started. The Polytechnic Faculty was established by the school in 1916, in September 1918, Guo Bingwen was the president in the south division. In September, Guo Bingwen proposed to the State Council and the Ministry of Education to apply for the establishment of Southeast University, on 6 June 1921, the Board of Southeast University was established, Guo Bingwen as president, and the university was officially opening in September. In December, the council decided that Nanjing Higher Normal School would be incorporated into the Southeast University. Based on the Polytechnic Faculty of Nanjing Higher Normal School, the Engineering School of National Southeast University was established in 1921, in 1927, National Hohai Technology University along with several other schools merged with National Southeast University to form the later National Central University. At the beginning of 1949, some professors did not flee to Taiwan, in April 1949, the People Liberation Army occupied Nanjing and the Nanjing Military Committee took over the National Central University. On Aug, 8th,1949, The name of National Central University was changed to National Nanjing University, until October 1950, in 1952, Peoples Republic of China began a national adjustment of its colleges. In Nanjing, the adjustment was mainly on Nanjing University and University of Nanking, in June 1988, Nanjing Institute of Technology was renamed as Southeast University, starting to convert from a technology institute to a technology-featured comprehensive university
Southeast University
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Auditorium of Southeast University
Southeast University
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Southeast University
Southeast University
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The Juniperus chinensis from
Six Dynasties
Southeast University
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Liangjiang Normal College
29.
Hohai University
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Hohai University is a research university in Nanjing, China under the direct jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education of China. From 1958 to 2000 it was administered by the Ministry of Water Resources and it is part of Project 211 and has set up a graduate school. Hohai Civil Engineering School was founded in 1915, later it was merged with the Department of Engineering of National Southeastern University and became Hohai College of Engineering in 1924. It was incorporated into the Dyisyi Chungshan University, becoming the Department of Water Resources, with the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, it became the Department of Water Resources, Nanjing University. In 1985 it became what it is named today, the Hohai University, Hohai University has three campuses, occupying a total of 132 hectares. The main campus, covering 45 hectares, is located at the foot of Qingliang Hill in Nanjing. With green shade trees, fragrant flowers in four seasons and an elegant environment, it is one of the 300 Best Green Campuses, a secondary campus was established in February 1986 in Changzhou, a city between Shanghai and Nanjing. Fully equipped, it occupies an area of 30 hectares in the High-Tech Development Zone of Changzhou, a third campus, comprising 57.6 hectares in Jiangning Economic Development Zone of Jiangning District, Nanjing, began operations in September 2001. Hohai Library consists of three libraries in three campuses with an area of 47,000 square meters. It has more than 1.85 million books, including 120,000 Chinese and English periodicals, Hohai University provides internet service all day. Students can find classrooms, dining halls, shopping centers, entertainment center, gym, there were over 30,000 degree studentss enrolled at the university in 2005, of which 7,143 were Master and Ph. D. candidates and 18,648 undergraduate students. Ten academicians are employed as professors and supervisors for Ph. D. students. The university has undertaken tasks and research projects for the Chinese government,24 big names and scholars became commissioners. Hohai University - official website 3D map of Hohai University
Hohai University
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Hohai University
30.
Nanjing Normal University
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Nanjing Normal University is a normal university in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China. The International Research And Training Centre For Rural Education is affiliated with the universitys Education Faculty, at present, NNU has three campuses, Xianlin Campus, Suiyuan Campus, and Zijin Campus, among which Suiyuan Campus is renowned as the most beautiful campus of the Orient. It has 7 programs that are ranked top 10 in China according to the China Discipline Ranking by the Ministry of Education, and 3 programs listed among top 1% of ESI. It embraces diverse branches of learning such as philosophy, economics, law, education, humanities, history, science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, management, arts, etc. The history of Nanjing Normal University can be traced back to 1902 with the establishment of Sanjiang Normal College, the other origin of Nanjing Normal University is the Nanking University which was established in 1888. And it developed into Private Ginling University in 1910, in 1951, Private Ginling University and Private Ginling Women Arts and Science College, which was known as Private Ginling Women University, were integrated to National Ginling University. In 1984, Nanjing Normal College was renamed Nanjing Normal University, in 1996, it entered the list of key universities of Project 211. In 2000, Nanjing Power College was incorporated into the university, Nanjing Normal University is now ranked as one of the top 5 normal universities and top 50 comprehensive universities in China with a number of national top subjects. NNU was one of the first higher institutions in China which resumed graduate programs in 1978. There are 137 Ph. D. supervisors and 450 MA supervisors and its student enrollment is over 4,600. Since 1978, over 1,750 students have received masters degrees, the university has enrolled postgraduate students from all over the world including Taiwan, Hong Kong and Russia. Instructors and students have gone to abroad for joint education programs. In 2006, the Nanjing Normal University-Jiangsu Institute of Education joint training 4-years undergraduate program was permitted by the Ministry of Education of PRC. The university has three campuses, Suiyuan, the National unit key cultural protection, which is called as The most beautiful campus in the East. Zijin Xianlin Xianlin campus is the newest and largest campus of Nanjing Normal University, with a library and stadium. The library, subsidized by Zhu Jingwen, is the largest in terms of the building area in Jiangsu Province. The campus itself occupies an area of 5,200 mu, Xianlin campus is divided into four parts, east, west, north and south. Most of the Arts professional concentrated in Xianlin campus, also, most of the undergraduates are studying in this campus
Nanjing Normal University
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Jingwen Library in Xianlin Campus
Nanjing Normal University
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Nanjing Normal University
Nanjing Normal University
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Xianlin Campus
Nanjing Normal University
31.
Nanjing University of Science and Technology
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Nanjing University of Science and Technology or NJUST is one of the national key universities under the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China. The institute was successively called Artillery Engineering Institute, Engineering Institute of Eastern China, and East China Institute of Technology and it is a science-oriented university located in Xuanwu District in the east suburban area of Nanjing, China. The university places emphasis on education and research, and is listed in the national 211 Project. The main campus is located in 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu district, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province and it has become a multi-disciplinary university comprising academic fields including, science, engineering, liberal arts, economics, business, management, law and education. In addition, NJUST encompasses an array of centers, institutes, programs
Nanjing University of Science and Technology
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Districts
32.
Chinese opera
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Traditional Chinese opera, or Xiqu, is a popular form of drama and musical theatre in China with roots going back to the early periods in China. There are numerous branches of traditional Chinese opera, including the Beijing opera, Shaoxing opera, Cantonese opera and kunqu. An early form of Chinese drama is the Canjun Opera which originated from the Later Zhao Dynasty, in its early form it was a simple comic drama involving only two performers, where a corrupt officer, Canjun or the adjutant, was ridiculed by a jester named Grey Hawk. The characters in Canjun Opera are thought to be the forerunners of the fixed role categories of later Chinese opera, various song and dance dramas developed during the Six Dynasties period. During the Northern Qi Dynasty, a dance called the Big Face, was created in honour of Gao Changgong who went into battle wearing a mask. Another was called Botou, a dance drama from the Western Regions that tells the story of a grieving son who sought a tiger that killed his father. In The Dancing Singing Woman, which relates the story of a wife battered by her drunken husband and these forms of early drama were popular in the Tang Dynasty where they further developed. For example, by the end of the Tang Dynasty the Canjun Opera had evolved into a performance with more complex plot and dramatic twists, and it involved at least four performers. The early form of Chinese theatre became more organized in the Tang Dynasty with Emperor Xuanzong, who founded the Pear Garden, the performers formed what may be considered the first known opera troupe in China, and mostly performed for the emperors personal pleasure. To this day operatic professionals are still referred to as Disciples of the Pear Garden, by the Song Dynasty, Canjun Opera had become a performance that involved singing and dancing, and led to the development of Zaju. Forms such as the Zaju and Nanxi further matured in the Song Dynasty, in the Yuan Dynasty, acts based on rhyming schemes and innovations such as specialized roles like Dan, Sheng, Hua and Chou were introduced into the opera. In the Yuan poetic drama, one person sang for the all four acts, the presentation by now resemble the Chinese opera of today, except that the librettos were then very long. The dominant form of the Ming and early Qing dynasties was Kunqu, a famous work in Kunqu is The Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu. Kunqu later evolved into a form of play called chuanqi. In Beijing opera, traditional Chinese string and percussion instruments provide a rhythmic accompaniment to the acting. The acting is based on allusion, gestures, footwork, and other body movements express such actions as riding a horse, rowing a boat, or opening a door. Spoken dialogue is divided into recitative and Beijing colloquial speech, the former employed by serious characters, elaborate make-up designs portray which character is acting. The traditional repertoire of Beijing opera includes more than 1,000 works, mostly taken from historical novels about political, at the turn of the 20th century, Chinese students returning from abroad began to experiment with Western plays
Chinese opera
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Music of China
Chinese opera
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12th century painting by Su Hanchen; a girl waves a
peacock feather banner like the one used in
Song Dynasty dramatical theater to signal an acting leader of troops
Chinese opera
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Sichuan opera in
Chengdu
Chinese opera
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Opera costumes
33.
Ge Yuan Garden
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Geyuan Garden is located in Yangzhou, a city renowned for traditional private gardens, in Jiangsu Province, southeast China. The Geyuan Garden is open to the public, throughout the four seasons, spring is demonstrated with a picture of bamboo and rock. Summer is represented by the steel-grey Taihu stone, a popular tourist attraction, autumn is depicted by Huangshan stone, and winter by Xuan stone. The Geyuan Garden was known as the garden of the long-lived Ganoderma during the Ming Dynasty, in 1818, salt distribution commissioner Huang Zhiyun bought the land and rebuilt the garden as a private retreat. Huang Zhiyun loved bamboo, believing that they were as persistent, modest, straightforward, a cluster of three bamboo leaves resemble the Chinese character 个. This was also noted by Yuan Mei, a writer during the Qing Dynasty, the owner chose the name ”Ge Yuan” for his garden to correspond to his name, Zhi Yun. The spring hill is for visit, summer hill is for sight, autumn hill is for climbing, the garden covers an area of 2.5 hectares. It is a small, elegant urban wooded mountain garden, primarily made up of bamboo, rocks of different hues and shapes are used to represent scenes from the four seasons, hence, the rock garden was named the “Artificial Mountain of Four Seasons”. This artificial mountain has a typical Chinese artistic conception, as described in the poem below, Mountains in spring look like young maids with light make-up, list of Chinese gardens —Official Geyuan Garden website
Ge Yuan Garden
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Moon gate in Geyuan Garden,
Yangzhou.
34.
Purple Mountain
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Purple Mountain or Zijin Shan is located on the eastern side of Nanjing in Jiangsu province, China. It is 447.1 m high, with the lowest point 30 m and its peaks are often found enveloped in mysterious purple and golden clouds at dawn and dusk, hence its name. A small mountain with an area about 20 square kilometres, Purple Mountain is a related to many historical events of both ancient and modern China. Located in or close to the hillside of Purple-Gold Mountain, there are also about a national research institutes and universities. Purple Mountain has 621 species of plants, from 383 genera,118 families
Purple Mountain
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View from the
Purple Mountain Observatory
35.
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
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Dr. Sun Yat-sens Mausoleum is situated at the foot of the second peak of Mount Zijin in Nanjing, China. Construction of the started in January 1926, and was finished in spring of 1929. The architect was Lu Yanzhi, who died shortly after it was finished, Dr. Sun was born in Guangdong province of China on 12 November 1866, and died in 1925 in Beijing, China. On 23 April 1929, the Chinese government appointed He Yingqin to be in charge of laying Dr. Sun to rest, on 26 May, the coffin departed from Beijing, and on 28 May, it arrived in Nanjing. On 1 June,1929, Dr. Sun was buried there, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum A committee decided to host a design competition in order to collect designs for the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. The committee put advertisements in the newspapers on 5 May,1925, inviting architects and designers at home, in exchange for a 10 yuan charge, the committee would provide the designer with 12 pictures of the site. The design would have to adhere to guidelines and it had to be done in a traditional Chinese style that also evoked a modern design with special and memorial substance. Not only should it evoke the Chinese architectural spirit, but also add creativity, designers were required to insure that the proposed construction costs within 300,000 yuan. On 20 September,1925, the committee convened in Shanghai, reclining on a mountain slope, the majestic mausoleum blends the styles of traditional imperial tombs and modern architecture. Lying at the mountainside, the vault is more than 700 meters away from the paifang on the square below, there is a three-tier stone stand on which a huge bronze ding, an ancient Chinese vessel symbolizing power, perches. To the north of the square, the paifang towers high, beyond is the 480-meter-long and 50-meter-wide stairway which has 392 stairs leading to the vault. On both sides, pine, cypress, and ginkgo trees guard the way, at the end of the stairway is a gate which is 16 meters high and 27 meters wide. The tri-arched marble gate is inscribed with four Chinese characters written by Dr. Sun, inside the gate, there is a pavilion in which a 9-meter-high stele is set, which is a memorial monument set by the Kuomintang. A few stairs up is the hall and the vault. In front of the hall there stands a pair of huabiao, ancient Chinese ornamental columns. The sacrificial hall is actually a palace of 30 meters in length,25 meters in width and 29 meters in height, in the center of the hall a 4. 6-meter-high statue of Dr. Sun sits. The statue was sculptured out of Italian white marble, the halls ceiling features the flag of the Kuomintang. Biographical information on Dr. Sun is available to visitors in the hall, north of the hall lies the bell-shaped vault, wherein lies the sarcophagus of Dr. Sun
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
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The main hall of the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum.
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
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Ceiling of the sacrificial hall, displaying the flag of the
Kuomintang.
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
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Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in
Nanjing
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
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1 May 2011 (Labour day)
36.
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
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The Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is the tomb of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dynasty. It lies at the foot of Purple Mountain, located east of the historical centre of Nanjing. Legend says that in order to prevent robbery of the tomb,13 identical processions of troops started from 13 city gates to obscure the real burying site. The original wall of the mausoleum was more than 22.5 kilometres long, the mausoleum was built under heavy guard of 5,000 troops. One enters the site through the monumental Great Golden Gates, and is faced by a giant stone tortoise. The tortoise supports a splendid carved stone stele, crowned by intertwining hornless dragons, the well-preserved stele is known as the Shengong Shengde Stele, i. e. literally, The Stele of Godly Merit and Saintly Virtue. The inscription of the stele, extolling the merits and virtues of the Hongwu Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang was written by his fourth son, the Yongle Emperor. The tortoise is 5.15 m long,2.54 m wide and 2.8 m tall and it is thought that originally the Yongle Emperor planned to install a much bigger stele here. The work on making it was started in the Yangshan Quarry in 1405, unlike the similar pavilion at the Thirteen Ming Tombs near Beijing, Nanjings Sifangcheng does not have its roof anymore, as it was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion. Recently, Chinese engineers have conducted research in regard to the possibility of restoring the roof, the Sacred Way is an 1800-metre-long road at the Nanjing city Government site. The winding Sacred Way starts near the Sifangcheng pavilion and it includes several sections, the Elephant Road and the Wengzhong Road. The Elephant Road is lined by 12 pairs of 6 kinds of animals, beyond them is a column called huabiao in Chinese. One then continues along the Wengzhong Road, four pairs of ministers and generals of stone have been standing there for centuries to guard the journey to the after life. The Lingxing Gate, a pailou at the end of the Wengzhong Road was destroyed long ago, one enters the central area of the mausoleum complex through the Wen Wu Fang Men. On an inscribed stone tablet outside of the gate is a notification of the local government in the Qing dynasty is ordered to protect the tomb. Inside the gate, there the Tablet Hall in which 5 steles stand, the text is interpreted as alluding to the greatness of the Ming dynasty founder Zhu Yuanzhang, matching that of the founders of the Tang and Song Dynasties of old. Behind the pavilion, there used to be other annexes, however most of them have collapsed into relics from which the original splendor can still be traced. The emperor and his queen were buried in a tumulus,400 metres in diameter
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
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UNESCO World Heritage Site
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
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The Shengong Shengde stele in the Sifangcheng pavilion
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
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The Kangxi Emperor's stele of homage to his Ming predecessor of 300 years before
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
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Da Jin Men (The Great Golden Gates), the main entrance to the site
37.
Jiming Temple
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The Jiming Temple is a renowned Buddhist temple in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. One of the oldest temples in Nanjing, it is located in the Xuanwu District near Xuanwu Lake, the temple, which literally means rooster crowing was first constructed in 557 during the Liang dynasty and has been destroyed and reconstructed many times. The existing temple was constructed during the Ming dynasty during the reign of the Hongwu Emperor in 1387. It was destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion but was rebuilt later, by 1931 most temple buildings had been appropriated as barracks by police and army of the Nationalist government of Republican China. The main hall had been emptied completely apart from the large Buddha statue, only one hall, near the city wall was still being used for worship. The temple remained popular primarily because of its tea house which was situated in that hall. Within the temple are Guanyin Hall, Huomeng Building, and the Medicine Buddha Pagoda, the Rouge Well, got its name from a legend that the emperor of the Southern Tang Dynasty and his concubine hid themselves in the well to escape enemy pursuit. The stains of rouge were left on the well, hence the name of Rouge Well, the seven-story pagoda overlooks Xuanwu Lake. There is an entrance to the Nanjing City Wall from the rear of the temple, behind the temple there remains a section of palace wall called Taicheng. It is the busiest temple in Nanjing, particularly during the Lunar New Year, the newly opened Line 3 metro line has a stop for the temple called Jimingsi 寺院介绍
Jiming Temple
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Jiming Temple
Jiming Temple
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Jiming Temple entrance
Jiming Temple
Jiming Temple
38.
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
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The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge is a double-decked road-rail truss bridge across the Yangtze River between Pukou and Xiaguan in Nanjing, China. Its upper deck is part of China National Highway 104, spanning 4,588 metres and its lower deck, with a double-track railway, is 6,772 metres long, and completes the Beijing-Shanghai Railway, which had been divided by the Yangtze for decades. Its right bridge consists of nine piers, with the span of 160 metres. The bridge carries approximately 80,000 vehicles and 200 trains per day, the bridge was completed and open for traffic in 1968. It was the bridge over the Yangtze after the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge. It was the first heavy bridge designed and built using Chinese expertise, the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge has surpassed the San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge as the most popular suicide site in the world, with more than 2,000 suicides estimated by 2006. The majority of those who commit suicide at the come from outside of Nanjing. Police records from 2007 showed that 100 to 200 people are rescued or restrained each year on the bridge, a local man, Chen Si, has been hailed as a hero for saving the lives of more than 300 people planning to jump off the bridge. Since 2004, Chen has devoted his time to patrolling the bridge to help anyone in distress, including follow-up phone calls for support. A feature documentary has been made about Chen Si and some of the people he has saved and it also goes into some of the reasons why so many people come here to try and end their lives. The film, titled Angel of Nanjing, has won several awards, dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge Nanjings other railway bridge that carries the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
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Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge 南京长江大桥
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
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Statue of first Yangtze river bridge at Nanjing
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
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Scenery on the river
39.
Hanshan Temple
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Hanshan Temple, literally, Cold Mountain Temple, is a Buddhist temple and monastery in Suzhou, China. It is located at the town of Fengqiao, about 5 kilometres west of the old city of Suzhou, traditionally, Hanshan Temple is believed to have been founded during the Tianjian era of the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang, in the Southern and Northern Dynasties period. The current name of the monastery derives from Hanshan, the legendary monk, Hanshan and his disciple Shide are said to have come to the monastery during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang, where Hanshan became the abbot. Hanshan Temple is famed in East Asia because of the poem A Night Mooring by Maple Bridge, by Tang Dynasty poet, gūsū chéngwài Hánshān Sì, Yèbàn zhōngshēng dào kèchuán. It is part of the school curriculum in both China and Japan. The ringing of the bell at Hanshan Temple on Chinese New Year eve is a major pilgrimage, two bells are currently used at Hanshan Temple, both dating from the late Qing Dynasty when the temple was last rebuilt. One was forged in China in 1906, and the other was forged in Japan at around the same time, the dedication on the bell was written by Japanese Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi. The original Tang Dynasty bell is believed by some to have taken to Japan in ancient times. These two factors have roused some nationalistic controversy among Chinese and Koreans, a new 108 tonne bell commissioned by Hanshan Temple and built by a foundry in Wuhan was completed recently, and is on its way to Hanshan Temple to replace the hundred years old Japanese built bell. The new bell is 8.5 metres high and 5.2 metres in diameter at its widest, a Hanshan Temple was established in Ōme, Tokyo, Japan in 1929 Official website
Hanshan Temple
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Boats at the Maple Bridge
Hanshan Temple
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Statue of poet
Zhang Ji at Maple Bridge
Hanshan Temple
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Bells
Hanshan Temple
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Statue in Hanshan Temple
40.
Huqiu Tower
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The Tiger Hill Pagoda, more officially the Yunyan Pagoda, also sometimes translated as Huqiu Tower, is a Chinese pagoda situated on Tiger Hill in Suzhou city, Jiangsu Province of Eastern China. It is nicknamed the Leaning Tower of China, the primary pagoda of the former Yunyan Temple, which was founded in 327 and rebuilt for the last time in 1871. The temple suffered damage in successive wars and most of the temple was destroyed during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Some elements of the such as the formal entrance, the Yunyan Pagoda, and several other buildings and smaller shrines have survived. Construction of the began in 907 CE, during the later period of the Five Dynasties period. Construction was completed in 961 CE during the Song Dynasty, the uppermost stories of the pagoda were built as an addition during the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty. The Yunyan Pagoda rises to a height of 47 m, the pagoda has seven stories and is octagonal in cross-section, and was built with a masonry structure designed to imitate wooden-structured pagodas prevalent at the time. In more than a thousand years the pagoda has gradually slanted due to forces of nature, now the top and bottom of the tower vary by 2.32 meters. The entire structure weighs some 7,000,000 kilograms, however, the pagoda leans roughly 3 degrees due to the cracking of two supporting columns. The pagoda leans because the foundation is originally half rock and the other half is on soil, in 1957, efforts were made to stabilize the pagoda and prevent further leaning. Concrete was also pumped into the forming a stronger foundation. During the reinforcement process, a casket containing Buddhist scriptures was found. The container had an inscription noting the date of the pagoda as the seventeenth day of the twelfth month of the second year of the Jianlong era. The Yunyan Pagoda is a designated Major National Historical and Cultural Site in Jiangsu, as of September 2010 public access to the top of the tower is no longer allowed. Impressions of a Civil Engineer in China, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, Song Dynasty architecture Major national historical and cultural sites
Huqiu Tower
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Yunyan Pagoda
Huqiu Tower
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The pagoda as viewed from the Tiger Hill
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Grand Buddha at Ling Shan
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The Grand Buddha is located at the south of the Longshan Mountain, near Mashan, town of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, Peoples Republic of China. It is one of the largest Buddha statues in China and also in the world, at more than 88 metres high, the Grand Buddha at Ling Shan is a bronze Amitabha standing Buddha outdoor, weighing over 700 tons. It was completed at the end of 1996, in 2008, a Five-signets Palace and a Brahma Palace were built south-east of the grand buddha statue. List of statues by height Travel guide in Jiangsu and other provinces
Grand Buddha at Ling Shan
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Giant Buddha and 217 Steps, Wuxi
Grand Buddha at Ling Shan
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Lingshan Brahma Palace
Grand Buddha at Ling Shan
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Inside Ling Shan Brahma Palace
Grand Buddha at Ling Shan
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Ling Shan "Five-signets" Palace
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Chaotian Palace
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The Chaotian Palace, is located in Nanjing, China. It was built as a palace in the Ming dynasty. Chaotian Palace area has the largest preserved traditional Chinese architectural complex in Jiangnan, the palace is a complex of buildings, in the center of which is the Wen Temple, which was built with precious materials, including yellow glazed tile was from Jingdezhen in Jiangxi province. It is a total of 70,000 square meters, consisting of three lines, within the palace are more than 100,000 cultural relics. The site of the palace is located on Ye Mountain, formerly a place for metal casting, the Imperial Central University was located there in the Liu Song dynasty. Chaotian Palace was first built by the Hongwu Emperor in late 14th century during the early Ming dynasty and it was used primarily by members of the royalty for veneration of ancestors. During ROC it became Capital High Court and Examination Yuan, in PRC it became Nanjing Municipal Museum. The palace is accessible within walking distance west of Zhangfuyuan Station of Nanjing Metro Line 1. Chaotian Palace is located about 1000 meters southwest to Xinjiekou, the center of Nanjing, and about 800 meters east to Mochou Lake, hedged off by Qinhuai River and linked by Jianye Road Bridge
Chaotian Palace
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Front gate to the Chaotian Palace
Chaotian Palace
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Chaotian Palace
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Qixia Temple
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Qixia Temple is a Buddhist temple located on Qixia Hill in the suburban Qixia District in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, Peoples Republic of China,22 kilometres northeast of downtown Nanjing. It is one of Nanjings most important Buddhist monasteries, built in AD489, the 7th year of the Yongming era during the South Qi Dynasty, the temple is known for its large collection of Chinese Buddhist visual art and sculptural art in the grounds. These consist of pagodas, murals and artwork that date back to the 10th century, near the temple site and situated on the slopes of Qixia Hill, is the Thousand Buddha Caves, a grotto containing many Buddhist sculptural works of art. The Buddhas Relics Pagoda is in the southeast of Qixia Temple and it was built in 601 and destroyed in the Tang Dynasty. In 945, it was rebuilt by Southern Tang Dynasty emperor Li Jing, the pagoda has a five-story, octagon-shaped structure. It is 18m high and perched on a two-story stylobate carved with waves, hsing Yun, the founder of Taiwans Fo Guang Shan, was tonsured at Qixia Temple in 1941. He was a disciple of Master Zhikai and studied for years at the Qixia Vinaya School
Qixia Temple
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The Pilu Hall of the temple
Qixia Temple
Qixia Temple
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Tianning Temple (Changzhou)
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The Tianning Temple, located in Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China, is noted for its giant wooden pagoda, the Tianning Pagoda. Construction began in April 2002 with the ceremony for the completed structure held on April 30,2007. Although the existing pagoda was built by April 2007, the temple grounds, on 25 May 2006 the lower levels of the pagoda caught fire. However, no permanent damage was done, the grounds for the Tianning Temple Pagoda occupies a space of 27,000 m2. The top story of the features a golden spire and a large bronze bell weighing 30,000 kg. On the completion of the new pagoda at Tianning Temple, the mayor of Changzhou, Wang Weicheng, the deputy abbot of Tianning Temple, Kuo Hui, said that like other religions Buddhism advocates peace and harmony, with ideas that could be beneficial to Chinese society. He also stated that the pagoda was rebuilt to inherit the traditions of Buddhism. The pagoda is dedicated to Chinese Chan Buddhism, Tianning Temple Yahoo video showing the temple grounds and the height of the pagoda from the ground
Tianning Temple (Changzhou)
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The Tianning Temple with the Tianning Pagoda
Tianning Temple (Changzhou)
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A closer view of the pagoda
Tianning Temple (Changzhou)
Tianning Temple (Changzhou)
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Zhouzhuang
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Zhouzhuang is a town famous for its canals in Jiangsu province, China. It is located within the area of Kunshan,30 km southeast of the city centre of Suzhou. Zhouzhuang is a popular tourist destination, classified as a AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration and it is one of the most famous water townships in China, noted for its profound cultural background, the well preserved ancient residential houses and the elegant watery views. It has been called the Venice of the East, in the Spring and Autumn period, Zhouzhuang Suzhou was a part of the fief Yaocheng and called Zhenfengli. After being donated to Full Fortune Temple by Zhou Digong, a very devout Buddhist, in 1086 during the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhouzhuang is surrounded and divided by lakes and rivers. Many stone bridges cross the rivers, showing views of the water-town. The Twin Bridges, which are Shide Bridge and Yongan Bridge, are the most famous and are considered the symbol of Zhouzhuang, built in the Wanli era of the Ming Dynasty, the Twin Bridges are located in the northeast of the town. Shide Bridge is east-west and has an arch, while Yongan Bridge is north-south and has a square arch. Crossing the two rivers and connecting at the middle, the Twin Bridges look like an old-style Chinese key. In 1984,38 canvases of the painter, Chen Yifei, were exhibited in a New York gallery of Armand Hammer. Memory of Hometown, which depicted the Twin Bridges, was one of the items on display and has gained the attention for Zhouzhuang. The painting was chosen to be the cover of the United Nations postage stamp in 1985. Located at the end of Zhongshi Jie, Fuan Bridge was built in 1355 during the Yuan Dynasty. The unique trait of the Fuan is the combination of the single-arch bridge. Built in 1742 and located at the southeast side of Fuan Bridge, Shen House was the property of the descendant of Shen Wansan. The whole architectural complex is of the Qings style and occupies an area of more than 2,000 square meters, over 100 rooms are divided into three sections and each one is connected by arcades and aisles. The first is the gate and the wharf, where Shens family moored boats. The middle part includes the tower, the tearoom and the main hall
Zhouzhuang
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Town of Zhouzhuang
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Xuanwu District, Nanjing
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Xuanwu District is one of 11 districts of Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province, China. Xuanwu District is a centre located in the north-eastern part of Nanjing. It is the site of the Nanjing Municipal Government, the main industries in the district are the leisure and tourism, information technology, retail and services. Its economy is based upon the delivery of services. Industry zones include the Changjiang Road Cultural Area, Xinjiekou Central Economic Area, the district has attracted multi-national corporations, such as 3M, American Express, Siemens, Hyundai, Samsung, NYK Line, and Cathay Life Insurance. There are about 35 academics from the Chinese Academy of Engineering and Chinese Academy of Sciences there, transportation within the district includes Line 1 and Line 2 of the Nanjing Metro have stations within the district. Other sources of transportation 20 or more minutes from the district are the Nanjing Railway Station, Shanghai-Nanjing Railway, the district has more than 58 percent green cover. Adjacent to Xuanwu Lake is the Nanjing International Exhibition Center
Xuanwu District, Nanjing
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Xuanwu
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Pukou District
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Pukou District, is one of 11 districts of Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province, China, lying northwest across the Yangtze River from downtown Nanjing. The district was formerly the terminus of the Tianjin-Pukou Railway. Pukou District is located at the northwestern of Nanjing city, between the Yangtze River and Chu River and it is separated from the main part of the city by the Yangtze River with hundred miles of mountains and forests. It has an area of 902 square kilometers with a population of 480 thousand, in 2007, the GDP in the Yangtze River reached up to 16.21 billion yuan. There are four towns and seven block offices, a male ceramic mask found in the Panying Mountain Ancient Cultural site is honored as “the ancestor of Nanjing”, the oldest ever found artwork in this area. Pukou District has been the transportation intersecter between the north and south part, as well as the thoat Gate of the North in Nanjing city, the first, second and third Bridge across the Yangtze River make it really convenient to travel
Pukou District
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"The 10,000-meter Great Wall", a park in Pukou District
