1.
Marion, South Dakota
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Marion is a city in Turner County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 784 at the 2010 census, marion was laid out in 1879, and named in honor of a railroad employees daughter. Marion is located at 43°25′24″N 97°15′36″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.87 square miles, all of it land. Marion has been assigned the ZIP code 57043 and the FIPS place code 40860, as of the census of 2010, there were 784 people,351 households, and 212 families residing in the city. The population density was 901.1 inhabitants per square mile, there were 384 housing units at an average density of 441.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 2% White,0. 4% African American,1. 1% Native American,0. 1% Asian,0. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 2% of the population. 35. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 24. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.67. The median age in the city was 52.3 years. 17. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,5. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,16. 9% were from 25 to 44,28. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 32% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45. 7% male and 54. 3% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 892 people,350 households, and 232 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,026.9 people per square mile, there were 377 housing units at an average density of 434.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 99% White,0. 34% Native American,0. 56% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 68% of the population. 32. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 21. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.02. In the city, the population was out with 25. 1% under the age of 18,5. 4% from 18 to 24,20. 5% from 25 to 44,19. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 44 years, for every 100 females there were 87.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.5 males, the median income for a household in the city was $36,406, and the median income for a family was $43,375. Males had an income of $30,417 versus $20,341 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,125, about 1. 3% of families and 3. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 3% of those under age 18 and 8. 8% of those age 65 or over
2.
Hot Springs, Arkansas
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Hot Springs is the eleventh-largest city in the state of Arkansas and the county seat of Garland County. The city is located in the Ouachita Mountains among the U. S, interior Highlands, and is set among several natural hot springs for which the city is named. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 35,193, in 2015 the estimated population was 35,635. The center of Hot Springs is the oldest federal reserve in the United States, the hot spring water has been popularly believed for centuries to possess medicinal properties, and was a subject of legend among several Native American tribes. Following federal protection in 1832, the city developed into a spa town. One of the largest Pentecostal denominations in the United States, the Assemblies of God, today, much of Hot Springss history is preserved by various government entities. Hot Springs National Park is maintained by the National Park Service, including Bathhouse Row, downtown Hot Springs is preserved as the Central Avenue Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The city also contains dozens of hotels and motor courts. Due to the popularity of the waters, Hot Springs benefited from rapid growth during a period when many cities saw a sharp decline in building. As a result, Hot Springss architecture is a key part of the blend of cultures, including a reputation as a tourist town. Also a destination for the arts, Hot Springs features the Hot Springs Music Festival, Hot Springs Documentary Film Festival, members of many Native American tribes had been gathering in the valley for untold numbers of years to enjoy the healing properties of the thermal springs. In 1673, Father Marquette and Jolliet explored the area and claimed it for France, the 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the land to Spain, however, in 1800 control was returned to France until the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. In 1807, a man named Prudhomme became the first settler of modern Hot Springs, on August 24,1818, the Quapaw Indians ceded the land around the hot springs to the United States in a treaty. After Arkansas became its own territory in 1819, the Arkansas Territorial Legislature requested in 1820 that the springs, twelve years later, in 1832, the Hot Springs Reservation was created by the United States Congress, granting federal protection of the thermal waters. The reservation was renamed Hot Springs National Park in 1921, the outbreak of the American Civil War left Hot Springs with a declining bathing population. After the Confederate forces suffered defeat in the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862, rector moved his staff and state records to Hot Springs. Union forces did not attack Little Rock, and the government returned to the city on July 14,1862. Many residents of Hot Springs fled to Texas or Louisiana and remained there until the end of the war, in September 1863, Union forces occupied Little Rock
3.
Decathlon
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The decathlon is a combined event in athletics consisting of ten track and field events. The word decathlon is of Greek origin, from δέκα and ἄθλος, events are held over two consecutive days and the winners are determined by the combined performance in all. Performance is judged on a system in each event, not by the position achieved. The decathlon is contested mainly by athletes, while female athletes typically compete in the heptathlon. Traditionally, the title of Worlds Greatest Athlete has been given to the person who wins the Olympic decathlon. This began when King Gustav V of Sweden told Jim Thorpe, You, the current decathlon world record holder is American Ashton Eaton, who scored 9045 points at the 2015 IAAF World Championships. The event developed from the ancient pentathlon, pentathlon competitions were held at the ancient Greek Olympics. Pentathlons involved five disciplines – long jump, discus throw, javelin throw, sprint, introduced in Olympia during 708 BC, the competition was extremely popular for many centuries. By the sixth century BC, pentathlons had become part of religious games, the modern decathlon first appeared on the Olympic athletics program at the 1912 Games in Stockholm. The vast majority of international and top level mens decathlons are divided into a competition, with the track. Traditionally, all decathletes who finish the event, rather than just the winner or medal winning athletes, at major championships, the womens equivalent of the decathlon is the seven-event heptathlon, prior to 1981 it was the five-event pentathlon. However, in 2001, the IAAF approved scoring tables for a womens decathlon, the current world record holder is Austra Skujytė of Lithuania. Womens disciplines differ from mens in the way as for standalone events, the shot put, discus and javelin weigh less. The points tables used are the same as for the heptathlon in the shared events, the one-hour decathlon is a special type of decathlon in which the athletes have to start the last of ten events within sixty minutes of the start of the first event. The world record holder is Czech decathlete Robert Změlík, who achieved 7,897 points at a meeting in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia, in Masters athletics, performance scores are age graded before being applied to the standard scoring table. This way, marks that would be competitive within an age division can get rated, additionally, like women, the age divisions use different implement weights and lower hurdles. Based on this system, German Rolf Geese in the M60 division, using the same scale, Nadine OConnor scored 10,234 points in the W65 division, the highest decathlon score ever recorded. The decathlon tables should not be confused with the scoring tables compiled by Bojidar Spiriev, on those tables, for example, a decathlon score of 9,006 points equates to 1,265 comparison points, the same number as a triple jump of 18 m
4.
Kansas City Athletic Club
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The Kansas City Athletic Club is an athletic club and gentlemens club in downtown Kansas City, Missouri. Notable members have included President Harry S. Truman and others, the club was founded in 1887 by Arthur E. Stillwell as the Fairmount Cycling Club, a bicycling club in Fairmount Park in Kansas City. In 1893, the changed its name to the Kansas City Athletic Club. In the early 20th century, it was known for fielding championship Amateur Athletic Union teams. Phog Allen was one of the teams star players. The Blue Diamonds defeated both the University of Kansas in its 1898-99 inaugural season and the University of Missouri in its 1906-07 inaugural season, in March 1917, the board proposed a merger with the Kansas City Club. But after a joint board meeting of the two clubs, the Kansas City Clubs board rejected the proposal, instead, in 1923, the club acquired an unfinished, 22-story building at Eleventh Street and Baltimore Avenue in Downtown Kansas City. The club hired architect firm Hoit, Price & Barnes, in 1932, however, during the Great Depression, the Continental Hotel Company took over the 22-story clubhouse, leaving only the six topmost floors devoted to the club itself. For a period in the 1960s, the hotel contained a branch of the Playboy Club, in 1982, the building was remodeled and renamed as the Mark Twain Tower, an office building. The club retaining the rights to the top six floors, lee Talbott, track & field athlete Harry S
5.
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
6.
1932 Summer Olympics
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The 1932 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the X Olympiad, was a major worldwide multi-athletic event which was celebrated in 1932 in Los Angeles, California, United States. No other cities made a bid to host these Olympics, held during the worldwide Great Depression, many nations and athletes were unable to pay for the trip to Los Angeles. Fewer than half the participants of the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam returned to compete in 1932, even U. S. President Herbert Hoover skipped the event. The organizing committee put no record of the finances of the Games in their report, the selection process for the 1932 Summer Olympics consisted of one bid, from Los Angeles, which ultimately hosted the games. The selection was made at the 23rd IOC Session in Rome, Italy, an Olympic Village was built for the first time, in affluent Baldwin Hills, occupied by the male athletes. Female athletes were housed at the Chapman Park Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard, the victory podium was used for the first time. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum was known in 1932 as Olympic Stadium, Tenth Street, a major thoroughfare in Los Angeles, was renamed Olympic Boulevard in honor of the Games of the Tenth Olympiad. Babe Didrikson won two medals in the javelin and the hurdles event. She also competed in a jump-off for a silver in the high jump and her technique in the jump-off was ruled illegal, leaving Didrikson with second place. In field hockey, only three nations took part, the host nation lost both matches, 1-24 to India and 2-9 to Japan, but still won a bronze medal. Polands Stanisława Walasiewicz won the medal in the womens 100 m. After her death in 1980, it was discovered that she was intersex, the executive council of the IAAF suspended Paavo Nurmi from international amateur athletics four months before the Games, pending an investigation into his amateur status. Less than three days before the 10,000 m, the seven members of the council formed a special commission, eddie Tolan won both the 100 m and 200 m sprint events. Romeo Neri won three medals in gymnastics. Helene Madison won three medals in swimming, while the Japanese upset the mens events and took all. Takeichi Nishi was the gold medalist with his horse Uranus in the show jumping individual event. Nishis gold medal is Japans only gold medal in the event to this day. Nishi would later die in 1945 as an officer stationed in the defense of the island of Iwo Jima, kusuo Kitamura won the gold medal in the mens 1500 meter freestyle swimming race
7.
Garden Plain, Kansas
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Garden Plain is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 773, Garden Plain had its start by the building of the Wichita and Western Railroad from Wichita to Kingman. Garden Plain was incorporated in 1902, Garden Plain is located at 37°39′38″N 97°40′55″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.60 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 849 people,308 households, the population density was 1,415.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 320 housing units at a density of 533.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 8% White,0. 4% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 1% Asian,0. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 6% of the population. 26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.40. The median age in the city was 34.5 years. 33. 1% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 9% were from 25 to 44,22. 5% were from 45 to 64, and 12. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 7% male and 50. 3% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 797 people,286 households, and 201 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,474.8 people per square mile, there were 292 housing units at an average density of 540.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 37% White,0. 38% African American,0. 63% Native American,0. 13% Asian,0. 63% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 38% of the population. 27. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.47. In the city, the population was out with 34. 5% under the age of 18,5. 5% from 18 to 24,26. 9% from 25 to 44,19. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males, as of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $48,068, and the median income for a family was $56,375. Males had an income of $40,750 versus $25,577 for females
8.
Wichita, Kansas
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Wichita is the largest city in the state of Kansas and the 48th-largest city in the United States. Located in south-central Kansas on the Arkansas River, Wichita is the county seat of Sedgwick County, as of the 2010 United States Census, the city population was 382,368, as of 2014, it was estimated to have increased to 389,965. In 2015, the population of the Wichita metropolitan area was 644,610. The city began as a trading post on the Chisholm Trail in the 1860s and it subsequently became a key destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to access railroads, earning it the nickname Cowtown. In the 1920s and 1930s, businessmen and aeronautical engineers established a number of aircraft manufacturing companies in Wichita including Beechcraft, Cessna. The city transformed into a hub of U. S. aircraft production, in 1937, the city of Wichita established their official flag. As an industrial hub and the largest city in the state, Wichita is a center of culture, media. It hosts several museums, theatres, parks, and entertainment venues. Several universities are located in the city including Wichita State University, the citys daily newspaper, The Wichita Eagle, has the highest circulation of any newspaper in Kansas, and the Wichita broadcast television market includes the western two-thirds of the state. Wichita is also home to the Century II Performing Arts & Convention Center and Kansass largest airport, archaeological evidence indicates human habitation near the confluence of the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers, the site of present-day Wichita, as early as 3000 B. C. In 1541, a Spanish expedition led by explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado found the area populated by the Quivira, or Wichita, conflict with the Osage in the 1750s drove the Wichita further south. Prior to American settlement of the region, the site was located in the territory of the Kiowa, the Wichita returned in 1864 due to the American Civil War and established a settlement on the banks of the Little Arkansas. During this period, trader Jesse Chisholm established a trading post at the site, after the war, the Wichita permanently relocated south to Indian Territory. In 1868, trader James R. Mead established another trading post at the site, and surveyor Darius Munger built a house for use as a hotel, community center, Business opportunities attracted area hunters and traders, and a new settlement began to form. That summer, Mead and others organized the Wichita Town Company, in 1870, Munger and German immigrant William Dutch Bill Greiffenstein filed plats laying out the citys first streets. Wichita formally incorporated as a city on July 21,1870, Wichitas position on the Chisholm Trail made it a destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to access railroads which led to markets in eastern U. S. cities. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway reached the city in 1872, as a result, Wichita became a railhead for the cattle drives, earning it the nickname Cowtown. Across the Arkansas River, the town of Delano became an entertainment destination for cattlemen thanks to its saloons, brothels
9.
University of Kansas
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The University of Kansas, often referred to as KU or Kansas, is a public research university in the U. S. state of Kansas. The main campus in Lawrence, one of the largest college towns in Kansas, is on Mount Oread, two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area, the Edwards Campus in Overland Park, and the universitys medical school and hospital in Kansas City. There are also educational and research sites in Parsons, Topeka, Garden City, Hays, and Leavenworth, the university is one of the 62 members of the Association of American Universities. The university overall employed 2,814 faculty members in fall 2015, on February 20,1863, Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence. The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $15,000 endowment fund, if Lawrence failed to meet these conditions, Emporia instead of Lawrence would get the university. The site selected for the university was a known as Mount Oread. Robinson and his wife Sara bestowed the 40-acre site to the State of Kansas in exchange for land elsewhere, the philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $10,000 of the necessary endowment fund, and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining cash by issuing notes backed by Governor Carney. On November 2,1863, Governor Carney announced that Lawrence had met the conditions to get the university. The schools Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865, work on the first college building began later that year. The university opened for classes on September 12,1866, during World War II, Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission. KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK,90.7 FM, and KANU,91.5 FM. The university is host to several including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum. The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university, with five campuses, the university offers more than 345 degree programs. In its 2017 list, U. S. News & World Report ranked KU as tied for 118th place among National Universities and 56th place among public universities. The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation, uSN&WR also ranked several programs in the top 25 among U. S. universities. The Bachelor of Architecture degree was added in 1920, in 1969, the School of Architecture and Urban Design was formed with three programs, architecture, architectural engineering, and urban planning. In 2001 architectural engineering merged with civil and environmental engineering, the design programs from the discontinued School of Fine Arts were merged into the school in 2009 forming the current School of Architecture, Design, and Planning. S in 2012. The University of Kansas School of Business is a business school on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence
10.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
11.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
12.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
13.
Halfback (American football)
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A halfback is an offensive position in American football, whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays, i. e. a running back. The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field, sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver. Occasionally, they line up as wide receivers. When not running or catching the ball, the responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, all members of the backfield were legitimate threats to run or pass the ball. Most teams used four offensive backs on every play, a quarterback, the quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. Historically, from the 1870s through the 1950s, the position was both an offensive and defensive position. There has also been a shift in most offense’s dependence on halfbacks, however, the average output of the halfback has not changed. Older systems require the halfback be proficient at throwing the ball downfield as well, many of the “scat backs” in the modern era produce more total yards and touchdowns than their ancestor “power backs” by breaking off big plays on outside runs and receptions. The spread offense and the hurry-up offense change the halfback’s role, the spread, the hurry-up, and the pro-style offenses dominate American football but the “smash-mouth” style of play is far from extinct. A power-running scheme is often utilized to counter an effective Spread attack, as it allows a team to control the clock and this strategy is utilized in NFL, college, and all other forms of American football. The need for “power backs is very prevalent, alongside the need for “scat backs”, in the past few decades the role of the halfback has gone through a great shift as most offensive game plans are now fueled by creativity and finesse instead of raw force. Stamina and durability is more important than ever in the hurry-up offense, on the other hand, speed is often valued over strength, and pass-catching ability is sometimes valued over blocking proficiency. Power was once the most desired trait in a halfback, but has been taken by the need for a diverse skill set. In the last few decades the running back’s individual share of output has declined as quarterbacks are generally treated as the cornerstone of the offense. The demands of an up-tempo offense also favor a multiple running back system, from the dawn of American football through the 1880s most offensive schemes focused on the running game. In a running based game plan the halfback was typically the cornerstone of the offense and this system focused on a physical run attack concentrated in the inside of the field, and therefore depended on a skilled “power back”. There were no forward passes, and pure speed took a backseat to tackle-breaking and bucking ability, there was a focus on physicality over finesse, as this type of playing style earned the moniker of “smash mouth” football
14.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
15.
History of the Chicago Cardinals
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The professional American football team now known as the Arizona Cardinals previously played in Chicago, Illinois. This article chronicles the history during their time as the Chicago Cardinals from 1920 to 1959. In 1898, Chicago painting and building contractor Chris OBrien established an amateur Chicago-based athletic club football team named the Morgan Athletic Club, OBrien later moved them to Chicagos Normal Park and renamed them the Racine Normals, since Normal Park was located on Racine Avenue in Chicago. In 1901, OBrien bought used maroon uniforms from the University of Chicago and it was then that the team changed its name to the Racine Cardinals. The original Racine Cardinals team disbanded in 1906 mostly for lack of local competition, a professional team under the same name formed in 1913, claiming the previous team as part of their history. As was the case for most professional teams in 1918, the team was forced to suspend operations for a second time due to World War I. They resumed operations later in the year, and have operated continuously. At the time of the founding of the modern National Football League, in 1920, the team became a charter member of the American Professional Football Association, for a franchise fee of $100. The person keeping the minutes of the first league meeting, unfamiliar with the nuances of Chicago football, recorded the Cardinals as from Racine, the team was renamed the Chicago Cardinals in 1922 after a team actually from Racine, Wisconsin entered the league. That season the team moved to Comiskey Park, the Staleys and Cardinals played each other twice in 1920 as the Racine Cardinals and the Decatur Staleys, making their rivalry the oldest in the NFL. They split the series, with the team winning in each. In the Cardinals 7-6 victory over the Staleys in their first meeting of the season, each scored a TD on a fumble recovery. The Cardinals defeat of the Staleys proved critical, since George Halass Staleys went on to a 10-1-2 record overall, 5-1-2 in league play. The Akron Pros were the first ever champions, they finished with an 8-0-3 record, 6-0-3 in league play. Since the Pros merely had to tie the game in order to win the title, had the Staleys not lost to the Cardinals, they would have gone into that fateful game with an 11-0-1 record, 6-0-1 in league play. As it was, it all but assured that the Staleys/Bears, in 1922, the Staleys, now renamed the Bears, went 9-3-0, losing to the Cardinals twice. The Bears still edged the Cardinals for 2nd place in the league, in 1923 and 1924, the Bears got the better of the Cardinals all three times the two teams played. But in 1925, the Bears went 0-1-1 against the Cardinals with the tie meaning the Cardinals were only a ½ game in front of the Pottsville Maroons heading into their fateful 1925 showdown
16.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
17.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
18.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
19.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
20.
Combined events at the Olympics
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Combined events at the Summer Olympics have been contested in several formats at the multi-sport event. There are two combined track and field events in the current Olympic athletics programme, a mens decathlon, no combined events were held at the subsequent games, but the 1912 Summer Olympics saw the introduction of the modern decathlon event and also a mens pentathlon. The first womens event came in 1964 in the form of the womens pentathlon and this was amended to include two more events, becoming the heptathlon at the 1984 Summer Olympics, reflecting the development of womens sport. The Olympic record in the decathlon is 8893 points, set by Czech athlete Roman Šebrle in 2004. Jackie Joyner-Kersees score of 7291 points to win in 1988 is both the current Olympic and world record for the heptathlon – this remains the only occasion that record has been broken at the Olympics. The mens decathlon world record has had a link with the competition, with the Olympic gold medalist breaking the world record in 1928,1932,1936,1952,1972,1976. Five men have won two Olympic combined event titles, in 1912, Thorpe was designated the Worlds Greatest Athlete by Gustav V of Sweden and this title is traditionally given to the reigning Olympic decathlon champion in the media. Thorpes two gold medals were stripped in 1913 on the grounds that he had broken amateurism rules, the 1906 Intercalated Games, now not considered an official Olympic event, featured an event based on the Ancient Olympic pentathlon, combining four track and field events with a wrestling match. Nb The German total includes teams both competing as Germany and the Unified Team of Germany, but not East or West Germany. Consisted of 100 yards, shot put, high jump,880 yd walk, hammer throw, pole vault,120 yd hurdles, weight throw, long jump, consisted of long jump, shot put, and 100 yards. Consisted of long jump, javelin throw,200 metres, discus throw, the other medals were not reassigned so Thorpe and Ferdinand Bie stand as joint champions. Eero Lehtonen was the most successful athlete in the events three-edition history, consisted of 100 metres hurdles, shot put, high jump, long jump, and 800 metres. Burglinde Pollak, a bronze medalist in 1972 and 1976, was the woman to win two Olympic pentathlon medals during its five-edition history. However, this never came to fruition and the International Olympic Committee later decided not to recognise these games as part of the official Olympic series. Some sports historians continue to treat the results of games as part of the Olympic canon. No strictly track and field combined event featured on the programme, as happened at the 1904 Summer Olympics and this contained four track and field events – standing long jump, ancient-style discus throw, javelin throw and a stadion race – with the final event being Greco-Roman wrestling. American Martin Sheridan was the favourite, having already won gold and silver medals in individual jump and throws events. Lawson Robertson and István Mudin each won two of the rounds, but it was Swedens Hjalmar Mellander who won the medal with 24 points
21.
Tom Kiely
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Thomas Tom Francis Kiely was an Irish athlete. Kiely was thirty-four at this time and he raised the fare partly by selling many of the prizes he had won over the years and sailed for the States at the end of May. In America he had several offers to join the American or British teams. But again he declined and made it clear in statements carried in all the American papers of the time that he would represent only Ireland in the Olympic Games. As Ireland was not independent in 1904 the IOC lists him as representative of the team of Great Britain, Kiely was from Ballyneale, just outside Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary. He achieved his gold in 1904 becoming the first multi-event track champion in the Modern Olympic Games, all ten events were held on the same day
22.
Great Britain at the 1904 Summer Olympics
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland did not send a team to the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Numerous events were contested, of only some were later recognized by the IOC as official Olympic events. Within these, three athletes representing Ireland participated, winning one gold and one silver medal, because Ireland was then part of the United Kingdom, the IOC classifies these athletes as British. John Holloway had emigrated from Bansha to the U. S. some years previously and, like Kiely and he is counted as British by some statistics, whereas the Irish Whales who represented U. S. clubs are counted as American
23.
Jim Thorpe
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James Francis Thorpe was an American athlete and Olympic gold medalist. A member of the Sac and Fox Nation, Thorpe became the first Native American to win a medal for his home country. Considered one of the most versatile athletes of modern sports, he won Olympic gold medals in the 1912 pentathlon and decathlon, and played American football, professional baseball, in 1983,30 years after his death, the International Olympic Committee restored his Olympic medals. Thorpe grew up in the Sac and Fox Nation in Oklahoma, and attended Carlisle Indian Industrial School, after his Olympic success in 1912, which included a record score in the decathlon, he added a victory in the All-Around Championship of the Amateur Athletic Union. In 1913, Thorpe signed with the New York Giants, Thorpe joined the Canton Bulldogs American football team in 1915, helping them win three professional championships, he later played for six teams in the National Football League. He played as part of several all-American Indian teams throughout his career, from 1920 to 1921, Thorpe was nominally the first president of the American Professional Football Association, which became the NFL in 1922. He played professional sports until age 41, the end of his sports career coinciding with the start of the Great Depression and he struggled to earn a living after that, working several odd jobs. He suffered from alcoholism, and lived his last years in failing health and he was married three times and had eight children, before suffering from heart failure and dying in 1953. Thorpe has received accolades for his athletic accomplishments. The Associated Press named him the greatest athlete from the first 50 years of the 20th century, a Pennsylvania town was named in his honor and a monument site there is the site of his remains, which were the subject of legal action. Thorpe was portrayed in the 1951 film Jim Thorpe – All-American, information about Thorpes birth, name and ethnic background varies widely. He was baptized Jacobus Franciscus Thorpe in the Catholic Church, Thorpe was born in Indian Territory, but no birth certificate has been found. He was generally considered to have born on May 22,1887, near the town of Prague. Hope this will clear up the inquiries as to my birthplace, however, most biographers believe that he was born on May 22,1887, as that is what is listed on his baptismal certificate. Bellemont was a community, now disappeared, on the line between Pottawatomie and Lincoln Counties. While the town of Prague, Lincoln County, now claims to be the birthplace of Thorpe, All his personal references were either Shawnee or Pott County. The Sac and Fox agency is in Stroud, Lincoln County, Thorpes parents were both of mixed-race ancestry. His father, Hiram Thorpe, had an Irish father and a Sac and his mother, Charlotte Vieux, had a French father and a Potawatomi mother, a descendant of Chief Louis Vieux
24.
United States at the 1912 Summer Olympics
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The United States competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. 174 competitors, all men, took part in 68 events in 11 sports, out of the 174 athletes who had participated,63 won medals. Two divers, both men, represented the United States and it was the nations third appearance in diving, appearing in each edition of the diving competition. Both men competed in all three events, gaidzik, the defending bronze medalist in the springboard, advanced to the final in that event and placed eighth. Neither diver advanced to the final in either of the two events. Rankings given are within the divers heat, seven swimmers competed for the United States at the 1912 Games. It was the fifth appearance in swimming, a sport in which the United States had competed at each Olympic Games. The American men finished with two medals and the corresponding Olympic records, as well as a bronze medal, in individual events. The relay team added a medal, and briefly held the world record after winning its semifinal heat. Ranks given for each swimmer are within the heat, men 109 athletes represented the United States. It was the appearance of the nation in athletics, in which it had competed at every Olympics. The Americans won gold medals in 16 of the 30 events and they swept the medals in 4 events, as well as taking the top three spots in the pole vault. Ranks given are within that athletes heat for running events, nine cyclists represented the United States. It was the appearance of the nation in cycling, which it had not appeared in only in 1896. Dressage Eventing Thirteen fencers represented the United States and it was the third appearance of the nation in fencing. No American fencer reached the finals, though two advanced to the semifinals, the United States had one competitor in the first Olympic pentathlon competition. George S. Patton, who would become a general during World War II. Patton finished in place, he was the only non-Swede among the top seven finishers
25.
Ferdinand Bie
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Ferdinand Reinhardt Bie was a Norwegian track and field athlete. At the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm he won the medal in pentathlon. On winner Jim Thorpes subsequent disqualification for professionalism in 1913, Bie was declared Olympic champion, in 1982 Thorpe was reinstated as champion by the IOC, however, Bie was still listed as co-champion. He also finished eleventh in the jump, and competed in 110 metres hurdles and decathlon. He became Norwegian champion in long jump in 1910 and 1917 and in 110 m hurdles in 1910
26.
Norway at the 1912 Summer Olympics
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Norway competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. 190 competitors,188 men and 2 women, took part in 58 events in 14 sports and it was Norways debut in diving. None of the three reached the final in any of their events. Rankings given are within the divers heat, five swimmers, including one woman, competed for Norway at the 1912 Games. It was the debut in swimming. None of the Norwegian swimmers advanced to the finals, with Johnsens sixth-place finish in his 400-metre freestyle semifinal the best result of the Games, ranks given for each swimmer are within the heat. Men Women 23 athletes represented Norway and it was the nations third appearance in the sport as well as the Olympics. Ferdinand Bie, who had won the silver medal in the pentathlon, was awarded gold after Jim Thorpe was disqualified. When Thorpe was reinstated in 1982, Bie retained his medal in the event. Bies medal was the one won by Norway in 1912 and was the nations first athletics gold medal. Arne Halse, who had previously held Norways best athletics result with a medal in the 1908 javelin throw, placed 7th in the javelin. Norway also had two finishes, in the triple jump and team cross country. Ranks given are within that athletes heat for running events and it was the first appearance of the nation in cycling. Birgir Andreasen had the best time in the trial, the only race held. Because only three Norwegian cyclists finished the time trial, the team received no ranking in the team competition. Dressage Jumping Seven fencers represented Norway, including the only Norwegian fencer who had competed in 1908 and it was the second appearance of the nation in fencing. None of the Norwegian fencers were able to advance past the round, however. Quarterfinals Consolation tournament Forty-six gymnasts represented Norway and it was the second appearance of the nation in gymnastics
27.
Eero Lehtonen
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Eero Reino Lehtonen was a Finnish athlete. He competed at the 1920 Olympics in the pentathlon, long jump and decathlon and he won the pentathlon at both Games, but performed poorly in other events. He retired after learning that pentathlon was excluded from the 1928 Olympics, in 1920 Lehtonen won the national titles in the pentathlon and long jump, setting a new national long jump record at 7.02 m. At the 1920 Olympics he tried decathlon, but gave up after five events and he semi-retired after the Olympics, but returned in 1922, again winning the national long jump and pentathlon titles. At the 1924 Olympic pentathlon competition Robert LeGendre set a record in the long jump. In 1984, a statue of Lehtonen was installed at the sports park in Mikkeli
28.
Finland at the 1920 Summer Olympics
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Finland competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium for the first time as a fully independent state. It did compete at the previous Olympics, however, only as the Russian-dependent Grand Duchy of Finland and it was the nations third appearance in the sport. Valkama was the only diver to advance to a final, placing fifth in the high diving. This result matched Finlands best diving result to date, men Ranks given are within the semifinal group. A single swimmer represented Finland in 1920 and it was the nations third appearance in the sport as well as the Olympics. Aaltonen won bronze medals in both of his breaststroke events and they were Finlands first Olympic swimming medals, Aaltonen had been the first Finn to advance to a swimming event final. Ranks given are within the heat, men 26 athletes represented Finland in 1920. It was the third appearance in athletics, a sport in which Finland had competed each time the country appeared at the Olympics. The Finnish team garnered nine gold medals, matching the United States for the most in that category, with only about a quarter of the number of athletes, however, the Finns could not match the depth of the United States and finished with 13 fewer total medals. The Finland teams greatest successes came in distance running events. They also took the championships in the jump and the pentathlon. Ranks given are within the heat, a single equestrian represented Finland in 1920. It was the debut in the sport. Wilkman competed in the competition, placing 17th. Two pentathletes represented Finland in 1920 and it was the nations debut in the sport. A point-for-place system was used, with the lowest total score winning, three figure skaters represented Finland in 1920. It was the debut in the sport. The Jakobssons, a couple, won the pairs competition
29.
Finland at the 1924 Summer Olympics
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Finland competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. 121 competitors, all men, took part in 69 events in 12 sports, fifty-two athletes represented Finland in 1924. It was the fourth appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Nurmi won gold medals and set Olympic records in both the 1500 and 5000 metre races, with Ritola very close on his heels in the 5000 for silver, the pair finished first and second in the same order in the cross country race, as well. Nurmi did not defend his 1920 title in the 10000 metres, but Ritola earned the victory, Ritola took another individual gold medal in the 3000 metre steeplechase. Stenroos won the marathon, while Myyrä took the javelin championship, in all, the Finnish athletes took 17 medals,10 of which were gold. They were second place behind the United States in both the total and gold medal counts in athletics, Wilén earned an odd distinction, he set an Olympic record in a race which he did not win. He finished third in the 400 metre hurdles final after a pair of American hurdlers, the race winner, however, had knocked over a hurdle and his time was therefore ineligible to be considered a record. The second place runner had strayed outside his lane and was therefore disqualified, the result of all this was that Wilén received a silver medal and an Olympic record. Ranks given are within the heat, four cyclists represented Finland in 1924. It was the second appearance in the sport. Ranks given are within the heat, six divers, all men, represented Finland in 1924. It was the fourth appearance in the sport as well as the Games. Kärkkäinen was the only Finnish diver to advance to a final, ranks given are within the heat. Men A single equestrian represented Finland in 1924 and it was the nations second appearance in the sport. Eight gymnasts represented Finland in 1924 and it was the nations third appearance in the sport. Three pentathletes represented Finland in 1924 and it was the nations second appearance in the sport. A single sailor represented Finland in 1924 and it was the nations second appearance in the sport
30.
Hugo Wieslander
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Karl Hugo Wieslander was a Swedish athlete. He set the world record in the pentathlon in Gothenburg in 1911 with a score of 5516 points. The following year he finished second in the decathlon at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm,688 points behind Jim Thorpe, in 1913, after it was discovered that Thorpe played professional baseball for a minor league team, Thorpe was disqualified for not being an amateur. Wieslander was declared the winner of the 1912 Olympics and awarded the gold medal, in 1982 Thorpe was reinstated by the IOC with Hugo Wieslander as joint winners of the 1912 Olympic decathlon. Wieslander competed in the jump, discus throw, shot put. He completed only the freestyle javelin event, in which he placed fifth. At the 1912 Olympics, besides his decathlon achievement he finished seventh in the pentathlon, nationally Wieslander won four Swedish titles, in the high jump, decathlon and pentathlon, in 1906–1908 he placed second-third eight times in various jumping and throwing events. In 1913 he passed the state surveying exam and became employed by the Swedish cartography agency, later for many years he was uncomfortable with keeping the 1912 gold medal and was contemplating to return it to Thorpe. He finally reconsidered, and in 1951 donated it to the museum at the Swedish School of Sport. In 1954 it was stolen there and never recovered
31.
Norway at the 1920 Summer Olympics
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Norway competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. 194 competitors,188 men and 6 women, took part in 72 events in 16 sports and it was the nations second appearance in the sport. As in 1912, no Norwegian diver advanced to the final, larsen came closest, placing fourth in her 10-metre platform semifinal, a top three finish was required to advance in all events. Men Ranks given are within the semifinal group, women Ranks given are within the semifinal group. Two swimmers, both men, represented Norway in 1920 and it was the nations second appearance in the sport. Neither swimmer advanced past the first round in any of their events, Ranks given are within the heat. Men 16 athletes represented Norway in the nations independent Olympic debut in 1920 and it was the nations fourth appearance in athletics, a sport in which Norway had competed each time the country had appeared at the Olympics. Løvland won Norways only athletics medal, taking the gold in the decathlon, Ranks given are within the heat. 14 boxers represented Norway at the 1920 Games and it was the nations debut in boxing. Sørsdal won the nations first Olympic boxing medal with a silver in the heavyweight class. Four cyclists represented Norway in 1920 and it was the nations second appearance in the sport. All four competed in the time trial, with Flatby coming in 28th to be the best Norwegian cyclist at the Games. The team came in overall in combined time. Norway competed in the Olympic football tournament for the second time, the countrys first Olympic victory was a stunning 3–1 win over Great Britain, the previously undefeated winner of three gold medals in three attempts. It would also out to be Norways only victory in 1920, as the team was defeated by Czechoslovakia in the quarterfinals. First round Quarterfinals Consolation first round Final rank 8th Twenty-six gymnasts represented Norway in 1920 and it was the nations third appearance in the sport. Norway entered a team in the free competition, competing against only Denmark, the Norwegians took second place. Hol was the only gymnast to enter the competition, placing fourteenth of twenty-five
32.
Harold Osborn
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Harold Marion Osborn D. O. was a U. S. track athlete. He won a medal in Olympic decathlon and high jump in 1924. The apex of the career of Harold M. Osborn occurred at the 1924 Olympic games in Paris. Osborn was the first and, to day, the only athlete ever to win gold in both the decathlon and an individual event. Osborn grew up on the farm in Butler Grove Township in Montgomery County. Family lore tells us that Harold and his brothers, Wesley, Clarence and their father, Jesse, built a track and hurdles on the farm so that the boys could practice. After team practices in football, basketball, and track at Hillsboro High School, Harold had to walk or run the five and a half miles home to the farm. Throughout Osborns long athletic career, few people were aware that he had lost most of his vision in one eye due to an injury during his teenage years. As a result, he had little depth perception, making it difficult to know when to jump as he approached the cross bar. He compensated by carefully measuring from the point to a point where he began his running approach. After high school, Osborn attended the University of Illinois, from 1919 through 1922, while at Illinois, he was a founding member of the Eta Chapter of Kappa Delta Rho Fraternity. Osborn left Lewiston after a couple of years to take a job at Champaign High School, Osborn did not, however, forget one of the students he met at Lewistown. He stayed in touch with Margaret Bordner, a striking brunette, Osborn prevailed in love as well as in track and married Margaret in 1928. Osborn won gold medals and set Olympic records in both the high jump and the decathlon at the 1924 Olympics, although the 1924 Olympic games were a high point in Osborn’s career, there were many others. While competing for the University of Illinois in 1920,1921 and he tied for the NCAA and AAU outdoor high jump championships in 1922. On May 27,1924, Osborns 6 8-¼ high jump set a record at an AAU meet held at the University of Illinois campus in Urbana. He won the AAU outdoor title in 1925 and 1926, the title four years in a row, 1923‑26, and he was the AAU decathlon champion in 1923,1925. Osborn spent much of the year after the 1924 Olympics traveling and competing in European games with a group of other track
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United States at the 1924 Summer Olympics
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The United States competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. 299 competitors,275 men and 24 women, took part in 108 events in 18 sports, ninety-six athletes represented the United States in 1924. It was the seventh appearance in the sport. The United States was one of three nations, along with Great Britain and Greece, to have competed in each edition of the Olympic athletics program to that point. The American team had competitors in each of the 27 events, the United States had finalists in every event except the triple jump. The team swept the medals in two events, the vault and the shot put. The United States won 32 medals overall, almost twice that of the next most successful nation, the 12 gold medals won by the Americans were two more than Finland won, putting the United States at the top of the leaderboard for the sport. Houser and Osborn were the most successful individuals, with two gold medals apiece, earl Johnson and Scholz won two medals each. Thirty-three other athletes won medals, bringing the total to 37 of 96 participants taking medals, Ranks given are within the heat. Sixteen boxers represented the United States at the 1924 Games, the U. S. was one of four countries to two boxers in each weight class. It was the third appearance in the sport. The two gold medals won by Americans matched Britains pair of golds, the United States team won the most overall medals with six. In two weight classes, both American boxers won medals, the featherweight final featured two Americans, with Fields coming out on top. LaBarba won the flyweight, with Fee taking the bronze in that weight class, all six medals came in the lightest four weight classes, with Tripolis silver in the bantamweight and Boylsteins bronze in the lightweight rounding out the total. Five cyclists represented the United States in 1924 and it was the nations sixth appearance in the sport, matching France for most appearances. Ranks given are within the heat, ten divers, five men and five women, represented the United States in 1924. It was the fifth appearance in the sport, the United States was the only nation to have appeared at each Olympic diving competition to that point. The Americans were dominant, sweeping the medals in three of the five events and taking the top two places in a fourth, the United States entered three divers in each event for a total of 15 entries,11 resulted in medals while all 15 advanced to the finals
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Finland at the 1928 Summer Olympics
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Finland competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands. 69 competitors took part in 48 events in 11 sports, individual road race Raul Hellberg Two fencers, both men, represented Finland in 1928. Mens foil Torvald Appelroth Mens épée Lauri Kettunen Torvald Appelroth Three pentathletes, all men, Lauri Kettunen Henrik Avellan Tauno Lampola Official Olympic Reports International Olympic Committee results database
Akilles Järvinen
Hans-Heinrich Sievert
