1.
Fullback (gridiron football)
–
A fullback is a position in the offensive backfield in American and Canadian football, and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback. Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott, in the days before two platoons, the fullback was usually the teams punter and drop kicker. In modern play, the fullback is a misnomer. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, most teams used four offensive backs on every play, a quarterback, two halfbacks, and a fullback. The quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. In the modern game, when the quarterback is under center, fullbacks are typically known less for speed and agility and more for muscularity and the ability to shed tackles. In the modern NFL, fullbacks, while deployed as ball carriers, are often primarily a lead blocker to allow running backs to get to the secondary of the opposing teams defense. In the early 2000s, many NFL teams used blocking fullbacks, such as Tony Richardson and Lorenzo Neal and these backs cleared the way for some of the decades great running backs. There are still fullbacks who remaining prominent in the NFL, among them Aaron Ripkowski, Jamize Olawale, James Develin, John Kuhn, Patrick DiMarco, Mike Tolbert, Kyle Juszczyk, and Marcel Reece. However, in spite of their usually infrequent carries in modern NFL offenses, notably LeRon McClain was the rushing leader for the Baltimore Ravens in 2008 and Tony Richardson led the Kansas City Chiefs in rushing in 2000. Giants running back Peyton Hillis started his NFL career as a fullback before being reverted into a halfback, although technically a running back, typically fullbacks are primarily valued for their blocking in most modern day offenses. The most common and simple runs, the Dive and the Blast, in the flexbone formation, however, the fullback can often be used as the primary rushing threat. In many other schemes, the fullback is used as a receiver. In selected plays, some teams will have a defensive lineman report as a receiver to line up as a fullback or tight end in a Miami package in goalline formation. Defensive Tackle William The Refrigerator Perry scored a touchdown in Super Bowl XX from the fullback position, most teams in the NFL do not have a substitute fullback, though there are exceptions. The role can be filled by backup or number three or four tight ends or bigger and less-frequently-used running backs. In modern offenses, fullbacks in an I-formation can be motioned into a 2-TE formation or H-back formation, the position is less frequently used in Canadian football, which focuses more on passing than running the ball
Fullback (gridiron football)
–
Example of fullback positioning in the "I-Form" offense.
2.
St. Simons, Georgia
–
St. Simons is a census-designated place located on St. Simons Island in Glynn County, Georgia, United States. The community and the island are interchangeable, known simply as St. Simons Island, St. Simons is part of the Brunswick, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, and according to the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 12,743. Located on the southeast Georgia coast, midway between Savannah and Jacksonville, St. Simons Island is both a seaside resort and residential community and it is the largest of Georgias renowned Golden Isles. Visitors are drawn to the Island for its climate, beaches, variety of outdoor activities, shops and restaurants, historical sites. In addition to its base of permanent residents, the island enjoys an influx of visitors and part-time residents throughout the year. The 2010 Census notes that 26. 8% of total housing units are for “seasonal, recreational, the vast majority of commercial and residential development is located on the southern half of the island. Much of the northern half remains marsh or woodland, a large tract of land in the northeast has been converted to a nature preserve containing trails, historical ruins, and undisturbed maritime forest. The tract, Cannon’s Point Preserve, is open to the public on specified days, originally inhabited by tribes of the Creek Nation, the area of South Georgia that includes St. Simons Island was contested by the Spaniards, English and French. The primary mode of travel to the island is by automobile via F. J. Torras Causeway, malcolm McKinnon Airport serves general aviation on the island. St. Simons Island is part of a cluster of barrier islands, Sea Island forms the eastern edge of this cluster, with Little St. Simons on the north, and the marshes of Glynn plus the Intracoastal Waterway to the west. The Köppen Climate Classification System rates the climate of St. Simons Island as humid subtropical, ocean breezes tend to moderate the island climate, as compared to the nearby mainland. Daytime mean highs in winter range from 61 to 68 °F, summertime mean highs are 88 to 90 °F, with average lows 73 to 75 °F. Average rainfall is 45 inches per year, rainfall is greatest in August and September, when passing afternoon thunderstorms are typical. Accumulation of snow/ice is extremely rare, the last recorded snow on St. Simons was in 1989. The island is located in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 9a, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 17.7 square miles,15.9 square miles of which is land and 1.7 square miles of it is water. On St. Simons Island, a diverse and complex ecology exists alongside residential and commercial development. The island shares many common to the chain of sea islands along the southeastern U. S. coast…sandy beaches on the ocean side, marshes to the west. Despite centuries of agriculture and development, a canopy of live oaks, the abundance of food provided by the marshes, estuaries and vegetation attracts a varied assortment of wildlife on land, sea and in the air
St. Simons, Georgia
–
St. Simons Park marker
St. Simons, Georgia
–
St. Simons, Georgia
St. Simons, Georgia
–
St. Simons Park
St. Simons, Georgia
–
Remains of Fort Frederica
3.
Manhasset High School
–
Manhasset Secondary School is a six-year public high school and middle school located in Manhasset, Nassau County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. Manhasset High School consistently ranks among the top 100 high schools in America, in addition, the school has been represented yearly national science competitions such as I-SWEEEP, ISEF, and WAC Foundation Lighting Science Fair. As of the 2014-15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,092 students and 83.0 classroom teachers, there were 44 students eligible for free lunch and 8 eligible for reduced-cost lunch. The secondary school building was built in 1934-1939 as a project of the Works Progress Administration, the building was designed by the firm Tooker & Marsh with Roger H. Bullard as an associate architect. John H. Esile & Co. was contracted as the building contractor and it has undergone multiple extensions and renovations throughout the years, but remains almost entirely intact historically. The interior main hallway and auditorium underwent restoration in 2009 and it is currently pending a listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The school colors are orange and blue, in 1932, Manhasset established the first HS lacrosse team on Long Island while Garden City followed shortly after in 1934. Since 1995, Manhasset has won the Class B State Championship one time,1995, in 2009 and 2010, the boys lacrosse team won the Class C state championship, making back-to-back state titles for the first time in school history. In 2008, the Boys Junior 4+ boat won the Scholastic National Regatta in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, the prestigious Stotesbury Cup regatta, the following year, in 2009, the Boys Senior 4+ won back-to-back National titles. They also placed first in both the New York State Championship regatta and the New Jersey State Championship regatta that year, the Girls Junior 4+ boat also won the Scholastic National Regatta and placed 4th in the world famous Head of the Charles Regatta. In 2010 the Girls Lightweight 4+ boat won New York State Championship regatta and they also took second place Second at the Stotesbury Cup Regatta. Eight choirs involve over 300 students in singing, Symphonic Choir, Concert Choir I, Concert Choir II, Womens Chorus, Vocal Jazz Ensemble, Select Ensemble, Kinsmen, Kinsmen is the elite mens choir with 35 members. Jim Brown, NFL Hall of Famer for the Cleveland Browns, jack Coffee attorney, professor of law at Columbia and SEC expert. Dr. Nancy E. Gary, former dean of Albany Medical College, Executive Vice President of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, ken Howard, actor best known for the TV series The White Shadow and Chancellor of the National Kidney Foundation. Steve Lesser, architect, best known for work on Faneuil Hall, barbara Prey, painter with works in numerous museums and the White House. Vicki Robin, activist, author of Your Money or Your Life, ira Lee Sorkin, attorney, and SEC expert, defended Bernard Madoff. The Woodstick Classic boys varsity lacrosse on 3-31-07 The boys varsity lacrosse team winning their Nassau county semifinal game against the Friends Academy on 5-25-07
Manhasset High School
–
Manhasset Secondary School
4.
Syracuse Orange football
–
The Syracuse Orange football program is a college football team that represents Syracuse University. The team is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference, which is a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I conference that is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision, the program has one national championship, which was earned for play in the 1959 season. The Orange are coached by Dino Babers, who was hired on December 5,2015 to succeed Scott Shafer, home games are played at the Carrier Dome, located on the schools campus in Syracuse. Syracuse played its first football game on November 23,1889, with the construction of state-of-the-art Archbold Stadium in 1907, Syracuse rose to national prominence under College Football Hall of Fame coach Frank Buck ONeill. The 1915 squad garnered a Rose Bowl invitation that the school declined, for 70 years, from 1891 to 1961, Colgate University was the schools biggest rival, with Colgate holding the edge, 31–26–5. From 1937-1945, Ossie Solem served as Syracuses head coach, compiling a 30–27–6 record, the late 1930s and 1940s saw a decline in fortunes that began to reverse when Ben Schwartzwalder took over as coach in 1949. Syracuse made its first bowl appearance in the 1953 Orange Bowl, followed by appearances in the 1957 Cotton Bowl, the 1957 Cotton Bowl Classic team featured Hall of Fame running back Jim Brown. In 1959, Syracuse earned its first National Championship following a season and Cotton Bowl Classic victory over Texas. Davis was slated to play for the Cleveland Browns in the backfield as Jim Brown. Syracuse remained competitive through the 1960s with a series of All American running backs, including Floyd Little, Schwartzwalder retired as Syracuses head coach following the 1973 season, which was Syracuses third consecutive losing season. Schwartzwalder left Syracuse with a 153–91–3 record, Michigan assistant coach Frank Maloney was hired as Schwartzwalders replacement. Maloneys tenure at Syracuse was marked by inconsistency, the fan base turned on him as the Orange failed to achieve the national status they had enjoyed under Schwartzwalder. Maloneys program was limited by archaic facilities. Archbold Stadium, Syracuses home field since 1907, was in need of replacement, nonetheless, Maloney did recruit a number of future NFL stars such as Joe Morris and Pro Football Hall of Fame member Art Monk. Maloney was the subject of criticism, not only from the fans and alumni, ironically enough, this call from program alumni came during the 1979 season, Maloneys best at Syracuse, when the Orangemen qualified for the Independence Bowl, beating McNeese State. After coaching the Orangemen for seven seasons and presiding over the opening of a new stadium, Dick MacPherson was hired as the head coach in 1981 and after several mediocre seasons, fans wanted MacPherson fired, coining the phrase, Sack Mac. However, the opinion of Coach MacPherson changed when the program returned suddenly to national prominence in 1987 with an undefeated 11–0 regular season record. The team featured Maxwell Award winning quarterback Don McPherson and fullback Daryl Johnston, instead, the team faced Southeastern Conference champion Auburn University in the Sugar Bowl
Syracuse Orange football
–
The Old Oval athletic field, Syracuse University, ca. 1898-1907. (Syracuse University Archives)
Syracuse Orange football
–
Former football head coach Greg Robinson "chases" the last of his players onto the field before the kickoff of his inaugural 2005 season. It was also the first game played on the
Carrier Dome 's new
FieldTurf.
Syracuse Orange football
–
The Carrier Dome.
5.
Cleveland Browns
–
The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The Browns compete in the National Football League as a club of the American Football Conference North division. The Browns play their games at FirstEnergy Stadium, which opened in 1999, with administrative offices and training facilities in Berea. The Browns official colors are brown, orange and white and they are unique among the 32 member franchises of the NFL in that they do not have a logo on their helmets and are the only team named after a specific person, original coach Paul Brown. The franchise was founded in 1945 by businessman Arthur B, McBride and coach Paul Brown as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference. The Browns dominated the AAFC, compiling a 47–4–3 record in the four active seasons. When the AAFC folded after the 1949 season, the Browns joined the National Football League along with the San Francisco 49ers, from 1965 to 1995, they made the playoffs 14 times, but did not win another championship or appear in the Super Bowl in that period. In 1995, owner Art Modell, who had purchased the Browns in 1961, announced plans to move the team to Baltimore, Maryland. The Browns intellectual property, including name, logos, training facility, and history, were kept in trust. A new team would be established by 1999 either by expansion or relocation, the Browns were announced as an expansion team in 1998 and resumed play in 1999. Since resuming operations in 1999, the Browns have struggled to find success and they have had only two winning seasons, one playoff appearance, and no playoff wins. The franchise has also noted for a lack of stability with quarterbacks. To date, the Browns overall win-loss record since 1999 is 88–200, the Browns origins date to 1944, when taxicab magnate Arthur B. Mickey McBride secured the rights to a Cleveland franchise in the newly formed All-America Football Conference. S, early in 1945, McBride named 36-year-old Ohio State Buckeyes coach Paul Brown as the teams head coach and general manager and gave him a share in its profits. The move surprised and upset Buckeye fans, who had hoped he would resume his successful run at the school after the war, the name of the team was at first left up to Paul Brown, who rejected calls for it to be christened the Browns. The franchise and the Cleveland Plain Dealer then held a naming contest to publicize the team, in June 1945, a committee selected Panthers as the new teams name, named after a failed American Football League franchise in Cleveland which only lasted a single season in 1926. It is unclear whether Panthers was the highest vote-getter, or if it was second-highest behind Browns, however, the owner of the failed AFL Panthers franchise, General C. X. Zimmerman, indicated that he owned the name Cleveland Panthers, at this point, Paul Brown bowed to popular sentiment and agreed to the Browns name
Cleveland Browns
–
Paul Brown, the first head coach and namesake of the Browns, who won four AAFC and three NFL championships as coach of the Browns, is a
Pro Football Hall of Fame member, and is widely regarded as one of football's greatest coaches of all time.
Cleveland Browns
Cleveland Browns
–
The 1948 Cleveland Browns recorded professional football's second-ever unbeaten and untied season (official team portrait). The squad included seven future members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Cleveland Browns
–
Former Browns RB
Jim Brown was a prominent member of the 1964 NFL championship team, the team's all-time leader in rushing yards, and a Pro Football Hall of Fame member. He is currently a special advisor with the Browns.
6.
1964 NFL Championship Game
–
The 1964 National Football League championship game was the 32nd annual championship game, held on December 27 at Cleveland Stadium in Cleveland, Ohio. With an attendance of 79,544, it was the first NFL title game to be televised by CBS, the Colts were led by second-year head coach Don Shula and quarterback Johnny Unitas. This was the Colts third NFL championship game appearance since joining the National Football League in 1953, the Cleveland Browns finished the regular season with a record of 10–3–1, winning the Eastern Conference by a half game over the St. Louis Cardinals at 9–3–2. The Browns were led by their head coach Blanton Collier, quarterback Frank Ryan, running back Jim Brown and this was the Browns eighth NFL championship game appearance since joining the NFL in 1950, and the first since 1957. Ticket prices for the game were six, eight, and ten dollars. The first half went scoreless, as both struggled to move the ball with a light snow and driving wind hampering their efforts. Baltimore drove to midfield but lost the ball on a fumble by fullback Jerry Hill, the Browns then moved to the Colt 35 but Paul Warfield slipped going for a Ryan pass and the ball was intercepted by Colt linebacker Don Shinnick. As the second began, Baltimore had moved deep into Browns territory. The Colts attempted a 27-yard field goal by Lou Michaels, near the end of the first half Unitas got another drive going into Cleveland territory. However, from the Brown 46 he threw slightly behind tight end John Mackey, the first half ended after Ryan missed on a long pass to Paul Warfield. Having held their own with Baltimore in the first half, the Browns changed their offensive and defensive tactics, with the wind at his back Browns kicker Lou Groza booted the second half kickoff well beyond the end zone. The Cleveland rush put pressure on Unitas and the Colts had to punt into the wind, with good field position at the Colt 48 the Browns got a first down on a screen pass to Jimmy Brown. The Colt defense stiffened and Groza kicked a goal from the 43. Baltimore could not move and the Browns went on the attack again, from the Cleveland 36 Jimmy Brown took a pitchout around the left side and nearly went all the way. Safety Jerry Logan finally hauled him down from behind at the Colt 18, Ryan dropped back and fired a pass between the goalposts to the leaping Gary Collins for the games first touchdown. The momentum had clearly swung to Cleveland, baltimores Tony Lorick made the bad decision to run the kickoff out of the end zone and was tackled at the Baltimore 11. A clipping penalty moved the Colts back further and they soon had to punt again into the stiff wind, the kick went out of bounds on the Baltimore 39 and Ryan went right back to work. The Browns lost yardage on a reverse play, but Ryan dropped back from the 42
1964 NFL Championship Game
–
1964 NFL Championship Game
1964 NFL Championship Game
–
Browns' championship ring
7.
Pro Bowl
–
The Pro Bowl is the all-star game of the National Football League. Between 2014 and 2016, the NFL experimented with an unconferenced format, the players were picked in a televised schoolyard pick prior to the game. Unlike most major leagues, which hold their all-star games roughly midway through their respective regular seasons. Between 1970 and 2009, it was held the weekend after the Super Bowl. Since 2010, the Pro Bowl has been played the weekend before the Super Bowl, Players from the two teams competing in the Super Bowl do not participate. Observers and commentators expressed their disfavor with the Pro Bowl in its current state and it draws lower TV ratings than its regular-season games, although the game draws similar ratings to other major all-star games, such as the Major League Baseball All-Star Game. However, the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the star players, the Associated Press wrote that players in the 2012 game were hitting each other as though they were having a pillow fight. Between 1980 and 2016, the game was played at Aloha Stadium in Hawaii, on June 1,2016, the NFL announced that they reached a multi-year deal to move the game to Orlando, Florida as part of the leagues ongoing efforts to make the game more relevant. For years, the game has suffered from lack of interest due to perceived low quality, the 2017 Pro Bowl will also mark a return to the AFC–NFC format. The first Pro All-Star Game, featuring the all-stars of the 1938 season, was played on January 15,1939 at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles. The NFL All-Star Game was played again in Los Angeles in 1940 and then in New York, although originally planned as an annual contest, the all-star game was discontinued after 1942 because of travel restrictions put in place during World War II. During the first five games, an all-star team would face that years league champion. The league champion won the first four games before the all-stars were victorious in the game of this early series. The concept of a game was not revived until June 1950. The game was sponsored by the Los Angeles Publishers Association and it was decided that the game would feature all-star teams from each of the leagues two conferences rather than the league champion versus all-star format which had been used previously. This was done to avoid confusion with the Chicago College All-Star Game, the teams would be led by the coach of each of the conference champions. The first 21 games of the series were played in Los Angeles, the site of the game was changed annually for each of the next seven years before the game was moved to Aloha Stadium in Halawa, Hawaii for 30 straight seasons from 1980 through 2009. With the new rule being that the teams do not include players from the teams that will be playing in the Super Bowl
Pro Bowl
–
The Pro Bowl Most Valuable Player trophy
Pro Bowl
–
Tackle during the
2006 Pro Bowl in
Hawaii
Pro Bowl
–
Kyle Rudolph with the Pro Bowl MVP trophy in
2013.
Pro Bowl
–
Quarterback
Peyton Manning (#18) before the
2006 Pro Bowl.
8.
List of NFL rushing champions
–
In American football, running is, along with passing, one of the two main methods of advancing the ball down the field. A running play generally occurs when the hands or tosses the ball backwards to the running back. In the National Football League, the player who has recorded the most rushing yards for a season is considered the winner of the title for that season. The NFL did not begin keeping official records until the 1932 season, seven rushing champions have recorded over 2,000 rushing yards, a feat first accomplished by O. J. Simpson in 1973 and most recently accomplished by Adrian Peterson in 2012. The player with the most rushing titles is Jim Brown, who was the rushing champion eight times over his career. Eric Dickerson, Emmitt Smith, O. J. Simpson, Steve Van Buren, Jim Brown also holds the record for the most consecutive rushing titles with five, having led the league in rushing each year from 1957 to 1961. Steve Van Buren, Emmitt Smith, and Earl Campbell each recorded three consecutive rushing titles, the Cleveland Browns have recorded the most rushing titles with eleven, the Chicago Bears rank second, with six rushing titles. The most recent rushing champion is Dallas Ezekiel Elliott, who led the league with 1,631 yards rushing over the 2016 season, List of National Football League rushing yards leaders List of NCAA major college football yearly rushing leaders Notes Footnotes AP MVP winners. AP Offensive Player of the Year winners, NFL Regular Season Games Played per Season. National Football League 250 best American Football League and NFL rushing seasons
List of NFL rushing champions
–
Jim Brown led the league in rushing for eight seasons, including five consecutive seasons from 1957 to 1961 and three consecutive seasons from 1963 to 1965.
List of NFL rushing champions
–
Cliff Battles led the league in rushing in 1932, the first season in which official statistics were kept, and in 1937.
List of NFL rushing champions
–
Byron "Whizzer" White, a future
associate justice of the
US Supreme Court, won the league rushing title in 1938 and 1940.
List of NFL rushing champions
–
Gale Sayers led the NFL in rushing in 1966 and 1969.
9.
College Football All-America Team
–
The College Football All-America Team is an honor given annually to the best American college football players at their respective positions. Camp took over the responsibility for picking the All-America team and was recognized as the selector in the early years of the 20th century. com. As of 2009, the National Collegiate Athletic Association recognizes the All-America teams selected by the AP, AFCA, FWAA, Sporting News, if three of these organizations select a player to their first team, he automatically receives the consensus honor. If a player is named an All-American by all five organizations, depending upon the distribution of first team honors at any given position, it is possible to be consensus with fewer than three first-team selections. The University of Notre Dame has produced the most unanimous All Americans of any program, there have been 2,868 players from 156 colleges and universities since 1889 who were selected to at least one All-American first team. It has selected an All-America team since 1925, the American Football Coaches Association has selected an All-America team every year since 1945. It is often referred to as the Coaches All-America Team, the Coaches’ All-America Team has been sponsored by various entities throughout the years but it is now under its own banner, the AFCA. These are the sponsors/publishers of the team throughout the years and it is sometimes referred to as the Writers All-America Team. The FWAA has selected an All-America team with the help of its members, the All-America team is selected by a committee of writers representing all conferences and regions of the NCAA. The Writers Team has been highlighted in various media forums, from 1946-70, Look published the FWAA team and brought players and selected writers to New York City for a celebration. During that 25-year period, the FWAA team was introduced on television shows by Bob Hope, Steve Allen, Perry Como. After Look folded, the FWAA started an association with NCAA Films. The team was part of ABC Televisions 1981 College Football Series, from 1983-90, the team was either on ABC or ESPN, and since 1991 has returned to the national spotlight on ABC. The corporate sponsor for the Writers team is AT&T, after years of Cingular being the sponsor. Walter Camp, The Father of American Football, first selected an All-America team in 1889, the WCF claims an 80% participation rate in the voting for its All-America team. Sporting News, formerly known as The Sporting News and known colloquially as TSN, have teams college football editors and staff select teams, from that year through the 1962 season TSNs All-America team was picked by a poll of sportswriters. Beginning in 1964 the team was selected by professional scouts and observers, the Sporting News cited the advent of two-platoon football as the need to go to that system. United Press International is a organization that selected players in a national poll of sportswriters
College Football All-America Team
–
A football signed by the 1974 Kodak All-America Team
10.
American football
–
The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
American football
–
Larry Fitzgerald catches a pass while defended by
Cortland Finnegan at the
2009 Pro Bowl
American football
–
A photograph of
Walter Camp, the "Father of American Football", taken from 1878 when Camp was captain of
Yale 's football team
American football
–
William "Pudge" Heffelfinger, widely regarded as the first professional football player
American football
–
A quarterback for the
Kiel Baltic Hurricanes under center, ready to take the snap
11.
National Football League
–
The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
National Football League
–
The headquarters of the National Football League at
345 Park Avenue,
Midtown Manhattan,
New York City, U.S.
National Football League
–
National Football League
National Football League
–
The
Akron Pros won the first APFA (NFL) Championship.
National Football League
–
NFL Commissioner
Roger Goodell
12.
Syracuse University
–
Syracuse University, commonly referred to as Syracuse, Cuse, or SU, is a private research university in Syracuse, New York, United States. The institutions roots can be traced to the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, founded in 1831 by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima, after several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse, the university was established in 1870, independent of the college. Since 1920, the university has identified itself as nonsectarian, although it maintains a relationship with The United Methodist Church, the campus is in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse, east and southeast of downtown, on one of the larger hills. Its large campus features a mix of buildings, ranging from nineteenth-century Romanesque Revival structures to contemporary buildings. Syracuse University athletic teams, known as the Orange, participate in 20 intercollegiate sports, SU is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference for all NCAA Division I athletics, except for the mens rowing and womens ice hockey teams. SU is also a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference, the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary was founded in 1831 by the Genesee Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima, New York, south of Rochester. In 1850, it was resolved to enlarge the institution from a seminary into a college, or to connect a college with the seminary, however, the location was soon thought by many to be insufficiently central. Its difficulties were compounded by the set of technological changes. The trustees of the college then decided to seek a locale whose economic. Meanwhile, there were years of dispute between the Methodist ministers, Lima, and contending cities across the state, over proposals to move Genesee College to Syracuse. At the time, the ministers wanted a share of the funds from the Morrill Land Grant Act for Genesee College and they agreed to a quid pro quo donation of $25,000 from Senator Cornell in exchange for their support for his bill. Cornell insisted the bargain be written into the bill and Cornell became New York States Land Grant University in 1865. In 1869, Genesee College obtained New York State approval to move to Syracuse, but Lima got an injunction to block the move. By that time, however, the injunction had been made moot by the founding of a new university on March 24,1870. On that date the State of New York granted the new Syracuse University its own charter, the City of Syracuse had offered $100,000 to establish the school. Bishop Jesse Truesdell Peck had donated $25,000 to the school and was elected the first president of the Board of Trustees. Rev. Daniel Steele, a former Genesee College president, served as the first administrative leader of Syracuse until its Chancellor was appointed, the university opened in September 1871 in rented space downtown. George F. Comstock, a member of the new Universitys Board of Trustees, had offered the school 50 acres of farmland on a hillside to the southeast of the city center
Syracuse University
–
Crouse College, a
Romanesque building completed in 1889, housed the first College of Fine Arts in the United States. It is now the home of the university's College of Visual and Performing Arts and the Setnor School of Music.
Syracuse University
–
Syracuse University
Syracuse University
–
A graduate of the Genesee Seminary,
Henry Jarvis Raymond later went on to found
The New York Times.
Syracuse University
–
Belva Lockwood was the first woman (or second, depending on one's opinion, after Victoria Woodhull) to run for President of the United States.
13.
Syracuse Orangemen football
–
The Syracuse Orange football program is a college football team that represents Syracuse University. The team is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference, which is a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I conference that is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision, the program has one national championship, which was earned for play in the 1959 season. The Orange are coached by Dino Babers, who was hired on December 5,2015 to succeed Scott Shafer, home games are played at the Carrier Dome, located on the schools campus in Syracuse. Syracuse played its first football game on November 23,1889, with the construction of state-of-the-art Archbold Stadium in 1907, Syracuse rose to national prominence under College Football Hall of Fame coach Frank Buck ONeill. The 1915 squad garnered a Rose Bowl invitation that the school declined, for 70 years, from 1891 to 1961, Colgate University was the schools biggest rival, with Colgate holding the edge, 31–26–5. From 1937-1945, Ossie Solem served as Syracuses head coach, compiling a 30–27–6 record, the late 1930s and 1940s saw a decline in fortunes that began to reverse when Ben Schwartzwalder took over as coach in 1949. Syracuse made its first bowl appearance in the 1953 Orange Bowl, followed by appearances in the 1957 Cotton Bowl, the 1957 Cotton Bowl Classic team featured Hall of Fame running back Jim Brown. In 1959, Syracuse earned its first National Championship following a season and Cotton Bowl Classic victory over Texas. Davis was slated to play for the Cleveland Browns in the backfield as Jim Brown. Syracuse remained competitive through the 1960s with a series of All American running backs, including Floyd Little, Schwartzwalder retired as Syracuses head coach following the 1973 season, which was Syracuses third consecutive losing season. Schwartzwalder left Syracuse with a 153–91–3 record, Michigan assistant coach Frank Maloney was hired as Schwartzwalders replacement. Maloneys tenure at Syracuse was marked by inconsistency, the fan base turned on him as the Orange failed to achieve the national status they had enjoyed under Schwartzwalder. Maloneys program was limited by archaic facilities. Archbold Stadium, Syracuses home field since 1907, was in need of replacement, nonetheless, Maloney did recruit a number of future NFL stars such as Joe Morris and Pro Football Hall of Fame member Art Monk. Maloney was the subject of criticism, not only from the fans and alumni, ironically enough, this call from program alumni came during the 1979 season, Maloneys best at Syracuse, when the Orangemen qualified for the Independence Bowl, beating McNeese State. After coaching the Orangemen for seven seasons and presiding over the opening of a new stadium, Dick MacPherson was hired as the head coach in 1981 and after several mediocre seasons, fans wanted MacPherson fired, coining the phrase, Sack Mac. However, the opinion of Coach MacPherson changed when the program returned suddenly to national prominence in 1987 with an undefeated 11–0 regular season record. The team featured Maxwell Award winning quarterback Don McPherson and fullback Daryl Johnston, instead, the team faced Southeastern Conference champion Auburn University in the Sugar Bowl
Syracuse Orangemen football
–
The Old Oval athletic field, Syracuse University, ca. 1898-1907. (Syracuse University Archives)
Syracuse Orangemen football
Syracuse Orangemen football
–
Former football head coach Greg Robinson "chases" the last of his players onto the field before the kickoff of his inaugural 2005 season. It was also the first game played on the
Carrier Dome 's new
FieldTurf.
Syracuse Orangemen football
–
The Carrier Dome.
14.
Basketball
–
Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
Basketball
–
Michael Jordan goes for a
slam dunk
Basketball
–
The first basketball court:
Springfield College
Basketball
–
The 1899 University of Kansas basketball team, with James Naismith at the back, right.
Basketball
–
A basketball game between the
Heart Mountain and Powell High School girls teams, Wyoming, March 1944
15.
Track and field
–
Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sports venue, a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running. The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, the jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also combined events or multi events, such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, in these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a victor, the most prominent team events are relay races. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the mens and womens competitions are held at the same venue. It is one of the oldest sports, in ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won the stadium race. According to some traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals. In modern times, the two most prestigious track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The International Association of Athletics Federations is the governing body. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, however, if athletes are deemed to have violated the events rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In North America, the track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events, such as the marathon. The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory, Track and field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested, Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC
Track and field
–
Part of a track and field stadium
Track and field
–
A Greek vase from 500 BC depicting a running contest
Track and field
–
An early model of
hurdling at the
Detroit Athletic Club in 1888
Track and field
–
American athlete
Jim Thorpe lost his
Olympic medals for violating
amateurism rules of the Olympic Games.
16.
Lacrosse
–
Lacrosse is a contact team sport played between two teams using a small rubber ball and a long-handled stick called a crosse or lacrosse stick. The mens version is considered as a sport, with slashes and intense checks to the stick. The head of the stick is strung with loose mesh designed to catch. There are many different ways to put mesh on the head of the stick, also known as stringing the stick. Offensively, the objective of the game is to score by shooting the ball into a goal past the goalie, using the lacrosse stick to catch, cradle. Defensively, the objective is to keep the team from scoring and to gain the ball through the use of stick checking. The sport has four types, mens field lacrosse, womens lacrosse. The sport consists of four positions, midfield, attack, defense, long stick middies only play defense and come off of the field on offense. As a result of its origins, it is traditionally a Northeastern US, or east coast sport, but in recent years has grown into the South, Midwest. Lacrosse may have developed as early as 1100 AD among indigenous peoples on the North American continent. By the seventeenth century, it was well-established and it was documented by Jesuit missionary priests in the territory of present-day Canada. The game has many modifications since that time. In the traditional aboriginal Canadian version, each consisted of about 100 to 1,000 men on a field that stretched from about 500 m to 3 km long. These games lasted from sunup to sundown for two to three days straight and these games were played as part of ceremonial ritual, a kind of symbolic warfare, to give thanks to the Creator or Master. Lacrosse played a significant role in the community and religious life of tribes across the continent for many years, early lacrosse was characterized by deep spiritual involvement, befitting the spirit of combat in which it was undertaken. Those who took part did so in the role of warriors, with the goal of bringing glory and honor to themselves, the game was said to be played for the Creator or was referred to as The Creators Game. The French Jesuit missionary Jean de Brébeuf saw Iroquois tribesmen play the game during 1637 in present-day New York and he was one of the first Europeans to write about the game. The name seems to be originated from the French term for field hockey, a crosse in French is any stick curved at its end In 1855, William George Beers, a Canadian dentist, founded the Montreal Lacrosse Club
Lacrosse
–
Men's lacrosse match between
Duke University and the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Lacrosse
–
Ball-play of the Choctaw — ball up by
George Catlin, circa 1846–1850
Lacrosse
–
Richmond Hill "Young Canadians" lacrosse team, 1885.
Lacrosse
–
A face-off
17.
Retired number
–
Retiring the number of an athlete is an honor a team bestows upon a player, usually after the player has left the team, retires from the sport or dies. Once a number is retired, no player from the team may wear that number on their uniform, unless the player so-honored permits it, however. Such an honor may also be bestowed on players who had highly memorable careers, died prematurely under tragic circumstances, some sports that retire team numbers include baseball, cricket, ice hockey, basketball, American football and association football. Retired jerseys are referred to as hanging from the rafters as they are, literally. The first number retired by a team in a professional sport was that of hockey player Ace Bailey. Some teams have retired number 12 in honor of their fans. Similarly, the Sacramento Kings and Orlando Magic retired number 6 in honor of their fans, if a jersey is retired and an active player is still wearing it, the player is usually permitted to wear the number for his entire career as a player. If in the sport, managers and coaches wear uniform numbers, however, in some cases the player may elect to change their number. For instance, in 1987 the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League decided to retire jersey number 7 in honor of Phil Esposito, at the time #7 belonged to Ray Bourque, who was the Bruins captain and had become a star in his own right. On the night of the ceremony honoring Esposito, Bourque took to the ice wearing his normal jersey. He skated over to the Hall of Famer, took off the jersey, underneath was a jersey numbered 77, which would become as associated with Bourque as the 7 was with Esposito in Boston. Bourques new jersey number would eventually join Espositos in the rafters of TD Garden, in rare cases, a number may be retired because of the players endeavors in other fields. For example, former football star Gerald Fords number 48 was retired by the University of Michigan football squad by virtue of his future career as the 38th President of the United States. Teams also take out of circulation without formally retiring them. For example, the Pittsburgh Steelers have only retired two numbers, Ernie Stautners #70 and Joe Greenes #75. However, they have not reissued the numbers of several of their greatest players since they retired, and it is understood that no Steeler will ever wear them again. Similarly, with the exception of a pair of quarterbacks in the mid-1980s, additionally, after Peyton Manning was released by the Indianapolis Colts, owner Jim Irsay stated that no Colt will ever wear Mannings #18 again, though it was not officially retired. After his departure from the team in 2004, the Lakers removed Shaquille ONeals #34 from circulation, the Lakers had announced the intention to retire ONeals #34 officially, though, doing so on April 2,2013
Retired number
–
Jersey numbers retired
by the National Hockey League's New York Islanders as of 2007.
Retired number
–
Michael Jordan 's jersey in the rafters at the University of North Carolina
Retired number
–
Minor league teams also retire numbers, such as the
Kansas City T-Bones retiring #22 as a tribute to
Buck O'Neil.
18.
College Football Hall of Fame
–
The College Football Hall of Fame is a hall of fame and museum devoted to college football. The National Football Foundation launched the Hall in 1951 to immortalize the players, from 1995 to 2012, the Hall was located in South Bend, Indiana. It was connected to a center and situated in the citys renovated downtown district,2 miles south of the University of Notre Dame campus. In August 2014, the College Football Hall of Fame and Chick-fil-A Fan Experience opened in downtown Atlanta, rutgers donated land near its football stadium, office space, and administrative support. In response, the Foundation moved its operations to New York City, when the New York Attorney Generals office began its own investigation, the foundation moved to Kings Mills, Ohio, where a building finally was constructed adjacent to Kings Island in 1978. The Hall opened with good attendance figures early on, but visitation dwindled dramatically as time went on, nearby Galbreath Field remained open as the home of Moeller High School football until 2003. A new building was opened in South Bend, Indiana on August 25,1995. Despite estimates that the South Bend location would more than 150,000 visitors a year, the Hall of Fame drew about 115,000 people the first year. In 2009, the National Football Foundation decided to move the College Football Hall of Fame to Atlanta, the possibility of moving the museum has been brought up in other cities, including Dallas, which had the financial backing of billionaire T. Boone Pickens. However, the National Football Foundation ultimately decided on Atlanta for the next site, the new $68.5 million museum opened on August 23,2014. It is located next to Centennial Olympic Park, which is near other attractions such as the Georgia Aquarium, the World of Coca-Cola, CNN Center, and the National Center for Civil and Human Rights. The Hall of Fame is located near the Georgia Institute of Technology of the ACC, the new building broke ground on January 28,2013. Sections of the architecture are reminiscent of a football in shape, the facility is 94,256 square feet and contains approximately 50,000 square feet of exhibit and event space, interactive displays and a 45-yard indoor football field. Atlanta Hall Management operates the College Football Hall of Fame, as of 2017, there are 987 players and 214 coaches enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame, representing 306 schools. The National Football Foundation outlines specific criteria that may be used for evaluating a candidate for induction into the Hall of Fame. A player must have received major first team All-America recognition, a player becomes eligible for consideration 10 years after his last year of intercollegiate football played. Football achievements are considered first, but the record as a citizen is also weighed. Players must have played their last year of football within the last 50 years
College Football Hall of Fame
–
Location in Downtown Atlanta
College Football Hall of Fame
–
College Football Hall of Fame
College Football Hall of Fame
–
College Football Hall of Fame in South Bend, Ind. featured a newly installed Spriturf
artificial turf field. The South Bend location closed on Dec. 31, 2012.
College Football Hall of Fame
–
College Football Hall of Fame side entrance.
19.
Pro Football Hall of Fame
–
The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football. As of 2017, there are a total of 310 members of the Hall of Fame, groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11,1962. The original building contained just two rooms, and 19,000 square feet of interior space, in April 1970, ground was broken for the first of many expansions. This first expansion cost $620,000, and was completed in May 1971, the size was increased to 34,000 square feet by adding another room. The pro shop opened with this expansion and this was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time. In November 1977, work began on another project, costing US$1,200,000. It was completed in November 1978, enlarging the shop and research library. The total size of the hall was now 50,500 square feet, the building remained largely unchanged until July 1993. The Hall then announced yet another expansion, costing US$9,200,000 and this expansion was completed in October 1995. The buildings size was increased to 82,307 square feet, the most notable addition was the GameDay Stadium, which shows an NFL Films production on a 20-foot by 42-foot Cinemascope screen. Through 2017, all inductees except one, played part of their professional career in the NFL. For CFL stars, there is a parallel Canadian Football Hall of Fame, only one player, the Chicago Bears have the most Hall of Famers among the leagues franchises with 32 enshrinees. Enshrinees are selected by a 46-person committee, largely made up of media members, each city that has a current NFL team sends one representative from the local media to the committee. A city with more than one franchise sends a representative for each franchise, there are also 13 at-large delegates, and one representative from the Pro Football Writers Association. Except for the PFWA representative, who is appointed to a term, all other appointments are open-ended and terminated only by death, incapacitation, retirement. To be eligible for the process, a player or coach must have been retired for at least five years. Any other contributor such as an owner or executive can be voted in at any time. Fans may nominate any player, coach or contributor by simply writing to the Pro Football Hall of Fame via letter or email
Pro Football Hall of Fame
–
The Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio
Pro Football Hall of Fame
–
The Hall is made up of several sections, at heart is the display of inductees.
Pro Football Hall of Fame
–
Inside the original structure in 2008.
Pro Football Hall of Fame
–
Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium with the Hall of Fame in lower right
20.
St. Simons Island, Georgia
–
St. Simons is a census-designated place located on St. Simons Island in Glynn County, Georgia, United States. The community and the island are interchangeable, known simply as St. Simons Island, St. Simons is part of the Brunswick, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, and according to the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 12,743. Located on the southeast Georgia coast, midway between Savannah and Jacksonville, St. Simons Island is both a seaside resort and residential community and it is the largest of Georgias renowned Golden Isles. Visitors are drawn to the Island for its climate, beaches, variety of outdoor activities, shops and restaurants, historical sites. In addition to its base of permanent residents, the island enjoys an influx of visitors and part-time residents throughout the year. The 2010 Census notes that 26. 8% of total housing units are for “seasonal, recreational, the vast majority of commercial and residential development is located on the southern half of the island. Much of the northern half remains marsh or woodland, a large tract of land in the northeast has been converted to a nature preserve containing trails, historical ruins, and undisturbed maritime forest. The tract, Cannon’s Point Preserve, is open to the public on specified days, originally inhabited by tribes of the Creek Nation, the area of South Georgia that includes St. Simons Island was contested by the Spaniards, English and French. The primary mode of travel to the island is by automobile via F. J. Torras Causeway, malcolm McKinnon Airport serves general aviation on the island. St. Simons Island is part of a cluster of barrier islands, Sea Island forms the eastern edge of this cluster, with Little St. Simons on the north, and the marshes of Glynn plus the Intracoastal Waterway to the west. The Köppen Climate Classification System rates the climate of St. Simons Island as humid subtropical, ocean breezes tend to moderate the island climate, as compared to the nearby mainland. Daytime mean highs in winter range from 61 to 68 °F, summertime mean highs are 88 to 90 °F, with average lows 73 to 75 °F. Average rainfall is 45 inches per year, rainfall is greatest in August and September, when passing afternoon thunderstorms are typical. Accumulation of snow/ice is extremely rare, the last recorded snow on St. Simons was in 1989. The island is located in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 9a, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 17.7 square miles,15.9 square miles of which is land and 1.7 square miles of it is water. On St. Simons Island, a diverse and complex ecology exists alongside residential and commercial development. The island shares many common to the chain of sea islands along the southeastern U. S. coast…sandy beaches on the ocean side, marshes to the west. Despite centuries of agriculture and development, a canopy of live oaks, the abundance of food provided by the marshes, estuaries and vegetation attracts a varied assortment of wildlife on land, sea and in the air
St. Simons Island, Georgia
–
St. Simons Park marker
St. Simons Island, Georgia
–
St. Simons, Georgia
St. Simons Island, Georgia
–
St. Simons Park
St. Simons Island, Georgia
–
Remains of Fort Frederica
21.
Manhasset Secondary School
–
Manhasset Secondary School is a six-year public high school and middle school located in Manhasset, Nassau County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. Manhasset High School consistently ranks among the top 100 high schools in America, in addition, the school has been represented yearly national science competitions such as I-SWEEEP, ISEF, and WAC Foundation Lighting Science Fair. As of the 2014-15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,092 students and 83.0 classroom teachers, there were 44 students eligible for free lunch and 8 eligible for reduced-cost lunch. The secondary school building was built in 1934-1939 as a project of the Works Progress Administration, the building was designed by the firm Tooker & Marsh with Roger H. Bullard as an associate architect. John H. Esile & Co. was contracted as the building contractor and it has undergone multiple extensions and renovations throughout the years, but remains almost entirely intact historically. The interior main hallway and auditorium underwent restoration in 2009 and it is currently pending a listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The school colors are orange and blue, in 1932, Manhasset established the first HS lacrosse team on Long Island while Garden City followed shortly after in 1934. Since 1995, Manhasset has won the Class B State Championship one time,1995, in 2009 and 2010, the boys lacrosse team won the Class C state championship, making back-to-back state titles for the first time in school history. In 2008, the Boys Junior 4+ boat won the Scholastic National Regatta in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, the prestigious Stotesbury Cup regatta, the following year, in 2009, the Boys Senior 4+ won back-to-back National titles. They also placed first in both the New York State Championship regatta and the New Jersey State Championship regatta that year, the Girls Junior 4+ boat also won the Scholastic National Regatta and placed 4th in the world famous Head of the Charles Regatta. In 2010 the Girls Lightweight 4+ boat won New York State Championship regatta and they also took second place Second at the Stotesbury Cup Regatta. Eight choirs involve over 300 students in singing, Symphonic Choir, Concert Choir I, Concert Choir II, Womens Chorus, Vocal Jazz Ensemble, Select Ensemble, Kinsmen, Kinsmen is the elite mens choir with 35 members. Jim Brown, NFL Hall of Famer for the Cleveland Browns, jack Coffee attorney, professor of law at Columbia and SEC expert. Dr. Nancy E. Gary, former dean of Albany Medical College, Executive Vice President of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, ken Howard, actor best known for the TV series The White Shadow and Chancellor of the National Kidney Foundation. Steve Lesser, architect, best known for work on Faneuil Hall, barbara Prey, painter with works in numerous museums and the White House. Vicki Robin, activist, author of Your Money or Your Life, ira Lee Sorkin, attorney, and SEC expert, defended Bernard Madoff. The Woodstick Classic boys varsity lacrosse on 3-31-07 The boys varsity lacrosse team winning their Nassau county semifinal game against the Friends Academy on 5-25-07
Manhasset Secondary School
–
Manhasset Secondary School
22.
Baseball
–
Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
Baseball
–
A baseball game at
Angel Stadium in
Anaheim, CA
Baseball
–
Alexander Cartwright, father of modern baseball
Baseball
–
The
New York Giants baseball team, 1913.
Fred Merkle, sixth in line, committed a
baserunning gaffe in a crucial 1908 game that became famous as
Merkle's Boner.
Baseball
–
Babe Ruth in 1920, the year he joined the
New York Yankees
23.
Racism
–
Racism is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Today, the use of the term racism does not easily fall under a single definition, the Holocaust is the classic example of institutionalized racism which led to the death of millions of people based on their race. Ethnicity is often used in a close to one traditionally attributed to race. Therefore, racism and racial discrimination are often used to describe discrimination on an ethnic or cultural basis, according to a United Nations convention on racial discrimination, there is no distinction between the terms racial and ethnic discrimination. Racist ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life, Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices. Associated social actions may include nativism, xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking, supremacism, in the 19th century, many scientists subscribed to the belief that the human population can be divided into races. The term racism is a noun describing the state of being racist, the origin of the root word race is not clear. Linguists generally agree that it came to the English language from Middle French, a recent proposal is that it derives from the Arabic ras, which means head, beginning, origin or the Hebrew rosh, which has a similar meaning. Early race theorists generally held that some races were inferior to others and these early theories guided pseudo-scientific research assumptions, the collective endeavors to adequately define and form hypotheses about racial differences are generally termed scientific racism. To date, there is evidence in human genome research indicating that race can be defined in such a way as to be useful in a genetic classification of humans. An entry in the Oxford English Dictionary defines racialism simply as An earlier term than racism, but now superseded by it. The revised Oxford English Dictionary cites the shortened term racism in a quote from the year,1903. It was first defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as he theory that human characteristics and abilities are determined by race. Additionally, the Oxford English Dictionary records racism as a synonym of racialism, as its history indicates, popular use of the word racism is relatively recent. The word came into usage in the Western world in the 1930s, when it was used to describe the social and political ideology of Nazism. It is commonly agreed that racism existed before the coinage of the word, garner summarizes different existing definitions of racism and identifies three common elements contained in those definitions of racism. First, a historical, hierarchical power relationship between groups, second, a set of ideas about racial differences, and, third, the UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. They are born equal in dignity and rights and all form a part of humanity
Racism
–
A rally against
school integration in 1959.
Racism
–
1902 use of the word "racism".
Racism
–
Students protesting against
racial quotas in
Brazil. The sign reads: "Want vacancy? Pass the
entry exam!"
Racism
–
Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, Germany, 1933
24.
Long Island
–
Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the main Island as well as its nearby, surrounding outer barrier islands. North of the island is the Long Island Sound, across from which lie the states of Connecticut, across the Sound, to the northwest, lies Westchester County on mainland New York. To the west, Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River. To the extreme southwest, it is separated from the New York City borough of Staten Island and the U. S. state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, to the east lie Block Island and numerous smaller islands. Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile, Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse. Some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere are located on Long Island, nine bridges and 13 tunnels connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut, the Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24/7. At the time of European contact, the Lenape people inhabited the western end of Long Island, giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes, after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524. In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor, adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands. Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka, sewan was one of the terms for wampum, and is also translated as loose or scattered, which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island. The name t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s, later, the English referred to the land as Nassau Island, after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. It is unclear when the name Nassau Island was discontinued, the very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island, the first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21,1640, when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. Peter Hallock, one of the settlers, drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first and he is considered the first New World settler on Long Island. Southampton was settled in the same year, Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, and Brookhaven in 1655. While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County. The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645 and these included, Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick
Long Island
–
A mansion on Long Island's
Gold Coast
Long Island
–
The c. 1806
Old Hook Mill in
East Hampton is one of eleven extant windmills in
Suffolk County.
Long Island
–
The
Old House in
Cutchogue, built 1649, is the oldest English-style house in New York State.
Long Island
–
Battle of Long Island
25.
Domestic worker
–
A domestic worker or domestic helper is a person who works within the employers household. Other responsibilities may include cooking, laundry and ironing, shopping for food, such work has always needed to be done but before the Industrial Revolution and the advent of labour saving devices, it was physically much harder. Some domestic helpers live within their employers household, in some cases, the contribution and skill of servants whose work encompassed complex management tasks in large households have been highly valued. However, for the most part, domestic work, while necessary, is demanding, although legislation protecting domestic workers is in place in many countries, it is often not extensively enforced. In many jurisdictions, domestic work is regulated and domestic workers are subject to serious abuses. Servant is an older English word for domestic worker, though not all servants worked inside the home, Domestic service, or the employment of people for wages in their employers residence, was sometimes simply called service and has often been part of a hierarchical system. The United Kingdoms Master and Servant Act 1823 was the first of its kind and influenced the creation of domestic laws in other nations. However, before the passing of such Acts servants, and workers in general, had no protection in law, the only real advantage that domestic service provided was the provision of meals, accommodation, and sometimes clothes, in addition to a modest wage. Service was normally an apprentice system with room for advancement through the ranks, the conditions faced by domestic workers have varied considerably throughout history and in the contemporary world. In 2011, the International Labour Organization adopted the Convention Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers. In July 2011, at the annual International Labour Conference, held by the ILO, conference delegates adopted the Convention on Domestic Workers by a vote of 396 to 16, the Convention recognized domestic workers as workers with the same rights as other workers. On 26 April 2012, Uruguay was the first country to ratify the convention, many domestic workers are live-in domestics. Though they often have their own quarters, their accommodations are not usually as comfortable as those reserved for the family members, in some cases, they sleep in the kitchen or small rooms, such as a box room, sometimes located in the basement or attic. Domestic workers may live in their own home, though often they are live-in domestics, meaning that they receive their room. The majority of workers in China, Mexico, India. Employers may require their domestic workers to wear a uniform, livery or other domestic workers clothes when in their employers residence, the uniform is usually simple, though aristocratic employers sometimes provided elaborate decorative liveries, especially for use on formal occasions. In traditional portrayals, the attire of domestic workers especially was typically more formal, on 30 March 2009, Peru adopted a law banning employers from requiring domestic workers to wear uniform at public places. However, it’s not explained which punishments will be given to employers violating the law, chile adopted a similar law in 2014, also banning employers to require domestic workers to wear uniform at public places
Domestic worker
–
Memorial valuing the work of Maria Home, servant in
Warwick Castle (1834)
Domestic worker
–
A
Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD)
Chinese ceramic figurine of a
lady servant in a standard formal pose with hands covered by long sleeve cuffs in the traditional fashions
Domestic worker
–
Disgruntled cook (1855)
Domestic worker
–
Parisian maid (1906) (Image by
Constant Puyo)
26.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
–
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
–
First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
–
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
–
The New York Times newsroom, 1942
27.
Boston Red Sox
–
The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League East division. The Red Sox have won eight World Series championships and have played in 13, founded in 1901 as one of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the Red Sox home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912. The Red Sox name was chosen by the owner, John I. Taylor, around 1908, following the lead of previous teams that had known as the Boston Red Stockings. Boston was a dominant team in the new league, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918. Following their victory in the 2013 World Series, they became the first team to win three World Series trophies in the 21st century, including championships in 2004 and 2007. Red Sox history has also marked by the teams intense rivalry with the Yankees. The Boston Red Sox are owned by Fenway Sports Group, which owns the Liverpool F. C. of the Premier League in England. The Red Sox are consistently one of the top MLB teams in road attendance. From May 15,2003 to April 10,2013, the Red Sox sold out every home game—a total of 820 games for a professional sports record. Neil Diamonds Sweet Caroline has become an anthem for the Red Sox, the name Red Sox, chosen by owner John I. Taylor after the 1907 season, refers to the red hose in the team uniform beginning 1908. Sox had been adopted for the Chicago White Sox by newspapers needing a headline-friendly form of Stockings. The team name Red Sox had previously used as early as 1888 by a colored team from Norfolk. The Spanish language media sometimes refers to the team as Medias Rojas, the official Spanish site uses the variant Los Red Sox. The Red Stockings nickname was first used by a team by the Cincinnati Red Stockings. Managed by Harry Wright, Cincinnati adopted a uniform with white knickers and red stockings and earned the famous nickname, the Boston Red Stockings won four championships in the five seasons of the new National Association, the first professional league. Other names were used before Boston officially adopted the nickname Braves in 1912
Boston Red Sox
–
The 1901 Boston Americans team photograph
Boston Red Sox
–
Team logo
Boston Red Sox
–
Iconic photo of the Huntington Avenue Grounds before the first modern World Series game
Boston Red Sox
–
The Huntington Avenue Grounds during a game. Note building from which the famous 1903 "bird's-eye" photo was taken.
28.
Carl Yastrzemski
–
Carl Michael Yastrzemski is an American former Major League Baseball player. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989, Yastrzemski played his entire 23-year baseball career with the Boston Red Sox. He was primarily a left fielder, but also played 33 games as a third baseman and mostly was a first baseman and designated hitter later in his career. Yastrzemski is an 18-time All-Star, the possessor of seven Gold Gloves, a member of the 3,000 hit club, and he is second on the all-time list for games played, and third for total at-bats. He is the Red Sox all-time leader in career RBIs, runs, hits, singles, doubles, total bases, and games played, and is third on the teams list for home runs behind Ted Williams and David Ortiz. In 1967 Yastrzemski achieved a peak in his career, leading the Red Sox to the American League pennant for the first time in two decades and being voted the 1967 American League MVP. Yaztrzemski also won the Triple Crown that year, a milestone which was not accomplished again in the Major Leagues until Miguel Cabrera achieved the feat 45 years later in 2012, Yastrzemski was born in Bridgehampton, New York to Carl Yastrzemski, Sr. and Hattie Skonieczny. Both his parents were of a Polish background, and young Carl was bilingual from an early age, raised on his fathers potato farm, Carl played on sandlot baseball teams with his father, who, he maintains, was a better athlete than he was. Carl also played Little League Baseball, Yaz attended Notre Dame on a basketball scholarship briefly before embarking on his baseball career. Yastrzemski, who had studied business at Notre Dame, fulfilled a promise to his parents by finishing his degree at Merrimack College in North Andover, Massachusetts, Yastrzemski began his major-league career in 1961. From the beginning, there was pressure on him to perform. He would prove to be a successor at the plate. In 12 years as a fielder, Yastrzemski won seven Gold Gloves. Yastrzemski enjoyed his best season in 1967, when he won the American League Triple Crown with a.326 batting average,44 home runs and 121 RBIs and he was voted Most Valuable Player almost unanimously. His 12. 4WAR was the highest since Babe Ruths 1927 season,1967 was the season of the Impossible Dream for the Red Sox, who rebounded from a ninth-place finish a year before to win the American League pennant on the last day of the season. The Red Sox went into the two games of the season trailing the Twins by 1 game and leading the Tigers by 1/2 game. The Red Sox final two games were against Minnesota with the pennant and home run title on the line, in the Saturday game, Yaz went 3 for 4 with a home run and 4 RBI. Klllebrew also homered, but the Red Sox won, 6-4, thus, the teams went into the final game tied for 1st place, and Yaz and Killebrew were tied with 44 home runs apiece
Carl Yastrzemski
–
Yastrzemski in the dugout at
Fenway Park
Carl Yastrzemski
–
Yastrzemski bats at
Tiger Stadium
Carl Yastrzemski
–
Yastrzemski signing an autograph at Fenway Park in 2008.
29.
Bridgehampton, New York
–
Bridgehampton is a hamlet and census-designated place in the South Fork of Suffolk County, New York, USA. The population was 1,756 at the 2010 census, Bridgehampton is in the town of Southampton, on Long Island. Shortly after the founding of Southampton in 1640, settlers began to move east to the known by the Shinnecock Indians as Sagaponack. At the head of Sagg Pond the hardy settlers established a community called Bullhead, Sagg Bridge was built in 1686 by Ezekiel Sandford. The bridge was the link between Mecox and Sagaponack and gave this locality its name of Bridgehampton, Bridgehampton became the home of the horse show known as the Hampton Classic and a road racing course that figured prominently in American automobile racing. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,381 people,627 households, the population density was 147.8 per square mile. There were 1,494 housing units at a density of 159. 9/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 78. 86% White,17. 38% African American,0. 51% Native American,0. 80% Asian,1. 45% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 26% of the population. 33. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.82. In the CDP, the population was out with 17. 7% under the age of 18,4. 1% from 18 to 24,22. 2% from 25 to 44,33. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 49 years, for every 100 females there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $54,896, and the median income for a family was $74,583. Males had an income of $50,865 versus $32,778 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $43,781, about 6. 8% of families and 8. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 2% of those under age 18 and 2. 7% of those age 65 or over. Bridgehampton is located at 40°55′59″N 72°18′29″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 13.6 square miles, of which 13.0 square miles is land and 0.62 square miles, or 4. 57%, is water. Bridgehampton Union Free School District Hayground school The Bridgehampton Race Circuit was a 2. 85-mile, the historic road racing track has been converted to a golf course and homes. Beyoncé and husband Jay Z rented a $43.5 million property in Bridgehampton
Bridgehampton, New York
–
Hampton Classic
Bridgehampton, New York
–
Beebee windmill, moved from
Sag Harbor to Bridgehampton in the 19th century
30.
Heisman Trophy
–
The Heisman Memorial Trophy, is awarded annually to the most outstanding player in college football in the United States whose performance best exhibits the pursuit of excellence with integrity. Winners epitomize great ability combined with diligence, perseverance, and hard work and it is presented by the Heisman Trophy Trust in early December before the postseason bowl games. The award was created by the Downtown Athletic Club in 1935 to recognize the most valuable football player east of the Mississippi. After the death in October 1936 of the Clubs athletic director, John Heisman, Heisman had been active in college athletics as a football player, a head football, basketball, and baseball coach, and an athletic director. It is the oldest of several awards in college football, including the Maxwell Award, Walter Camp Award. The most recent winner of the Heisman Trophy is University of Louisville quarterback Lamar Jackson, the trophy itself, designed by sculptor Frank Eliscu, is modeled after Ed Smith, a leading player in 1934 for the now-defunct New York University football team. The trophy is made out of cast bronze, is 13.5 inches tall, Eliscu had asked Smith, his former George Washington High School classmate, to pose for a commissioned sculpture of a football player. Smith did not realize until 1982 that the sculpture had become the Heisman Trophy, the Downtown Athletic Club presented Smith with a Heisman Trophy of his own in 1985. From its inception in 1935, the statue was cast by Dieges & Clust in New York until 1980, for a time until at least 2008, the statues were cast by Roman Bronze Works in New York. There are 870 media voters,145 voters from each of six regions, according to Heisman. com there are currently 57 prior winners eligible to vote and, thus,57 potential votes. Fans, As the Premier Partner of the Heisman Trophy, Nissan has a vote, fan voting done through a survey collected by ESPN on NissanHeismanHouse. com. Each voter identifies three selections, ranking them in order, each first-place selection is awarded three points. Each second-place selection is awarded two points, each third-place selection is awarded one point. Voters must make three selections and cannot duplicate a selection, else the ballot is invalid and none of the selections count, the accounting firm Deloitte is responsible for the tabulation of votes, which has moved almost exclusively to online voting since 2007. Larry Kelley and Clint Frank of Yale were the first teammates to win the Heisman Trophy, nile Kinnick of Iowa was the only Heisman Trophy winner to have a stadium named after him. In 1972, the University of Iowa renamed its football complex Kinnick Stadium, Kinnick is also the only winner to die in military service of the United States, he went down piloting an F4F Wildcat from the deck of USS Lexington. His death in 1943 made him the first Heisman Trophy winner to die, Doc Blanchard was the first junior to win the Heisman Trophy when he led Army to the national title in 1945. Paul Hornung was the player to win the Heisman Trophy as a player for a losing team
Heisman Trophy
–
John Cappelletti 's 1973 Heisman Trophy
Heisman Trophy
–
Heisman Trophy
Heisman Trophy
–
Rashaan Salaam 's 1994 Heisman Trophy
31.
Colgate Raiders football
–
The Colgate Raiders football team represents Colgate University in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision college football competition as a member of the Patriot League. In 1915, Colgate recorded its 100th victory with a win over Army, the following season, they compiled an 8–1 record, with the lone loss coming against Yale, 7–3. For the 1916 season, Parke H. Davis named Colgate as the national co-champions, during the Great Depression, there was a proliferation of postseason benefit games to raise money for the unemployed. On December 6,1930, Colgate traveled to New York Citys Yankee Stadium to play New York University in one of games and won. In 1932, Colgate finished undefeated, untied and unscored upon with a 9–0 record and they outscored their opponents 234 points to 0. Parke H. Davis named the Red Raiders the national champions and they did not, however, receive an invitation to the 1933 Rose Bowl, and as such, have been referred to as undefeated, untied, unscored upon, and uninvited. The team was considered as a candidate to play in the first Sugar Bowl in January 1935, in 1982, Colgate football was relegated from the Division I-A to Division I-AA level. Since then, the team has advanced to the numerous times. In 2003, Colgate advanced to the Division I FCS final, having won 15 straight games that season, becoming the first, there, the Raiders lost to Delaware, 40–0. Two Raiders have received the Walter Payton Award for most outstanding player in Division I-AA, Kenny Gamble in 1987 and Jamaal Branch in 2003. As of 2013, he is the last Colgate player to be selected during the NFL Draft Bill Geyer – Former NFL Halfback for the Chicago Bears Michael Joseph Hayes – First Lieutenant in the United States Army. He was killed in an attack on Saint-Juvin, France on October 14,1918 and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Ed Tryon – Inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1963 Belf West – offensive tackle for the Canton Bulldogs Izzy Yablok – American football player Official website
Colgate Raiders football
32.
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
–
The USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships is an annual track and field competition organized by USA Track & Field, which serves as the American national championships for the sport. Since 1992, in years which feature a Summer Olympics or a World Championships in Athletics, the history of the competition starts in 1876, when the New York Athletic Club decided to organize a national championships. Having previously held the NYAC Spring and Fall Games, the edition of the Fall Games became the countrys first national track. The National Association of Amateur Athletes of America, began sponsoring the meeting in 1879, at this point, the Amateur Athletic Union, a more powerful athletic organisation, began to hold their own version of the national championships. Two national championships were held in 1888, but the NAAAA disbanded after this, the AAU was the sole organizer of the event for the next ninety years. As a result of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978, the AAU no longer had power over Olympic sports in the United States, a spin-off group, The Athletics Congress, held its first national track and field championships in 1980. The Athletics Congress was renamed USA Track & Field in 1993, all races were in yards until 1928. From then on, races were measured in meters for Olympic years and yards for other years, note that the track surface changed over these years. Synthetic tracks were used in the editions in 1963,1965,1969,1971,1972. Official website from USATF A brief history of the US national championship from Track & Field News Past results from Track & Field News Past champions from USATF
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
–
Hayward Field has hosted the championships over 10 times, the most of all venues.
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
–
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
–
The Cobb Track and Angell Field stadium has played host to the championships on two occasions.
33.
Decathlon
–
The decathlon is a combined event in athletics consisting of ten track and field events. The word decathlon is of Greek origin, from δέκα and ἄθλος, events are held over two consecutive days and the winners are determined by the combined performance in all. Performance is judged on a system in each event, not by the position achieved. The decathlon is contested mainly by athletes, while female athletes typically compete in the heptathlon. Traditionally, the title of Worlds Greatest Athlete has been given to the person who wins the Olympic decathlon. This began when King Gustav V of Sweden told Jim Thorpe, You, the current decathlon world record holder is American Ashton Eaton, who scored 9045 points at the 2015 IAAF World Championships. The event developed from the ancient pentathlon, pentathlon competitions were held at the ancient Greek Olympics. Pentathlons involved five disciplines – long jump, discus throw, javelin throw, sprint, introduced in Olympia during 708 BC, the competition was extremely popular for many centuries. By the sixth century BC, pentathlons had become part of religious games, the modern decathlon first appeared on the Olympic athletics program at the 1912 Games in Stockholm. The vast majority of international and top level mens decathlons are divided into a competition, with the track. Traditionally, all decathletes who finish the event, rather than just the winner or medal winning athletes, at major championships, the womens equivalent of the decathlon is the seven-event heptathlon, prior to 1981 it was the five-event pentathlon. However, in 2001, the IAAF approved scoring tables for a womens decathlon, the current world record holder is Austra Skujytė of Lithuania. Womens disciplines differ from mens in the way as for standalone events, the shot put, discus and javelin weigh less. The points tables used are the same as for the heptathlon in the shared events, the one-hour decathlon is a special type of decathlon in which the athletes have to start the last of ten events within sixty minutes of the start of the first event. The world record holder is Czech decathlete Robert Změlík, who achieved 7,897 points at a meeting in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia, in Masters athletics, performance scores are age graded before being applied to the standard scoring table. This way, marks that would be competitive within an age division can get rated, additionally, like women, the age divisions use different implement weights and lower hurdles. Based on this system, German Rolf Geese in the M60 division, using the same scale, Nadine OConnor scored 10,234 points in the W65 division, the highest decathlon score ever recorded. The decathlon tables should not be confused with the scoring tables compiled by Bojidar Spiriev, on those tables, for example, a decathlon score of 9,006 points equates to 1,265 comparison points, the same number as a triple jump of 18 m
Decathlon
–
Decathlon combines four runs, three jumps and three throws.
Decathlon
Decathlon
34.
Carrier Dome
–
Carrier Dome is a 49, 250-seat domed sports stadium located on the campus of Syracuse University in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse, New York. It is home to the Syracuse Orange football, basketball, in 2006–07, the womens basketball team began playing home games in the Dome. New York high school state championships as well as the annual New York State Field Band Conference championships are held in the stadium. The Carrier Dome is the largest domed stadium of any college campus, and it is also the largest on-campus basketball arena in the nation, with a listed capacity of 33,000, however, this limit has been exceeded several times. Toward the end of the 1970s, Syracuse University was under pressure to improve its facilities in order to remain a Division I-A football school. Its small concrete stadium, Archbold Stadium, was 70 years old, the stadium could not be expanded, earlier in the decade it had been reduced from 40,000 seats to 26,000 due to fire codes. When it opened in September 1980, it was clear just how loud it was inside, that night the domes famous nickname. The inflatable roof causes the sound produced to echo many times and it would also serve as the home for the mens basketball team, as a replacement for Manley Field House. Syracuse Universitys mens basketball per-game and single-season attendance numbers are annual contenders for the top rank in the nation, Lacrosse crowds are not as large, but the venue allows Syracuses lacrosse teams to play home games throughout the February–May regular season. The Dome has seen many of NCAA basketballs largest crowds, on February 1,2014, the attendance record for a NCAA mens basketball on-campus game was broken by a few hundred spectators in the Duke vs. Syracuse ACC matchup. Attendance was announced as 35,446, as Syracuse went on to win 91-89 and this win marked the 21st straight win of the season for the Orange, breaking a school record for the longest unbeaten streak to start a season. The previous attendance record was set February 23,2013, the game vs. long-standing Big East Conference rivals Georgetown Hoyas, as a member of the Big East. The Orange were defeated 57-46, ending the Oranges home win-streak at 38 games, prior to the Georgetown Hoyas attendance record, Syracuse University held the previous attendance record also. On February 27,2010, an attendance of 34,616 came to see the Orange beat the Villanova Wildcats 95-77. It was decided, to season ticket holders, that the court would stay in its usual location. However, the university did reconfigure the Dome to hold a new capacity of 35,446. On March 19,2007, a new NIT attendance record was set, at 26,752, Syracuse defeated the Utica Comets 2-1. The 1981 Big East Conference mens basketball tournament was held there, the Mens NCAA Basketball Tournament East Regional semi-finals & finals have been held at the Dome seven times
Carrier Dome
Carrier Dome
–
Carrier Dome in its basketball configuration
Carrier Dome
–
Football inside the Carrier Dome
35.
LaDainian Tomlinson
–
LaDainian Tramayne Tomlinson is a former professional American football player who was a running back in the National Football League for eleven seasons. He played the majority of his 11-year career with the San Diego Chargers, Tomlinson was selected to five Pro Bowls, was an All-Pro six times, and won two rushing titles. At the time of his retirement, he ranked fifth in rushing yards, seventh in all-purpose yards, second in career rushing touchdowns. He currently serves as an analyst on NFL Network, Tomlinson will be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in August 2017, his first year of eligibility. Tomlinson played college football for Texas Christian University, earned consensus All-American honors and he spent nine seasons with the Chargers. In 2010, he signed as an agent with the New York Jets. Tomlinson is often referred to by his initials, L. T, an effective passer on halfback option plays, Tomlinson threw seven touchdown passes and ranks second behind Walter Payton for non-quarterbacks since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970. He was named to the NFLs 2000s All-Decade Team as one of the top running backs of the 2000s, Tomlinson was born to Loreane Chappelle and Oliver Tomlinson in Rosebud, Texas. His father left the family when Tomlinson was seven years old, Tomlinson did not see his father very often afterwards. His mother worked as a preacher, at the age of nine, Tomlinson joined the Pop Warner Little Scholars football program and scored a touchdown the first time he touched the ball. Tomlinson attended University High School in Waco, Texas, where he played basketball, baseball, football, Tomlinson began his football career as a linebacker, but blossomed on the offensive side of the ball. Tomlinson amassed 2,554 yards and 39 touchdowns his senior year and he was named in the state all-star football team in 1997, which included future San Diego teammates Drew Brees and Quentin Jammer. In track & field, Tomlinson competed as a sprinter and was a member of the Waco University 4 ×100 m relay squad, Tomlinson was an avid Dallas Cowboys and Miami Hurricanes fan during his youth. He idolized Walter Payton and admired Emmitt Smith, Jim Brown, Tomlinson accepted an athletic scholarship at Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas, then a member of the Western Athletic Conference. He played for the TCU Horned Frogs from 1997 to 2000, prior to Tomlinsons arrival, TCU had appeared in only one bowl game in the previous 12 seasons, and had recently been downgraded to a minor conference after the breakup of the Southwest Conference. During Tomlinsons freshman and sophomore years, he split time with Basil Mitchell, in the 1998 season, he helped the Horned Frogs to their first bowl win in 41 years against the USC Trojans in the Sun Bowl. Tomlinson finished his season with an NCAA-leading 1,850 yards rushing to go along with 18 touchdowns, in his senior season in 2000, Tomlinson led the NCAA for the second time with 2,158 yards and 22 touchdowns, and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American. He won the Doak Walker Award as the nations best running back, and was a finalist for the 2000 Heisman Trophy and he completed his college career with 5,263 rushing yards, ranking sixth in NCAA Division I history
LaDainian Tomlinson
–
Tomlinson in 2012
LaDainian Tomlinson
–
Tomlinson warming up during his tenure with the Chargers.
LaDainian Tomlinson
–
Tomlinson against
Cleveland Browns in 2006
LaDainian Tomlinson
–
Tomlinson warming up in 2008.
36.
2006 NFL season
–
The 2006 NFL season was the 87th regular season of the National Football League. Regular season play was held from September 7 to December 31,2006, the NFL title was eventually won by the Indianapolis Colts, when they defeated the Chicago Bears 29-17 in Super Bowl XLI at Dolphin Stadium at Miami Gardens, Florida on February 4. Under the flexible-scheduling system, all Sunday games in the affected weeks tentatively had the start times of 1 p. m. ET/10 a. m. PT, except played in the Pacific or Mountain time zones. On the Tuesday 12 days before the games, the league moved one game to the primetime slot and this was the first season that NBC held the rights to televise Sunday Night Football, becoming the beneficiaries by negotiating the new flexible-scheduling system. ESPN became the new home of Monday Night Football, replacing sister network American Broadcasting Company, meanwhile, CBS and Fox renewed their television contracts to the American Football Conference and the National Football Conference packages, respectively. Louis Rams – Scott Linehan, replaced interim head coach Joe Vitt who replaced Mike Martz who was not allowed to coach due to problems during the 2005 season. W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PCT = Winning Percentage, PF= Points For, PA = Points Against Clinched playoff seeds are marked in parentheses, no tie games occurred this year. Tiebreakers Source,2007 NFL Record and Fact Book a Cincinnati finished ahead of Pittsburgh in the AFC North based on division record, B Tennessee finished ahead of Jacksonville in the AFC South based on division record. C Kansas City finished ahead of Denver in the AFC West based on division record, D Indianapolis clinched the AFC #3 seed based on their head-to-head victory over New England. E New Orleans clinched the NFC #2 seed based on their victory over Philadelphia. Giants clinched the NFC #6 seed based on strength of victory than Green Bay, while Carolina. Giants and Green Bay had better conference records, within each conference, the four division winners and the two wild card teams qualified for the playoffs. The four division winners are seeded 1 through 4 based on their overall won-lost-tied record, the NFL does not use a fixed bracket playoff system, and there are no restrictions regarding teams from the same division matching up in any round. In the first round, dubbed the wild-card playoffs or wild-card weekend, the division winner hosts the sixth seed wild card. The 1 and 2 seeds from each conference then receive a bye in the first round, in the second round, the divisional playoffs, the number 1 seed hosts the worst surviving seed from the first round, while the number 2 seed will play the other team. The two surviving teams from each divisional playoff games then meet in the respective AFC and NFC Conference Championship games. Although the Super Bowl, the fourth and final round of the playoffs, is played at a neutral site, * Indicates overtime victory 2007 Pro Bowl at Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, Hawaii, AFC31, NFC28 End zone celebrations became more restricted
2006 NFL season
–
CBS's The NFL Today,
Super Bowl XLI
2006 NFL season
–
The
Seattle Seahawks host the
Green Bay Packers in snow at
Qwest Field, November 26, 2006
2006 NFL season
–
A
Philadelphia fumble is recovered by
Washington 's
Ade Jimoh, week 14
2006 NFL season
–
Pittsburgh Steelers running back
Najeh Davenport against the
Baltimore Ravens in week 12 of the 2006 season
37.
Marshall Faulk
–
Marshall William Faulk is a former college and professional American football player who was a running back in the National Football League for twelve seasons. He played college football for San Diego State University, and was a two-time consensus All-American and he was selected by the Indianapolis Colts as the second overall pick in the 1994 NFL Draft, and he also played professionally for the NFLs St. Louis Rams. Faulk is one of only three NFL players to reach at least 10,000 rushing yards and 5,000 receiving yards and he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011. He is currently a pro football analyst for NFL Total Access, Thursday Night Football and he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2017. Faulk was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana and he attended Carver High School in the Ninth Ward of New Orleans, where he played for the Carver Rams high school football team. Also a standout sprinter, Faulk was timed at 10.3 seconds in the 100 meters,21.74 over 200 meters and 49.4 in the 400 meters. Faulk received a scholarship to attend San Diego State University. One of the best performances of his career was against the University of the Pacific on September 14,1991 in just his second collegiate game, in 37 carries, he amassed 386 yards and scored seven touchdowns, both records for freshmen. Faulk had scoring runs of 61,7,47,9,5,8 and 25 yards and that performance sparked one of the greatest freshman seasons in NCAA history, gaining 1,429 yards rushing, with 23 total touchdowns, and 140 points scored. Faulk went on to better 1600 yards rushing in his sophomore year, in Faulks junior season in 1993, he was finally able to showcase his all-purpose ability by catching 47 passes for 640 yards and 3 TDs to go with 1530 yards and 21 TDs on the ground. These numbers put Faulk 3rd in the nation in all-purpose yardage that year, Faulk left San Diego State University with many of the schools offensive records, among them 5,562 all-purpose yards and 62 career touchdowns, which is the 8th most in NCAA history. 1 in the country before the Heisman balloting, Faulks team finished with a middling 5-5-1 record, ESPN analyst Lee Corso led a campaign supporting Torretta for the Heisman and left Marshall Faulk off of his ballot. He was a Heisman finalist as well in 1991 and 1993, along with defensive tackle Dan Wilkinson and quarterbacks Heath Shuler and Trent Dilfer, Faulk was regarded as one of the four players who rank well above the others in this draft. On February 14,1994, at the NFL Scouting Combine Faulk ran a 4.28 forty-yard dash. and on March 31, Faulk was drafted 2nd overall in the 1994 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts, who were in desperate need of a running game. On July 25,1994, Faulk signed a seven-year $17.2 million contract, Faulk responded by rushing for 1,282 yards,11 touchdowns, and one receiving touchdown. Marshall Faulk, later that season, would become the first NFL player to win both the Offensive Rookie of the Year Award and the Pro Bowl’s Most Valuable Player Award in the same season and he was also the first rookie to win Pro Bowl MVP. The next season Faulk rushed for 1,078 yards and 14 total touchdowns. The Colts made the postseason, going 9-7, and narrowly missed the Super Bowl after a loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game which Faulk missed due to a nagging toe injury
Marshall Faulk
–
Faulk at the release party for
Madden NFL 07
Marshall Faulk
–
Marshall Faulk's game ball from the September 14, 1991 game when he ran for a NCAA-record 386 yards and scored 44 points—in his second game as a true freshman for San Diego State.
Marshall Faulk
–
Marshall Faulk in 2008 in San Diego
Marshall Faulk
–
Faulk (right) and
Rich Eisen during the
2010 NFL Draft
38.
John Mackey (American football)
–
John Mackey was an American football tight end who played for the Baltimore Colts and the San Diego Chargers. He was born in Roosevelt, New York and attended Syracuse University and he was the first president of the National Football League Players Association following the AFL-NFL merger, serving from 1970 to 1973. Mackey was also a big reason for the NFLPA to create the 88 Plan which would financially support ex-players who required living assistance in later years, a five-time Pro Bowler, Mackey was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1992, the 2nd pure tight end elected. Mackey was drafted from Syracuse University by the Baltimore Colts in the 1963 NFL Draft and he went on to play a total of 10 NFL seasons as tight end, and became known for his size and speed. Mackey played his first nine seasons with the Colts before leaving the team in 1971 and he played his final season with the San Diego Chargers, retiring at the end of the 1972 season. Although a knee injury forced him into retirement, Mackey only missed one game in his whole career. During his 10 seasons in the NFL, Mackey scored 38 touchdowns, in his final season as a Colt, Mackey played in Super Bowl V on January 17,1971. Baltimore won the game 16–13, following a 32-yard field goal by Jim OBrien with five seconds left, during his playing career, Mackey played in five Pro Bowls, including in his rookie season. He was also named All-NFL three times, in 1992, Mackey was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, becoming only the second pure tight end to be awarded this honor. Mackey has been included in lists of great NFL players. In 1999, The Sporting News ranked Mackey at 48 on their list of The 100 Greatest Football Players and he also placed at number 42 on the NFL Networks list of the Top 100 Football Players in 2010. In 2001, the John Mackey Award was established by the Nassau County Sports Commission, the award is given yearly to the top college tight end. On September 15,2007, Mackeys alma mater, Syracuse University, in 1970, Mackey became the first president of the National Football League Players Association following the merger of the National Football League and the American Football League. Although the NFL and AFL each had a candidate for president in mind, Mackey held the position of president until September 1973. The strike resulted in increased benefits for NFL players totalling more than $12 million. According to former teammate Ordell Braase, Mackey had a vision for that job and you dont get anything unless you really rattle the cage. In 1972, Mackey became the plaintiff in a court action which led to the overturning of the so-called Rozelle Rule. In 1976, the Rozelle Rule was ruled to violate antitrust laws in Mackey v. NFL, several years after retiring from the NFL, Mackey began to suffer from symptoms of dementia
John Mackey (American football)
–
John Mackey
39.
O. J. Simpson
–
Orenthal James O. J. Simpson, nicknamed The Juice, is a former American football running back, broadcaster, actor, and convicted armed robber and kidnapper. Simpson attended the University of Southern California, where he played football for the USC Trojans. He played professionally in the National Football League as a back for 11 seasons, with the Buffalo Bills from 1969 to 1977. In 1973, he became the first NFL player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season, holding the record for the single season yards-per-game average, which stands at 143.1. He is the player to ever rush for over 2,000 yards in the 14-game regular season NFL format. Simpson was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983, after retiring from football, he began new careers in acting and football broadcasting. In 1995, Simpson was acquitted of the 1994 murders of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman after a lengthy and internationally publicised trial. The families of the victims filed a suit against him. In 2007, Simpson was arrested in Las Vegas, Nevada, in 2008, he was convicted and sentenced to 33 years imprisonment, with a minimum of nine years without parole. He is serving his sentence at the Lovelock Correctional Center in Lovelock, born and raised in San Francisco, California, Simpson is the son of Eunice, a hospital administrator, and Jimmy Lee Simpson, a chef and bank custodian. His father was a drag queen in the San Francisco area. Later in life, Jimmy Simpson announced that he was gay, Simpsons maternal grandparents were from Louisiana, and his aunt gave him the name Orenthal, which she said was the name of a French actor she liked. Simpson has one brother, Melvin Leon Truman Simpson, one living sister, Shirley Simpson-Baker, as a child, Simpson developed rickets and wore braces on his legs until the age of five. His parents separated in 1952, and he was raised by his mother, growing up in San Francisco, Simpson and his family lived in the housing projects of the Potrero Hill neighborhood. In his early years, he joined a street gang called the Persian Warriors and was briefly incarcerated at the San Francisco Youth Guidance Center. At Galileo High School in San Francisco, Simpson played for the football team. From 1965 to 1966, Simpson was a student at City College of San Francisco and he played both offense and defense and was named to the Junior College All-American team as a running back. Simpson was awarded a scholarship to the University of Southern California in Los Angeles
O. J. Simpson
–
Simpson photographed in 1990
O. J. Simpson
–
Simpson with Buffalo Bills owner
Ralph Wilson
O. J. Simpson
–
Simpson in 1990 in
Saudi Arabia while visiting American troops during the lead-up to the first
Gulf War
O. J. Simpson
–
Simpson with daughter, Sydney Brooke, 1986
40.
Walter Payton
–
Walter Jerry Payton was an American football running back who played for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League for thirteen seasons. Payton was known around the NFL as Sweetness and he was also versatile, and retired with the most receptions by a non-receiver, and had eight career touchdown passes. He was elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993, Hall of Fame NFL player and coach Mike Ditka described Payton as the greatest football player he had ever seen—but even greater as a human being. Payton began his career in Mississippi, and went on to have an outstanding collegiate football career at Jackson State University where he was an All-American. He started his career with the Chicago Bears in 1975. Payton proceeded to win two NFL Most Valuable Player Awards and won Super Bowl XX with the 1985 Chicago Bears, after struggling with the rare liver disease primary sclerosing cholangitis for several months, Payton died on November 1,1999, aged 45, from cholangiocarcinoma. His legacy includes the Walter Payton Award, the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, Payton was one of three children born to Peter and Alyne Payton in West Point, Mississippi. His father was a worker who had played semi-professional baseball. Payton was an member of the Boy Scouts, Little League. At John J. Jefferson High School, Payton played drums in the band, participated in the track team. Outside of school, he played drums in jazz-rock groups and his brother Eddie was on the football team, and Payton did not play partly to avoid competing with him. After Eddie graduated, the coach asked Payton to try out for the team. Once he began to play football, as a junior, he achieved instant success as a running back, at 5 ft 10 in, he was not especially large, but his speed and strength made him one of the teams featured players. He then earned statewide honors as a member of Mississippis all-state team and his performance helped ease the local tensions surrounding desegregation. Tommy Davis, Columbia’s football coach, claimed that he could count on Payton when the team needed to score. Payton’s statistics proved that was no exaggeration, he scored in game during his junior and senior years. He was named to the team three years in a row. Payton also led the Little Dixie Conference in scoring his senior year and he was never recruited by the University of Kansas, according to then-coach Don Fambrough as Payton claimed in his autobiography
Walter Payton
–
Walter Payton
41.
Janet MacLachlan
–
Janet MacLachlan was an American character actress who had roles in such television series as The Rockford Files, Alias and The Golden Girls. She is best remembered for her key supporting part in the film Sounder, MacLachlan worked with numerous well known black actors and actresses and celebrities such as Bill Cosby, Jim Brown, James Earl Jones and Maya Angelou. MacLachlan was born Janet Angel MacLachlan in Harlem, New York, her mother, Iris South MacLachlan,170 and Julia Ward Junior High School, MacLachlan graduated from Julia Richmond High School in 1950. She received a degree in psychology from Hunter College in 1955. She then worked as a secretary in New York City before turning to acting. She later performed at the Tyrone Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis, a one-time contract player for Universal Studios, MacLachlan made her debut in several episodes of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour in 1965 as The Secretary and Gayle. She went on to appear in episodes of The Fugitive, The Invaders episode The Vise as Mrs Baxter, star Trek, Ironside, and The Mod Squad. She also appeared in the films Uptight, Change of Mind. tick. tick. tick, darker Than Amber, Halls of Anger, Sounder, The Man, Tightrope, Murphys Law, The Boy Who Could Fly and The Thirteenth Floor. MacLachlan also won a Los Angeles-area Emmy for her performance in KCETs Voices of Our People and she would later serve as grant committee chairman for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. She is survived by a daughter, actress Samantha McLachlan, MacLachlan resided in the Silver Lake neighborhood of Los Angeles. Janet MacLachlan at the Internet Movie Database Janet MacLachlan at Memory Alpha
Janet MacLachlan
–
Publicity photo of Janet McLachlan, taken in the late 1960s
42.
...tick...tick...tick...
–
. tick. tick. tick. is an American crime drama movie made in 1970, directed by Ralph Nelson. Racially provocative for its time, it stars Jim Brown in the role of an African American man elected as the sheriff of a county in the American South. It has become something of a classic for its cutting-edge portrayal of racial relations. In a small Mississippi town, deputy Jim Price is elected sheriff over John Little, racial tensions exist in the community, and Price gets little assistance from Little, leaving office, or from Mayor Parks, who insists he be consulted on any decision the new sheriff makes. A white man, John Braddock, is arrested on a charge after his drunken driving causes the death of a young girl. Braddocks father carries considerable influence and demands his son be freed, Prices deputy, Bradford Wilkes, is beaten by Littles former deputy, Bengy Springer. Another arrest is made, this time of a man, George Harley. The townspeoples mood turns uglier by the minute, particularly when Braddocks father threatens to spring his son by force if necessary, Littles conscience gets the better of him. He agrees to become Prices new deputy, together, they try in vain to persuade other men in town to side with them against Braddocks vigilantes and to convince the mayor to call in the National Guard for help. Alone against the mob, Price and Little form a barricade, a radio advertisement for the film summarized the story simply, tick. tick. tick is the sound of time. running out. The movie was released the year as Nelsons Soldier Blue. Places a local African American fully in charge of the police, screenwriter and producer James Lee Barrett also created the television adaptation of In the Heat of the Night. The films lead was played by Jim Brown, who had retired as a professional football player. Brown and George Kennedy had previously appeared together in the war film The Dirty Dozen, another co-star, Bernie Casey, had played in the National Football League from 1961-68, his career intersecting with that of Brown, who was an NFL star from 1957-65. The movie has a somewhat low-budget feeling, and the use of Brown in the role has led its being often mentioned in the context of the blaxploitation genre. It was filmed in and around the town of Colusa, California, the same courthouse was also used for exterior shots in the 1962 classic To Kill a Mockingbird. The films setting is called Colusa County. tick. tick. tick. was the film appearance of screen legend Fredric March. J. Rankin Bob Random as John Braddock Mills Watson as Joe Warren Bernie Casey as George Harley Anthony James as H. C, tolbert Dub Taylor as Junior Ernest Anderson as Homer Karl Swenson as Braddock Sr
...tick...tick...tick...
–
1970 movie poster
43.
Buffalo soldier
–
Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the U. S. 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army, formed on September 21,1866, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. This nickname was given to the Negro Cavalry by the Native American tribes they fought in the Indian Wars. S, on September 6,2005, Mark Matthews, who was the last living Buffalo Soldier, died at the age of 111. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, sources disagree on how the nickname Buffalo Soldiers began. According to the Buffalo Soldiers National Museum, the name originated with the Cheyenne warriors in the winter of 1877, however, writer Walter Hill documented the account of Colonel Benjamin Grierson, who founded the 10th Cavalry regiment, recalling an 1871 campaign against Comanches. Hill attributed the origin of the name to the Comanche due to Griersons assertions, the Apache used the same term a claim supported by other sources. Some sources assert that the nickname was given out of respect for the fighting ability of the 10th Cavalry. Still other sources point to a combination of both legends, the term Buffalo Soldiers became a generic term for all black soldiers. It is now used for U. S. Army units that trace their lineage back to the 9th and 10th Cavalry units whose service earned them an honored place in U. S. history. In September 1867, Private John Randall of Troop G of the 10th Cavalry Regiment was assigned to escort two civilians on a hunting trip, the hunters suddenly became the hunted when a band of 70 Cheyenne warriors swept down on them. The two civilians quickly fell in the attack and Randalls horse was shot out from beneath him. The Cheyenne beat a hasty retreat, leaving behind 13 fallen warriors. Private Randall suffered a wound to his shoulder and 11 lance wounds but recovered. )During the Civil War. The 38th and 41st were reorganized as the 25th Infantry Regiment, with headquarters in Jackson Barracks in New Orleans, Louisiana, the 39th and 40th were reorganized as the 24th Infantry Regiment, with headquarters at Fort Clark, Texas, in April 1869. All of these units were composed of enlisted men commanded by both white and black officers. From 1866 to the early 1890s, these regiments served at a variety of posts in the Southwestern United States and they participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record. Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from four regiments earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars. In addition to the campaigns, the Buffalo Soldiers served a variety of roles along the frontier. On April 17,1875, regimental headquarters for the 9th and 10th Cavalries were transferred to Fort Concho, companies actually arrived at Fort Concho in May 1873
Buffalo soldier
–
Buffalo Soldiers of the 25th Infantry Regiment in 1890
Buffalo soldier
–
This article is about the U.S. Army regiment. For the Bob Marley song, see
Buffalo Soldier (song). For other uses, see
Buffalo Soldier (disambiguation).
Buffalo soldier
–
Buffalo Soldier in the 9th Cavalry, 1890
Buffalo soldier
–
Buffalo Soldiers who participated in the Spanish–American War
44.
Rio Conchos (1964 film)
–
Huffakers novel is reminiscent of the John Wayne-starring films The Comancheros and The Searchers. The main female role, played by Wende Wagner in a wig, has no English dialogue. Rio Conchos was filmed in Moab, Utah, though the Conchos River, jerry Goldsmiths complete soundtrack was given a limited release on CD in January 2000 by Film Score Monthly that featured a tie-in title song by Johnny Desmond. Factory released the film on DVD as part of a feature with Take a Hard Ride. The woman, who is called Sally, saves his life and he and Franklyn sacrifice themselves to save Sally and the Army captain Haven while holding off Pardee and his men. Richard Boone as Maj. James Jim Lassiter Stuart Whitman as Capt, Haven Tony Franciosa as Juan Luis Rodriguez aka Juan Luis Martinez Edmond OBrien as Col. Theron Gray Fox Pardee Jim Brown as Sgt. Quite differently, however, Boone was billed before Whitman in the movie itself, list of American films of 1964 Rio Conchos at the Internet Movie Database Rio Conchos at the TCM Movie Database Rio Conchos at AllMovie
Rio Conchos (1964 film)
–
Theatrical release poster
45.
The Dirty Dozen
–
The Dirty Dozen is a 1967 American war film directed by Robert Aldrich, released by MGM, and starring Lee Marvin. The film is based on E. M. Nathansons novel of the name that was inspired by a real-life group called the Filthy Thirteen. In 2001, the American Film Institute placed the film at number 65 on their 100 Years, in Britain, in the spring of 1944, Allied forces are preparing for the D-Day invasion. Among them are Major John Reisman, an OSS officer, his commander, Regular Army Major General Sam Worden, early in the film, the personalities of the three men are shown to clash and the characters of the individualistic Reisman and the domineering Breed are established. Reisman is aided by his friend, the mild-mannered Major Max Armbruster, Major Reisman is assigned an unusual and top-secret mission, code-named Operation Amnesty. Those who survive the mission will be pardoned and returned to duty at their former ranks. However, as Reisman repeatedly tells the men, few of them will be coming back from this one, Reisman is assigned 12 convicts, all either serving lengthy sentences or awaiting execution. J. Under the supervision of Reisman and MP Sergeant Bowren, the group begins training, after being forced to construct their own living quarters, the 12 men are trained in combat by Reisman and gradually learn how to operate as a group. For parachute training, they are sent to the operated by Colonel Breed. Under strict orders to keep their secret, Reismans men run afoul of Breed and his troops, especially after Pinkley - under Reismans orders - poses as a general. Angered at the usurpation of his authority, Breed attempts to discover Reismans mission by having two of his men attack Wladislaw in the latrine, but they are knocked out by Posey and Jefferson. The 12 men think Reisman sent them until Breed and his men investigate the Dirty Dozens camp, Reisman, who had been away when Breed and his paratroopers arrived, infiltrates his own post and opens fire on the paratroops as the convicts jump them. They disarm the paratroops, Colonel Breed is ordered to take his men and leave, Denton, siding with Breed, insists that Reisman has exceeded his authority and urges General Worden to terminate Operation Amnesty. Reisman rises ferociously to the defense of his men, pointing out they had crammed six months of training into as many weeks, Major Armbruster suggests a test that would show whether Reismans men are ready. During practice maneuvers in which Breed will be taking part, the Dirty Dozen will attempt to capture the Colonels headquarters. During the maneuvers, the men use various tactics, including theft, impersonation. This proves to General Worden that Reismans men can be used for the mission, the night of the raid, the men are flown to France, and practice a rhyme they have learned which details their roles in the operation. A slight snag occurs, when landing in a tree, one of the dozen, Jiminez, breaks his neck and dies, but as trained
The Dirty Dozen
–
Original poster by
Frank McCarthy
The Dirty Dozen
–
Aldbury – scene of the wargame
The Dirty Dozen
–
Bradenham Manor – Wargames HQ
46.
Rennes
–
Rennes is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France at the confluence of the Ille and the Vilaine. Rennes is the capital of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department, renness history goes back more than 2,000 years, at a time when it was a small Gallic village named Condate. Together with Vannes and Nantes, it was one of the cities of the historic province of Brittany. After the French Revolution, Rennes remained for most of its history a parliamentary, administrative, since the 1950s, Rennes has grown in importance through rural flight and its modern industrial development, partly automotive. The city developed extensive building plans to accommodate upwards of 200,000 inhabitants, during the 1980s, Rennes became one of the main centres in telecommunication and high technology industry. It is now a significant digital innovation centre in France, in 2015, the city is the tenth largest in France, with a metropolitan area of about 700,000 inhabitants. With more than 63,000 students in 2013, is also the eighth-largest university campus of France, the inhabitants of Rennes are called Rennais in French. In 2012, lExpress named Rennes as the most liveable city in France, Rennes is the administrative capital of the French department of Ille-et-Vilaine. It has a long history due to its location at the confluence of two rivers and its proximity to the regions from which arose various challenges to the borders of Brittany. Without inscriptions, as the Celtic practice was, the Redones coinage features a charioteer whose pony has a human head, large hoards of their coins were unearthed in the treasure of Amanlis found in June 1835 and that of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande, discovered in February 1941. The museum at Rennes contains a representative collection. In 57 BC the Redones joined the Gaulish coalition against Rome which was suppressed by Crassus, in 52 BC, the Redones responded to the call of Vercingetorix to furnish a large contingent of warriors. The oldest known Rennais is Titus Flavius Postuminus, known to us from his steles found in Rennes in 1969. As indicated by his name, he would have been born under the Flavian dynasty, under the reign of Titus, one of the steles tells us, in Latin, that he took charge over all the public affairs in the Civitas Riedonum. He was twice duumvir and flamen for life for Mars Mullo, during the Roman era, the strategic position of the town contributed to its importance. To the west the principal Roman route, via Osismii, stretched from Condate Riedonum to Vorgium, in 275, the threat of barbarians led to the erection of a robust brick wall around Rennes. The Holy See of Rennes had been established by 453, with a church having occupied the site of the current Rennes Cathedral since the start of the 6th century. One of the earliest bishops of Rennes, Melaine - who would become the patron saint - played an important role in the peace treaty between the Franks and the Armoricans in 497
Rennes
Rennes
Rennes
Rennes
47.
Brittany
–
Brittany is a cultural region in the north-west of France. Brittany has also referred to as Less, Lesser or Little Britain. It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, the Celtic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and its land area is 34,023 km². Since reorganisation in 1956, the administrative region of Brittany comprises only four of the five Breton departments. The remaining area of old Brittany, the Loire-Atlantique department around Nantes, at the 2010 census, the population of historic Brittany was estimated to be 4,475,295. Of these, 71% lived in the region of Brittany, while 29% lived in the Loire-Atlantique department, in 2012, the largest metropolitan areas were Nantes, Rennes, and Brest. Brittany is the homeland of the Breton people and is recognised by the Celtic League as one of the six Celtic nations. A nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the French Republic, the word Brittany, along with its French, Breton and Gallo equivalents Bretagne, Breizh and Bertaèyn, derive from the Latin Britannia, which means Britons land. This word had been used by the Romans since the 1st century to refer to Great Britain and this word derives from a Greek word, Πρεττανικη or Βρεττανίαι, used by Pytheas, an explorer from Massalia who visited the British Islands around 320 BC. This term probably comes from a Gallic word, aremorica, which close to the sea. Another name, Letauia, was used until the 12th century and it possibly means wide and flat or to expand and it gave the Welsh name for Brittany, Llydaw. Later, authors like Geoffrey of Monmouth used the terms Britannia minor, breton-speaking people may pronounce the word Breizh in two different ways, according to their region of origin. Breton can be divided into two dialects, the KLT and the dialect of Vannes. KLT speakers pronounce it and would write it Breiz, while the Vannetais speakers pronounce it, the official spelling is a compromise between both variants, with a z and an h together. In 1941, efforts to unify the dialects led to the creation of the so-called Breton zh, on its side, Gallo language has never had a widely accepted writing system and several ones coexist. For instance, the name of the region in that language can be written Bertaèyn in ELG script, or Bertègn in MOGA, Brittany has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic. This population was scarce and very similar to the other Neanderthals found in the whole of Western Europe and their only original feature was a distinct culture, called Colombanian. One of the oldest hearths in the world has found in Plouhinec
Brittany
–
The
Carnac stones.
Brittany
Brittany
–
The five Gallic tribes of Brittany.
Brittany
–
The temple of Mars in
Corseul.
48.
Normandy landings
–
The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday,6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. The largest seaborne invasion in history, the operation began the liberation of German-occupied northwestern Europe from Nazi control, planning for the operation began in 1943. Adolf Hitler placed German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in command of German forces, the amphibious landings were preceded by extensive aerial and naval bombardment and an airborne assault—the landing of 24,000 American, British, and Canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight. Allied infantry and armoured divisions began landing on the coast of France at 06,30, the target 50-mile stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors, Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their positions, particularly at Utah. Casualties were heaviest at Omaha, with its high cliffs, at Gold, Juno, and Sword, several fortified towns were cleared in house-to-house fighting, and two major gun emplacements at Gold were disabled, using specialised tanks. The Allies failed to any of their goals on the first day. Carentan, St. Lô, and Bayeux remained in German hands, and Caen, German casualties on D-Day have been estimated at 4,000 to 9,000 men. Allied casualties were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead, museums, memorials, and war cemeteries in the area now host many visitors each year. Between 27 May and 4 June 1940, over 338,000 troops of the British Expeditionary Force, after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began pressing his allies for the creation of a second front in western Europe. In late May 1942 the Soviet Union and the United States made a joint announcement that a. full understanding was reached with regard to the urgent tasks of creating a front in Europe in 1942. Instead of a return to France, the Western Allies staged offensives in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations. By mid-1943 the campaign in North Africa had been won, the Allies then launched the invasion of Sicily in July 1943, and subsequently invaded Italy in September the same year. By then, Soviet forces were on the offensive and had won a victory at the Battle of Stalingrad. The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion within the year was taken at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943. Initial planning was constrained by the number of landing craft, most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean. At the Tehran Conference in November 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill promised Stalin that they would open the second front in May 1944. Four sites were considered for the landings, Brittany, the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy, as Brittany and Cotentin are peninsulas, it would have been possible for the Germans to cut off the Allied advance at a relatively narrow isthmus, so these sites were rejected
Normandy landings
–
Men of the
16th Infantry Regiment,
U.S. 1st Infantry Division wade ashore on
Omaha Beach on the morning of 6 June 1944.
Normandy landings
–
Meeting of the
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), 1 February 1944. Front row: Air Chief Marshal
Arthur Tedder; General
Dwight D. Eisenhower; General
Bernard Montgomery. Back row: Lieutenant General
Omar Bradley; Admiral
Bertram Ramsay; Air Chief Marshal
Trafford Leigh-Mallory; Lieutenant General
Walter Bedell Smith
Normandy landings
–
Shoulder patches were designed for units of the fictitious
First United States Army Group under Patton.
Normandy landings
–
Surface weather analysis map showing
weather fronts on 5 June
49.
Hiram College
–
Hiram College is a private liberal arts college located in Hiram, Ohio. It was founded in 1850 as the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute by Amos Sutton Hayden, the college is nonsectarian and coeducational. It is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges, Hirams most famous alumnus is James A. Garfield, who served as a college instructor and principal, and was subsequently elected the 20th President of the United States. On June 12,1849, representatives of the Disciples of Christ voted to establish an academic institution, which would later become Hiram College. On November 7 that year, they chose the village of Hiram as the site for the school because the founders considered this area of the Western Reserve to be healthful and free of distractions. The following month, on December 20, the founders accepted the suggestion of Isaac Errett, the Institutes original charter was authorized by the state legislature on March 1,1850, and the school opened several months later, on November 27. Many of the came from the surrounding farms and villages of the Western Reserve. On February 20,1867, the Institute incorporated as a college, during the years before it was renamed Hiram College, 1850–1867, the school had seven principals, the equivalent of todays college presidents. As principal, Garfield expanded the Institutes curriculum and he left the Institute in 1861 and in 1880 was elected the 20th President of the United States. In 1870, one of Garfields best friends and former students, although there were two before him, Hinsdale is considered the colleges first permanent president because the others served only briefly. Later presidents who served for at least 10 years were Miner Lee Bates, brown, Paul H. Fall, Elmer Jagow, and G. Benjamin Oliver. In 1931, shortly before Hiram celebrated the 100th anniversary of Garfields birth, there were strong advocates on both sides of the issue. Among the 2,000 guests at the celebration were three generations of Garfields family, including two of his sons. The idea of changing the name was not mentioned at the event. The following is a list of the leaders since its founding in 1850. Rowlison 1907-1930 - Miner Lee Bates 1930-1940 - Kenneth I, of the 73 full-time faculty, 95-percent hold a Ph. D. or other terminal degree in their field. Hiram was ranked #167 among National Liberal Arts Colleges by U. S. News, at the same time, Hiram is currently ranked #67 among Liberal Arts Colleges by Washington Monthly. Also, in 2012, Forbes ranked Hiram at #197 among all colleges and universities in the U. S. Hiram has regularly been included in The Princeton Review Best Colleges guide, and is one of only 40 schools included in Loren Popes book Colleges That Change Lives
Hiram College
–
Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, Hiram, 1858
Hiram College
–
James A. Garfield (left), his wife
Lucretia Rudolph Garfield (right) and other faculty, 1858.
Hiram College
–
Koritansky Hall, home of the Garfield Institute for Public Leadership.
Hiram College
–
The Kennedy Center student union
50.
Art Modell
–
Arthur Bertram Art Modell was an American businessman, entrepreneur and National Football League team owner. He owned the Cleveland Browns franchise for 35 years and established the Baltimore Ravens franchise, however, he made controversial actions during his ownership, which included the firing of Paul Brown, the franchises first coach and namesake. In 1995, Modell faced widespread scorn in Cleveland when he attempted to relocate the Browns to Baltimore, while the Browns were ultimately able to remain in Cleveland, Modell was allowed to retain the contracts of all Browns personnel, who formed the Baltimore Ravens in 1996. Modells impact on the Browns franchise remains controversial due to the Browns consistent struggles since returning to the league as a team in 1999. Art Modell is widely known as one of the most hated men in Cleveland sports history, Modell also once stated his team was losing money, when they were in fact 5th in the NFL for attendance and 2nd in Nielson Ratings. Modell was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York and his father George was a wine sales manager who went bankrupt after the stock market crash of 1929 and later died when Modell was 14. Modell attended New Utrecht High School, at the age of 15, Modell left high school to help support his family. His first job was cleaning the hulls of ships in a Brooklyn shipyard, in 1943, when he was 18, he joined the US Army Air Corps. After World War II, he enrolled in a New York City television school under the G. I. In 1947, he founded his own company with a fellow student and in 1949, they produced one of the first daytime shows in the country, Market Melodies. Modell sold the idea of his show to the Grand Union grocery store chain and Modell installed televisions, at his expense, at the time, very few households had televisions so the store format was wildly successful. In 1954, using the lucrative Grand Union account as leverage, hartman Co. in New York City, eventually becoming a partner. Formed after the Prohibition era, the L. H, hartman was primarily involved in liquor advertising. In 1958, Modell bought an upstate New York champagne maker, hartman was dissolved, and Modell again used his Grand Union account to land a job as senior vice president at the advertising firm Kastor, Hilton, Chesley, Clifford & Atherton. During the 1940s and 1950s, Modell worked in the advertising, public relations businesses and he purchased the Cleveland Browns in 1961 for $4 million, investing only $250,000 of his own money. He borrowed $2.7 million and found partners to cover the rest, unlike the Browns previous owners, Modell immediately took an active role in the management of the team, and fired legendary coach Paul Brown on January 9,1963. Paul Brown had won seven league championships prior to Modells acquisition of the team, after firing Brown, Modell quickly named Browns assistant, Blanton Collier, as the new coach on January 16,1963. The Browns beat the Colts 27–0 in Cleveland Municipal Stadium and this particular Browns team consisted of many players initially drafted and acquired by Brown
Art Modell
–
Modell at a press conference in 1983
_1.jpg)
