1.
Midtown Comics
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Midtown Comics is a New York City comic book retailer with three shops in Manhattan and an e-commerce website. The largest comic book store in the United States, the company opened its first store in the Times Square area in 1997 and its second was opened on Lexington Avenue in 2004, and is known as the Grand Central store for its proximity to Grand Central Terminal. Its Downtown store was opened on Fulton Street in the Financial District in November 2010 and it also operates a boutique inside Manhattans Times Square Toys R Us. The store is noted for appearances by celebrities known outside the book industry, for its friendly and energetic staff. On July 13,2012, the National Geographic Channel premiered Comic Store Heroes, according to The New York Times, The stereotypical view of comics stores is that they are dim, cramped and dusty places with a no-girls-allowed clubhouse atmosphere. In reality, they run the gamut, for instance, the West Side Midtown store is bright, airy and welcoming to all, with two floors and 5,000 square feet of space. The main floor, which is one story above street level, has a wall with countless racks of new. The rest of the space offers DVDs, manga, trading cards, back issues, Toys and other collectibles are upstairs. The second Midtown store, on Lexington Avenue and 45th Street, Midtown Comics is the official retail sponsor of New York Comic Con, and has performed this role since the NYCCs inception in 2006. Each year, Midtown creates a show-within-a-show, featuring appearances by comics creators and variant comic books by publishers like Marvel Comics. On November 10,2010, Midtown Comics opened a third Manhattan store, known as their Downtown store, it is located in the Financial District, at 64 Fulton Street, in the southernmost section of the borough. Inaugural book signings were held for that branch featuring Jim Lee and Jonathan Layman, as of June 2012, Midtown is the largest comic book store in the United States. The store is a sponsor of Artists Assemble, a comics festival in Union City, New Jersey that began in February 2013. In May 2012, Midtown Comics opened a boutique inside the flagship FAO Schwarz toy store in Manhattans Fifth Avenue shopping district, the boutique offered graphic novels, hardcover books, apparel and collectibles. The boutique ceased operations when FAO Schwartz closed in July 2015, in October 2013, Midtown opened a shop inside the Toys R Us store in Manhattans Times Square. Midtowns website was at first purely informational, but has developed into a full-scale web retail site, Midtown also produces a weekly podcast that covers the comic book industry, with a different comic book creator interviewed each week. Midtown Comics has developed a reputation for being the most media-friendly comic store in the United States, the media also rely on Midtown as a source for reaction to industry news and events. Gladston was consulted by multiple publications on the effects on new readership of DC Comics 2011 relaunch, The New 52, in January 2015, Marvel announced their Secret Wars storyline at a press conference held at Midtown
2.
Seoul
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The Seoul Capital Area houses up to half of the countrys population of 50.22 million people with 678,102 international residents. Situated on the Han River, Seouls history stretches back more than two years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty, the Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, in 2015, it was rated Asias most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. In 2014, the citys GDP per capita of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, Seoul is the worlds most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwCs Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi, Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the worlds best airport nine years in a row by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556-metre supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, has built in Seoul and become the OECDs tallest in 2016. Its Lotte Cinema houses the worlds largest cinema screen, Seouls COEX Mall is the worlds largest underground shopping mall. Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games,1988 Summer Olympics,2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, a UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital. The city has known in the past by the names Wirye-seong, Hanju. During Japans annexation in Korea, Hanseong was renamed to Keijō by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja 漢, in reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong, originally had the meaning of big or vast. Its current name originated from the Korean word meaning city, which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol, which originally referred to Gyeongju. Unlike most place names in Korea, Seoul has no corresponding hanja, on January 18,2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shouer from the historic Hancheng, of which use is becoming less common. Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, a wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century
3.
Korean Americans
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Korean Americans are Americans of Korean heritage or descent, mostly from South Korea, with a very small minority from North Korea. The U. S. is home to the second largest Korean diaspora community in the world after the Peoples Republic of China. The ten states with the largest estimated Korean American populations were California, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, Texas, Washington, Illinois, Georgia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Hawaii was the state with the highest concentration of Korean Americans, at 1. 8%, the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area ranks third, with approximately 93,000 Korean Americans clustered in Howard and Montgomery Counties in Maryland and Fairfax County in Virginia. Southern California and the New York City metropolitan area have the largest populations of Koreans outside of the Korean Peninsula. Among Korean Americans born in Korea, the Los Angeles metropolitan area had 226,000 as of 2012, New York had 153,000 Korean-born Korean Americans, and Washington had 60,000. The percentage of Korean Americans in Bergen County, New Jersey, between 1990 and 2000, Georgia was home to the fastest-growing Korean community in the U. S. growing at a rate of 88. 2% over that decade. There is a significant Korean American population in the Atlanta metropolitan area, mainly in Gwinnett County, in a 2005 United States Census Bureau survey, an estimated 432,907 ethnic Koreans in the U. S. were native-born Americans, and 973,780 were foreign-born. Korean Americans that were naturalized citizens numbered at 530,100, since the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 allowed North Korean defectors to be admitted as refugees, about 130 have settled in the U. S. under that status. He became a citizen in 1890 and earned a degree in 1892 from what is now George Washington University. Throughout his life, he strove to educate Koreans in the ideals of freedom and democracy and he died during the Korean War. His home is now a museum, cared for by a social organization founded in his name in 1975. A prominent figure among the Korean immigrant community is Ahn Chang Ho, pen name Dosan and he came to the United States in 1902 for education. He founded the Friendship Society in 1903 and the Mutual Assistance Society and he was also a political activist during the Japanese occupation of Korea. There is a built in his honor in downtown Riverside, California. The City of Los Angeles has also declared the nearby intersection of Jefferson Boulevard, the Taekwondo pattern Do-san was named after him. Another prominent figure among the Korean immigrant community was Syngman Rhee and he came to the United States in 1904 and earned a bachelors degree at George Washington University in 1907, a masters degree at Harvard University, and a Ph. D. from Princeton University in 1910. In 1910, he returned to Korea and became a political activist and he later became the first president of the Republic of Korea
4.
All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder
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All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder is an American comic book series written by Frank Miller and penciled by Jim Lee. It was published by DC Comics, with a sporadic schedule, the series was to be rebooted under the title Dark Knight, Boy Wonder in 2011, when both Miller and Lee were to finish the last six issues. The series is known for the recalled issue 10 for an error that allowed profanity to be published with unreturned copies turning up on eBay at inflated prices. This was the first series to be launched in 2005 under DCs All Star imprint, each title under the All Star imprint is set in its own continuity and separate universe. According to Miller, the takes place in the same universe as The Dark Knight Returns. Bruce Wayne and Vicki Vale are at the circus watching The Flying Graysons, when Dicks parents are shot to death by a hit man, he is escorted from the scene by several cops of the Gotham City Police Department in a threatening manner. The stern Batman tells Dick that he has been drafted into a war, Batman brings Dick to the Batcave and leaves him there to his own devices, telling him upon leaving that when hungry, Dick may eat the rats and bats in the cave. After Alfred provides Dick with food and clothes, Batman and Alfred get into a heated argument, the Justice League, consisting of Superman, Wonder Woman, Plastic Man and Green Lantern, disagree on how to deal with Batmans actions. Wonder Woman wishes to him, but agrees to wait until after Green Lantern has had a chance to speak with Batman. Batman dispatches the corrupt policeman and beats Vanzetti into unconsciousness, Batman subsequently comes to the aid of Black Canary, who is fighting a group of thugs. After defeating the criminals, the two masked crimefighters share a romantic interlude, before Batman takes Canary home, with Vanzetti bound, Batman and Dick manage to force from Jocko-Boy the name of the person who hired him, the Joker. Dick wants to fight crime with Batman, but Batman says he needs a secret identity. After Batman leaves the cave to dump Jocko-Boy in the river, then he encounters Green Lantern, Batman gives Jordan an address to meet him at in twelve hours. Meanwhile, Joker goes to see Catwoman, and invites her to him in some mischief. Dick creates a costume that includes a hood, basing it on Robin Hood, Batman tells him to lose the hood and names him Robin. Dick receives a new costume made by Alfred, Robin then steals Green Lanterns power ring, leading to a fight in which Lantern is nearly killed. Batman then takes Robin to his parents graves, where they share a moment of mutual grief, a police officer discovers a beaten and badly bleeding Catwoman. Before vanishing, she passes him a message, that Captain Jim Gordon later passes to Batman and he and Robin find her underground
5.
Batman: Hush
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Hush is a 2002–2003 DC Comics comic book story arc that ran through the Batman monthly series, featuring the superhero Batman. It was written by Jeph Loeb, penciled by Jim Lee, inked by Scott Williams and it also explores the romantic potential between Batman and Catwoman. Batman is rescuing a boy kidnapped by Killer Croc, whereupon Catwoman steals the ransom money, as Batman swings through Gotham City in pursuit of her, his rope is cut and he falls to the ground, fracturing his skull. He is nearly killed by a group of criminals before he is saved by Huntress and his butler, Alfred Pennyworth, follows his instructions to summon his childhood friend, Thomas Elliot, who is now a renowned brain surgeon. Dr. Elliot removes the skull fragments from Bruces brain, Batman recovers, and discovers that Poison Ivy used Catwoman to steal the ransom, and took it from her. Catwoman is furious that Ivy used mind-control powers on her, Batman rescues Catwoman, and a tenuous romance blooms between them. He eventually decides to trust Catwoman and reveals his identity to her, Batman deliberately allows Killer Croc to escape from Arkham, so he can track him. Croc leads Batman to one of Poison Ivys abandoned greenhouses, before he can interrogate Killer Croc further, Croc is captured. Batman and Catwoman track Poison Ivy to Metropolis, there they find Ivy has taken control of Superman, and she commands the Man of Steel to kill Batman. Batman observes that Superman is subconsciously resisting Ivys influence, holding back in his attempts to kill the Caped Crusader, Superman breaks free of Ivys control to save Lois, and he and Batman capture Ivy. Later, in Gotham City, Bruce Wayne, Selina Kyle, Leslie Thompkins, and Dr. Elliot are attending the opera Pagliacci, in the ensuing struggle, Dr. Elliot is apparently shot dead by the Joker. Dick Grayson returns to Gotham City for Elliots funeral, Batman tells him of his suspicions that some mastermind is behind all his enemies behaving so out of character. Behind the scenes, a man with a face appears at all of the crime scenes. He comes to be referred to as Hush, after foiling an armored car robbery by the Riddler, Nightwing, and Batman discover evidence that Ras al Ghul is also involved in what Batman has come to think of as a grand plot. Batman kidnaps Ras daughter Talia and leaves Catwoman to guard her while he seeks out Ras, Catwoman is overpowered by Lady Shiva who has been sent to rescue Talia, but Talia knocks Shiva out and helps Catwoman recover from the attack, meeting Batman and telling him what happened. Returning to Gotham, Batman finds Catwoman being attacked by a delusional Huntress, Batman is able to have her knocked out, but then encounters the cause of the Huntress attack, the Scarecrow, but he overpowers him in a graveyard. He discovers that the current Robin, Tim Drake, has been captured by the former second Robin, Jason Todd, while fighting Jason, it is apparent that Clayface is mimicking the identity of Jason. Batman then finds a device planted in his computer, which lead him to seek his old friend Harold and he has a late-night meeting with Harold, who has been missing since the times of No Mans Land
6.
Fantastic Four
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The Fantastic Four is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The group debuted in The Fantastic Four #1, which helped to usher in a new level of realism in the medium. As the first superhero team title produced by Marvel Comics, it formed a cornerstone of the companys 1960s rise from a division of a publishing company to a pop culture conglomerate. Since their original 1961 introduction, the Fantastic Four have been portrayed as a dysfunctional, yet loving. Breaking convention with other comic book archetypes of the time, they would squabble, the Fantastic Four have been adapted into other media, including four animated series and four live-action films. According to Lee, writing in 1974, Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called The Justice League of America and it was composed of a team of superheroes, if the Justice League is selling, spoke he, why dont we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes. Determined to carve a career for myself in the nowhere world of comic books, Lee concluded that, For just this once. Lee said he created a synopsis for the first Fantastic Four story that he gave to penciller Jack Kirby, Kirby turned in his penciled art pages to Lee, who added dialogue and captions. Kirby claims he came up with the idea for the Fantastic Four in Marvels offices, Kirby also sought to establish, more credibly and on numerous occasions, that the visual elements of the strip were his conceptions. He regularly pointed to a team he had created for rival publisher DC Comics in the 1950s, F you notice the uniforms, theyre the same. I always give them a skintight uniform with a belt, the Challengers and the FF have a minimum of decoration. And of course, the Things skin is a kind of decoration, the chest insignia of a 4 within a circle, however, was designed by Lee. The characters wear no uniforms in the first two issues, given the conflicting statements, outside commentators have found it hard to identify with precise detail who created the Fantastic Four. Comics historian R. C. Harvey believes that the Fantastic Four was a furtherance of the work Kirby had been doing previously, but Harvey notes that the Marvel Method of collaboration allowed each man to claim credit, and that Lees dialogue added to the direction the team took. Wells argues that it was Lees contributions which set the framework within which Kirby worked, and this made Lee more responsible. Comics historian Mark Evanier, an assistant to Jack Kirby in the 1970s, says that the considered opinion of Lee and Kirbys contemporaries was that Fantastic Four was created by Stan. No further division of credit seemed appropriate, the release of The Fantastic Four #1 was an unexpected success
7.
The Punisher War Journal
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The Punisher War Journal is the title of two Marvel Comics comic book series featuring the character Frank Castle, also known as the Punisher. The first volume, published from 1988 to 1995, was spun off of a series featuring the vigilantes exploits. After this, the character went through a number of incarnations in Marvels imprints, such as Marvel Knights and MAX and this was reflected in the series by tying into crossover events of the Marvel Universe proper, including Civil War, World War Hulk, and Secret Invasion. The first volume of The Punisher War Journal ran 80 issues, originally written and penciled by Carl Potts, and inked by Jim Lee, who soon became series penciler, it changed creative teams with issue #25 to writer Mike Baron and penciler-inker Mark Texeira. Chuck Dixon took over as writer with #38, continuing with it to the final issue, others associated with the title include multi-issue pencilers Tod Smith, Ron Wagner, John Hebert, Hugh Haynes, Melvin Rubi, and penciler-inker Gary Kwapisz. The series was relaunched the following decade, titled simply Punisher War Journal, the initial creative team was writer Matt Fraction and artist Ariel Olivetti, with subsequent artists including Cory Walker, Scott Wegener, and Howard Chaykin. Later, writer Rick Remender joined as a co-writer until the title was canceled to make room for a new ongoing volume of Punisher that would be written by Remender. The series had one annual, named If I Die Before I Wake released in January 2009 Simon Spurrier and drawn by Antonio Fuso and Lee Loughridge
8.
For Tomorrow (comics)
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For Tomorrow is a 2004-2005 comic book story arc published in Superman #204-215 by DC Comics. Written by Brian Azzarello and penciled by Jim Lee, with inks by Scott Williams and this eventually gives way to a plot in which a megalomaniac bent on interplanetary conquest begins his attempt to capture his targets, and fighting through a heavy heart, Superman must stop him. Coming off of the wildly successful Batman story arc Hush, Jim Lees involvement as penciller on this made it very highly anticipated. The situational focus of For Tomorrow is on two events took place prior to the twelve-issue story arcs starting point. The first is The Vanishing, where a million people mysteriously disappeared from the planet, including Lois Lane, leaving only ghostly shadows in the places they had vanished. The second is Supermans creation of a reality, which he meant to use as a refuge for the people of Earth in case a tragedy such as the one that befell Krypton were to occur. When creating this reality, Superman also built robots in the likeness of Jor-El, Lara and Clark Kent to protect it. However, upon its completion, he felt that it was not his place to change the course of a planets destiny and put the world in the Phantom Zone, for Tomorrow is told in medias res. With regard to continuity, there are no prior stories wherein the two described above are delineated in abstract. The story opens with Superman struggling with the fact that he could not save all the people that were caught in The Vanishing and he visits Father Leone, a priest suffering from cancer, in his church. Superman tells him how he was in outer space saving Green Lantern Kyle Rayner when The Vanishing occurred and this is a first of several confessionals between Superman and Father Leone. At their next encounter, Superman explains how he traced the source of The Vanishing to a foreign country in the Middle East. In the midst of a war, Superman removes from one side all of their weapons, on the other he faces General Nox, Nox refuses to stand down and, along with his super-powered minion Equus, fights against Supermans interference. Equus is injured and, in a attempt to escape, activates the Vanishing Device, creating a second Vanishing. This leads to Superman having to face the anger of the public, before he gets a chance to do so, he is confronted by Wonder Woman, who attempts to stop Superman from carrying out his plan. She believes Supermans efforts are likely to result in his death, the Fortress of Solitude is also visited by Mr. Orr, who tracked Father Leone via a painkilling injection Orr administered earlier. Orr is a mercenary who is working for a group of powerful individuals described by Orr himself as having 80% of the world population working for them in one way or another. Superman fights Wonder Woman and then tells her that the Fortress is set to self-destruct and he also asks her to save Mr. Orr and Father Leone
9.
Uncanny X-Men
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Uncanny X-Men, originally published as The X-Men, is an American comic book series published by Marvel Comics since 1963, and is the longest-running series in the X-Men comics franchise. It features a team of superheroes called the X-Men, a group of mutants with superhuman abilities led, the title was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, met with a lukewarm reception, and was eventually cancelled in 1970. Interest was rekindled with 1975s Giant-Size X-Men and the debut of a new, initially published bi-monthly, it became a monthly with issue #14. The series was placed firmly in the Marvel Universe, with guest appearances by Namor in #6, the jungle adventure hero Ka-Zar and the Savage Land were introduced in issue #10. Roy Thomas wrote the series from #20 to #44, Thomas and artist Werner Roth created the Banshee in #28. The X-Men #45 featured a crossover with The Avengers #53, after a battle with the Hulk in issue #66, the title ceased publishing original material and featured reprints in issues #67 through #93. X-Men was relaunched in May 1975 with Giant-Size X-Men #1, by Len Wein, the title featured a new, international, team consisting of Cyclops, Banshee, Sunfire and Wolverine, along with new characters Storm, Nightcrawler, Colossus and Thunderbird. The original plan was to continue Giant-Size X-Men as a quarterly, chris Claremonts first issue as writer, #94, had all the original X-Men leave, along with Sunfire, Thunderbird was killed in #95. Moira MacTaggert, an ally of the X-Men, and later to be established as a former fiancée of Xavier. Marvel Girl became the Phoenix in issue #101 and this was followed by the first Shiar space opera story. Cockrum was replaced as penciller by John Byrne as of #108, Byrne became co-plotter, and during his run the series became a monthly title again. In 2010, Comics Bulletin ranked Claremont and Byrnes run on The X-Men second on its list of the Top 10 1970s Marvels. The Dark Phoenix Saga in 1980 led to a change in the line-up of the team, with the death of Phoenix, and Cyclops leaving the team to mourn for her. Comics writers and historians Roy Thomas and Peter Sanderson observed that The Dark Phoenix Saga is to Claremont and Byrne what the Galactus Trilogy is to Stan Lee and it is a landmark in Marvel history, showcasing its creators work at the height of their abilities. The new teenage mutant Kitty Pryde was introduced in #129 and joined the X-Men in #139, the Dazzler, a disco-singing, roller-skating mutant, was introduced in #130, but did not join the team, instead headlining her own solo title. Byrne plotted the story wanting to depict the Sentinels as a threat to the existence of the mutant race. Mystiques Brotherhood changed sides and became the government-backed Freedom Force in #199 and their first action was to capture Magneto, who had begun associating with the X-Men during the Secret Wars II crossover. Magneto surrenders himself, but escapes after his trial is abandoned, the Morlocks, a group of disfigured mutants living underneath New York City, were introduced in #169
10.
Wildcats (comics)
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Wildcats, sometimes rendered WildCats or WildC. A. T. s, is a fictional superhero team created by the American comic book artist Jim Lee and writer Brandon Choi. The team first appeared in 1992 in the first issue of their eponymous comic book WildC. A. T. s, Covert Action Teams and it was Image founding partner Jim Lees first work published by the newly launched company, and his first creator owned project. The Wildcats were the point for Lees menagerie of interconnected superhero creations which became the foundation of the Wildstorm Universe. This first series ran for 50 issues, and in addition to Lee featured work by creators such as Travis Charest, Chris Claremont, James Robinson. This popularity saw the property expand into other media, with an adaptation of the comic debuting on CBS in 1994. In 1998, ownership of the Wildcats concepts and characters were sold to DC Comics, a new incarnation of the team was soon launched, under the simplified title Wildcats, focusing on the former members of the now-disbanded team and emphasizing a grittier tone during its 28-issue run. This incarnation lasted 24 issues and was followed by a limited series titled Wildcats, Nemesis. In late 2006, an ongoing series was launched as a part of the Worldstorm publishing initiative. The series saw the return of Jim Lee as regular penciller for the first time since its first volume while Grant Morrison took over writing duties, only one issue was ever published, with future issues placed on hold. In mid-2008 a fifth volume of Wildcats was launched, tying into the Worlds End crossover event, Kherubims, a nearly immortal, human-looking alien race with exceptional powers and skills, traveled to Earth and by breeding with humans populated the planet with Half-Breeds. Daemonites, besides having an appearance, also possessed various superhuman abilities including body possession. The initial arc brought Voodoo over to the team as the point of view character as Helspont. Rob Liefelds Youngblood co-starred in the chapters of the arc. WildC. A. T. s story continued in a three-part mini-series, penciled by Jae Lee, Jim Lee and Marc Silvestri proceeded to publish a Killer Instinct crossover detailing Warblades connection to Marc Silvestris Cyberforce. Jim Lee devoted his time to coming up with the new concepts of Gen13, Deathblow, before he left the book he did the four-issue Gathering of Eagles storyline written by his Uncanny X-Men writer, Chris Claremont. It featured a new villain in Tapestry and added the characters of Mister Majestic, Savant and Soldier, and featured Claremonts creator owned character Huntsman. James Robinson wrote a handful of issues, and also participated in the Wildcats first Annual as well as a Team One Stormwatch/WildC. A. T. s mini-series detailing the past of the Wildstorm universe. Alan Moore attempted to give the depth and cohesion by following up on the initial premise of the Daemonite
11.
X-Men: Legacy
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X-Men, Legacy is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics featuring the mutant superhero team, the X-Men. The title began its publication in October 1991 as X-Men, from 2001 until 2004 it was published as New X-Men. It had reverted in issue #157 to its title, but changed again from issue #208 to X-Men. Prior to the change, the series is usually referred to as X-Men, vol.2 because the first series. In addition, a new unrelated ongoing series titled X-Men was later released starting in 2010, X-Men, Legacy was relaunched in 2012 as part of Marvel NOW. with a new issue #1. The volume ended its run after 25 issues in March 2014, in 1991, Marvel launched X-Men, vol. X-Men #1 is still the bestselling book of all time. Chris Claremont, left after three issues due to differences with editor Bob Harras. Writers John Byrne and Scott Lobdell handled dialogue after Claremonts departure, initially, the book focused on a team led by Cyclops, with the other members forming a squad led by Storm. This premise has at times faded from mention, only to be resurrected, X-Men ran for 10 years, with various creative teams. In July 2001 during a revamp of the X-Men franchise, its changed to New X-Men. Along with these modifications, a new writer, Grant Morrison, was assigned to the title, Morrisons tenure on the title dealt with Cyclops, Wolverine, Phoenix, Beast, Emma Frost and Xorn. While the second squad of X-Men in Uncanny continued on as super heroes, the school expanded from simply a training center to a legitimate school with dozens of mutant students, a story idea that was first explored in the X-Men film. One of the controversial events of New X-Men happened in issue #115 when the island of Genosha and its inhabitants. This set the tone that dominated the rest of Morrisons tenure on the book, in June 2004, Chuck Austen, previously the writer of Uncanny X-Men, moved to New X-Men with issue #155. The title of the reverted to its original title of X-Men in July 2004 with issue #157 during the X-Men Reload event. The title was renamed X-Men, Legacy starting in February 2008 with issue #208, the new title reflects a shift in the series direction to focusing on solo X-Men characters versus being a team-based book as the title was previously. The retitled series follows on from the conclusion of the Messiah Complex crossover, shortly after the X-Men presumed him deceased, his body disappeared and his whereabouts were unknown
12.
Wizard (magazine)
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Wizard or Wizard, The Magazine of Comics, Entertainment and Pop Culture was a magazine about comic books, published monthly in the United States by Wizard Entertainment from July 1991 to January 2011. It included a guide, as well as comic book, movie, anime, and collector news, interviews. With issue #7, the magazine switched to paper and color printing. Wizard strongly supported new publishers Valiant Comics and Image Comics, heavily promoting their new releases, with its high-end production values and embodiment of the comic speculator boom, Wizard was an instant hit, with a monthly circulation of more than 100,000 copies. In 2006, the magazine was revamped with a look and more pages, switching from the perfect bound or staple free look. After issue 200, Wizard made several changes to the magazine, shifting focus from reviews and humor to information about upcoming comics, the 3-page Magic Words section, which consisted of reader questions, was dropped and replaced by Fan Mail, a half-page section allowing 3 short letters. In November 2006, Wizard editor-in-chief and co-founder Pat McCallum was fired, Wizard declined to say why he was removed. On February 21,2007, Scott Gramling was announced as the new editor-in-chief, soon after, longtime Wizard Editor Brian Cunningham was removed in August 2008. The final editor was former staff writer and managing editor Mike Cotton, on February 27,2009, Wizard laid off ten percent of its work force, including its three staff writers, in order to make room for freelance writers. Wizard was relaunched with issue #228, which featured Mark Millar as a guest editor, the magazine went back to its strictly comic book roots. The issue featured a Green Hornet film cover and round table discussion with creators in the comic book film industry, despite all these changes, however, the magazine was losing subscribers at an unsustainable rate, by December 2010 its circulation was just 17,000 copies. This was confirmed later that day by Wizard, who revealed that its sister magazine. According to the representatives, Wizard would be relaunched in February 2011 as an online magazine called Wizard World. The first issue of Wizard World was made online and through major digital distribution channels on March 2,2011. The magazine went through an ever-changing line-up of regular and semi-regular features, including Book Shelf — Brief descriptions of the trade paperback. Top 10 Writers and Artists — Lists charting the most popular creators of the month in each category, retired features include Casting Call — A feature proposing the dream cast for potential film adaptations of various comic books. Last Man Standing — A dream faceoff between two different characters or teams, always of different companies and/or universes, the feature would detail a brief showdown between the two, including the victor and would be accompanied by an exclusive illustration depicting the battle. In addition, both Wizard and ToyFare often featured mail-away offers for exclusive merchandise, Wizard began a practice of producing specially offered Wizard #1/2 issues
13.
Hangul
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The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
14.
Korean language
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It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of the Peoples Republic of China. Approximately 80 million people worldwide speak Korean and this implies that Korean is not an isolate, but a member of a small family. There is still debate on whether Korean and Japanese are related with each other, the Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. A relation of Korean with Japonic languages has been proposed by linguists like William George Aston, Chinese characters arrived in Korea together with Buddhism during the pre-Three Kingdoms period. Mainly privileged elites were educated to read and write in hanja, however, today, the hanja are largely unused in everyday life, but in South Korea they experience revivals on artistic works and are important in historic and/or linguistic studies of Korean. Since the Korean War, through 70 years of separation, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation, verb inflection, the Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in North Korea and South Korea. In South Korea, the Korean language is referred to by names including hanguk-eo Korean language, hanguk-mal, Korean speech and uri-mal. In hanguk-eo and hanguk-mal, the first part of the word, hanguk, refers to the Korean nation while -eo and -mal mean language and speech, Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo, literally national language. This name is based on the same Chinese characters meaning nation + language that are used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China, the language is most often called Chosŏn-mal, or more formally, the English word Korean is derived from Goryeo, which is thought to be the first dynasty known to Western countries. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram and Goryeo In, the majority of historical and modern linguists classify Korean as a language isolate. Such factors of typological divergence as Middle Mongolians exhibition of gender agreement can be used to argue that a relationship with Altaic is unlikely. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list, a good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asa, meaning hemp. Also, the doublet wo meaning hemp is attested in Western Old Japanese and it is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. Among ancient languages, various relatives of Korean have been proposed. Some classify the language of Jeju Island as a distinct modern Koreanic language, Other famous theories are the Dravido-Korean languages theory and the mostly unknown southern-theory which suggest an Austronesian relation. Korean is spoken by the Korean people in North Korea and South Korea and by the Korean diaspora in countries including the Peoples Republic of China, the United States, Japan. Korean-speaking minorities exist in these states, but because of cultural assimilation into host countries, Korean is the official language of South Korea and North Korea
15.
Marvel Comics
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Marvel Comics is the common name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc. formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, an American publisher of comic books and related media. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Worldwides parent company, Marvel started in 1939 as Timely Publications, and by the early 1950s had generally become known as Atlas Comics. Marvels modern incarnation dates from 1961, the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. Most of Marvels fictional characters operate in a reality known as the Marvel Universe. Martin Goodman founded the later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. The issue was a success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc, Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. It, too, proved a hit, with sales of one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc. beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941, Goodman hired his wifes cousin, Stanley Lieber, as a general office assistant in 1939. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles, Goodmans business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55. As well, some covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12, were labeled A Marvel Magazine many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961. The post-war American comic market saw superheroes falling out of fashion and this globe branding united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications. Atlas also published a plethora of childrens and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlos Homer the Happy Ghost, Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, and Captain America. Atlas did not achieve any hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply. During this time, the Comic Code Authority made its debut in September 1954, Wertham published the book Seduction of the Innocent in order to force people to see that comics were impacting American youth. He believed violent comics were causing children to be reckless and were turning them into delinquents, in September 1954, comic book publishers got together to set up their own self-censorship organization—the Comics Magazine Association of America—in order to appease audiences
16.
Chris Claremont
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Christopher S. Claremont scripted many classic stories, including The Dark Phoenix Saga and Days of Future Past, on which he collaborated with John Byrne. He developed the character of Wolverine into a fan favorite, X-Men #1, the 1991 spinoff series premiere that Claremont co-wrote with Jim Lee, remains the best-selling comic book of all time, according to Guinness World Records. In 2015, Claremont and his X-Men collaborator John Byrne were entered into the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame, Claremont was born November 25,1950 in London, England, the son of an internist father and a pilot/caterer mother. His family moved to the United States when he was three, and he was raised primarily on Long Island and he read works by science fiction writers such as Robert Heinlein, as well as writers of other genres such as Rudyard Kipling and C. S. Forester. Claremont is Jewish on his mothers side, and lived in a kibbutz in Israel during his youth. Instead, when he began at Bard College, he did so as a political theorist, studying acting and political theory and his first professional sale was a prose story. Thomas later assigned Claremont his first professional scripting assignment, on Daredevil, in 1974, as an entry into regular comics writing, Claremont was given the fledgling title Iron Fist, which teamed him with John Byrne, their second collaboration after Marvel Premiere. Though his acting career did not yield great success, he functioned well at Marvel, one of the first new characters created by Claremont was Madrox the Multiple Man in Giant-Size Fantastic Four #4. Claremont approached the job as a actor, developing the characters by examining their motives, desires. This approach drew immediate positive reaction, according to former Marvel editor-in-chief Bob Harras, He lived it and breathed it. He would write whole paragraphs about what people were wearing and he really got into these peoples thoughts, hopes, dreams. Claremont introduced new supporting characters to the X-Men series including Moira MacTaggert in issue #96, Marvel Girl, one of Marvels first female heroes, underwent a huge transformation into the omnipotent Phoenix. Issue #107 saw the introduction of the Starjammers as well as the departure of artist Dave Cockrum, Claremont began his collaboration with artist John Byrne in the following issue. During his 17 years as X-Men writer, Claremont wrote or co-wrote many classic X-Men stories, such as The Dark Phoenix Saga and Days of Future Past. Comics writers and historians Roy Thomas and Peter Sanderson observed that The Dark Phoenix Saga is to Claremont and Byrne what the Galactus Trilogy is to Stan Lee and it is a landmark in Marvel history, showcasing its creators work at the height of their abilities. In 2010, Comics Bulletin ranked Claremont and Byrnes run on The X-Men second on its list of the Top 10 1970s Marvels, Claremont and artist Frank Miller crafted a Wolverine limited series in 1982. With artist Walt Simonson, Claremont produced The Uncanny X-Men and The New Teen Titans in 1982, the New Mutants were introduced by Claremont and Bob McLeod in Marvel Graphic Novel #4 and received their own ongoing series soon after. The second X-Men film was based on his X-Men graphic novel God Loves
17.
Guinness World Records
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The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time. As of the 2017 edition, it is now in its 63rd year of publication, the international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums. On 10 November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, then the director of the Guinness Breweries, went on a shooting party in the North Slob, by the River Slaney in County Wexford. After missing a shot at a golden plover, he involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe. That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europes fastest game bird. Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad and he realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful. Beavers idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter, the twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954. A thousand copies were printed and given away, after the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas. The following year, it launched in the US, and sold 70,000 copies, since then, Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records. Because the book became a hit, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October. The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years, Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975. Following Ross assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot, Guinness Superlatives Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book. Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades, and, under their management, the group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment. Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002, with offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records global headquarters remain in London, while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida, US. Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors, many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, being Maurizio Giuliano. Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database, as well as new records. The majority of records are no longer listed in the book or on the website. For those unable to wait the 4–6 weeks for a reply, the Guinness Book of Records is the worlds most sold copyrighted book, earning it an entry within its own pages
18.
Image Comics
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Image Comics is an American comic book publisher. It was immediately successful, and remains one of the largest comic book publishers in North America and its output was originally dominated by superhero and fantasy series from the studios of the Image partners, but now includes comics in many genres by numerous independent creators. Its best-known series include Spawn, Savage Dragon, Witchblade, The Darkness, Invincible, The Walking Dead, Saga, in the early 1990s, comics creators Erik Larsen, Rob Liefeld, and Jim Valentino had dinner with Malibu Comics editor-in-chief Dave Olbrich. Malibu was a small but established publishing company sympathetic to creator-ownership and these and several other freelance illustrators doing popular work for Marvel Comics were growing frustrated with the companys work for hire policies and practices. In December 1991, a group of these illustrators approached Marvel president Terry Stewart and demanded that the company give them ownership, accounts vary as to whom this group included, but it is generally accepted that Todd McFarlane and Liefeld were among its leaders. Marvel did not meet their demands and this development was nicknamed the X-odus, because several of the creators involved were famous for their work on the X-Men franchise. Marvels stock fell $3. 25/share when the news became public, Images organizing charter had two key provisions, Image would not own any creators work, the creator would. No Image partner would interfere – creatively or financially – with any other partners work, Image itself would own no intellectual property except the company trademarks, its name and its logo, which was designed by writer Hank Kanalz. Each Image partner founded his own studio, which published under the Image banner but was autonomous from any central editorial control. The first Image comic books to arrive in stores were Liefelds Youngblood, Larsens The Savage Dragon, McFarlanes Spawn, and Lees WildC. A. T. s. Within a few months, the Image titles success led to Malibu having almost 10% of the North American comics market share, by the beginning of 1993, Images financial situation was secure enough to publish its titles independently, and it left Malibu. Some of the founders came to resemble separate publishers, each with several ongoing series set in a shared universe. These included Sam Kieth, Dale Keown, Jae Lee, and the team of Kurt Busiek, Brent Anderson, later, some established self-published series also moved to Image, such as Jeff Smiths Bone and Colleen Dorans A Distant Soil. The partners had little business or management experience, and many series quickly fell behind their intended publishing schedule, comparing them to vaporware, one reader reported that 17 of the 36 delayed items in his December 1992 order were from Image. In response, retailers cut orders to reduce their risk and this significantly hurt the studios, which were each responsible for their own cash flow and profitability. Image had become the third-largest comics publisher in North America, exceeded only by long-established industry leaders Marvel, disagreements between partners began to develop. Silvestri withdrew Top Cow from Image in 1996, protesting that Liefeld was recruiting artists from his studio, the other five partners discussed ousting Liefeld from the company, and Liefeld resigned in September 1996, giving up his share of the company. Silvestri subsequently returned Top Cow to Image, wildstorms Cliffhanger imprint, established in 1998, was a commercial success, launching high-selling creator-owned properties by Humberto Ramos, J. Scott Campbell, Joe Madureira, and others
19.
WildStorm
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WildStorm Productions, or simply WildStorm, is an American comic book imprint. Originally an independent company established by Jim Lee, and expanded in subsequent years by other creators, until it was shut down, the WildStorm imprint remained editorially separate from DC Comics, with its main studio located in California. The imprint took its name from the combining of the titles of the Jim Lee comic series WildC. A. T. S. and its main fictional universe, the Wildstorm Universe, featured costumed heroes. WildStorm maintained a number of its titles from its early period. WildStorm also published creator-owned material, and licensed properties from other companies, DC shut down the WildStorm imprint in December 2010. On October 4,2016, DC announced that Wildstorm would be revived by comic writer Warren Ellis and it debuted in February 2017 with The Wild Storm formally reviving the imprint. WildStorm, founded by Jim Lee and Brandon Choi was one of the studios that formed Image Comics in 1992. Image grew out of Homage Studios and was founded by artists Whilce Portacio, Jim Lee, Erik Larsen, Rob Liefeld, Todd McFarlane, Marc Silvestri, all but Portacio decided to become full partners in the new firm. At the time, Lee and Portacio were recognized for their work on various X-Men titles at Marvel Comics, in late 1992, penciller Marc Silvestri joined the studio to work on the first issue of Cyberforce. Although he worked at the studio, his projects would debut as the work of a new Image partner studio firm named Top Cow, Silvestri continued to work out of WildStorms studio for about two years. Although WildStorm considered attracting talent, such as John Romita Jr. from the Big Two, Lees talent search yielded Brett Booth in 1992, and J. Scott Campbell in 1993. Apart from McFarlanes Spawn, WildStorm produced the most consistently, commercially successful comics from Image and these included Lees own titles WildC. A. T. s and the teen-hero title Gen¹³, illustrated by J. Scott Campbell. Like many other Image titles, some of the WildStorm titles suffered from inconsistent completion and this era produced a number of titles of varying popularity including Gen¹³, WildC. A. T. s, Stormwatch, Deathblow, Cybernary, and Whilce Portacios Wetworks. In late 1993, Lee launched WildStorm Productions as a sub-imprint of Image and he explained, During the startup of Image Comics, I incorporated my business activities under the name Aegis Entertainment. As Aegis grew and the marketplace changed, I decided a new name would more accurately define the nature of the titles we produce. In conjunction with the change, former DC editor Bill Kaplan was brought in to oversee production and scheduling. His attempts to get the characters into other media proved disappointing. A Saturday morning cartoon series of WildC. A. T. s lasted only a season, while a full-length animated version of Gen¹³ was produced
20.
DC Comics
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DC Comics, Inc. is an American comic book publisher. It is the unit of DC Entertainment, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. a division of Time Warner, the company has also published non-DC Universe-related material, including Watchmen, V for Vendetta and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo. The initials DC came from the popular series Detective Comics. Random House distributes DC Comics books to the market, while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market. DC Comics and its major, longtime competitor Marvel Comics together shared 70% of the American comic book market in 2016, entrepreneur Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson founded National Allied Publications in autumn 1934. The company debuted with the tabloid-sized New Fun, The Big Comic Magazine #1 with a date of February 1935. That title evolved into Adventure Comics, which continued through issue #503 in 1983, in 2009 DC revived Adventure Comics with its original numbering. In 1935, Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the creators of Superman, created Doctor Occult. Wheeler-Nicholsons third and final title, Detective Comics, advertised with a cover illustration dated December 1936, the themed anthology series would become a sensation with the introduction of Batman in issue #27. By then, however, Wheeler-Nicholson had gone, Detective Comics, Inc. was formed, with Wheeler-Nicholson and Jack S. Liebowitz, Donenfelds accountant, listed as owners. Major Wheeler-Nicholson remained for a year, but cash-flow problems continued, shortly afterward, Detective Comics, Inc. purchased the remains of National Allied, also known as Nicholson Publishing, at a bankruptcy auction. Detective Comics, Inc. soon launched a fourth title, Action Comics, Action Comics #1, the first comic book to feature the new character archetype—soon known as superheroes—proved a sales hit. The company quickly introduced such popular characters as the Sandman and Batman. That year, Gaines let Liebowitz buy him out, and kept only Picture Stories from the Bible as the foundation of his own new company, at that point, Liebowitz promptly orchestrated the merger of All-American and Detective Comics into National Comics. Next he took charge of organizing National Comics, Independent News, National Periodical Publications became publicly traded on the stock market in 1961. The company began to move aggressively against what it saw as copyright-violating imitations from other companies, such as Fox Comics Wonder Man and this extended to DC suing Fawcett Comics over Captain Marvel, at the time comics top-selling character. Despite the fact that parallels between Captain Marvel and Superman seemed more tenuous, the courts ruled that substantial and deliberate copying of copyrighted material had occurred, faced with declining sales and the prospect of bankruptcy if it lost, Fawcett capitulated in 1955 and ceased comics publication
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DC Universe
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The DC Universe is the fictional shared universe where the stories in most American comic book titles published by DC Comics take place. DC superheroes such as Batman, Superman, and Wonder Woman are from this universe, and it also well known supervillains such as the Joker, Lex Luthor. It should be noted that in context, DC Universe usually refers to the main DC continuity, the term DC Multiverse refers to the collection of all continuities within DC Comics publications. Within the Multiverse, the main DC Universe has gone by many names and its not to be confused with Earth Prime. The fact that DC Comics characters coexisted in the world was first established in All Star Comics #3 where several superheroes met each other in a group dubbed the Justice Society of America. Subsequently, the Justice Society was reintroduced as the Justice League of America, over the course of its publishing history, DC has introduced different versions of its characters, sometimes presenting them as if the earlier version had never existed. Similarly, they had such as Batman whose early adventures set in the 1940s could not easily be reconciled with stories featuring a still-youthful man in the 1970s. To explain this, they introduced the idea of the multiverse in Flash #123 where the Silver Age Flash met his Golden Age counterpart. In addition to allowing the conflicting stories to co-exist, it allowed the differing versions of characters to meet, the writers gave designations such as Earth-One, Earth-Two, and so forth, to certain universes, designations which at times were also used by the characters themselves. Earth-One was the world of this publication era. Over the years, as the number of titles published increased, in order to continue publishing stories of its most popular characters, maintaining the status quo became necessary. However, not all the books rebooted post-Crisis, for example, the Legion of Superheros book acted as if the Pre-Crisis Earth-1 history was still their past, a point driven home in the Cosmic Boy miniseries. The Zero Hour limited series gave them an opportunity to revise timelines, meanwhile, DC has published occasional stories called Elseworlds, which often presented alternate versions of its characters. For example, one told the story of Bruce Wayne as a Green Lantern, in another tale, Speeding Bullets, the rocket ship that brought the infant Superman to Earth was discovered by the Wayne family of Gotham City rather than the Kents. In 1999, The Kingdom reintroduced a variant of the old Multiverse concept called Hypertime which essentially allows for alternate versions of characters, the entire process was possibly inspired by Alan Moores meta-comic, Supreme, Story of the Year. The Convergence crossover officially retconned the events of Crisis after heroes in that went back in time to prevent the collapse of the Multiverse. However, Brainiac states Each world has evolved but they all still exist, the Infinite Crisis event remade the DC Universe yet again, with new changes. The limited series 52 established that a new multiverse now existed and this follows the conclusion of the Flashpoint crossover storyline, which provided a jumping-off point for the existing continuity
22.
Dan DiDio
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Dan DiDio is an American writer, editor, and publisher who has worked in the television and comic book industries. He is currently the Co-Publisher of DC Comics, along with Jim Lee, wizard magazine recognized him as its first ever Man of the Year in 2003 for his work on the DC Universe line. Prior to joining DC Comics, DiDio worked in television, beginning in 1981, DiDio was a freelance writer and story editor for Mainframe Entertainment, specifically working on ReBoot and War Planets. DiDio joined DC Comics in January 2002, as Vice President-Editorial and he was promoted to Vice President-Executive Editor, DC Universe in October 2004. Since 2006, DiDio has written a column called DC Nation which appears on the end page of most of DC Comics main superhero titles. Originally, the column was tied to the yearlong weekly maxi-series 52, on February 18,2010, DC Entertainment President Diane Nelson named DiDio as Co-Publisher of DC Comics, along with Jim Lee. Dan DiDio returned to writing comics with short stories for the 2008 and 2009 DC Halloween specials, in 2009, he returned to regular writing duties with the weekly Metal Men feature in Wednesday Comics. In January 2010, DiDio wrote the Weird Western Tales tie-in issue of the Blackest Night crossover, as Co-Publisher, he oversaw the reboot of all current DC titles and was the co-writer of the OMAC series with artist Keith Giffen. DiDio wrote a Challengers of the Unknown storyline for DC Universe Presents which was drawn by Jerry Ordway, a Phantom Stranger ongoing series written by DiDio and drawn by Brent Anderson began in September 2012. DiDio and Keith Giffen reunited on Infinity Man and the Forever People in 2014, Dan DiDio at the Comic Book DB Dan DiDio at Mikes Amazing World of Comics
23.
Paul Levitz
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Paul Levitz is an American comic book writer, editor and executive. The president of DC Comics from 2002–2009, he has worked for the company for over 35 years in a variety of roles. Levitz was raaised in Brooklyn, New York, during which time he revived the defunct comic news fanzine, The Comic Reader, which according to Levitz, was the first regularly published comics industry news fanzine. Under Levitzs editorship The Comic Reader won two Best Fanzine Comic Art Fan Awards, one of Levitzs teachers, Frank McCourt, was impressed enough with Levitzs work that he arranged for Levitz to appear on McCourts brothers radio show. Levitz later studied business at New York University but had no formal education in writing. He dropped out three years in order to concentrate on his writing career. After serving as Joe Orlandos assistant editor, in 1976 Levitz fulfilled a dream by becoming the editor of Adventure Comics on the eve of his 20th birthday. He served as editor for the Batman line of comics, as a writer, Levitz is best known for his work on the title The Legion of Super-Heroes, which he wrote from 1977–1979 and 1981–1989. Levitz wrote All-New Collectors Edition #C-55, a treasury-sized special drawn by Mike Grell, in which longtime Legion members Saturn Girl, Levitz and artists James Sherman and Joe Staton crafted Earthwar a five-issue storyline in Superboy and the Legion of Super-Heroes #241–245. He and Keith Giffen produced The Great Darkness Saga, one of the best known Legion stories, Comics historian Les Daniels observed that Working with artist Keith Giffen, Levitz completed the transformation of Legion into a science-fiction saga of considerable scope and depth. In August 1984, a new Legion of Super-Heroes series was launched by Levitz, with artist Steve Ditko, Levitz co-created the characters Stalker and the Prince Gavyn version of Starman. He wrote the Justice Society series in All Star Comics during the late 1970s and he and Staton provided the JSA with an origin story in DC Special #29. Lucien the Librarian, a character used in Neil Gaimans The Sandman series, was created by Levitz. Levitz eventually became an editor, and served as president and executive vice president. In 2006, Levitz returned to writing the Justice Society with issue #82 of JSA,2 and Legion of Super-Heroes vol. Levitz mentioned in an August 2010 interview that he was working on my first genuine book and his 75 Years of DC Comics, The Art of Modern Mythmaking was published by Taschen America, LLC in November 2010. In addition to Legion of Super-Heroes, Levitz wrote the Worlds Finest series, Levitz and Keith Giffen collaborated on the Legion of Super-Heroes issues #17 and 18 in 2013. Levitz wrote a biography of comics creator Will Eisner which was scheduled for release in 2014, Levitz received the Dick Giordano Hero Initiative Humanitarian of the Year Award in September 2013 at the Baltimore Comic-Con
24.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
25.
Chesterfield, Missouri
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Chesterfield is a city in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States, and a Western suburb of St. Louis. As of the 2010 census, the population was 47,484, the broader valley of Chesterfield was originally referred to as Gumbo Flats, derived from its soil, which though very rich and silty, became like a gumbo when wet. Chesterfield is half the size of St. Louis, Chesterfield is located about 25 miles west of St. Louis, Missouri. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 33.52 square miles. Portions of Chesterfield are located in the floodplain of the Missouri River, now known as Chesterfield Valley and this area was submerged during the Great Flood of 1993, higher levees built since then have led to extensive commercial development in the valley. Chesterfield Valley is the location of Spirit of St. Louis Airport, used for corporate aviation, the remainder of Chesterfield is located on the bluffs above the floodplain, and includes residential and retail development. Chesterfield is also home to several mid- to high-rise buildings, the tallest being the Drury Plaza Hotel, which is 12 stories and 125 feet tall. According to the 2007-2011 American Community Survey estimate, the income for a household in the city was $95,006. Males had an income of $94,322 versus $54,934 for females. The per capita income for the city was $51,725, about 1. 7% of families and 4. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 7% of those under age 18 and 3. 3% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 47,484 people,19,224 households, the population density was 1,494.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 20,393 housing units at a density of 641.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 86. 5% White,2. 6% African American,0. 2% Native American,8. 6% Asian,0. 7% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 8% of the population. 26. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.94. The median age in the city was 46.6 years. 22. 3% of residents were under the age of 18,5. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,19. 5% were from 25 to 44,32. 5% were from 45 to 64, and 20. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 8% male and 52. 2% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 46,802 people,18,060 households, and 13,111 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,485.4 people per square mile, there were 18,738 housing units at an average density of 594.7 per square mile
26.
Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School
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Its 100-acre campus is located in the St. Louis suburb of Ladue. William Greenleaf Eliot, founder and chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis, a boys school, Smith Academy, was founded in 1854, and was later attended by Eliots grandson, the future poet T. S. Eliot. A sister school for girls, Mary Institute, was founded in 1859 and was named for Eliots late daughter Mary Rhodes Eliot, Smith Academy closed in June 1917, in part due to the proliferation of private elementary schools and public secondary schools in the area. Three months later, St. Louis Country Day School opened in northwestern St. Louis County, inspired by the Country Day School movement nationally, it was not related to Smith, although first year enrollment included a number of former Smith students. St. Louis Country Day Schools campus was in a bucolic setting reached by streetcar, far removed from the noise. Mary Institute moved to its Ladue campus in 1931 and became independent of Washington University in 1949, by the 1950s, the tranquility of the Country Day campus was disrupted by the growth of the adjacent Lambert–Saint Louis International Airport. St. Louis Country Day School relocated to a new campus next to Mary Institute in Ladue in 1958, Eliots grandson, Nobel laureate T. S. Eliot, who attended Mary Institutes kindergarten and Smith Academy, spoke at Mary Institutes centennial in 1959. St. Louis Country Day headmaster John Johnson, who coordinated the merger, the school observed its sesquicentennial during a year-long celebration that ran from May 11,2009 through May 11,2010. The space also contains conference rooms, a faculty office space and work center, a robotics garage. The building is certified as LEED Platinum, there are three different divisions at MICDS, and each division functions as a school within a school. The Lower School, also referred to as The Ronald S. Beasley School, the MICDS Middle School is located in the former Mary Institute facilities, and is for grades 5 through 8. The Upper School lies on the former Country Day School campus, the school has claimed 32 state championships and 41 district championships in the past decade. The school features one of the high school cycling teams in St. Louis. They competed in the Tour De St. Louis in 2009, MICDS has a standing athletic rivalry with the nearby John Burroughs School. MICDS observes its Homecoming on the weekend when all of the teams play Burroughs, there is a traditional bonfire, MICDS also has a cross-state rivalry with The Pembroke Hill School in Kansas City. Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee Marv Levy began his career here in 1951. The Womens Varsity Field Hockey team won the Midwest Championships in 2013,2014 and 2015, mens Water Polo won Third Place in state in 2014. The Boys and Girls Cross-Country and Track & Field team are renown throughout the state for their hard work, MICDS has many different Athletic facilities available for students to use on the 100 acre campus
27.
X-Men
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The X-Men is a fictional team of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby, the characters first appeared in The X-Men #1 and they are among the most recognizable and successful intellectual properties of Marvel Comics, appearing in numerous books, television shows, films, and video games. The X-Men are mutants, a subspecies of humans who are born with superhuman abilities, the X-Men fight for peace and equality between normal humans and mutants in a world where antimutant bigotry is fierce and widespread. They are led by Charles Xavier, also known as Professor X and their archenemy is Magneto, a powerful mutant with the ability to generate and control magnetic fields. Professor X and Magneto have opposing views and philosophies regarding the relationship between mutants and humans, Professor X is the founder of Xaviers School for Gifted Youngsters at a location commonly called the X-Mansion, which recruits mutants from around the world. Located in Westchester County, New York, the X-Mansion is the home and training site of the X-Men. The founding five members of the X-Men who appear in The X-Men #1 are Angel, Beast, Cyclops, Iceman, since then, dozens of mutants from various countries and diverse backgrounds have held membership as X-Men. In 2004, Stan Lee recalled, I couldnt have everybody bitten by a spider or exposed to a gamma ray explosion. And I took the way out. I said to myself, Why dont I just say theyre mutants, in a 1987 interview, Jack Kirby said, The X-Men, I did the natural thing there. What would you do with mutants who were just plain boys and girls, so I gave them a teacher, Professor X. Of course, it was the thing to do, instead of disorienting or alienating people who were different from us, I made the X-Men part of the human race. Possibly, radiation, if it is beneficial, may create mutants that’ll save us instead of doing us harm. I felt that if we train the mutants our way, they’ll help us - and not only help us, and so, we could all live together. Lee devised the title after Marvel publisher Martin Goodman turned down the initial name, The Mutants. Within the Marvel Universe, the X-Men are widely regarded to have named after Professor Xavier himself. Xavier however claims that the name X-Men was never chosen as a tribute to himself, the name is also linked to the X-Gene, an unknown gene that causes the mutant evolution. The original explanation for the name, as provided by Xavier in The X-Men #1, is that mutants possess an extra power, one which ordinary humans do not
28.
Spider-Man
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Spider-Man is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko, when Spider-Man first appeared in the early 1960s, teenagers in superhero comic books were usually relegated to the role of sidekick to the protagonist. Marvel has featured Spider-Man in several book series, the first. In the 2010s, he joins the Avengers, Marvels flagship superhero team, Spider-Mans nemesis Doctor Octopus also took on the identity for a story arc spanning 2012–2014, following a body swap plot in which Peter appears to die. Spider-Man is one of the most popular and commercially successful superheroes, the character was first portrayed in live action by Nicholas Hammond in the 1977 television movie Spider-Man. Reeve Carney starred as Spider-Man in the 2010 Broadway musical Spider-Man, in 1962, with the success of the Fantastic Four, Marvel Comics editor and head writer Stan Lee was casting about for a new superhero idea. He said the idea for Spider-Man arose from a surge in demand for comic books. At that time Lee had to get only the consent of Marvel publisher Martin Goodman for the characters approval, in a 1986 interview, Lee described in detail his arguments to overcome Goodmans objections. In particular, Lee stated that the fact that it had already decided that Amazing Fantasy would be cancelled after issue #15 was the only reason Goodman allowed him to use Spider-Man. While this was indeed the issue, its editorial page anticipated the comic continuing. Will appear every month in Amazing, regardless, Lee received Goodmans approval for the name Spider-Man and the ordinary teen concept, and approached artist Jack Kirby. Lee and Kirby immediately sat down for a conference, Theakston writes. Steve Ditko would be the inker, when Kirby showed Lee the first six pages, Lee recalled, I hated the way he was doing it. Not that he did it badly—it just wasnt the character I wanted, Lee turned to Ditko, who developed a visual style Lee found satisfactory. Ditko recalled, One of the first things I did was to work up a costume, a vital, visual part of the character. I had to know how he looked, for example, A clinging power so he wouldnt have hard shoes or boots, a hidden wrist-shooter versus a web gun and holster, etc. I wasnt sure Stan would like the idea of covering the characters face and it would also add mystery to the character. Although the interior artwork was by Ditko alone, Lee rejected Ditkos cover art, as Lee explained in 2010, I think I had Jack sketch out a cover for it because I always had a lot of confidence in Jacks covers
29.
Superman
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Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, high school living in Cleveland, Ohio. They sold Superman to Detective Comics, the future DC Comics, Superman debuted in Action Comics #1 and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, newspaper strips, television programs, films, and video games. With this success, Superman helped to create the superhero archetype, the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Man of Steel, the Man of Tomorrow, and The Last Son of Krypton. Discovered and adopted by a Kansas farm couple, the child is raised as Clark Kent, very early on he started to display various superhuman abilities, which, upon reaching maturity, he resolved to use for the benefit of humanity through a secret Superman identity. Superman resides and operates in the fictional American city of Metropolis, as Clark Kent, he is a journalist for the Daily Planet, a Metropolis newspaper. Supermans love interest is generally Lois Lane, and his archenemy is supervillain Lex Luthor and he is typically a member of the Justice League and close ally of Batman and Wonder Woman. Like other characters in the DC Universe, several versions of Superman have been depicted over the years. Supermans appearance is distinctive and iconic, he wears a blue costume with a red-and-yellow emblem on the chest, consisting of the letter S in a shield shape. This shield is used in media to symbolize the character. Superman is widely considered an American cultural icon and he has fascinated scholars, with cultural theorists, commentators, and critics alike exploring the characters impact and role in the United States and worldwide. The characters ownership has often been the subject of dispute, with Siegel, the character has been adapted extensively and portrayed in other forms of media as well, including films, television series, and video games. Several actors have portrayed Superman in motion pictures and TV series including Kirk Alyn, George Reeves, Christopher Reeve, Dean Cain, Tom Welling, Brandon Routh, Henry Cavill, Siegels fanzine did not sell well. Siegel and Shuster shifted to making comic strips, which they self-published in a book they called Popular Comics, the pair dreamed of becoming professional authors and believed that syndicated newspaper strips offered more lucrative and stable work than pulp magazines. The art quality standards were lower, making them more accessible to the inexperienced Shuster. In early 1933 or in 1934, Siegel developed a new character, also named Superman, but now a heroic character and this first prototype of Superman had no fantastic abilities and wore casual clothing. Siegel and Shuster often compared this version to Slam Bradley, a character they created in 1936. Siegel shared his idea with Shuster and they decided to turn it into a comic strip, the first publisher they solicited was Humor Publishing in Chicago, after having read one of their comic books, Detective Dan
30.
Princeton University
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Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States. The university has graduated many notable alumni, two U. S. Presidents,12 U. S. Supreme Court Justices, and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princetons alumni body. New Light Presbyterians founded the College of New Jersey in 1746 in order to train ministers, the college was the educational and religious capital of Scots-Irish America. In 1754, trustees of the College of New Jersey suggested that, in recognition of Governors interest, gov. Jonathan Belcher replied, What a name that would be. In 1756, the moved to Princeton, New Jersey. Its home in Princeton was Nassau Hall, named for the royal House of Orange-Nassau of William III of England, following the untimely deaths of Princetons first five presidents, John Witherspoon became president in 1768 and remained in that office until his death in 1794. During his presidency, Witherspoon shifted the focus from training ministers to preparing a new generation for leadership in the new American nation. To this end, he tightened academic standards and solicited investment in the college, in 1812, the eighth president the College of New Jersey, Ashbel Green, helped establish the Princeton Theological Seminary next door. The plan to extend the theological curriculum met with approval on the part of the authorities at the College of New Jersey. Today, Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary maintain separate institutions with ties that include such as cross-registration. Before the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, Nassau Hall was the sole building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on September 17,1754, during the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the countrys capital for four months. The class of 1879 donated twin lion sculptures that flanked the entrance until 1911, Nassau Halls bell rang after the halls construction, however, the fire of 1802 melted it. The bell was then recast and melted again in the fire of 1855, James McCosh took office as the colleges president in 1868 and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the American Civil War. McCosh Hall is named in his honor, in 1879, the first thesis for a Doctor of Philosophy Ph. D. was submitted by James F. Williamson, Class of 1877. In 1896, the officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resides
31.
Psychology
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Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought. It is a discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes, including perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, and personality. This extends to interaction between people, such as relationships, including psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas. Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind, Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables. Psychology has been described as a hub science, with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the sciences, natural sciences, medicine, humanities. By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society, the majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings. Many do scientific research on a range of topics related to mental processes and behavior. The word psychology derives from Greek roots meaning study of the psyche, the Latin word psychologia was first used by the Croatian humanist and Latinist Marko Marulić in his book, Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae in the late 15th century or early 16th century. In 1890, William James defined psychology as the science of mental life and this definition enjoyed widespread currency for decades. Also since James defined it, the more strongly connotes techniques of scientific experimentation. Folk psychology refers to the understanding of people, as contrasted with that of psychology professionals. The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, India, historians note that Greek philosophers, including Thales, Plato, and Aristotle, addressed the workings of the mind. As early as the 4th century BC, Greek physician Hippocrates theorized that mental disorders had physical rather than supernatural causes, in China, psychological understanding grew from the philosophical works of Laozi and Confucius, and later from the doctrines of Buddhism. This body of knowledge involves insights drawn from introspection and observation and it frames the universe as a division of, and interaction between, physical reality and mental reality, with an emphasis on purifying the mind in order to increase virtue and power. Chinese scholarship focused on the advanced in the Qing Dynasty with the work of Western-educated Fang Yizhi, Liu Zhi. Distinctions in types of awareness appear in the ancient thought of India, a central idea of the Upanishads is the distinction between a persons transient mundane self and their eternal unchanging soul. Divergent Hindu doctrines, and Buddhism, have challenged this hierarchy of selves, yoga is a range of techniques used in pursuit of this goal
32.
Frank Miller (comics)
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He also directed the film version of The Spirit, shared directing duties with Robert Rodriguez on Sin City and Sin City, A Dame to Kill For, and produced the film 300. His film Sin City earned a Palme dOr nomination, and he has received every major comic book industry award, in 2015, Miller was inducted into the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame. He created the book characters Elektra for Marvel Comics Daredevil series. Miller is noted for combining film noir and manga influences in his art creations. I realized when I started Sin City that I found American and English comics be too wordy, too constipated, so I was attempting to do a hybrid. Miller was born in Olney, Maryland, on January 27,1957, and raised in Montpelier, Vermont, the fifth of seven children of a nurse mother, Miller grew up a comics fan, a letter he wrote to Marvel Comics was published in The Cat #3. By the time of the latter, Miller had his first confirmed credit in writer Wyatt Gwyons six-page Deliver Me From D-Day, inked by Danny Bulanadi, in Weird War Tales #64. Former Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter recalled Miller going to DC Comics after having broken in with. a small job from Western Publishing, I think. Thus emboldened, he went to DC, and after getting savaged by Joe Orlando, got in to see art director Vinnie Colletta, who recognized talent and arranged for him to get a one-page war-comic job. His first work for Marvel Comics was penciling the 17-page story The Master Assassin of Mars, Part 3 in John Carter, at Marvel, Miller would settle in as a regular fill-in and cover artist, working on a variety of titles. One of these jobs was drawing Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #27–28, at the time, sales of the Daredevil title were poor but Miller saw potential in a blind protagonist in a purely visual medium, he recalled in 2000. Miller went to writer and staffer Jo Duffy and she passed on his interest to editor-in-chief Jim Shooter to get Miller work on Daredevils regular title, Shooter agreed and made Miller the new penciller on the title. As Miller recalled in 2008, When I first showed up in New York, I showed up with a bunch of comics, and said, Where are the guys in tights. And I had to learn how to do it, but as soon as a title came along, when Gene Colan left Daredevil, I realized it was my secret in to do crime comics with a superhero in them. And so I lobbied for the title and got it, Daredevil #158, Millers debut on that title, was the finale of an ongoing story written by Roger McKenzie and inked by Klaus Janson. After this issue, Miller became one of Marvels rising stars, however, sales on Daredevil did not improve, Marvels management continued to discuss cancellation, and Miller himself almost quit the series, as he disliked McKenzies scripts. Millers fortunes changed with the arrival of Denny ONeil as editor, realizing Millers unhappiness with the series, and impressed by a backup story he had written, ONeil fired McKenzie so that Miller could try writing the series himself. Miller and ONeil would maintain a working relationship throughout his run on the series
33.
The Dark Knight Returns
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The Dark Knight Returns is a 1986 four-issue comic book miniseries starring Batman, written by Frank Miller, illustrated by Miller and Klaus Janson, and published by DC Comics. When the series was collected into a single later that year. The story introduces Carrie Kelley as the new Robin and culminates with a confrontation against Superman, a three-issue sequel written and illustrated by Miller, The Dark Knight Strikes Again, was published in 2001. An nine-issue third installment, The Dark Knight III, The Master Race, co-written by Miller, Frank Miller has said he is working on a fourth series. Additionally, Spawn/Batman was released in 1994 as a companion to The Dark Knight Returns, and, according to Miller, the series All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder can be considered a prequel. In the pre-Flashpoint DC Multiverse, the events of The Dark Knight Returns, the Dark Knight Returns is set in a dystopian near-future version of Gotham City. Bruce Wayne, at 50, has given up the mantle of Batman after the death of Jason Todd 10 years prior, as a result, crime is running rampant through the city and a gang calling themselves The Mutants has risen to terrorize the people of Gotham. Upon seeing this, Wayne returns to his role as a vigilante, on his first night as Batman he puts a stop to multiple assaults- including one on two young girls, Carrie Kelley and her friend Michelle. While attempting to foil a robbery on the same night. Dent, previously known for his acts as Two-Face, underwent extensive therapy. Batman informs Commissioner James Gordon that Dent may be planning a larger scheme, soon after, Dent hijacks the television sets of the city and announces his intention to hold the city to ransom with a bomb. When Batman defeats Dent and his goons, he realizes that Dents mind has completely warped into his Two-Face persona, inspired by Batmans rescue, Kelley buys herself an imitation Robin costume and searches for him, seeking to help him. She learns that Batman will be at the city dump and follows the Mutants there, although Batman defeats the Mutants with his advanced weaponry in the ensuing battle, the Mutant Leader ends up goading him into a fight. Kelley creates a diversion, allowing Batman to immobilise the Mutant Leader, at the Batcave, Waynes butler Alfred Pennyworth tends to his wounds while Kelley admires the Robin costume that belonged to Todd. Wayne decides to keep Kelley as his new sidekick, Gordon allows Batman to defeat the Mutant Leader on his own terms. The two engage in a fight at a sewage run-off pipe surrounded by members of the Mutant gang, Batman, leveraging the mud from the sewage to slow him down, deals the Leader a brutal defeat. Seeing Batman defeat their leader, the Mutants disband and some rename themselves the Sons of Batman, at the White House, Superman and the president discuss the events in Gotham, with the latter suggesting that Superman may have to arrest Batman. Superman informs the president that he may only be able to talk to Wayne and he is then deployed by Washington to the Latin American country of Corto Maltese where he fights Soviet combat forces in a conflict that may ignite WWIII
34.
Alan Moore
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Alan Moore is an English writer primarily known for his work in comic books including Watchmen, V for Vendetta and From Hell. Frequently described as the best graphic novel writer in history, he has been recognised by his peers. Moore started writing for British underground and alternative fanzines in the late 1970s before achieving success publishing comic strips in such magazines as 2000 AD, during that decade, Moore helped to bring about greater social respectability for comics in the United States and United Kingdom. He prefers the term comic to graphic novel, despite his own personal objections, his books have provided the basis for a number of Hollywood films, including From Hell, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, V for Vendetta, and Watchmen. Moore has also referenced in popular culture, and has been recognised as an influence on a variety of literary and television figures including Neil Gaiman, Joss Whedon. Moore was born on 18 November 1953, at St Edmonds Hospital in Northampton to a family who he believed had lived in the town for several generations. He grew up in a part of Northampton known as The Boroughs, an area with a lack of facilities and high levels of illiteracy. I didnt know there was anything else. He lived in his house with his parents, brewery worker Ernest Moore and he read omnivorously from the age of five, getting books out of the local library, and subsequently attended Spring Lane Primary School. In the late 1960s Moore began publishing his own poetry and essays in fanzines, eventually setting up his own fanzine, through Embryo, Moore became involved in a group known as the Northampton Arts Lab. The Arts Lab subsequently made significant contributions to the magazine and he began dealing the hallucinogenic LSD at school, being expelled for doing so in 1970 – he later described himself as one of the worlds most inept LSD dealers. Whilst continuing to live in his parents home for a few years, he moved through various jobs, including cleaning toilets. In late 1973, he met and began a relationship with Northampton-born Phyllis Dixon, soon marrying, they moved into a new council estate in the towns eastern district while he worked in an office for a sub-contractor of the local gas board. Moore felt that he was not being fulfilled by this job, abandoning his office job, he decided to instead take up both writing and illustrating his own comics. He had already produced a couple of strips for several alternative fanzines and magazines, mouse for the local paper Anon, and St. Pancras Panda, a parody of Paddington Bear, for the Oxford-based Back Street Bugle. Alongside this, he and Phyllis, with their newborn daughter Leah, not long after this, in 1979 he also began publishing a new comic strip known as Maxwell the Magic Cat in the Northants Post, under the pseudonym of Jill de Ray. Earning a further £10 a week from this, he decided to sign off of social security, to learn more about how to write a successful comic-book script, he asked advice from his friend, comic-book writer Steve Moore, whom he had known since he was fourteen. Interested in writing for 2000AD, one of Britains most prominent comic magazines, Alan Moore then submitted a script for their long running, while the first few were rejected, Grant advised Moore on improvements, and eventually accepted the first of many
35.
Dave Gibbons
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David Chester Dave Gibbons is an English comic book artist, writer and sometimes letterer. He is best known for his collaborations with writer Alan Moore, which include the miniseries Watchmen and he was an artist for the UK anthology 2000 AD, for which he contributed a large body of work from its first issue in 1977. Gibbons was born on 14 April 1949, at Forest Gate Hospital in London, England, to Chester, a planner, and Gladys. He began reading books at the age of seven. A self-taught artist, he illustrated his own comic strips, Gibbons became a building surveyor but eventually entered the UK comics industry as a letterer for IPC Media. He left his job to focus on his comics career. Gibbons entered the British comics industry by working on horror and action titles for both DC Thomson and IPC, working on early feature Ro-Busters, Gibbons became one of the most prolific of 2000 ADs earliest creators, contributing artwork to 108 of the first 131 Progs/issues. He illustrated a handful of Thargs Future Shocks shorts, primarily with author Alan Moore, Gibbons was known, by sight but not by name, to readers of the short-lived IPC title Tornado. Whereas 2000 AD was said to be edited by the alien Tharg, Tornado was edited by superhero Big E,69, missing only four issues during that time. The Doctor Who Storybook 2007 features a story called Untitled which includes the name Gibbons in a list of artists of Earth history. Gibbons first DC work was on the Green Lantern Corps story in Green Lantern No,161, with writer Todd Klein, as well as the concurrently released Creeper two-part backup story in The Flash #318–319. Gibbons drew the story in The Brave and the Bold No.200 which featured a team-up of the Batmen of Earth-One. 172, Gibbons joined writer Wein on the feature while continuing to illustrate the backup features. 182, Wein and Gibbons made architect John Stewart, who had been introduced previously in issue No, ceding the Tales of the Green Lantern Corps backup features to various other individuals from No. 181, Gibbons last issue with Wein was issue No.186, Gibbons returned to pencil the backup story Mogo Doesnt Socialize with Alan Moore in issue No.188. For the 1985 Superman Annual No,11, Gibbons drew the main story For the Man Who Has Everything, again written by Alan Moore. In December 1986, he contributed to Harrier Comics Brickman No.1 alongside Kevin ONeill, Lew Stringer, between May and August 1988, he contributed covers to The Phantom miniseries, inked Kevin Maguires pencilled contribution to Action Comics No. 600, and produced the cover to Action Comics Weekly No.601, Gibbons believes that his own involvement likely came about after the idea was already in its early initial stages
36.
Watchmen
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Watchmen is an American comic-book limited series published by DC Comics in 1986 and 1987, and collected in 1987. The series was created by a British collaboration consisting of writer Alan Moore, artist Dave Gibbons, Watchmen originated from a story proposal Moore submitted to DC featuring superhero characters that the company had acquired from Charlton Comics. As Moores proposed story would have many of the characters unusable for future stories. Moore used the story as a means to reflect contemporary anxieties and to deconstruct, the story focuses on the personal development and moral struggles of the protagonists as an investigation into the murder of a government-sponsored superhero pulls them out of retirement. Creatively, the focus of Watchmen is on its structure, Gibbons used a nine-panel grid layout throughout the series and added recurring symbols such as a blood-stained smiley face. Structured, at times, as a narrative, the story skips through space, time. In the same manner, entire scenes and dialogue have parallels with others through synchronicity, coincidence, the BBC described it as The moment comic books grew up. After a number of attempts to adapt the series into a feature film, a video game series, Watchmen, The End Is Nigh, was released in the same year to coincide with the films release. In 2012, DC Comics published Before Watchmen, a comic-book series acting as a prequel to the original Watchmen series, without Moore and Gibbons involvement. Watchmen, created by writer Alan Moore and artist Dave Gibbons, was first published as a 12-issue maxiseries from DC Comics, cover-dated September 1986 to October 1987. In February 1988, DC published a limited-edition, slipcased hardcover volume, produced by Graphitti Design, in 2005, DC released Absolute Watchmen, an oversized slipcased hardcover edition of the series in DCs Absolute Edition format. Assembled under the supervision of Dave Gibbons, Absolute Watchmen included the Graphitti materials and that December DC published a new printing of Watchmen issue #1 at the original 1986 cover price of $1.50 as part of its Millennium Edition line. In 2012, DC launched a line, with various creative teams producing the characters early adventures before the events of the graphic novel. In 1985, DC Comics acquired a line of characters from Charlton Comics, during that period, writer Alan Moore contemplated writing a story that featured an unused line of superheroes that he could revamp, as he had done in his Miracleman series in the early 1980s. Moore reasoned that MLJ Comics Mighty Crusaders might be available for such a project, Moore used this premise and crafted a proposal featuring the Charlton characters titled Who Killed the Peacemaker, and submitted the unsolicited proposal to DC managing editor Dick Giordano. Giordano was receptive to the proposal, but opposed the idea of using the Charlton characters for the story, Moore said, DC realized their expensive characters would end up either dead or dysfunctional. Instead, Giordano persuaded Moore to continue with new characters, Moore had initially believed that original characters would not provide emotional resonance for the readers, but later changed his mind. Artist Dave Gibbons, who had collaborated with Moore on previous projects, I rang Alan up, saying I’d like to be involved with what he was doing
37.
Rick Burchett
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Rick Burchett is an American comic book artist known for his work on such characters as Batman and Superman. Great American Western, and The Phantom, moving to DC Comics, Burchetts first work for the company was on Blackhawk, followed by titles like Batman, The Flash, Superman, Black Hood, Wonder Woman, The Justice League, and Green Lantern. He shared the Eisner Award again in 1999, with Templeton and Terry Beatty, for his work on Batman, in 2006 he became the ongoing penciller on Marvel Comics She-Hulk with writer and former Batman Adventures collaborator Dan Slott. As of 2011, he is the artist for The All-New Batman, The Brave and the Bold, the comic book tie-in to the Batman, The Brave and the Bold animated television series. Also in 2011, Burchett became the artist for the ongoing webcomic Lady Sabre, Burchett continues to live in the St. Louis area. Notes Sources Rick Burchett at the Comic Book DB
38.
Archie Goodwin (comics)
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Archie Goodwin was an American comic book writer, editor, and artist. He worked on a number of strips in addition to comic books. He is regularly cited as the comic book editor, ever. Archie Goodwin was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and lived in small towns along the Kansas-Missouri border including Coffeyville. But he considered Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he spent his teen years at Will Rogers High School, Goodwin moved to New York City to attend classes at what became the School of Visual Arts. Goodwin began as an artist drawing cartoons for magazines and as a writer and occasional art assistant to Leonard Starrs newspaper comic strip Mary Perkins. His first editorial work was for Redbook magazine, on which he worked both before and after his Army service as a draftee. His first story written before he went into the Army was drawn by Al Williamson and Roy Krenkel and he was never on staff at Harvey Comics. By 1964 he was the script writer for Warrens Creepy magazine. Much of his there, according to Batman editor Mark Chiarello, was a homage to the favorite comics of his youth. By the second issue he was co-credited as editor, and soon became editor of the entire Warren line, Creepy, Eerie and Blazing Combat. After his departure from Warren in 1967, Goodwin would occasionally contribute stories over the next 15 years and even returned for a short stint as editor in 1974. From 1967 to 1980, Goodwin wrote scripts for King Features Syndicate, including the daily strip Secret Agent X-9, drawn by Al Williamson, as well as working on other strips including Captain Kate. Not limited to newspaper strips, he work at the major comics companies as both writer and editor, working for Marvel Comics on titles including Fantastic Four and Iron Man. Goodwin worked briefly for DC Comics during the 1970s, where he edited the war comics G. I, Combat, Our Fighting Forces, and Star Spangled War Stories, and replaced Julius Schwartz as editor of Detective Comics for one year. Goodwins collaboration with Walt Simonson on the Manhunter back-up feature in Detective Comics won several awards, Goodwin wrote the Batman lead feature in Detective Comics as well and collaborated with such artists as Jim Aparo, Sal Amendola, Howard Chaykin, and Alex Toth. Goodwin first worked for Marvel Comics in 1968 and was the writer on the Iron Man series which launched that year. Goodwin speculated, I assume if he had working on Sgt
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Carl Potts
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Carl Potts is an American comic book writer, artist, teacher, and editor best known for creating the series Alien Legion for the Marvel Comics imprint Epic Comics. Born in Oakland, California, and raised in the San Francisco Bay Area and in Hawaii, Potts received an Associates degree in art from Chabot College in Hayward. He received his Bachelors degree in Creative Writing and Editing from SUNY - Empire State College, Potts began his comics career in 1975. Relocating to New York City, he freelanced briefly until joining Neal Adams commercial-art company, as he explained in a 2000 interview, Continuity was gearing up to produce black-and-white magazines based on several TV series, The Six Million Dollar Man, Space,1999, and Emergency. I got involved with storyboard and comp art for major New York ad agencies, I also produced finished-illustration for magazines and books for several years before joining Marvels editorial staff in 1983. He was the editor who produced the first Rocket Raccoon miniseries, Potts editorship was humorously characterized in 1988 as a remarkable feat considering legendary spelling disability. After hours, Potts continued to write and produce art for Marvel. He created the Last of the Dragons serial which appeared in Epic Illustrated #15-20 and was written by Dennis ONeil, in 1983, Potts teamed with Alan Zelenetz and Frank Cirocco to co-create the series Alien Legion, conceived as the French Foreign Legion in space. Two ongoing series and several miniseries and one-shots were produced, in 2007, Potts Alien Legion screenplay was optioned by producer Jerry Bruckheimer and The Walt Disney Company. Bruckheimer exercised the option and bought the script in 2010, hiring Game of Thrones show runner David Benioff to do a rewrite. Potts wrote and, for the issues, did layouts for the launch of the Punisher War Journal title in 1988 with Jim Lee doing the finished art. In 1989, Potts was named editor in charge of the Epic imprint. Five years later, he became editor-in-chief of the General Entertainment, after 13 years at Marvel, Potts left to become Creative Director at VR-1, a massively multiplayer online game company. He then worked with Gary Winnick and Ciroccos Lightsource Studios, and he has taught at the School of Visual Arts, the Academy of Art University and the State University of New York, Purchase. Potts and his wife Cathy have two children, the DC Comics Guide to Creating Comics, Inside the Art of Visual Storytelling
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Alpha Flight
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Alpha Flight is a fictional team of Canadian superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The characters were created by comic book writer John Byrne, the characters premiered in the April 1979 issue of X-Men. Marvel published an Alpha Flight comic book series from 1983 to 1994, created by John Byrne, the team first appeared in X-Men #120. Most team members have distinctly Canadian attributes, such as Inuit or First Nations heritage, throughout most of its history, the team has worked for Department H, a fictional branch of Canada’s Department of National Defence that deals with super-powered villains. Alpha Flight first appeared in X-Men #120, in which they are sent to follow up on Vindicators first mission to retrieve Wolverine from the X-Men, Guardian is sometimes the team leader, and wears a stylized maple leaf flag on his costume. Northstar, Jean-Paul Beaubier, from Montreal, is a mutant with powers of super-speed, Aurora, Jeanne-Marie Beaubier is Northstars twin sister who suffers from dissociative identity disorder. Like her brother, she is also a mutant with powers of super-speed, flight, light generation, Sasquatch, Walter Langowski is a scientist from British Columbia who can transform into a giant fur-covered beast resembling a Sasquatch. This character originally developed his powers from a Hulk-inspired gamma radiation experiment that was affected by a solar-flare, eventually, it was explained that Sasquatch is actually a mystical monster. Shaman, Michael Twoyoungmen is a First Nations medicine man from Calgary and he is both a skilled doctor and sorcerer. Snowbird, Also known as Narya, she is an Inuit demi-goddess from Yellowknife, the first Alpha Flight comic book series started in 1983. She is actually part of an invading force known as the Plodex. Puck, Eugene Judd is a bouncer from Saskatoon with enhanced strength. Heather MacNeil is the wife of James Hudson, after Guardians apparent death in Alpha Flight #12, she becomes the leader of the team. Later, she takes a replication of his costume and takes the codename of Vindicator then Guardian, Alpha Flight continued for 130 issues, and introduced dozens of characters and villains. In 1997, Marvel relaunched the series with different characters, the new additions to the roster included, Flex, Adrian Corbo is a mutant with the ability to transform his limbs into sharp weapons. He is the half-brother of Radius, manbot, Bernie Lechenay is a human/Box robot cyborg. Murmur, Arlette Truffaut is a mutant from Quebec City with powers of mind-control. Radius, Jared Corbo is a mutant with the ability to create a force field, general Clarke, The sinister new director of Department H, responsible for many of the dark plots surrounding the team
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Kevin Nowlan
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Kevin Nowlan is an American comic-book artist who works as penciler, inker, colorist and letterer. He has been called one of the few artists who can be called artistss artist, kevin Nowlan was born in 1958 in Nebraska. He has four brothers and sisters. His brother read comic books, particularly DC Comics titles, as an illustrator, Nowlan is mostly self-taught, but did attend a trade school for approximately a year and a half to learn design and layout. Nowlan first came to the attention in the early 1980s via illustrations in the fan press, most notably The Comics Journal. Nowlans first published work for Marvel Comics was Doctor Strange #57 and he has worked for DC Comics and other comics publishers. He contributed to the adult Penthouse Comix, in 1992, he inked the Batman, Sword of Azrael miniseries which introduced the character Azrael. He drew the short story The Castle in Vertigo Jam #1 which featured the Sandman and was part of the The Kindly Ones story arc, one of Nowlans prominent contribution to comics is the creation of Jack B. This character appeared several times in Tomorrow Stories under the Americas Best Comics imprint, although the majority of his work is as an inker, he has provided both pencils and lettering for various comics. He is a cover illustrator. Nowlan contributed character designs to Batman, The Animated Series, most notably The Penguin, The Mad Hatter, the story was a sequel to Gerbers “Song-Cry of the Living Dead Man” in Man-Thing #12. Nowlan colors and inks unless noted otherwise, Doctor Strange, Gather My Disciples Before Me, the Coming Slaughter Mistress Miraclous Moon Knight, Colloquy A Box of Music for Savage Studs When the Music Stops. Exploding Myths Second Wind Dalgoda #2-6, Grimwoods Daughter The Outsiders Annual #1, children of the Night Tide Steelgrip Starkey #1, Working Mans Myth. Flesh and Bones #1-4 Anything Goes
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Whilce Portacio
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William Whilce Portacio is a Filipino-American comic book writer and artist noted for his work on such titles as The Punisher, X-Factor, Uncanny X-Men, Iron Man, Wetworks and Spawn. Portacio was also one of the seven co-founders of Image Comics, Whilce Portacio was born in Sangley Point, Cavite City, Philippines. He grew up in such as Midway Island and New Mexico before his family settled in San Diego. Though Portacio dreamed of becoming an astronaut, his height and eyesight did not meet the necessary requirements, which determined that art would be his vocation. In high school, he continued to create his own books with his longtime friend, Scott Williams. The following year, he inked over Art Adams pencils on the 1985 miniseries Longshot, later he was given assignments as a penciller as well. Portacio became noted for his work on such titles as The Punisher, X-Factor, in 1992, Portacio left Marvel to co-found Image Comics with six other high-profile artists. He quickly withdrew from Image due to his sisters illness and he eventually published his title Wetworks through Jim Lees Wildstorm imprint in 1994. Other notable series that Portacio worked on include Stone and Marvels controversial Heroes Reborn storyline within Iron Man, stan Lee interviewed Portacio in the documentary series The Comic Book Greats. In August 2000, Portacio fell into a coma as a result of a failing pancreas. He woke up a later, thirty pounds lighter, and unable to walk. Only six months later was he able to pick up a pencil, according to his blog, My mind could see what I wanted to draw but my hand couldnt accomplish it. In 2006, Portacio returned to his duties at Wildstorm on Wetworks vol. 2, which was being written by Mike Carey, Portacio left the book with issue #6. He also began art duties on the monthly DC Comics series Batman Confidential, following his run on Spawn he has done more work with Marvel. He contributed pencils to Hulk #18 in 2008, and will be contributing pencils to an issue of The Uncanny X-Men. 2, #14 Authority, vol.2 #1-4 Tales of the Darkness #1-2 Wetworks #1-9, 11-12,14 Daredevil Annual #5 Hulk,3, #2, 5-7 Iron Man, vol
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Manga
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Manga are comics created in Japan or by creators in the Japanese language, conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. They have a long and complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art, the term manga in Japan is a word used to refer to both comics and cartooning. Manga as a term used outside Japan refers to comics published in Japan. In Japan, people of all ages read manga, many manga are translated into other languages. Since the 1950s, manga has become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry, representing a ¥406 billion market in Japan in 2007. Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience, in Europe and the Middle East the market was worth $250 million in 2012. In 2008, in the U. S. and Canada, the market was valued at $175 million, the markets in France. Manga stories are printed in black-and-white, although some full-color manga exist. In Japan, manga are usually serialized in manga magazines, often containing many stories. If the series is successful, collected chapters may be republished in tankōbon volumes, frequently but not exclusively, a manga artist typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company. If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or even during its run, sometimes manga are drawn centering on previously existing live-action or animated films. Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in parts of the world, particularly in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan. The word manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画, composed of the two kanji 漫 meaning whimsical or impromptu and 画 meaning pictures, rakuten Kitazawa first used the word manga in the modern sense. In Japanese, manga refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, among English speakers, manga has the stricter meaning of Japanese comics, in parallel to the usage of anime in and outside Japan. The term ani-manga is used to describe comics produced from animation cels, writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. One view emphasizes events occurring during and after the U. S, occupation of Japan, and stresses U. S. cultural influences, including U. S. comics and images and themes from U. S. television, film, and cartoons. Regardless of its source, an explosion of artistic creativity certainly occurred in the period, involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka. Astro Boy quickly became popular in Japan and elsewhere
