1.
Governor of New Jersey
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The Governor of the State of New Jersey is head of the executive branch of New Jerseys state government. The office of governor is a position, for which elected officials serve four-year terms. Governors cannot be elected to more than two terms, but there is no limit on the total number of terms they may serve. The official residence for the governor is Drumthwacket, a located in Princeton, New Jersey. The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston, who served from August 31,1776, the current governor is Chris Christie, who assumed office on January 19,2010, and was elected for his second term on November 5,2013. The governor is elected by the voters to become the political and ceremonial head of the state. The governor performs the functions of the state, and is not directly subordinate to the federal authorities. The governor assumes additional roles, such as being the Commander-in-Chief of the New Jersey National Guard forces, much like the President of the United States, the governor appoints the entire cabinet, subject to confirmation by the New Jersey Senate. The governor is responsible for appointing two constitutionally created officers, the New Jersey Attorney General and the Secretary of State of New Jersey. State law allows for a salary of $175,000. Jon Corzine accepted a salary of $1 per year as governor. Jim McGreevey, his predecessor, took home a salary of $157,000. Before this amendment was passed, the president of the New Jersey Senate would have become governor or acting governor in the event that office of governor became vacant. This dual position was more powerful than that of an elected governor, as a result of the constitutional amendment passed in 2005, Governor Richard Codey was the final person to wield such power. Monmouth Sheriff Kim Guadagno was sworn in as New Jerseys first lieutenant governor, on January 19,2010, under Governor Chris Christie. The Center on the American Governor, at Rutgers Eagleton Institute of Politics, was established in 2006 to study the governors of New Jersey and, to a lesser degree, the governors of other states. The project is in the process of creating new archives, similar to the Byrne and Kean archives, List of Governors of New Jersey List of colonial governors of New Jersey Governorship of Chris Christie Official website
2.
Richard Codey
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Richard James Codey is an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 53rd Governor of New Jersey from 2004 to 2006. He has served in the New Jersey Senate since 1982 and served as the President of the Senate from 2002 to 2010 and he represents the 27th Legislative District, which covers the western portions of Essex County and the southeastern portion of Morris County. Codey is the state legislator in New Jersey history, having served in the New Jersey Legislature continuously since January 8,1974. Codey grew up in his familys home in Orange and graduated from Oratory Preparatory School in Summit. He went on to take over his fathers job as a funeral director. When his father, Donald, became the county coroner, Richard was drafted to help with death scene pickups, Codey remembered, I was 14, taking bodies out of train wrecks. Codey has described himself as 100% Irish, Codey left the funeral trade to try his hand in politics in 1973 when he was first elected to the State Assembly, with Eldridge Hawkins as his running mate. He served in the Assembly from 1974 to 1982, in 1981 he earned a bachelors degree in education from Fairleigh Dickinson University. Codey was elected to the State Senate that same year and has risen through the ranks to become Senate President. He first ascended to that post in 2002 to 2010 and he serves in the Senate on the Legislative Services Commission. He also has an arena named in his honor, also known as South Mountain Arena in West Orange. DiFrancesco served as acting governor for all but the last week of this period, Codey became acting governor again with the resignation of Jim McGreevey on November 15,2004. After taking over in 2004 Codey became popular with many New Jersey residents, However, U. S. Codey served as governor until Corzine was sworn in on January 17,2006 following Corzines victory in the November 8,2005 elections. Some had speculated that Codey could be a candidate for Corzines vacant seat in the United States Senate. However, Codey announced on November 23,2005 that he was not interested in the Senate seat and this made DiFrancesco New Jerseys 51st governor and Codey the 53rd. Codey is an advocate of health awareness and strongly favors including mental health funding in employee medical benefit packages. Both Codey and his wife, Mary Jo, have spoken candidly about her past struggles with postpartum depression. In early 2005, Codey responded in person to New Jersey 101.5 talk radio host Craig Carton, some argue that Codeys comments were a physical threat against the radio personality
3.
New Jersey Senate
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The New Jersey Senate was established as the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature by the Constitution of 1844, replacing the Legislative Council. From 1844 until 1965 New Jerseys counties elected one Senator, each, under the 1844 Constitution the term of office was three years. The 1947 Constitution changed the term to four years, since 1968 it has consisted of 40 Senators, who are elected in a 2-4-4 cycle, representing districts with average populations of 210,359. The 2-4-4 cycle was put into place so that Senate elections can reflect the changes made to the boundaries on the basis of the decennial United States Census. Thus elections for Senate seats take place in years ending with a 1,3 or 7, interim appointments are made to fill vacant legislative seats by the county committee or committees of the party of the vacating person. The office is on the ballot for the general election. Then the appointment stands until the general election. Any of the senators from the home county can invoke senatorial courtesy to block a nomination, temporarily or permanently. Governor Corzine nominated Stuart Rabner on June 4,2007, to be the next Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court, replacing James R. Zazzali, who was nearing mandatory retirement age. Shortly after the nomination, two members of the Senate from Essex County, where Rabner resides, blocked consideration of his confirmation by invoking senatorial courtesy. State Senator Ronald Rice had initially blocked the nomination, but relented on June 15,2007, also in June 2007, Loretta Weinberg used senatorial courtesy privileges to hold up consideration of a new term in office for Bergen County Prosecutor John Molinelli. An Acting Governor would then assume the governorship while retaining the reins of power in their house of the legislature, the Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey took office for the first time on January 19,2010, following conjoint election with the Governor of New Jersey. The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters on November 8,2005
4.
19th Legislative District (New Jersey)
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New Jerseys 19th Legislative District is one of 40 in the New Jersey Legislature. As of the 2011 apportionment, the district includes the Middlesex County municipalities of Carteret Borough, Perth Amboy City, Sayreville Borough, South Amboy City and Woodbridge Township. As of the 2010 United States Census, the district had a population of 224,578, of whom 171,915 were of voting age. The racial makeup of the district was 132,142 White,23,516 African American,1,071 Native American,34,762 Asian,96 Pacific Islander,25,194 from some other race, and 7,797 from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 68,729 of the population, the district has a higher-than-average percentage of Asian American and Hispanic residents. Registered Democrats outnumber Republicans by a nearly 4 to 1 margin, in all maps, Perth Amboy, Sayreville, South Amboy, and Woodbridge have been a part of the district. The 1973 version of the district solely included those four municipalities, in the 1981 redistricting, South River was added to the district. Following the 1991 redistricting, South River was removed and Carteret was added, the district is represented for the 2016–2017 Legislative Session in the State Senate by Joseph Vitale and in the General Assembly by John Wisniewski and Craig Coughlin. In the 1977 Democratic primaries, Laurence S. Weiss defeated incumbent senator John J. Fay, Jr. alan Karcher chose to run for the Democratic nomination for Governor of New Jersey in 1989, and was replaced in the Assembly by future Governor Jim McGreevey. Having first been elected to the Assembly in 1973, George Otlowski lost a race for the two Assembly seats in the 1991 primary election. In the 1993 race, Jim McGreevey won the Senate seat back for the Democrats over Randy Corman, with Republican incumbents Mikulak, McGreevey stepped down from his Senate seat in 1997 to run for Governor of New Jersey and was replaced by Joseph Vitale. In the 2003 Democratic primary, Friscia lost the endorsement of the Middlesex County Democratic Organization. She lost in the June 2003 Democratic primary election to Vas, senators and Assembly members elected from the district are as follows
5.
New Jersey General Assembly
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The New Jersey General Assembly is the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature. Since the election of 1967, the Assembly has consisted of 80 members, two members are elected from each of New Jerseys 40 legislative districts for a term of two years, each representing districts with average populations of 210,359. They also must be residents of their districts, membership in the Assembly is considered a part-time job, and many members have employment in addition to their legislative work. Assembly members serve two-year terms, elected every odd-numbered year in November, several members of the Assembly hold other elective office, as they are grandfathered in under a New Jersey law that banned multiple office holding in 2007. The Assembly is led by the Speaker of the Assembly, who is elected by the membership of the chamber, the Speaker decides the schedule for the Assembly, which bills will be considered, appoints committee chairmen, and generally runs the Assemblys agenda. The current Speaker is Vincent Prieto, members of the NJ General Assembly receive an annual base salary of $40,000 with the Senate President and the Assembly Speaker earning slightly more. Members receive $110,000 for staff salaries, in addition, they receive 12,500 postage stamps, stationery and a telephone card. They receive New Jersey State health insurance and other benefits, the total cost to the State of New Jersey for each member of the general assembly is approximately $200,000 annually. See, New Jersey Legislature#Colonial period and New Jersey Legislative Council#Composition Agriculture, gary Schaer Commerce and Economic Development - Asm. Gordon Johnson Consumer Affairs - Asm, patrick Diegnan Environment and Solid Waste - Asw. L. Grace Spencer Financial Institutions and Insurance - Asm. Craig Coughlin Health and Senior Services - Asm, herb Conaway, MD Higher Education - Asw. Celeste Riley Homeland Security and State Preparedness - Asw, annette Quijano Housing and Community Development - Asm. Jerry Green Human Services - Asw, valerie Vainieri Huttle Judiciary - Asm. John F. McKeon Labor - Asm, joseph Egan Law and Public Safety - Asm. Charles Mainor Military and Veterans Affairs - Asw, cleopatra Tucker Regulated Professions - Asm. Thomas Giblin Regulatory Oversight - Asm, reed Gusciora State and Local Government - Asw. Linda Stender Telecommunications and Utilities - Asm, wayne DeAngelo Tourism and Gaming - Asm. Ralph Caputo Transportation and Independent Authorities - Asm, john Wisniewski Women and Children - Asw
6.
Alan Karcher
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Alan J. Karcher was an American Democratic Party politician whose highest office was Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly. He was a member of the Assembly from 1973 to 1990 and was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for Governor of New Jersey. Politics, and service in the state Assembly, was a tradition for Alan Karcher. His father, Joseph T. Karcher, served in the Assembly from 1930 to 1933 and his uncle, John J. Quaid. Karcher was born in New Brunswick in 1943 and he graduated from Rutgers University in 1964 and from Rutgers School of Law–Newark in 1967. He was admitted to the bar associations in New Jersey and Washington D. C. in the same year and he was later admitted to the Florida bar. In addition to his law degree, Mr. Karcher earned a degree in liberal studies from the New School for Social Research in New York City. Between 1967 and 1969, he served Governor Richard J. Hughes as assistant counsel, after leaving Gov. Hughes staff, Mr. Karcher went into private legal practice, which continued during his political career. Karcher represented the 19th Legislative District, based in Middlesex County and he succeeded Christopher Jackman as speaker of the Assembly, serving from 1982 to 1985 during an activist Legislature. He played a key role in the adoption of the states first Uniform Penal code and he also fought battles for senior citizens, tax reform, workers rights, environmental cleanup, job creation and additional support for education and the arts. In 1982, he argued against the restoration of the death penalty, Karcher was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in both 1984 and 1988. In 1989, Karcher published his book, New Jerseys Multiple Municipal Madness, in which he advocated many of the states 566 municipalities be eliminated. Karcher was a resident of Princeton Borough at the time of his death on July 26,1999
7.
Jersey City, New Jersey
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Jersey City is the second-most-populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the countys largest city. 7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the citys population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 75th-largest in the nation. Part of the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay. After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census, the land comprising what is now Jersey City was inhabited by the Lenape, a collection of tribes. After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, by 1621, the Dutch West India Company was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, New Netherland became a Dutch province, with headquarters in New Amsterdam. Michael Reyniersz Pauw received a grant as patroon on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years. He chose the west bank of the North River and purchased the land from the Lenape and this grant is dated November 22,1630 and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now Hoboken and Jersey City. Pauw, however, was a landlord who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633. That year, a house was built at Communipaw for Jan Evertsen Bout, superintendent of the colony, during Kiefts War, approximately eighty Lenapes were killed by the Dutch in a massacre at Pavonia on the night of February 25,1643. Scattered communities of farmsteads characterized the Dutch settlements at Pavonia, Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook, Hoebuck, Awiehaken, and other lands behind Kil van Kull. The first village established on what is now Bergen Square in 1660, among the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are the Newkirk House, the Van Vorst Farmhouse, and the Van Wagenen House. During the American Revolutionary War, the area was in the hands of the British who controlled New York, in the Battle of Paulus Hook Major Light Horse Harry Lee attacked a British fortification on August 19,1779. During the 19th century, former slaves reached Jersey City on one of the four routes of the Underground Railroad that led to the city. The City of Jersey was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 28,1820, from portions of Bergen Township, while the area was still a part of Bergen County. The city was reincorporated on January 23,1829, and again on February 22,1838, on February 22,1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County. Soon after the Civil War, the idea arose of uniting all of the towns of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River into one municipality. A bill was approved by the legislature on April 2,1869. An element of the bill provide that only contiguous towns could be consolidated, while a majority of the voters across the county approved the merger, the only municipalities that had approved the consolidation plan and that adjoined Jersey City were Hudson City and Bergen City
8.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
9.
Catholic University of America
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The Catholic University of America is a private university located in Washington, D. C. in the United States. It is a university of the Catholic Church in the United States. Established in 1887 as a graduate and research center following approval by Pope Leo XIII on Easter Sunday, the university began offering undergraduate education in 1904. In addition, it was ranked in the top 10 of the best Catholic colleges in the country and it was described as one of the 25 most underrated colleges in the United States. CUAs programs emphasize the arts, professional education, and personal development. The school stays closely connected with the Catholic Church and Catholic organizations, the American Cardinals Dinner is put on by the residential U. S. cardinals each year to raise scholarship funds for CUA. The university has a history of working with the Knights of Columbus. The university has been visited three times by sitting popes, Pope John Paul II visited on October 7,1979. On April 16,2008, Pope Benedict XVI gave an address at the campus about Catholic education and academic freedom. Pope Francis visited on September 23,2015 during his trip to the United States, at the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1866, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops first discussed the need for a national Catholic university. At the Third Plenary Council on January 26,1885, bishops chose the name The Catholic University of America for the institution. In 1882 Bishop John Lancaster Spalding went to Rome to obtain Pope Leo XIIIs support for the university, on April 10,1887 Pope Leo XIII sent James Cardinal Gibbons a letter granting permission to establish the university. By developing new leaders and new knowledge, the university was intended to strengthen, the founders wished to emphasize the Churchs special role in United States. They believed that scientific and humanistic research, informed by faith and they wanted to develop a national institution that would promote the faith in a context of religious freedom, spiritual pluralism, and intellectual rigor. The university was incorporated in 1887 on 66 acres of land next to the Old Soldiers Home. President Grover Cleveland was in attendance for the laying of the cornerstone of Divinity Hall, now known as Caldwell Hall, on May 24,1888, as were members of Congress, at the end of the second term, lectures on canon law were added. The first students were graduated in 1889, in 1876 with the opening of the Johns Hopkins University, American universities began dedicating themselves to graduate study and research in the Prussian model. CUA was the channel through which the modern university movement entered the American Catholic community
10.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
11.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
12.
Georgetown University
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Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D. C. the capital of the United States. Georgetowns main campus is located on a hill above the Potomac River, the campus is identifiable by its flagship Healy Hall, which is a National Historic Landmark. Georgetown offers degree programs in disciplines, enrolling an average of 7,500 undergraduate and 10,000 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries. The university is known for preparing leaders for careers in government. As of 2015, Georgetown produced more diplomats for the U. S, Foreign Service than any other school in the country, and has ranked second in the U. S. by the average number of graduates serving in the U. S. Congress. Georgetown is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit-affiliated institution of education in the United States. The Jesuits have participated in the academic life, both as scholars and as administrators, since 1805, however, the university has always been governed independently of the church. At present, the majority of Georgetown students are not Catholic, Georgetown is home to the countrys largest student-run business, as well as the largest student-run financial institution. Jesuit settlers from England founded the Province of Maryland in 1634, during most of the remainder of Marylands colonial period, Jesuits conducted Catholic schools clandestinely. It was not until after the end of the American Revolution that plans to establish a permanent Catholic institution for education in the United States were realized, Carroll began meetings of local clergy in 1783 near Annapolis, Maryland, where they orchestrated the development of a new university. On January 23,1789, Carroll finalized the purchase of the property in Georgetown on which Dahlgren Quadrangle was later built, future Congressman William Gaston was enrolled as the schools first student on November 22,1791, and instruction began on January 2,1792. During its early years, Georgetown College suffered from financial strain. The Maryland Society of Jesus began its restoration in 1805, and Jesuit affiliation, in the form of teachers and administrators, the school relied on private sources of funding and the limited profits from local lands which had been donated to the Jesuits. To raise money for Georgetown and other schools in 1838, Maryland Jesuits conducted a sale of some 272 slaves to two Deep South plantations from their six in Maryland, ending their slaveholding. In 1844, the received a corporate charter, under the name The President and Directors of Georgetown College. In response to the demand for an option for Roman Catholic students. The U. S. Civil War greatly affected Georgetown as 1,141 students and alumni enlisted in one army or the other, by the time of President Abraham Lincolns May 1861 visit to campus,1,400 troops were living in temporary quarters there. Due to the number of lives lost in the war, enrollment levels remained low until well after the war, only seven students graduated in 1869, down from over 300 in the previous decade
13.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
14.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
15.
General Theological Seminary
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Founded in 1817, GTS is the oldest seminary of the Episcopal Church and a leading center of theological education in the Anglican Communion. The seminary was chartered by an act of the Episcopal Churchs General Convention, duncan Cameron mollified them and convinced one to note that the evil of the undue influence of New York in the General Seminary. Would be chiefly at the beginning, and would be decreasing every year, with some stipulations concerning its governance, Bishop Hobart consented to the union of the diocesan school with the General Seminary rather than contesting the inheritance. The unified school opened for the term of 1822. Other parishioners of Trinity Church went on to support the more local institution. Clement Clarke Moore, famous for penning A Visit from St. Nicholas, owned the estate Chelsea, also a member of Trinity Church, he donated 66 tracts of land—which was his apple orchard—to become the site of the new seminary. It was not, however, until 1827 that the seminary occupied that land, other figures influential in the founding of the seminary include Theodore Dehon, William White, and John Henry Hobart. Bishop Hobart served as the seminarys first dean, after which the Bishop of New York served in capacity until the 1850s. In 1878, Eugene Augustus Hoffman – said to be the richest clergyman in the due to his extensive real estate holdings – was appointed dean. Under his tenure, the seminary saw tremendous growth, both in student body and facilities, dean Hoffmans grand design was for the seminarys Chelsea campus to be built on an Oxford model, with neo-Gothic buildings facing onto a central quadrangle or Close. The tower chime is played daily by members of the seminarys Guild of Chimers to call the community to worship, haight designed and supervised construction of most of the buildings on Chelsea Square while Haights father, Benjamin I. Haight, was the first priest at nearby St. Peters Episcopal Church, due to growing housing needs for married students, GTS acquired 422 West 20th Street, a residential building opposite the seminarys 20th Street gate in March 1957. A renovation and expansion of the buildings facing 10th Avenue was completed in 2007. Named for Desmond Tutu, former visiting professor at GTS and retired archbishop of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa, the Tutu Center operates primarily as a hotel and conference center. In 2007 the seminary engaged in an effort to reduce its footprint, along with general operating costs. Also in 2007, the seminary, in need of funds, sold Sherrill Hall, the Chelsea Enclave was completed in 2010 and contains 53 residential units as well as retail space, an underground parking garage, and the seminarys new Keller Library. The seminarys main entrance is now located on 21st Street between 9th and 10th Avenues, assets from the sales are expected to eliminate the seminarys debt, rebuild its depleted endowment, and restore it to financial solvency. The protesting faculty warned that unless the Board agreed to meet to discuss the allegations, the eight would be obliged to absent themselves from teaching, meetings, the Board of Trustees of the seminary treated the letter as a mass resignation, which it accepted on September 29
16.
Woodbridge Township, New Jersey
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Woodbridge Township is a township in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. Woodbridge was the municipality in New Jersey in 2010, the same ranking it held a decade earlier. Woodbridge was the site of the first gristmill in New Jersey, the mill was built by Jonathan Singletary Dunham. The Township of Woodbridge is the oldest original township in New Jersey and was granted a charter on June 1,1669. It was reincorporated on October 31,1693, portions of the township were taken to form Rahway, Raritan Township and Roosevelt. The township is named after Reverend John W. Woodbridge of Newbury, Massachusetts, who settled in the future township in 1664. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had an area of 24.507 square miles. The township borders Carteret, Edison, Perth Amboy and Sayreville in Middlesex County, Clark, Linden and Rahway in Union County, area codes 732 and 848 are used in Woodbridge. Many distinct communities exist within Woodbridge Township, Avenel, Colonia, Fords, Iselin, Port Reading, Sewaren, Woodbridge Proper are census-designated places and unincorporated communities located within Woodbridge Township. As of the census of 2010, there were 99,585 people,34,615 households, the population density was 4,290.0 per square mile. There were 36,124 housing units at a density of 1,556.2 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15. 63% of the population,21. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the family size was 3.27. In the township, the population was out with 21. 6% under the age of 18,7. 9% from 18 to 24,29. 7% from 25 to 44,28. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38.6 years, for every 100 females there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 98.0 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $79,277 and the median family income was $88,656. Males had an income of $60,139 versus $46,078 for females. The per capita income for the township was $32,144, about 3. 8% of families and 5. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 9% of those under age 18 and 6. 6% of those age 65 or over
17.
New Jersey gubernatorial election, 1997
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The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 1997 was a race for Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 4,1997, in the Democratic primary state senator and Woodbridge Township mayor James McGreevey defeated pre-primary front-runner Rep. Rob Andrews by 9,993 votes. Polls during the last month of the race showed incumbent Gov. Christine Todd Whitman with only a slim lead, on election night Whitman prevailed over McGreevey by a margin of 26,953 votes, a 1. 05% margin. Whitman won 46. 87% of the vote, with Democratic nominee James McGreevey receiving 45. 82%, Christine Todd Whitman, incumbent Governor of New Jersey Jim McGreevey, Mayor of Woodbridge Township and New Jersey State Senator Rob Andrews, U. S. Representative Michael Murphy, Morris County Prosecutor Frank C, Whitman ads blamed McGreevey for the states auto insurance rates. The Whitman campaign emphasized the drops in unemployment, violent crime, other ads took aim at McGreeveys record on taxes, particularly his support for former Gov. Jim Florios tax increase. The RNC criticized former Gov. Jim Florio in an ad October, in September, McGreevey unveiled two TV ads criticizing Whitman and focusing on property taxes, auto insurance rates, pension bond debts and education standards. The Democratic National Committee also spent $1 million during the stretch of the campaign on television ads for Democratic candidates statewide. In October, a poll found that voters of NJ called auto insurance the most important issue in the campaign, and property taxes second
18.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
19.
Christine Todd Whitman
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She was New Jerseys first and, to date, only female governor. She was the woman and first Republican woman to defeat an incumbent governor in a general election in the United States. She was also the first Republican woman to be reelected governor, Whitman was born Christine Todd in New York City, and grew up in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, the daughter of Eleanor Prentice Todd and businessman Webster B. Todd, both interested in New Jersey Republican politics and she attended Far Hills Country Day School and the Chapin School in Manhattan. After graduating from Wheaton College in 1968, earning a bachelor of degree in government. Whitman is a descendant of two New Jersey political families, the Todds and the Schleys, and is related by marriage to New Yorks politically prestigious Whitman family. Her husband, who died in July 2015, was private equity investor John R. Whitman and her maternal grandfather, Reeve Schley, was a member of Wolfs Head Society at Yale and the vice president of Chase Bank. He was also a president of the Russian-American Chamber of Commerce. With her late husband, Whitman has two children and her daughter Kate has followed her mother into politics. She also was a Congressional aide and in 2007, she was named director of the Republican Leadership Council. Whitman also had a Scottish Terrier named Coors, who is the mother of former president George W. Bushs dog Barney, Whitman has been a resident of Tewksbury Township, New Jersey. During the Nixon administration, Whitman worked for the Office of Economic Opportunity under Donald Rumsfeld and she was appointed to the board of trustees of Somerset County College, now Raritan Valley Community College. Elected to two terms on the Somerset County Board of Chosen Freeholders, she served as deputy director and director of the board, among her accomplishments was construction of a new county courthouse. From 1988 to 1990, she served as president of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities under governor Thomas Kean, in 1990, Whitman ran for the U. S. Senate against incumbent Bill Bradley, and lost in a close election. She was considered as an underdog against the popular Bradley, during her campaign, Whitman criticized the income tax hike proposed by then governor James Florio. Bradley did not take a stance on the issue, in 1993, Whitman helped to found the Committee for Responsible Government, an advocacy group espousing moderate positions in the Republican Party. In 1997, the CRG softened its position, and renamed itself as the Republican Leadership Council. Whitman ran against incumbent James Florio for governor in 1993, and she was the second woman and first Republican woman to defeat an incumbent governor in a general election, but was unable to gain a majority of the votes, winning by a plurality
20.
New Jersey gubernatorial election, 2001
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The New Jersey gubernatorial election of 2001 was a race for the Governor of New Jersey. It was held on November 6,2001, primaries took place on June 25. Democrat nominee Jim McGreevey won the election with 56% of the vote — the first majority-elected governor since James Florio in 1989. His Republican opponent in that race was Bret Schundler, Jim McGreevey, Mayor of Woodbridge, former State Senator and nominee for Governor in 1997 Elliot Greenspan Bob Franks, former U. S. Franks entered the race in April, two months before the primary, after Gov. Donald DiFrancesco dropped out of the race because of a series of newspaper stories highlighting ethics concerns. He was backed by Gov. DiFrancescos political organization and endorsed by every county Republican committee except Schundlers base in Hudson County, the grassroots support he built up enabled him to win the nomination by a robust 15-point margin. This included having a unity lunch with Franks which was hosted by former Gov. Tom Kean, Kyrillos had been appointed by DiFrancesco as state party chairman six weeks before the primary, and he had supported Franks in the primary. Jim McGreevey, the Democratic candidate, exploited this division by painting Schundler as too conservative for New Jersey
21.
Priest
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A priest or priestess, is a person authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites, in particular, rites of sacrifice to, and propitiation of and their office or position is the priesthood, a term which also may apply to such persons collectively. The necessity to read sacred texts and keep temple or church records helped foster literacy in early societies. Priests exist in many religions today, such as all or some branches of Judaism, Christianity, the question of which religions have a priest depends on how the titles of leaders are used or translated into English. In some cases, leaders are more like those that other believers will often turn to for advice on spiritual matters, for example, clergy in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy are priests, but in Protestant Christianity they are typically minister and pastor. The terms priest and priestess are sufficiently generic that they may be used in a sense to describe the religious mediators of an unknown or otherwise unspecified religion. In many religions, being a priest or priestess is a full-time position, many Christian priests and pastors choose or are mandated to dedicate themselves to their churches and receive their living directly from their churches. In other cases it is a part-time role, for example, in the early history of Iceland the chieftains were titled goði, a word meaning priest. In some religions, being a priest or priestess is by election or human choice. In Judaism the priesthood is inherited in familial lines, in a theocracy, a society is governed by its priesthood. The word priest, is derived from Greek, via Latin presbyter. Old High German also has the disyllabic priester, priestar, apparently derived from Latin independently via Old French presbtre, the Latin presbyter ultimately represents Greek presbyteros, the regular Latin word for priest being sacerdos, corresponding to Greek hiereus. That English should have only the term priest to translate presbyter. The feminine English noun, priestess, was coined in the 17th century, in the 20th century, the word was used in controversies surrounding the ordination of women. In the case of the ordination of women in the Anglican communion, it is common to speak of priests. In historical polytheism, a priest administers the sacrifice to a deity, in the Ancient Near East, the priesthood also acted on behalf of the deities in managing their property. Priestesses in antiquity often performed sacred prostitution, and in Ancient Greece, some such as Pythia, priestess at Delphi. Sumerian and Akkadian Entu or EN were top-ranking priestesses who were distinguished with special ceremonial attire and they owned property, transacted business, and initiated the hieros gamos ceremony with priests and kings
22.
Exodus Transitional Community
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The Exodus Transitional Community is a non-profit organization that provides support services to men and women who are in transition from incarceration to full-integration into their communities. It helps these individuals build stable lives by promoting their social, Exodus Transitional Community, Inc. originated behind prison walls. In the 1970s, a group of New York State prisoners that were serving lengthy sentences developed, along with Chaplain Rev. Ed Muller, what they called the Exodus Group. The Exodus Group offered opportunities for study and discussion based on a model of self-discovery, acceptance of responsibility for past behavior, the prisoners worked on their self-development and prepared for their eventual release into society. After many meetings, speaking engagements, and requests for assistance, Exodus Transitional Community, Inc. received its first substantial contribution and officially opened its doors in March 1999
23.
Rehabilitation (penology)
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Rehabilitation is the re-integration into society of a convicted person and the main objective of modern penal policy, to counter habitual offending, also known as criminal recidivism. This, along with a kitchen and living area “to create a sense of family” among inmates. The prison’s structure is composed of Units A, B and C with Unit A housing those in need of psychiatric or medical attention, the effectiveness of Norway’s methods is evident as they hold the lowest recidivism rate worldwide at less than 30%. The United States Code states that judges shall make imprisonment decisions recognizing that imprisonment is not an appropriate means of promoting correction and rehabilitation. Their efforts were lauded by President Obama who noted these reforms will improve rehabilitation, as established by the Council of Europe committee of ministers, «a crime policy aimed at crime prevention and the social reintegration of offenders should be pursued and developed». A prospect of release is necessary, because human dignity requires that there must be a chance for a prisoner to atone for his offence, the freedom of the individual is inviolable. These rights may only be encroached upon pursuant to a law», per the Italian constitution, «Punishment cannot consist in treatment contrary to human dignity and must aim at rehabilitating the condemned». Criminal recidivism is highly correlated with psychopathy, the psychopath is defined by an uninhibited gratification in criminal, sexual, or aggressive impulses and the inability to learn from past mistakes. Individuals with this disorder gain satisfaction through their behavior and lack remorse for their actions. Findings indicate psychopathic prisoners have a 2.5 time higher probability of being released from jail than undiagnosed ones and it has been shown that punishment and behavior modification techniques do not improve the behavior of a psychopath. Psychopathic individuals have been observed to become more cunning and better able to hide their behaviour. It has been suggested by them that traditional therapeutic approaches actually make psychopaths if not worse, then far more adept at manipulating others and they are generally considered to be not only incurable but also untreatable. Psychopaths also have a distorted sense of the potential consequences of their actions, not only for others. They do not, for example, deeply recognize the risk of being caught, disbelieved or injured as a result of their behaviour
24.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
25.
Korean War
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The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, U. S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union, on that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83, Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation, twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UNs military personnel. After the first two months of war, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter, in September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, at this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951, after these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate, North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in combat for the first time in history. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed, the agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Periodic clashes, many of which are deadly, continue to the present, in the U. S. the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a police action as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. In South Korea, the war is referred to as 625 or the 6–2–5 Upheaval. In North Korea, the war is referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War or alternatively the Chosǒn War. In China, the war is called the War to Resist U. S
26.
Carteret, New Jersey
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Carteret is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. Carteret was originally created as the borough of Roosevelt on April 11,1906, from portions of Woodbridge Township, the name was changed to Carteret as of November 7,1922. The borough was also called Carteret during the period from December 19,1921, the borough was named after Sir George Carteret, one of the first proprietors of New Jersey, and his son Philip Carteret, the first royal governor of New Jersey. According to the United States Census Bureau, Carteret had an area of 5.000 square miles. The Rahway River forms the boundary of Carteret, and the Arthur Kill is the eastern boundary. Woodbridge Township borders Carteret on all land-based boundaries, carterets Sikh community, variously estimated at 1,000 to 2,500, is the largest concentration of Sikhs in the state. As of the census of 2010, there were 22,844 people,7,591 households, the population density was 5,171.1 per square mile. There were 8,148 housing units at a density of 1,844.4 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 30. 93% of the population,20. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.01 and the family size was 3.51. In the borough, the population was out with 25. 4% under the age of 18,10. 0% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,25. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35.1 years, for every 100 females there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 91.0 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $58,614 and the median family income was $69,192. Males had an income of $47,405 versus $42,971 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $25,346, about 11. 8% of families and 13. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21. 8% of those under age 18 and 11. 5% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 20,709 people,7,039 households, the population density was 4,747.4 people per square mile. There were 7,320 housing units at a density of 1,678.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 50. 7% White,14. 9% African American,0. 4% Native American,19. 0% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,11. 2% from other races, and 3. 9% from two or more races
27.
St. Joseph High School (Metuchen, New Jersey)
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St. Joseph High School, also known as St. Joes, is an independent, all-boys Roman Catholic college preparatory school located on a 70-acre site in Metuchen and Edison, New Jersey. It draws students from a geographic area encompassing over forty school districts and over seventy grammar schools in Middlesex, Somerset. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Metuchen, the school is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Secondary Schools since 1968. St. Joseph is operated by the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, from 1901 to 1961, St. Josephs served as a center for training and educating Brothers prior to their apostolate. The main school building was dedicated in the spring of 1963, there are both lay and religious teachers. As of the 2013-14 school year, the school had an enrollment of 705 students and 53.3 faculty members, Brothers Stanislaus Florent and Philip Lindner moved into a three-story roadhouse in 1902 with the intention of setting up a training center for novices. Their funds were limited and finding willing recruits for the novitiate proved to be difficult as few people had heard of the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, however, by the start of the first session in November 1902 there were ten postulants. The arrival of the additional personnel fueled support for the construction of a new building that could serve as both a dormitory and classroom, however, in June 1903, a fire destroyed St Stanislaus College and with it the hopes for the new building. The Brothers could afford to make only patchwork repairs and they had to assume the roles of blacksmiths and carpenters in order to repair damaged farm equipment and they also had to instigate cost-cutting measures, one of which involved the heating of the various buildings. Coal was used only to heat the building, while stoves in the other buildings were fueled by railroad ties. The novices had to transport and handsaw the ties during their leisure time, the greatest asset to the novitiate was the farm. The community could afford only things such as meat, bread, coffee, the rest had to be grown. The novices and postulants worked on the farm both in their time and on scheduled work rotations. A common recreational activity of the residents was fishing on nearby Woodburn Pond, the arrival of sixteen novices from France caused overcrowding. Due to the budget constraints, they were forced to improve on their facilities in piecemeal fashion. The first true expansion of the novitiate occurred in 1907 when the house was renovated. It was determined that a new chapel was needed in order to handle the number of inhabitants, a new building would have been too expensive and so it was decided to add a new wing. Three years later, the house underwent another refurbishment
28.
Metuchen, New Jersey
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Metuchen was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 20,1900, from portions of Raritan Township. Until 1870, what is now Metuchen was part of Woodbridge Township, because the settlers in the western part of the township were so far removed from the village of Woodbridge, they early developed a separate identity. The name Metuchen first appeared in 1688/1689, and its name was derived from the name of a Native American chief, in 1701, an overseer of roads was appointed for Metuchen district. In 1705, Main Street was laid out at the time as the road from Metuchen to Woodbridge. Sometime between 1717 and 1730, a house was constructed for weekday meetings conducted by the pastor of the Woodbridge Presbyterian Church. In 1756, Metuchen Presbyterians succeeded in forming their own congregation, in 1770, the congregations merged, with Metuchen getting 2/5 of the pastors services and Woodbridge 3/5s, by 1772 Metuchen had grown sufficiently to warrant 50% of his time. In 1793, the two churches again separated, from the late 18th to the early 19th century Metuchen grew little. A map of 1799 shows ten buildings in the center of town along Main Street, by 1834, a Presbyterian church, a store, two taverns and about a dozen dwellings could be found. The opening of the Middlesex and Essex Turnpike in 1806, not until the beginning of the railroad era did commercial and residential development surge. In 1836, the New Jersey Railroad was completed to New Brunswick, the construction of a station at Main Street made it inevitable that this would develop as the principal street. A business section soon began to appear between Middlesex Avenue and the tracks, and commercial and service establishments gradually began to assume a more modern aspect. The second half of the 19th century was a period of social, cultural, between 1859 and 1866 the Reformed Church was organized, the first Catholic mass was celebrated and St. Lukes Episcopal Church was founded. In 1870 both the Building and Loan Association and the opened, the same year that Raritan Township was incorporated. As the largest village in the new township, Metuchen naturally became its commercial and cultural center, in 1873, the town hosted Howard Newton Fuller and the Rutgers College Glee Club in the first ever performance of their alma mater. In 1879, the literary and debating society was formed, by 1882, Metuchen School #15 had an enrollment of 256 pupils, and by 1885 the New Jersey Gazette listed 37 businesses. The decade of the 1890s was a period of expansion for public utilities, in 1894, telegraph service was begun and in 1897 telephone service begun by the N. Y. and N. J. In the same year the Midland Water Company commenced operation and supplied hydrants for newly formed volunteer fire companies, in 1899, a new street lighting system was installed. At about the time a bicycling organization was formed, the Metuchen Wheelmen
29.
Law degree
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A law degree is an academic degree conferred for studies in law. Such degrees are generally preparation for careers, but while their curricula may be reviewed by legal authority. The first academic degrees were all law degrees- and the first law degrees were doctorates, the foundations of the first universities in Europe were the glossators of the 11th century, which were schools of law. The first European university, that of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the school in that city. It is from history that it is said that the first academic title of doctor applied to scholars of law. The degree and title were not applied to scholars of other disciplines until the 13th century, the rising of the doctor of philosophy to its present level is a modern novelty. At its origins, a doctorate was simply a qualification for a guild—that of teaching law, the University of Bologna served as the model for other law schools of the medieval age. In the medieval Islamic madrasahs, there was a doctorate in the Islamic law of the Sharia, the type of law degree conferred differs according to the jurisdiction. Some examples include, Bacharel em Direito or Bacharel em Ciências Jurídicas e Sociais, the abbreviation for Bachelor is Bel. Bachelor of Laws also referred to as a B. A. in Law or an LL. B. in the United Kingdom, Master of Laws in the United Kingdom and various current or former Commonwealth countries. Also referred to as an LL. M. from its Latin name and it is an advanced academic degree pursued by those holding a professional law degree or a degree in a relevant field. Laurea di Dottore in Giurisprudenza for graduates before the Bologna Process reforms, or Laurea Magistrale in Giurisprudenza after the Bologna Process reforms, in Italy. It is a masters degree, however all graduates of Italian universities. Erstes Juristisches Staatsexamen is the equivalent to the law degree, since the part is the German equivalent to the Bar exam in the U. S. At some universities you either become a Lizentiat des Rechts, a Magister iuris or a Diplom-Jurist, Juris Doctor in the United States and Japan. It is a doctorate degree. Legum Doctor is in some jurisdictions the highest academic degree in law and is equivalent to a Ph. D. Doctor of Juridical Science is a research doctorate in law awarded mostly in the United States and Canada. Lizentiat der Rechtswissenschaften / Licence en droit until 2004 and Master of Law since 2004 in Switzerland and it is a masters level degree
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Georgetown Law
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Georgetown University Law Center is one of the professional graduate schools of Georgetown University, a private research university located in Washington, D. C. Established in 1870, it is the second largest law school in the United States, by average salary, Georgetown Law graduates have ranked 6th in the U. S. In the 2014 edition, Georgetown was ranked the #13 law school in the nation overall, the school also ranked #1 in clinical programs, #3 in international law, #2 in tax law, #4 in trial advocacy, #7 in healthcare law, and #8 in environmental law. The 2014 QS World University Rankings list Georgetown as the 17th-best law school in the world, in its latest ranking, December 2014, Business Insider ranks Georgetown as the 7th best law school in the US. In law professor Brian Leiters most recent law school ranking, Georgetown ranked within the top ten law schools in selectivity, student quality, and Supreme Court clerkship placements respectively. Georgetown Law was ranked 5th in the 2010 Super Lawyers ranking, Georgetown Law receives the most J. D. applications of any law school in the United States. Opened as Georgetown Law School in 1870, Georgetown Law was the first law school run by a Jesuit institution within the United States, Georgetown Law has been separate from the main Georgetown campus since 1890, when it moved near what is now Chinatown. The Law Center campus is located on New Jersey Avenue, several blocks north of the Capitol, the school added the Edward Bennett Williams Law Library in 1989 and the Gewirz Student Center in 1993, providing on-campus living for the first time. The Campus Completion Project finished in 2005 with the addition of the Hotung International Building, Georgetown Laws original wall is preserved on the quad of the present-day campus. In 2010, Georgetown Law was the tenth most selective law school in the United States, for the class entering in the fall of 2016,2,320 out of 9,862 J. D. applicants were offered admission, with 576 matriculating. The 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles for the 2016 entering class were 162 and 168, respectively, the 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.52 and 3.86, respectively, with a median of 3.77. In the 2016–17 academic year, Georgetown Law had 1,722 full-time J. D. students and 242 part-time J. D. students. Of the 645 graduates in the Georgetown Law class of 2013,467 held long-term,600 graduates overall were employed,6 graduates were pursuing a graduate degree, and 38 graduates were unemployed. 363 graduates were employed in the sector, with 245 at law firms with over 250 attorneys. 238 graduates entered the sector, with 89 employed by the government,81 employed in public interest positions,57 in federal or state clerkships. 83 graduates received funding from Georgetown Law for their positions, the median reported starting salary for a 2013 graduate in the private sector was $160,000. The median reported starting salary for a 2013 graduate in the sector was $57,408. 238 graduates in the class of 2013 were employed in Washington, DC,144 in New York,12 were employed outside the United States
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London School of Economics
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The London School of Economics is a public research university located in London, England and a constituent college of the federal University of London. LSE is located in Westminster, central London, near the boundary between Covent Garden and Holborn, the area is historically known as Clare Market. The LSE has more than 10,000 students and 3,300 staff and it had a total income of £340.7 million in 2015/16, of which £30.3 million was from research grants. 155 nationalities are represented amongst LSEs student body and the school has the highest percentage of students of all British universities. Despite its name, the school is organised into 25 academic departments and institutes which conduct teaching and research across a range of legal studies, in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the School had the highest proportion of world-leading research among research submitted of any British non-specialist university. The LSE is usually considered part of the triangle of highly research-intensive universities in southeast England. It is a member of organisations such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association. LSE has produced notable alumni in the fields of law, history, economics, philosophy, business, literature, media. Alumni and staff include 52 past or present heads of state or government and 20 members of the current British House of Commons. To 2016, 27% of all the Nobel Prizes in Economics have been awarded or jointly awarded to LSE alumni, current staff or former staff, LSE alumni and staff have also won 3 Nobel Peace Prizes, and 2 Nobel Prizes in Literature. Out of all European universities, LSE has educated the most billionaires according to a 2014 global census of U. S dollar billionaires, LSE graduates earn higher incomes on average than those of any other British university. The London School of Economics was founded in 1895 by Beatrice and Sidney Webb, Hutchinson, a lawyer and member of the Fabian Society, left the money in trust, to be put towards advancing its objects in any way they deem advisable. The five trustees were Sidney Webb, Edward Pease, Constance Hutchinson, William de Mattos, LSE records that the proposal to establish the school was conceived during a breakfast meeting on 4 August 1894, between the Webbs, Graham Wallas and George Bernard Shaw. The proposal was accepted by the trustees in February 1895 and LSE held its first classes in October of that year, in rooms at 9 John Street, Adelphi, in the City of Westminster. The School joined the federal University of London in 1900, and was recognised as a Faculty of Economics of the university, the University of London degrees of BSc and DSc were established in 1901, the first university degrees dedicated to the social sciences. Expanding rapidly over the years, the school moved initially to the nearby 10 Adelphi Terrace, then to Clare Market. The foundation stone of the Old Building, on Houghton Street, was laid by King George V in 1920, the 1930s economic debate between LSE and Cambridge is well known in academic circles. The dispute also concerned the question of the role
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Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
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Plainfield, New Jersey
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Plainfield is a city in Union County, New Jersey, United States, known by its nickname as The Queen City. On March 19,1857, Plainfield Township became part of the newly created Union County. Plainfield was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 21,1869, from portions of Plainfield Township, based on the results of a referendum held that same day. The city and township coexisted until March 6,1878, when Plainfield Township was dissolved and parts were absorbed by Plainfield city, the name Plainfield, also used in both North Plainfield and South Plainfield, is derived from a local estate or from its scenic location. Plainfield was settled in 1684 by Quakers, and incorporated as a city in 1869, nearby Washington Rock is a prominent point of the Watchung Mountains and is reputed to be the vantage point from which Washington watched British troop movements. Plainfield is the birthplace of P-Funk, george Clinton founded The Parliaments while working in a barber shop in Plainfield. Parliament-Funkadelic was inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, Plainfield has been home to former New Jersey governor James McGreevey. In sports history, Plainfield is the birthplace home of several current and former athletes, including professionals. Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor appointed to oversee prosecutions in the Watergate break-in, there are numerous sites, including homes, parks, and districts in the city that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. While not listed, the Plainfield Armory, a prominent landmark completed in 1932, was sold by the state in 2013 as surplus property, most lots are nicely landscaped and semi or fully private. Sleepy Hollow has remained a place to buy and live despite the decay in other parts of the city. In its heyday, Plainfield was a shopping and entertainment center. Residents of nearby Union, Middlesex and Somerset counties would drive to shop, other than during the holidays, peak shopping times in Plainfield were Thursday nights and Saturday, when Front Street and the areas around it bustled. At the peak, there were four operating movie theaters, the Strand, the Liberty, the Paramount, manufacturers of heavy goods included Chelsea Fan Corp. Mack Truck and National Starch and Chemical Corp. Plainfield Iron and Metal maintained a large scrapyard on the west end of town, Plainfield was affected by the Plainfield riots in July 1967. This civil disturbance occurred in the wake of the larger Newark riots, a Plainfield police officer died, about fifty people were injured, and several hundred thousand dollars of property was damaged by looting and arson. The New Jersey National Guard restored order after three days of unrest and this civil unrest caused a massive white flight, characterized by the percentage of black residents rising from 40% in 1970 to 60% a decade later. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 6.034 square miles
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Associated Press
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The Associated Press is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which stories to the AP. Most of the AP staff are members and are represented by the Newspaper Guild, which operates under the Communications Workers of America. As of 2007, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television, the photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The AP operates 243 news bureaus in 120 countries and it also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, as part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essentials. Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters, some historians believe that the Tribune joined at this time, documents show it was a member in 1849. The New York Times became a member shortly after its founding in September 1851, initially known as the New York Associated Press, the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press, which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, when the AP was founded, news became a salable commodity. The invention of the press allowed the New York Tribune in the 1870s to print 18,000 papers per hour. During the Civil War and Spanish–American War, there was a new incentive to print vivid, Melville Stone, who had founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, served as AP General Manager from 1893 to 1921. He embraced the standards of accuracy, impartiality, and integrity, the cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper, who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and, the Middle East. He introduced the telegraph typewriter or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914, in 1935, AP launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave AP a major advantage over other media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually AP had its network across the whole United States, in 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival United Press International, AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations, it created its own radio network in 1974
