1.
Galloway, Texas
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The town was founded shortly after the Civil War. A school was opened in the early 1880s and by 1897 had an enrollment of 30 students, by the mid-1930s and the Great Depression the town also had a church, general store, and a number of houses. The town is now fairly dispersed with a population of 71 on both the 1990 and 2000 census. Galloway is the birthplace of Country Music legend Jim Reeves
2.
Davidson County, Tennessee
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Davidson County is a county located in the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 626,681 and its county seat is Nashville, the state capital. Davidson County has the largest population in the 13-county Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin Metropolitan Statistical Area, Davidson County is the oldest county in the 41-county region of Middle Tennessee. The county seat, Nashville, is the oldest permanent European settlement in Middle Tennessee, founded by James Robertson, the first white settlers established the Cumberland Compact in order to establish a basic rule of law and to protect their land titles. Through much of the early 1780s, the settlers faced a hostile response from Native American tribes who resented their encroaching on their territory. As the countys many known archaeological sites attest, Native American cultures had occupied areas of Davidson County for thousands of years, the first whites to enter the area were fur traders. Long hunters came next, having learned about the salt lick, known as French Lick. The first white child to be born in Middle Tennessee was born there, during the June 8,1861, referendum, the closely divided population of Davidson County voted narrowly in favor of secession,5,635 in favor,5,572 against. Middle Tennessee was occupied by Union troops from 1862, which caused widespread disruption in the state. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 526 square miles. The Cumberland River flows from east to west through the middle of the county, two dams within the county are Old Hickory Lock and Dam and J. Percy Priest Dam, operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Important tributaries of the Cumberland in Davidson County include Whites Creek, Manskers Creek, Stones River, Mill Creek, the population density was 1,135 people per square mile. There were 252,977 housing units at a density of 504 per square mile. 4. 58% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, in 2005 the racial makeup of the county was 61. 7% non-Hispanic white,27. 5% African-American,6. 6% Latino and 2. 8% Asian. 33. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.96. In the county, the population was out with 22. 20% under the age of 18,11. 60% from 18 to 24,34. 00% from 25 to 44,21. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females, there were 93.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.80 males, the median income for a household in the county was $39,797, and the median income for a family was $49,317
3.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
4.
Nashville sound
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It was an attempt to revive country sales, which had been devastated by the rise of rock n roll. They invented the form by replacing elements of the honky tonk style with smooth elements from 1950s pop music, and using slick production. The producers relied on a group of studio musicians known as the Nashville A-Team, whose quick adaptability. The Anita Kerr Quartet was the vocal backing group in the early 1960s. In 1960, Time magazine reported that Nashville had nosed out Hollywood as the second biggest record-producing center. The term Nashville Sound was first mentioned in an article about Jim Reeves in 1958 in the Music Reporter, other observers have identified several recordings that helped establish the early Nashville sound. Country historian Rich Kienzle says that Gone, a Ferlin Husky hit recorded in November 1956, regarding the Nashville sound, the record producer Owen Bradley stated, Now weve cut out the fiddle and steel guitar and added choruses to country music. It always has to keep developing to keep fresh, countrypolitan was aimed straight at mainstream markets and it sold well throughout the later 1960s into the early 1970s. Among the architects of this sound were producers Billy Sherrill and Glenn Sutton, the Bakersfield sound, and later outlaw country, dominated country music among aficionados while countrypolitan reigned on the pop charts. Upon being asked what the Nashville sound was, Chet Atkins would put his hand into his pocket, shake his loose change, and say Thats what it is. By the late 1970s and 1980s, many pop music singers picked up the style and created what is known as country pop. Classic examples of Nashville sound recordings, Four Walls by Jim Reeves Gone by Ferlin Husky A Fallen Star by Jimmy C
5.
Gospel music
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Gospel music is a music genre in Christian music. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music varies according to culture. Gospel music is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, Gospel music usually has dominant vocals with Christian lyrics. Gospel music can be traced to the early 17th century, with roots in the oral tradition. Hymns and sacred songs were repeated in a call and response fashion, most of the churches relied on hand clapping and foot stomping as rhythmic accompaniment. Most of the singing was done a cappella, the first published use of the term Gospel Song probably appeared in 1874. The original gospel songs were written and composed by such as George F. Root, Philip Bliss, Charles H. Gabriel, William Howard Doane. The advent of radio in the 1920s greatly increased the audience for gospel music, following World War II, gospel music moved into major auditoriums, and gospel music concerts became quite elaborate. Gospel blues is a form of gospel music. Southern gospel used all male, tenor-lead-baritone-bass quartet make-up, progressive Southern gospel is an American music genre that has grown out of Southern gospel over the past couple of decades. Christian country music, sometimes referred to as gospel music, is a subgenre of gospel music with a country flair. It peaked in popularity in the mid-1990s, bluegrass gospel music is rooted in American mountain music. Celtic gospel music infuses gospel music with a Celtic flair, and is popular in countries such as Ireland. British black gospel refers to Gospel music of the African diaspora, some proponents of standard hymns generally dislike gospel music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, with distance, there is a greater acceptance of such gospel songs into official denominational hymnals. Gospel music in general is characterized by dominant vocals referencing lyrics of a Christian nature, subgenres include contemporary gospel, urban contemporary gospel, Southern gospel, and modern gospel music. Several forms of gospel music utilize choirs, use piano or Hammond organ, tambourines, drums, bass guitar and, increasingly, electric guitar. In comparison with hymns, which are generally of a statelier measure, several attempts have been made to describe the style of late 19th and early 20th century gospel songs in general
6.
Blues
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Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, spirituals, Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blue notes, usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also a part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove, Blues as a genre is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times, Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the troubles experienced in African-American society. Many elements, such as the format and the use of blue notes. The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and, later and it is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century, the first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues, World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a form called blues rock evolved. The term blues may have come from blue devils, meaning melancholy and sadness, the phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal. As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, by the 1800s in the United States, the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, in lyrics the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood. The lyrics of traditional blues verses probably often consisted of a single line repeated four times. Two of the first published songs, Dallas Blues and Saint Louis Blues, were 12-bar blues with the AAB lyric structure. Handy wrote that he adopted this convention to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times, the lines are often sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody
7.
Western swing
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Western swing music is a subgenre of American country music that originated in the late 1920s in the West and South among the regions Western string bands. The movement was an outgrowth of jazz, and similarities with gypsy jazz are often noted, the electrically amplified stringed instruments, especially the steel guitar, give the music a distinctive sound. Later incarnations have also included overtones of bebop, Western swing differs in several ways from the music played by the nationally popular horn-driven big swing bands of the same era. In Western bands, even fully orchestrated bands, vocals, additionally, although popular horn bands tended to arrange and score their music, most Western bands improvised freely, either by soloists or collectively. Contemporary groups include Asleep at the Wheel and The Hot Club of Cowtown, when it escapes in all its musical glory, my friend, you have Western swing. Western swing in its beginnings was just dance music, the term swing, meaning big band dance music, wasnt used until after the 1932 hit It Dont Mean a Thing. Most of the big Western dance bandleaders simply referred to themselves as Western bands and their music as Western dance music, Bob Wills and others believed the term Western swing was used for his music while he and his band were still in Tulsa, Oklahoma between 1939 and 1942. The Los Angeles-area Wilmington Press carried ads for an unidentified Western Swing Orchestra at a nightspot in April 1942. That winter, influential LA-area jazz and swing disc jockey Al Jarvis held a radio contest for top popular band leaders, the winner would be named the King of Swing. When Spade Cooley unexpectedly received the most votes, besting Benny Goodman and Harry James, on the other hand, The Billboard, in its January 29,1944 issue, reported Cooley came fourth in the orchestra section, behind Sammy Kaye, Freddie Martin, and Jimmy Dorsey. Around 1942, Cooleys promoter, disc jockey Foreman Phillips, began using Western swing to advertise his client, Music is not the true Western type. Dancers can foxtrot or do a slow jitter to it, a more widely known first use was an October 1944 Billboard item mentioning a forthcoming songbook by Cooley titled Western Swing. This, however was preceded by this item on page 11 of the May 6,1944 Billboard, Spade Cooley, who moved in with his Western swing boys several months ago, has released the Breakfast Club. Cooley moved up from Phillips County barn dances at Venice, Calif. ballroom, after that, the music was known as Western swing. During its early development, scores of groups from San Antonio to Shreveport to Oklahoma City played different songs with the basic sound. Fred Papa Calhoun recalled that around 1930, he played in a band in Decatur and we also liked Red Nichols and Bix Beiderbecke. After ending his partnership with Vernon Dalhart, country music trailblazer Carson Robison formed Carson Robisons Madcaps. Their recording of Nonsense in September 1929 was an uptempo, pioneering example of Western swing, in the early 1930s, Bob Wills and Milton Brown co-founded the string band that became the Light Crust Doughboys, the first professional band in this genre
8.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
9.
London Records
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London Records is a record label in the U. K. that marketed records in the U. S, Canada, and Latin America from 1947 to 1979 before becoming semi-independent. London arose from the split in ownership between the British and American branches of Decca Records, the American branch released British Decca records in the U. S. since it could not use the Decca name there. The label was noted for classical albums made in then state-of-the-art stereophonic sound, by the 1960s more licensing deals had been made with Big Top, Monument, Parrot, Philles, and Hi, and subsidiary labels were London Atlantic, London Dot and London Monument. An unusual feature was the code in the numbering system. From the late 1950s until 1973, the label bore the logo London American Recordings, in America, the label was best known as the American imprint of the pre–1971 recordings of the Rolling Stones. The label also issued some early LPs and singles by Texas-based band ZZ Top. In the late 1970s, London signed deals with Bomp, Records and with Big Sound in Connecticut, U. S. This changed the label in the eyes of many from a backwater into something a little more edgy compared to the pedestrian contemporary releases from parent company Decca, the president of London Records in the 1970s was D. H. Tollerbond. After British Decca was acquired by PolyGram in 1979, London followed an independent course with subsidiary labels such as Slash, Pete Tongs Essential Records. The name is used, mainly for UK-based artists. Notable artists released by that incarnation of London, called London Records 90, include New Order, Happy Mondays, A, after PolyGram took over British Decca, classical-music albums recorded by British Decca continued to be released on the London label in the U. S. S. The London pop music catalogue owned by Universal Music is now managed by Polydor Records, Decca Records had a recording studio in Blomfield Road, West London, there may have been another in Londons West End. In 2010, Universal Music reclaimed ownership of the London Records trademark, both had started their careers at London Records in the Ames era in the 1990s. When Nick Raphael became president of Capitol Recordss UK division in 2013, London Records moved there, Arlissa All Saints Arlissa Dear Prudence The Gypsy Queens List of record labels The London Records Story from BSN Pubs Discographies London Records A&R team contact list
10.
Abbott Records
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Abbott Records was an American record label operated by music promoter and producer Fabor Robison from 1951 to about 1958. After serving a stint in the U. S. Army during World War II, Arkansas native Fabor Robison settled in Southern California and began to work as a talent scout. Robison placed Horton on Cliffie Stones Hometown Jamboree program, based out of Pasadena, California, Robison also set up a recording deal for Horton with the tiny Cormac Records label, but that concern soon folded. Disgusted, Robison decided to found his own label and found an investor in pharmacist Sid Abbott. At first, Abbott Records existed solely to record Horton, also in 1952, Johnny Horton joined the cast of Louisiana Hayride, based out of KWKH in Shreveport, an association Horton would enjoy the rest of his days. Likewise, Robison discovered the talent pool at the Louisiana Hayride, Robison took a special interest in singer Jim Reeves, to such extent that Johnny Horton became aggravated with Robison and dropped him as manager, Robison countered by representing Reeves instead. Reeves records of Mexican Joe and Bimbo became the first chart hits on the Abbott Label, in 1953, Abbott was doing well enough that Fabor Robison was able to buy out the share of his partner, Sid Abbott. These artists included pianist Floyd Cramer, the Browns, Smiley Burnette, Dorsey Burnette and Mitchell Torok, many of these recordings featured members of the Louisiana Hayride house band as accompanists and were recorded at KWKH studios in Shreveport. Early Abbott issues bear an address in Malibu, and by the mid-1950s the label is listed as located in Hollywood, in 1955, Jim Reeves broke with Fabor Robison and signed with RCA Victor. The previous year, Robison had signed the DeCastro Sisters, whom to that point had largely functioned as the Cuban response to the Andrews Sisters, radio was not a success and folded after just 25 releases in 1959. Fabor Robison revived the Fabor imprint once more in 1962 to reissue Ned Millers From a Jack to a King which had originally recorded and released unsuccessfully in 1957. He kept this second Fabor label going until 1966, one of its last releases was a record by English actress Hermione Baddeley. Robisons record companies were singles outfits, the albums released by any of these companies were Jim Reeves Sings. Despite the confusion regarding the ultimate legacy of Abbott and its various subsidiaries as a legal entity, Abbott was the first label to have several major artists before they became famous, such as Jim Reeves or Billie Jo Spears. Abbott also brought to many lesser known figures of interest, such as Rudy Grayzell, Bonnie Guitar, Ginny Wright, Wink Lewis, Bob Stegall. As such, more obscure titles—particularly rockabilly items—on Abbott and its labels have long remained popular with record collectors. Robison has not been remembered by several of the artists who had business dealings with him. Rick Bass - Nashville Chrome, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,2010 Abbott Records 78 rpm discography Abbott discography and bio Fabor Robinson Biography Bonnie Guitar CMT Biography
11.
Chet Atkins
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Chester Burton Chet Atkins known as Mr. He was primarily known as a guitarist and he also played the mandolin, fiddle, banjo, and ukulele. Atkins signature picking style was inspired by Merle Travis, other major guitar influences were Django Reinhardt, George Barnes, Les Paul, and, later, Jerry Reed. His distinctive picking style and musicianship brought him admirers inside and outside the country scene, among many honors, Atkins received 14 Grammy Awards and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. He also received nine Country Music Association awards for Instrumentalist of the Year and he was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, and the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum. Atkins was born on June 20,1924, in Luttrell, Tennessee and his parents divorced when he was six, after which he was raised by his mother. He was the youngest of three boys and a girl and he started out on the ukulele, later moving on to the fiddle, but traded his brother Lowell an old pistol and some chores for a guitar when he was nine. He stated in his 1974 autobiography, We were so poor, forced to relocate to Fortson, Georgia, outside of Columbus, to live with his father because of a critical asthma condition, Atkins was a sensitive youth who made music his obsession. Because of his illness, he was forced to sleep in a chair to breathe comfortably. On those nights, he played his guitar until he fell asleep holding it, while living in Fortson, he attended the historic Mountain Hill School. He returned in the 1990s to play a series of charity concerts to save the school from demolition, Atkins became an accomplished guitarist while he was in high school. He used the restroom in the school to practice, because it gave better acoustics and his first guitar had a nail for a nut and was so bowed that only the first few frets could be used. He later purchased an electric guitar and amp, but he had to travel many miles to find an electrical outlet. Later in life, he gave himself the honorary degree CGP. In 2011, his daughter Merle Atkins Russell bestowed the CGP degree on his longtime sideman Paul Yandell and she then declared no more CGPs would be allowed by the Atkins estate. His half-brother Jim was a successful guitarist who worked with the Les Paul Trio in New York, Atkins did not have a strong style of his own until 1939, when he heard Merle Travis picking over WLW radio. This early influence dramatically shaped his unique playing style, whereas Traviss right hand used his index finger for the melody and thumb for bass notes, Atkins expanded his right-hand style to include picking with his first three fingers, with the thumb on bass. Chet Atkins was a ham radio general class licensee, formerly using the call sign WA4CZD, he obtained the vanity call sign W4CGP in 1998 to include the CGP designation
12.
Floyd Cramer
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Floyd Cramer was an American Hall of Fame pianist who was one of the architects of the Nashville sound. He was known for his slip note style, in which an out-of-key note slides into the correct note. Cramer was born in Shreveport, Louisiana, and grew up in the town of Huttig. He taught himself to play the piano, after finishing high school, he returned to Shreveport, where he worked as a pianist for the radio show Louisiana Hayride. In 1953, he cut his first single, Dancin Diane, backed with Little Brown Jug, in 1955 he played dates with an emerging talent who would later figure significantly in his career, Elvis Presley. In 1955 Cramer moved to Nashville, where piano accompaniment in music was growing in popularity. By the next year he was, in his words, in day and it was Cramers piano playing, for instance, on Presleys first RCA Victor single, Heartbreak Hotel. However, Cramer remained strictly a player, a virtual unknown to anyone outside the music industry. Cramer had released records under his own name since the early 1950s and became known following the release of Last Date. The instrumental piece exhibited a new concept in piano playing known as the slip note style. The record went to two on the Billboard Hot 100 pop music chart, sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. The song was out of the number 1 position by Elvis Presleys Are You Lonesome Tonight. Interestingly and perhaps ironically, the session pianist for Elviss recording of that #1 song, of the characteristic slip note style, Cramer commented, The style I use mainly is a whole-tone slur which gives more of a lonesome cowboy sound. You hit a note and slide almost simultaneously to another, the origin of the style is uncertain. Cramer also acknowledged the influence of Mother Maybelle Carters autoharp playing, in 1961, Cramer had a hit with On the Rebound, which went to number 4, and number 1 on the UK Singles Chart. Also in 1961, Cramer had a hit with San Antonio Rose, Cramer also performed with them as a member of the Million Dollar Band. Over the years, he continued to balance work with his own albums. Many of these featured standards or popular hits of the era, from 1965 to 1974 he annually recorded a disc of the years biggest hits, entitled Class of
13.
Dottie West
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Dottie West was an American country music singer and songwriter. Along with her friends and fellow recording artists Patsy Cline and Loretta Lynn, she is considered one of the genres most influential and groundbreaking female artists. Dottie Wests career started in the 1960s, with her Top 10 hit, Here Comes My Baby Back Again, which won her the first Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance in 1965. In the early 1970s, West wrote a popular commercial for the Coca-Cola company, titled Country Sunshine and her duet recordings with Rogers, Every Time Two Fools Collide, All I Ever Need Is You, and What Are We Doin in Love, became country music standards. Dottie West was born Dorothy Marie Marsh on October 11,1932, outside McMinnville and she was the first child of ten born to Pelina Artha and William Hollis Marsh. The family was poor and to make ends meet, Pelina opened up a restaurant, dotties father, Hollis Marsh, was an alcoholic who beat and sexually abused her. The abuse continued until she was 17, when she reported him to the local sheriff. She testified against her father in court, and he was sentenced to 40 years in prison, after living with the sheriff for a short time, she moved to McMinnville with her mother and siblings. She also joined her school band, The Cookskins, where she sang. In 1951, she obtained a scholarship to Tennessee Technological University in Cookeville. At the same time, West made numerous trips to Nashville in the hopes of landing a recording deal, in 1959, she and Bill auditioned for producer Don Pierce at Starday, and were immediately offered a contract. West often played hostess to these struggling songwriters, offering them a place to stay, in return, they taught West about the structure of songwriting. During this time, she became a close friend of groundbreaking female country singer Patsy Cline. Cline would become one of Wests biggest career inspirations, as West related to Ellis Nassour in the 1980 book Patsy Cline, the greatest advice Cline ever gave her was, When youre onstage sing to the audience with all of your heart and mean it. Then cast a spell over them, if you cant do it with feeling, then dont. Cline even offered to help pay Wests rent or buy groceries when she, West had asked Cline to ride with her and Bill in their car, but Cline, anxious to get back home to her children, opted to fly instead. In 1963, Jim Reeves recorded a song written by West called Is This Me and it became a No.3 hit that year. As a result, Reeves helped West secure a contract with RCA Victor
14.
Jim Ed Brown
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James Edward Brown was an American country singer-songwriter who achieved fame in the 1950s with his two sisters as a member of the Browns. He later had a solo career from 1965 to 1974, followed by a string of major duet hits with fellow country music vocalist Helen Cornelius. Brown was also the host of the Country Music Greats Radio Show, Brown on April 1,1934 in Sparkman, Arkansas to Floyd and Birdie Brown. His parents owned a farm and his also worked at a sawmill. As small children, Jim and his sisters, Maxine and Bonnie, moved with their parents to Pine Bluff, as young adults, the three siblings sang together and individually. This changed in 1954 when Jim Ed and Maxine signed a contract as a duo. They earned national recognition and a guest spot on Ernest Tubbs radio show for their humorous song Looking Back To See, Jim Ed and Maxine were joined in 1955 by 18-year-old Bonnie, and The Browns began performing on Louisiana Hayride in Shreveport, Louisiana. They signed with RCA Victor in 1956, and soon had two hits, I Take the Chance and I Heard the Bluebirds Sing. When Jim Ed was drafted in 1957, the continued to record while he was on leave. He was stationed at Fort Carson, Colorado, in 1959, The Browns scored their biggest hit when their folk-pop single The Three Bells reached No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop and country charts. The song also peaked at No.10 on Billboards Rhythm, remakes of the pop hits Scarlet Ribbons and The Old Lamplighter continued the hit streak, reaching the top 15 on Billboards Pop and Country surveys. The trio had moderate successes on the music charts for seven years thereafter. In 1963, they joined the Grand Ole Opry and in 1967 the group disbanded, Brown continued to record for RCA Victor and had a number of country hits, starting in 1965 while still with his sisters. In 1967, he released his first solo top ten hit, Pop a Top, beginning in 1969, he also gained his own syndicated TV series The Country Place, which would become famous for introducing Crystal Gayle. In 1970, he gained a hit with Morning which went to No.4 on the country charts. Other hits included Angels Sunday, Southern Loving, Sometime Sunshine, beginning in 1976, Brown released a string of major duet hits with Helen Cornelius starting with the No.1 hit, I Dont Want to Have to Marry You. Brown hosted the country television show Nashville On The Road, along with Jerry Clower, Helen Cornelius. The entire cast was replaced in 1981, the new host, Jim Stafford, kept hosting it until it ended in 1983
15.
Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
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Chartered in 1964, the museum has amassed one of the world’s most extensive musical collections. The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum is one of the world’s largest and most active popular music research centers, through CMF, industry leaders raised money to build the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, which opened on April 1,1967. Located at the head of Music Row, the museum was erected on the site of a small Nashville city park, at this point, artifacts began to be displayed and a small library was begun in a loft above one of the museum’s galleries. At the outset, CMA staff had run the museum, but by 1972 the museum acquired its own small staff, which has steadily increased to over 150 full-time professionals. Building expansion took place in 1974,1977, and 1984 to store and display the museum’s growing collection of costumes, films, historic cars, musical instruments, and other artifacts. To become more accessible, in May 2001 the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum moved to a new,130,000 square feet facility in the heart of downtown Nashville’s arts and entertainment district. In 2014, the museum unveiled a $100 million expansion, doubling its size to 350,000 square feet of galleries, archival storage, education classrooms, retail stores, and special event space. The story is revealed through artifacts, photographs, and text panels, recorded sound, vintage video, sing Me Back Home is enhanced by numerous, rotating limited-engagement exhibits. In addition to the galleries, the museum has the 776-seat CMA Theater, the Taylor Swift Education Center, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum has developed multiple platforms to make its collection accessible to a wider audience. From weekly instrument demonstrations to its flagship songwriting program for schools, Words & Music, the Country Music Hall of Fame honor was created in 1961 by the Country Music Association, the first inductees were Hank Williams, Jimmie Rodgers, and Fred Rose. Roy Acuff, the first living artist to join the Hall of Fame, was elected in 1962, the most recent inductees are Jerry Reed, Don Schlitz and Alan Jackson. Over the Hall of Fame’s history, the number of new members inducted each year has varied from one to twelve, the election procedure is as follows, A small CMA nominating committee drafts slates of candidates from each category, categories have been defined variously over the years. Award recipients are determined through a two-stage balloting process, the first round of voting narrows each category to five candidates, the second round selects winners. The large select committee of electors that votes on Hall of Fame membership is composed of CMA members who have participated in the music industry for at least ten years. New Hall of Fame members receive special recognition in ceremonies at the Country Music Hall of Fame, today the plaques are displayed in a seventy-foot-high rotunda at the museum’s enlarged downtown Nashville facility. The museum’s archival and library storage, allows for the cultivation of the museum’s collection, hundreds of historic musical instruments, featuring Mother Maybelle Carter’s Gibson L-5, Earl Scruggs’s banjo, Bob Wills’ fiddle, and Bill Monroe’s mandolin. Oral histories, scrapbooks, correspondence, fan club newsletters, sheet music, periodicals, iconic Vehicles, Elvis Presley’s 1960 “Solid Gold” Cadillac limousine, Webb Pierce’s 1962 Pontiac Bonneville convertible, and Jerry Reed’s 1980 Pontiac Trans Am from Smokey and the Bandit II. When viewed from the air, the forms a massive bass clef
16.
Texas Country Music Hall of Fame
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This includes singers, songwriters, disc jockeys, and others. A museum, a large room, and a gift shop comprise the major areas of interest within the facility. The multi-purpose room can be configured to serve as a hall or a dining room. It is covered with photographs from local and regional history. The museum contains information panels that cover each inductees career and accomplishments through text, photographs, in the center of the exhibit area, a replica of a 1930s theater marquee reminds visitors of the role of country music in film. A juke box nearby allows visitors to select the songs that they wish to hear played while touring the museum. The marquee serves as the entrance to the Tex Ritter Museum, a native of Panola County, Ritter was one of the first singers inducted into the hall of fame when it was established in 1998. There is also an exhibit on Ritters son, John Ritter. Plans are underway to double the size of the hall of fame in the area immediately to the rear of the building, the museum is located at 301 West Panola near the intersection of U. S. Museum hours are 10 a. m. to 4 p. m. Monday through Saturday, admission is $5 for adults and $3 for children. Every Saturday evening, a Country Music Hayride is offered at the Esquire Theatre in downtown Carthage, list of museums in East Texas Texas Country Music Hall of Fame/Tex Ritter Museum
17.
Carthage, Texas
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Carthage is a city in Panola County, Texas, United States. This city is one hundred and fifty miles southeast of Dallas, the population was 6,779 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Panola County, and is situated in East Texas near the Louisiana state line. According to the United States Census Bureau, Carthage has an area of 10.5 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 6,779 people,2,628 households, the population density was 645.6 people per square mile. There were 2,909 housing units at a density of 277.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 69. 5% White,21. 1% African American,0. 5% Native American,0. 7% Asian,6. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 0% of the population. 30. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.04. In the city, the population was out with 24. 6% under the age of 18,11. 2% from 18 to 24,23. 9% from 25 to 44,24. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35.9 years, for every 100 females there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.8 males, as of the 2000 Census, the median income for a household in the city was $31,822, and the median income for a family was $37,031. Males had an income of $33,080 versus $21,473 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,332, about 11. 8% of families and 13. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15. 2% of those under age 18 and 12. 9% of those age 65 or over. The film Bernie is an account of a celebrated murder in Carthage. The City of Carthage is served by the Carthage Independent School District, there is also the two-year Panola College, a community college located across from Carthage City Hall. The Carthage Bulldogs football team won their state title in six years in 2013 against Kilgore at AT&T Stadium. The Texas Country Music Hall of Fame is located in Carthage, the Jim Reeves Memorial is located just on the outskirts of Carthage, east on U. S.79. Reeves and Ritter were from the unincorporated communities of Galloway and Murvaul
18.
University of Texas at Austin
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Founded in 1881 as The University of Texas, its campus is in Austin, Texas—approximately 1 mile from the Texas State Capitol. The institution has the nations seventh-largest single-campus enrollment, with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty, UT Austin was inducted into the American Association of Universities in 1929, becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected. It is a center for academic research, with research expenditures exceeding $550 million for the 2014–2015 school year. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory, among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, the Wolf Prize, the Emmy Award, the Turing Award, and the National Medal of Science, as well as many other awards. UT Austin student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference and its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university. The first mention of a university in Texas can be traced to the 1827 constitution for the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. Although Title 6, Article 217 of the Constitution promised to establish education in the arts and sciences. On April 18,1838, An Act to Establish the University of Texas was referred to a committee of the Texas Congress. On January 26,1839, the Texas Congress agreed to set aside fifty leagues of land towards the establishment of a publicly funded university, in addition,40 acres in the new capital of Austin were reserved and designated College Hill. In 1845, Texas was annexed into the United States, interestingly, the states Constitution of 1845 failed to mention higher education. On February 11,1858, the Seventh Texas Legislature approved O. B,102, an act to establish the University of Texas, which set aside $100,000 in United States bonds toward construction of the states first publicly funded university. The legislature also designated land reserved for the encouragement of railroad construction toward the universitys endowment, Texas secession from the Union and the American Civil War delayed repayment of the borrowed monies. At the end of the Civil War in 1865, The University of Texas endowment was just over $16,000 in warrants, the more valuable lands reverted to the fund to support general education in the state. The legislature additionally appropriated $256,272.57 to repay the funds taken from the university in 1860 to pay for frontier defense, the 1883 grant of land increased the land in the Permanent University Fund to almost 2.2 million acres. Under the Act of 1858, the university was entitled to just over 1,000 acres of land for every mile of railroad built in the state. On March 30,1881, the legislature set forth the structure and organization. By popular election on September 6,1881, Austin was chosen as the site, galveston, having come in second in the election was designated the location of the medical department. On November 17,1882, on the original College Hill, smite the earth, smite the rocks with the rod of knowledge and fountains of unstinted wealth will gush forth
19.
Houston
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Houston is the most populous city in the state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million within an area of 667 square miles, it also is the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County. Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico, it is the city of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land. Houston was founded on August 28,1836, near the banks of Buffalo Bayou and incorporated as a city on June 5,1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded, the burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the citys population. Houstons economy has an industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics. Leading in health care sectors and building equipment, Houston has more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits than any city except for New York City. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled, the city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has a visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District. In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs from New York, Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen, purchased 6,642 acres of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the general at the Battle of San Jacinto. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the slave trade. New Orleans was the center of trade in the Deep South. Thousands of enslaved African Americans lived near the city before the Civil War, many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. Houston was granted incorporation on June 5,1837, with James S. Holman becoming its first mayor, in the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County and the temporary capital of the Republic of Texas
20.
St. Louis Cardinals
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The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis, Missouri. The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League Central division. Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006, with origins as one of the early professional baseball clubs in St. Upon the discontinuation of the AA, St. Louis joined the NL in 1892, at time, they were called the Browns. One of the most successful franchises in history, the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships. Their 19 National League pennants rank third in NL history, in addition, St. Louis has won 13 division titles in the East and Central divisions. While still in the AA, St. Louis won four league championships, the Cardinals have won 105 or more games in four different seasons and won 100 or more a total of nine times. Cardinals players have won 20 league MVPs, four batting Triple Crowns, and three Cy Young Awards. Baseball Hall of Fame inductees include Lou Brock, Dizzy Dean, Bob Gibson, Whitey Herzog, Rogers Hornsby, Joe Medwick, Stan Musial, Branch Rickey, Red Schoendienst, Ozzie Smith, and Bruce Sutter. In 2016, Forbes valued the Cardinals at $1.6 billion, making them the 7th-most valuable franchise in MLB, their revenue the year was $300 million. Since their purchase in 1995, owner William DeWitt, Jr. s investment group has seen enormous growth from the $147 million purchase price, John Mozeliak is the general manager and Mike Matheny is the manager. Professional baseball began in St. Louis with the inception of the Brown Stockings in the National Association in 1875, the NA folded following that season, and the next season, St. Louis joined the National League as a charter member, finishing in third place at 45-19. George Bradley hurled the first no-hitter in Major League history, the NL expelled St. Louis from the league after 1877 due to a game-fixing scandal and the team went bankrupt. Without a league, they continued play as a barnstorming team through 1881. For the 1882 season, Chris von der Ahe purchased the team, reorganized it, and made it a member of the American Association. 1882 is generally considered to be the first year existence of the St. Louis Cardinals, the next season, St. Louis shortened their name to the Browns. Soon thereafter they became the dominant team in the AA, as manager Charlie Comiskey guided St. Louis to four pennants in a row from 1885 to 1888. Pitcher and outfielder Bob Caruthers led the league in ERA and wins in 1885 and he also led the AA in OBP and OPS in 1886 and finished fourth in batting average in 1886 and fifth in 1887
21.
Sciatic nerve
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The sciatic nerve is a large nerve in humans and other animals. It begins in the back and runs through the buttock. It is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body, the sciatic nerve provides the connection to the nervous system for nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. It is derived from spinal nerves L4 to S3 and it contains fibers from both the anterior and posterior divisions of the lumbosacral plexus. The sciatic nerve is formed from the L4 to S3 segments of the sacral plexus, the fibres unite to form a single nerve in front of the piriformis muscle. The nerve passes beneath piriformis and through the greater sciatic foramen, from here, it travels down the posterior thigh to the popliteal fossa. The nerve travels in the compartment of the thigh behind the adductor magnus muscle. The sciatic nerve supplies sensation to the skin of the foot, sensation to skin to the sole of the foot is provided by the tibial nerve, and the lower leg and upper surface of the foot via the common fibular nerve. The sciatic nerve also innervates muscles, in particular, Via the tibial nerve, the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg and sole of the foot. Via the common peroneal nerve, the muscles in the anterior, pain caused by a compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve by a problem in the lower back is called sciatica. Common causes of sciatica include the lower back and hip conditions, spinal disc herniation, degenerative disc disease, lumbar spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis. Other acute causes of sciatica include coughing, muscular hypertension, sciatic nerve injury occurs between 0. 5% and 2. 0% of the time during total hip arthroplasty. Sciatic nerve palsy is a complication of total hip arthroplasty with an incidence of 0. 2% to 2. 8% of the time, the nerve can be surrounded in oxidized regenerated cellulose to prevent further scarring. Sciatic nerve palsy can also result from spinal stenosis following the procedure. It is unclear if inversion therapy is able to decompress the sacral vertebrae, sciatic nerve exploration can be done by endoscopy in a minimally invasive procedure to assess lesions of the nerve. According to Jewish law, the nerve cannot be eaten
22.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
23.
Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)
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James Charles Jimmie Rodgers was an American country singer in the early 20th century, known most widely for his rhythmic yodeling. Among the first country music superstars and pioneers, Rodgers was also known as The Singing Brakeman, The Blue Yodeler, and The Father of Country Music. In the 1900 Census for Daleville, Lauderdale County, Mississippi, Jimmies mother, Eliza Rodgers, was listed as already having had seven children, Jimmie was next to the youngest at that time, and was probably born sixth of the total of seven children. He eventually returned home to live with his father, Aaron Rodgers, a foreman on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. Rodgers affinity for entertaining came at an age, and the lure of the road was irresistible to him. By age 13, he had organized and begun traveling shows. His father found Rodgers his first job working on the railroad as a water boy, here he was further taught to pick and strum by rail workers and hobos. As a water boy, he would have exposed to the work chants of the African American railroad workers known as gandy dancers. In 1924 at age 27, Rodgers contracted tuberculosis, the disease temporarily ended his railroad career, but at the same time gave him the chance to get back to the entertainment industry. He organized a traveling show and performed across the Southeastern United States until, once again. He returned to work as a brakeman in Miami, Florida. He relocated to Tucson, Arizona, and was employed as a switchman by the Southern Pacific Railroad and he kept the job for less than a year, and the Rodgers family settled back in Meridian in early 1927. Rodgers decided to travel to Asheville, North Carolina, later that same year, on April 18,1927, at 9,30 pm, Jimmie, and Otis Kuykendall, performed for the first time on WWNC, Ashevilles first radio station. A few months later, Rodgers recruited a group from Bristol, Tennessee, called the Tenneva Ramblers, in late July 1927, Rodgers bandmates learned that Ralph Peer, a representative of the Victor Talking Machine Company, was coming to Bristol to hold an audition for local musicians. Rodgers and the group arrived in Bristol on August 3,1927, Peer agreed to record them the next day. As the band discussed how they would be billed on the record, an argument ensued, the broke up. However, in an interview, Claude Grant of the Tenneva Ramblers gave a totally different reason for the bands breakup. Rodgers had taken some guitars on consignment and he sold them but did not pay back the music stores which supplied the guitars
24.
Bing Crosby
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Harry Lillis Bing Crosby, Jr. was an American singer and actor. The first multimedia star, from 1931 to 1954 Crosby was a leader in sales, radio ratings. His early career coincided with technical recording innovations such as the microphone and this allowed him to develop a laid-back, intimate singing style that influenced many of the popular male singers who followed him, including Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, Dick Haymes, and Dean Martin. Also in 1948, the Music Digest estimated that Crosby recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music, in 1963, Crosby received the first Grammy Global Achievement Award. He is one of only 33 people to have three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the categories of motion pictures, radio, Crosby influenced the development of the postwar recording industry. He became the first performer to pre-record his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto magnetic tape. In addition to his work with early tape recording, he helped to finance the development of videotape, bought television stations, bred racehorses, Crosby died at the age of 74 on October 14,1977, from a sudden heart attack in Alcobendas, Spain. Crosby was born on May 2,1903 in Tacoma, Washington, in 1906, Crosbys family moved to Spokane, and in 1913, Crosbys father built a house at 508 E. Sharp Avenue. The house now sits on the campus of Crosbys alma mater Gonzaga University and he was the fourth of seven children, brothers Larry, Everett, Ted, and Bob, and two sisters, Catherine and Mary Rose. His parents were Harry Lowe Crosby, Sr. a bookkeeper, Crosbys mother was a second generation Irish-American. In 1910, seven-year-old Harry Crosby Jr. was forever renamed, the Sunday edition of the Spokesman-Review published a feature called The Bingville Bugle. Written by humorist Newton Newkirk, The Bingville Bugle was a parody of a hillbilly newsletter filled with gossipy tidbits, minstrel quips, creative spelling, and mock ads. A neighbor, 15-year-old Valentine Hobart, shared Crosbys enthusiasm for The Bugle, and noting Crosbys laugh, took a liking to him, eventually, the last vowel was dropped and the nickname stuck. Crosby later described Jolsons delivery as electric, Crosby graduated from Gonzaga High School in 1920 and enrolled at Gonzaga University. He attended Gonzaga for three years, but did not earn a bachelors degree, as a freshman, he played on the universitys baseball team. The university granted him a doctorate in 1937. In 1923, Crosby was invited to join a new band composed of school students a few years younger than himself. Al Rinker, Miles Rinker, James Heaton, Claire Pritchard and Robert Pritchard, along with drummer Crosby, formed the Musicaladers, the group performed on Spokane radio station KHQ, but disbanded after two years
25.
Eddy Arnold
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Richard Edward Eddy Arnold was an American country music singer who performed for six decades. He was a so-called Nashville sound innovator of the late 1950s and he sold more than 85 million records. A member of the Grand Ole Opry and the Country Music Hall of Fame, Arnold was born on May 15,1918, on a farm near Henderson, Tennessee. His father, a sharecropper, played the fiddle, while his mother played guitar, Arnolds father died when he was just 11, forcing him to leave school and begin helping on the family farm. This led to him later gaining his nickname—the Tennessee Plowboy, one of his brothers, PFC John Hendrix Arnold, fought in World War II and died in the Normandy landings. Arnold attended Pinson High School in Pinson, Tennessee, where he played guitar for school functions and he quit before graduation to help with the farm work, but continued performing, often arriving on a mule with his guitar hung on his back. Arnold also worked part-time as an assistant at a mortuary, in 1934, at age 16, Arnold debuted musically on WTJS-AM in Jackson, Tennessee, and obtained a job there during 1937. He performed at nightclubs and was a permanent performer for the station. During 1938, he was hired by WMPS-AM in Memphis, Tennessee and he soon quit for KWK-AM in St. Louis, Missouri, followed by a brief stint at WHAS-AM in Louisville, Kentucky. He performed for WSM on the Grand Ole Opry during 1943 as a solo artist, in 1944, Arnold signed a contract with RCA Victor, with manager Colonel Tom Parker, who later managed Elvis Presley. Arnolds first single was noticed, but the next, Each Minute Seems a Million Years. Its success began a decade of unprecedented chart performance, Arnolds next 57 singles all ranked in the top 10, in 1946, Arnold scored his first major success with Thats How Much I Love You. In 1948, he had five songs on the charts simultaneously. That year, he had nine songs in the top 10, five of these were number one, with Parkers management, Arnold continued to dominate, with 13 of the 20 best-scoring country music songs of 1947–1948. He became the host of Mutual Radios Purina-sponsored segment of the Opry and of Mutuals Checkerboard Jamboree, recorded radio programs increased Arnolds popularity, as did the CBS Radio series Hometown Reunion with the Duke of Paducah. Arnold quit the Opry during 1948, and his Hometown Reunion briefly broadcast in competition with the Opry on Saturday nights, in 1949 and 1950, he performed in the Columbia movies Feudin’ Rhythm and Hoedown. Arnold began working for television in the early 1950s, hosting The Eddy Arnold Show, the summer program was broadcast successively by all three television networks, replacing the Perry Como and Dinah Shore programs. He also performed as a guest and a guest host on the ABC-TV show Ozark Jubilee from 1955–60, Arnold featured in the syndicated Eddy Arnold Time from 1955 to 1957
26.
Frank Sinatra
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Francis Albert Sinatra was an American singer, actor, and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century. He is one of the music artists of all time. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to Italian immigrants, Sinatra began his career in the swing era with bandleaders Harry James. Sinatra found success as a solo artist after he signed with Columbia Records in 1943 and he released his debut album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, in 1946. Sinatras professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, and he turned to Las Vegas and his career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity, with his performance subsequently winning an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. Sinatra released several critically lauded albums, including In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Only the Lonely and Nice n Easy. Sinatra left Capitol in 1960 to start his own label, Reprise Records. It was followed by 1968s collaboration with Duke Ellington, using his Las Vegas shows as a home base, he toured both within the United States and internationally until a short time before his death in 1998. Sinatra forged a successful career as a film actor. After winning an Academy Award for From Here to Eternity, he starred in The Man with the Golden Arm and he appeared in various musicals such as On the Town, Guys and Dolls, High Society, and Pal Joey, winning another Golden Globe for the latter. Toward the end of his career, he associated with playing detectives. Sinatra would later receive the Golden Globe Cecil B, on television, The Frank Sinatra Show began on ABC in 1950, and he continued to make appearances on television throughout the 1950s and 1960s. While Sinatra never formally learned how to read music, he had a natural, intuitive understanding of it, a perfectionist, renowned for his impeccable dress sense and cleanliness, he always insisted on recording live with his band. His bright blue eyes earned him the popular nickname Ol Blue Eyes, Sinatra led a colorful personal life, and was often involved in turbulent affairs with women, such as with his second wife Ava Gardner. He went on to marry Mia Farrow in 1966 and Barbara Marx in 1976, Sinatra had several violent confrontations, usually with journalists he felt had crossed him, or work bosses with whom he had disagreements. He was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1983, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985, Sinatra was also the recipient of eleven Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Trustees Award, Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. After his death, American music critic Robert Christgau called him the greatest singer of the 20th century, Francis Albert Sinatra was born on December 12,1915, in an upstairs tenement at 415 Monroe Street in Hoboken, New Jersey. He was the child of Italian immigrants Antonino Martino Marty Sinatra
27.
KWKH
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KWKH is a sports radio station serving Shreveport, Louisiana. The 50-kilowatt station broadcasts at 1130 kHz, formerly owned by Clear Channel Communications and Gap Central Broadcasting, it is now owned by Townsquare Media. Its studios are shared with its five sister stations in West Shreveport. KWKH is no longer the local affiliate of the New Orleans Saints, a 50, 000-watt clear-channel station, KWKH can be heard across much of the central portion of North America at night. The stations studios are located at 6341 West Port Avenue in Shreveport, Hendersons family came to Shreveport in the 1890s. The broadcaster initially enjoyed the patronage of Governor Huey P. Long, Jr. whose son, Long, was born in 1918 in Shreveport. Ultimately, the outspoken Henderson lost Longs support and his license as well. KWKHs future came into question in December 1932 when Henderson filed for personal bankruptcy, an article in the trade publication Broadcasting reported that the bankruptcy may be made an issue at a hearing involving the KWKH license renewal to be held probably in February. At that time, KWKH operated on 850 kHz, the frequency as WWL in New Orleans. WWL had applied for status, and a local insurance company had applied for the 850 kHz frequency in Shreveport. On May 28,1935, the Federal Communications Commission approved transfer of ownership of KWKH to the Times Publishing Company Ltd. of Shreveport. Broadcasting magazine reported, KWKH is listed as being assigned to 850 kc. with 10,000 watts, the company simultaneously became the owner of KWEA in Shreveport, which operated on 1210 kHz with 100 W. In the mid-1950s, KWKH was the first major station to feature the music of Elvis Presley on its long-running Louisiana Hayride program at the Shreveport Municipal Auditorium. Horace Logan, long-term KWKH Program Manager and originator of the Hayride, introduced Presley to the Louisiana Hayride, W. K. Hendersons son, William Carter Henderson, Sr. was one of the founders of KSLA-TV, the CBS affiliate in Shreveport. Bill Henderson, Jr. was active in estate management for his familys Henderson Properties Company. Prior to 1952, the station had been owned by the family of newspaper publisher John D. Ewing of Shreveport, the station carried games for the Shreveport Steamer during the 1974 World Football League season. Larry King was the commentator for the Steamer games. Lloyd E. Lenard, later a member of the Caddo Parish Commission and he also spoke before various civic clubs and schools on themes of patriotism and history
28.
Shreveport, Louisiana
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Shreveport is the third-largest city in the state of Louisiana and the 113th-largest city in the United States. It is the seat of Caddo Parish and extends along the Red River into neighboring Bossier Parish, Bossier City is separated from Shreveport by the Red River. The population of Shreveport was 199,311 in 2010, the Shreveport-Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area ranks 111th in the United States, according to the United States Census Bureau. Shreveport is the commercial and cultural center of the Ark-La-Tex region, where Arkansas, Louisiana, Shreveport was established to launch a town at the meeting point of the Red River and the Texas Trail. The Red River was cleared and made navigable by Captain Henry Miller Shreve. A 180-mile-long natural log jam, the Great Raft, had previously obstructed passage to shipping, Shreve used a specially modified riverboat, the Heliopolis, to remove the log jam. The company and the village of Shreve Town were named in Shreves honor, Shreve Town was originally contained within the boundaries of a section of land sold to the company by the indigenous Caddo Indians in 1835. In 1838 Caddo Parish was created from the large Natchitoches Parish, on March 20,1839, the town was incorporated as Shreveport. Originally, the town consisted of 64 city blocks, created by eight streets running west from the Red River and eight streets running south from Cross Bayou, Shreveport soon became a center of steamboat commerce, mostly cotton and agricultural crops. Shreveport also had a market, though slave trading was not as widespread as in other parts of the state. Steamboats plied the Red River, and stevedores loaded and unloaded cargo, by 1860, Shreveport had a population of 2,200 free people and 1,300 slaves within the city limits. During the American Civil War, Shreveport was the capital of Louisiana from 1863 to 1865, having succeeded Baton Rouge, the city was a Confederate stronghold throughout the war and was the site of the headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate Army. Fort Albert Sidney Johnston was built on a ridge northwest of the city, because of limited development in that area, the site is relatively undisturbed. Confederate President Jefferson Davis tried to flee to Shreveport, intending to go down the Mississippi, throughout the war, women in Shreveport did much to assist the soldiers fighting mostly far to the east. Winters writes of them in The Civil War in Louisiana, The women of Shreveport and vicinity labored long hours over their sewing machines to provide their men with adequate underclothing, joined by others, the Society collected blankets for the wounded and gave concerts and tableaux to raise funds. Tickets were sold for a ring given by the mercantile house of Hyams. A Confederate minstrel show gave two performances to raise money for the war effort in Shreveport in December 1862, the Shreveport Ladies Aid Society announced a grand dress ball for April 6,1863. That same month students at the Mansfield Female College in Mansfield in De Soto Parish presented a vocal and instrumental concert to support the war, the Red River, which had been opened by Shreve in the 1830s, remained navigable throughout the Civil War
29.
Louisiana Hayride
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Elvis Presley performed on the radio version of the program in 1954 and made his first television appearance on the television version of Louisiana Hayride on March 3,1955. First broadcast on April 3,1948 from the Municipal Auditorium in downtown Shreveport, Horace Hoss Logan was the original producer, the show was soon made into a Broadway attraction called Louisiana Hayride. Within a year of its debut, the program was so popular that a regional 25-station network was set up to broadcast portions of the show, the flagship station of the program was KWKH/1130 in Shreveport. Horace Logan continued to produce Louisiana Hayride until 1957, in 1999, Logan published a book about the Hayride that received acclaim from reviewers such as Publishers Weekly and Kirkus Reviews. Beginning with the successful first show on April 3,1948, while the Opry, the Jubilee and the Hayride all showcased established stars, the Hayride was where talented, but virtual unknowns, were also given exposure to a large audience. By mid-1954, a special 30-minute portion of Louisiana Hayride was being broadcast every Saturday on the AFN Pacific channel of the United Kingdom Scottish Forces Radio Network, on October 16 of that year, Elvis Presley appeared on the radio program. On March 3,1955, Presley made his first television appearance on the version of The Louisiana Hayride, carried by KSLA-TV. Within a few years, rock and roll had come to dominate the music scene, however, KWKH continued to use the Louisiana Hayride name for packaged music tours throughout the 1960s on a bi-weekly, monthly or quarterly basis, finally ending operations entirely in 1969. In August 1974, Shreveport businessman David Kent mounted a country music show originally called Hayride U. S. A. which was retitled Louisiana Hayride in 1975 after KWKH agreed to let Kent use the name. Barney Cannon, a KWKH deejay, became a specialist on the history of music, KWKH. In August 2009, the Louisiana Hayride was inducted into The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame, in 2009, after several years of litigation over the Louisiana Hayride name and trademark, a federal court ruled that Margaret Lewis Warwick owned the rights to the name. As of May 31,2012, KWKH had changed to a sports format and ceased producing the classic country music format reminiscent of the Hayride era
30.
Frank Page (broadcaster)
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The Hayride was presented weekly from 1948 until 1960 at the Shreveport Municipal Auditorium, it was akin to Shreveports temporary alternative to the permanent Grand Ole Opry of Nashville, Tennessee. Page was born in Malvern in Hot Spring County, Arkansas, a son of Raymond Foster Page and he attended school in Harlingen, Texas, Malvern, and North Little Rock, Arkansas. He enrolled in school in the capital city of Little Rock. On December 7,1941, Page was broadcasting at the time of the Attack on Pearl Harbor, in 1943, he enlisted in the United States Army during World War II. He was assigned briefly at the end of the war to Armed Forces Radio in Berlin, in 1945, while being transported home on a Greek vessel, Page was shipwrecked in the North Atlantic. In 1946, he returned to KLRA but he and his announcing partner and his next and permanent stint brought him to Shreveport on Thanksgiving Day 1947. Page joined the staff of KWKH, named for broadcast pioneer W. K. Henderson, in 1949, he began announcing the Louisiana Hayride. In the broadcasting business, Page was known for courtesy, humility, CBS Sports announcer Tim Brando, who was reared in Shreveport, recalls having known Page as a longtime friend of his family. The Pages landlady was Mrs. F. A. Bewley, Page and Davis became lifelong friends. A member of the County Music DJ Hall of Fame, Page was a recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Louisiana Association of Broadcasters, in 2009, he was inducted into the Wall of Fame in Shreveport. Page worked closely with KWKH personality Louise Alley, who in 1978 established her own advertising agency which she operated until 2012 in her city of Shreveport. In 2011, Page was named one of Five Living Legends of Shreveport by Danny Fox of KWKH radio, others named were Bob Griffin of KSLA and KTBS-TV, James Burton, Hank Williams, Jr. and Claude King, who like Page died in 2013. Page died in a Shreveport hospital of a respiratory infection. He was survived by his wife of sixty-eight years, the former Helen Hulett, the couple had a daughter, Patti Lea Stephens and husband Ronald W. Stephens and grandson Christopher P. Stephens, all of Littleton, Colorado. Page was survived too by his brother, Larry Page and his wife, Mary Ann, Page is interred at Forest Park East Cemetery in Shreveport
31.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
32.
Sleepy LaBeef
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Sleepy LaBeef is the stage name of Thomas Paulsley LaBeff, an American rockabilly musician. LaBeef was born in Smackover, Arkansas, the youngest of 10 children and he received the nickname Sleepy as the result of a lazy eye. He moved to Houston, Texas, when he was 18, there, he sang gospel music on local radio and put together a bar band to play venues as well as radio programs such as the Houston Jamboree and Louisiana Hayride. In the 1950s, as the component of rock and roll became evident, LaBeef began recording singles in the genre, his first. In 1964, he moved to Nashville and moved to a more country style. His first genuine hit was 1968s Every Day, which peaked at No.73 on the U. S. Billboard Country charts, after moving to Plantation Records in 1969, he scored a second hit in 1971 with Blackland Farmer, which charted at No.67. Around this time LaBeef also starred in the horror movie The Exotic Ones, LaBeef transferred to Sun Records in the 1970s and continued releasing albums and touring widely, his popularity flagged in America but rose in Europe. The 1980s saw him sign to Rounder Records, where he released albums into the 1990s, in January 2012, LaBeef traveled to Nashville to record a film a live concert and record in historic RCA Studio B, all produced by noted bassist Dave Pomeroy. A documentary/concert DVD, Sleepy LaBeef Rides Again and soundtrack CD was released on April 22,2013 by Earwave Records
33.
Hank Williams
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Hiram King Hank Williams, was an American singer-songwriter and musician. Born in Mount Olive, Butler County, Alabama, Williams moved to Georgiana, where he met Rufus Payne, Payne had a major influence on Williams later musical style, along with Roy Acuff and Ernest Tubb. During this time, Williams informally changed his name to Hank and he moved to Montgomery, where he began his music career in 1937, when producers at radio station WSFA hired him to perform and host a 15-minute program. He formed as backup the Drifting Cowboys band, which was managed by his mother, Williams eventually married Audrey Sheppard, who was his manager for nearly a decade. After recording Never Again and Honky Tonkin with Sterling Records, he signed a contract with MGM Records, in 1947 he released Move It on Over, which became a hit, and also joined the Louisiana Hayride radio program. One year later, he released a cover of Lovesick Blues, after an initial rejection, Williams joined the Grand Ole Opry. He was unable to read or notate music to any significant degree, among the hits he wrote were Your Cheatin Heart, Hey, Good Lookin, and Im So Lonesome I Could Cry. Several years of pain, alcoholism, and prescription drug abuse severely damaged Williams health. He divorced Sheppard and was dismissed by the Grand Ole Opry because of his unreliability, Williams died on New Years Day of 1953 at the age of 29, from heart failure exacerbated by pills and alcohol. Despite his short life, Williams had a influence on 20th-century popular music. The songs he wrote and recorded have been covered by artists and have been hits in various genres. He has been inducted into multiple halls of fame, such as the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Williams was born in Butler County, Alabama, the son of Jessie Lillybelle Lillie and his parents married on November 12,1916. Hank Williams was of English ancestry, Elonzo Williams worked as an engineer for the railroads of the W. T. Smith lumber company. He was drafted during World War I, serving from July 1918 until June 1919 and he was severely injured after falling from a truck, breaking his collarbone and suffering a severe blow to the head. After his return, the familys first child, Irene, was born on August 8,1922, another son of theirs died shortly after birth. Their third child, Hiram, was born on September 17,1923, in Mount Olive. Since Elonzo Williams was a Mason, and his wife was a member of Order of the Eastern Star the child was named after Hiram I of Tyre, as a child, he was nicknamed Harm by his family and Herky or Poots by his friends
34.
Jerry Lee Lewis
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Jerry Lee Lewis is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and pianist, often known by his nickname, The Killer. He has been described as rock & rolls first great wild man, a pioneer of rock and roll and rockabilly music, Lewis made his first recordings in 1956 at Sun Records in Memphis. Crazy Arms sold 300,000 copies in the South, and he followed this with Great Balls of Fire, Breathless and High School Confidential. However, Lewiss rock and roll career faltered in the wake of his marriage to his 13-year-old first cousin once removed when he was 23 years old and he had minimal success in the charts following the scandal, and his popularity quickly eroded. His live performance fees plummeted from $10,000 per night to $250, in the meantime he was determined to gain back some of his popularity. In the early 1960s, he did not have much success, with few exceptions. His live performances at this time were increasingly wild and energetic and his 1964 live album Live at the Star Club, Hamburg is regarded by music journalists and fans as one of the wildest and greatest live rock albums ever. In 1968 Lewis made a transition into country music and had hits with such as Another Place. His No.1 country hits included To Make Love Sweeter for You, There Must Be More to Love Than This, Would You Take Another Chance on Me and Me and Bobby McGee. Lewiss successes continued throughout the decade and he embraced his rock and roll past with songs such as a cover of the Big Boppers Chantilly Lace, in the 21st century Lewis continues to tour around the world and still releases new albums. His album Last Man Standing is his best selling to date and this was followed by Mean Old Man, which has received some of the best sales of Lewiss career. Lewis has a dozen gold records in rock and country. He won several Grammy awards, including a Lifetime Achievement Award, Lewis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986, and his pioneering contribution to the genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He was also a member of the inaugural class inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame, in 1989, his life was chronicled in the movie Great Balls of Fire, starring Dennis Quaid. In 2003, Rolling Stone listed his box set All Killer, No Filler, in 2004, they ranked him number 24 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Lewis is the last surviving member of Sun Records Million Dollar Quartet and the Class of 55 album and his parents mortgaged their farm to buy him a piano. Lewis was influenced by an older cousin, Carl McVoy, the radio, and the sounds from Haneys Big House. On the live album By Request, More of the Greatest Live Show on Earth and he was also influenced by the Great American Songbook and popular country singers like Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams
35.
Maxine Brown (country singer)
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Maxine Brown is an American country music singer who was originally a member of the successful 1950s trio the Browns, before a brief solo career. Brown was born in Campti, Louisiana to Floyd and Birdie Brown, while still a toddler, her family moved to a farm near Pine Bluff, Arkansas. Encouraged by her parents, she began singing and performing at local venues, Brown signed a recording contract in 1954 with RCA Records as half of a duo with younger brother Jim Ed Brown. They earned national recognition and a guest spot on Ernest Tubbs radio show for their humorous song Looking Back to See, in 1955, younger sister Bonnie Brown joined Maxine and Jim Ed to create the trio group, the Browns. They scored their biggest hit when their folk-pop single The Three Bells reached No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop, in December of that same year, Scarlet Ribbons proved to be a successful follow up single, just missing the top ten. The Old Lamplighter was next in 1960, another highlight for the group came in 1963, when they were inducted into Nashvilles Grand Ole Opry. Brown is now the surviving member of the defunct trio following the deaths of brother Jim Ed in 2015. Brown had a solo career during the late 1960s, releasing a single. Her autobiography, Looking Back to See, was published in 2005 by The University of Arkansas Press and it delivered an account of the American country music business in the 1950s and 1960s. The Browns at Allmusic. com The Browns at CMT. com
36.
The Wilburn Brothers
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The Wilburn Brothers were a popular American country music duo from the 1950s to the 1970s consisting of brothers Virgil Doyle Wilburn and Thurman Theodore Teddy Wilburn. The brothers were born in Hardy, Arkansas and they first attracted attention as child performers, beginning in 1937, in an act called The Wilburn Children, Roy Acuff discovered them and brought them to the Grand Ole Opry in 1940. Due to federal labor laws, the Wilburns were forced to leave the Opry after six months. After growing up, they continued to travel and were regulars on the similar Louisiana Hayride program in Shreveport from 1948 until 1951. After the family act disbanded, and the brothers served stints in the US Army during the Korean War, they continued in 1953 as The Wilburn Brothers touring with Faron Young and Webb Pierce. They signed with Decca Records in May 1954 and had their first hit record the year titled Sparkling Brown Eyes. Other notable hits include Go Away With Me, Which One Is To Blame, Troubles Back In Town, Its Another World, in 1956, the Wilburns were offered the chance to record Heartbreak Hotel before Elvis Presley. After hearing the song they decided against recording it, describing it as strange, in addition to being successful artists, the Wilburns formed the Sure-Fire Music Publishing Company in 1957, as well as the Wil-Helm Talent Agency in the early 1960s. They were instrumental in launching the careers of many country music legends, most notably Loretta Lynn, Lynn was the girl singer of the Wilburns touring show between 1960 and 1968 and she made weekly appearances on their syndicated television show from 1963 to 1971. They also helped develop the career of Patty Loveless between 1973 and 1975 by having her tour with them on weekends and during school breaks. The Wilburn Brothers had a television program, The Wilburn Brothers Show. Reruns can still be seen on the cable network RFD-TV and in the UK on Rural TV and they were Opry members from 1953 until the time of Doyles death from cancer in 1982. Teddy continued with the Opry as a solo artist until his death in 2003 and they are both buried in the Nashville National Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee. Country Music Culture, From Hard Times To Heaven, University Press of Mississippi Hefley, country Music Comin Home, Hannibal Books Hoffman, Frank W. - Ferstler, Howard, Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound, Volume 1, CRC Press Allmusic entry
37.
Grand Ole Opry
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The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly country-music stage concert in Nashville, Tennessee, which was founded on November 28,1925, by George D. Hay as a one-hour radio barn dance on WSM, currently owned and operated by Opry Entertainment, it is the longest-running radio broadcast in US history, albeit not the longest-running one on a radio network. It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio, the Oprys current primary slogan is The Show that Made Country Music Famous. Other slogans include Home of American Music and Country’s Most Famous Stage, in the 1930s the show began hiring professionals and expanded to four hours, and WSM, broadcasting by then with 50,000 watts, made the program a Saturday night musical tradition in nearly 30 states. In 1939, it debuted nationally on NBC Radio, the Opry moved to a permanent home, the Ryman Auditorium, in 1943. As it developed in importance, so did the city of Nashville, the Grand Ole Opry holds such significance in Nashville that its name is included on the city/county line signs on all major roadways. The signs read Music City|Metropolitan Nashville Davidson County|Home of the Grand Ole Opry, membership in the Opry remains one of country musics crowning achievements. Such country music legends as Hank Williams, Patsy Cline, Marty Robbins, Roy Acuff, since 1974, the show has been broadcast from the Grand Ole Opry House east of downtown Nashville, with an annual three-month winter foray back to the Ryman since 1999. Performances have been televised in addition to the radio programs. The Grand Ole Opry started as the WSM Barn Dance in the new radio studio of the National Life & Accident Insurance Company in downtown Nashville on November 28,1925. On October 18,1925, management began a program featuring Dr. Humphrey Bate, on November 2, WSM hired long-time announcer and program director George D. Hay launched the WSM Barn Dance with 77-year-old fiddler Uncle Jimmy Thompson on November 28,1925, judge Hay, however, liked the Fruit Jar Drinkers and asked them to appear last on each show because he wanted to always close each segment with red hot fiddle playing. They were the band accepted on Barn Dance, with the Crook Brothers being the first. When the Opry began having square dancers on the show, the Fruit Jar Drinkers always played for them, in 1926, Uncle Dave Macon, a Tennessee banjo player who had recorded several songs and toured the vaudeville circuit, became its first real star. The phrase Grand Ole Opry was first uttered on the air on December 10,1927, at the time, Barn Dance followed the NBC Red Networks Music Appreciation Hour, a program of classical music and selections from grand opera presented by classical conductor Walter Damrosch. On that particular night, Damrosch had remarked that there is no place in the classics for realism, in response, Opry presenter George Hay said, Friends, the program which just came to a close was devoted to the classics. Doctor Damrosch told us there is no place in the classics for realism. However, from here on out for the three hours, we will present nothing but realism
38.
Ozark Jubilee
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The weekly live stage show premiered on ABC-TV on January 22,1955, was renamed Country Music Jubilee on July 6,1957, and was finally named Jubilee USA on August 2,1958. Originating from the heart of the Ozarks, the Saturday night variety series helped popularize country music in Americas cities and suburbs, the ABC Radio version was heard by millions more starting in August 1954. A typical program included a mix of vocal and instrumental performances, comedy routines, square dancing, the host was Red Foley, the nations top country music personality. Other featured cast members were Webb Pierce, Bobby Lord, Leroy Van Dyke, Norma Jean, the Jubilee was canceled after almost six years as rock and roll grew in popularity, and in part because of publicity surrounding tax evasion charges against Foley, who was later acquitted. On September 24,1960, the final telecast, like the first in 1955, the program concluded with him performing May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You. The series was voted Best Country Music Show by Fame magazines annual TV critics poll in 1957 and 1960, in 1961, NBC-TV carried a spin-off, Five Star Jubilee. The first country program on network television was Village Barn. NBC and later ABC also aired Midwestern Hayride, the shows, however, were generally short-lived summer replacements and had few if any well-known performers. Ozark Jubilee was the first network TV program to feature Americas top country music stars, at five years, eight months it also holds the record for the longest-running country music series on network television. 1954–55 season Starting January 22,1955, Saturday, 9–10 p. m. Starting July 2,1955, Saturday,7, 30–9 p. m. 1955–56 season, Saturday,7, 30–9 p. m. 1956–57 season Starting October 4,1956, Thursday, 10–11 p. m. Starting December 29,1956, Saturday, 8–9 p. m. 1957–58 season, Saturday, 8–9 p. m. 1958–59 season Starting September 29,1958, Monday, 8–8,30 p. m. Starting November 1,1958, Saturday, 8–9 p. m. 1959–60 season Starting October 3,1959, Saturday, 10–11 p. m. – September 24,1960 From October 15,1955 to September 15,1956, from March through September 1956, the Junior Jubilee edition aired in the 7, 30–8 p. m. time slot. In contrast to many series which went on summer hiatus. Their stable of country music shows and talent grew, and Foster believed Springfield could dethrone Nashville to become the crossroads of country music and he realized television was the key, and named his new company Crossroads TV Productions, Inc. with Siman and John B. A financial backer was local businessman Lester E. Cox, in December 1953, they launched Ozark Jubilee on Springfields KYTV-TV. In April 1954, after negotiations, Siman lured Red Foley from Nashville to host the show with a one-year contract
39.
Baritone
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A baritone is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the bass and the tenor voice types. It is the most common male voice, the baritone voice type is generally divided into the baryton-Martin baritone, lyric baritone, Kavalierbariton, Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, baryton-noble baritone, and the bass-baritone. The first use of the term baritone emerged as baritonans, late in the 15th century, at this early stage it was frequently used as the lowest of the voices, but in 17th-century Italy the term was all-encompassing and used to describe the average male choral voice. Baritones took roughly the range as it is today at the beginning of the 18th century. Indeed, many works of the 18th century have roles marked as bass that in reality are low baritone roles. Examples of this are to be found, for instance, in the operas, the greatest and most enduring parts for baritones in 18th-century operatic music were composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. They include Count Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro, Guglielmo in Così fan tutte, Papageno in The Magic Flute and these included the likes of Filippo Galli, Giovanni Inchindi, and Henri-Bernard Dabadie. The basse-taille and the bass were commonly confused because their roles were sometimes sung by singers of either actual voice part. The bel canto style of vocalism which arose in Italy in the early 19th century supplanted the castrato-dominated opera seria of the previous century and it led to the baritone being viewed as a separate voice category from the bass. More often than not, however, baritones found themselves portraying villains, the principal composers of bel canto opera are considered to be, Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti, Vincenzo Bellini, Giacomo Meyerbeer, and the young Giuseppe Verdi. Figaro in Il barbiere is often called the first true baritone role, however, Donizetti and Verdi in their vocal writing went on to emphasize the top fifth of the baritone voice, rather than its lower notes—thus generating a more brilliant sound. The major international baritone of the first half of the 19th century was the Italian Antonio Tamburini and he was a famous Don Giovanni in Mozarts eponymous opera as well as being a Bellini and Donizetti specialist. Commentators praised his voice for its beauty, flexibility and smooth tonal emission, Tamburinis range, however, was probably closer to that of a bass-baritone than to that of a modern Verdi baritone. His French equivalent was Henri-Bernard Dabadie, who was a mainstay of the Paris Opera between 1819 and 1836 and the creator of several major Rossinian baritone roles, including Guillaume Tell. Dabadie sang in Italy, too, where he originated the role of Belcore in Lelisir damore in 1832, the most important of Tamburinis Italianate successors were all Verdians. In France, Paul Barroilhet succeeded Dabadie as the Paris operas best known baritone, like Dabadie, he also sang in Italy and created an important Donizetti role, in his case, Alphonse in La favorite. Antonio Pini-Corsi was the standout Italian buffo baritone in the period between about 1880 and World War I, reveling in comic roles by Rossini, Donizetti and Paer. In 1893, he created the part of Ford in Verdis last opera, notable among their contemporaries were the cultured and technically adroit French baritones Jean Lassalle, Victor Maurel, Paul Lhérie, and Maurice Renaud
40.
Blue Christmas (song)
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Blue Christmas is a Christmas song written by Billy Hayes and Jay W. Johnson and most famously performed by Elvis Presley. It is a tale of unrequited love during the holidays and is a staple of Christmas music. Both Morgans and Winterhalters versions featured a shorter pop edit of the original lyrics, Elvis Presley cemented the status of Blue Christmas as a rock-and-roll holiday classic by recording it for his 1957 LP Elvis Christmas Album. In addition to contributing to the tone of the song. Presleys original 1957 version was released as a commercially available single for the first time in 1964 and this single was also a hit in the United Kingdom, reaching No.11 on the British singles chart during the week of 26 December 1964. A track on The Beach Boys Christmas Album, the Beach Boys version reached No.3 on the US Christmas charts, but did not chart in the UK. Following the success of Presleys version, the song has been recorded by a host of rock and country artists,1960, The Browns version peaked at No.97 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in December 1960. 2016, The Lumineers did a cover,2016, Black Stone Cherry did a cover
41.
Music recording sales certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
