1.
Jorge Sampaio
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Jorge Fernando Branco de Sampaio, GColTE, GCIH, GColL is a Portuguese lawyer and politician who was the 18th President of Portugal from 1996 to 2006. Sampaio was born in Lisbon on 18 September 1939, the Sampaio family lived abroad in the United States and the United Kingdom for some years, due to the professional activity of his father Arnaldo de Sampaio, a medical doctor. His mother was Fernanda Bensaúde Branco and he started his political career as college student of the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon. Jorge Sampaio was involved in the student contestation against the fascist regime and was leader of the Lisbon students union between 1960 and 1961, following his graduation in 1961, Jorge Sampaio started a notable career as a lawyer, often involved in the defence of many political prisoners. His brother is the teenage-psychiatrist and writer Daniel Sampaio and he married firstly a medical doctor named Karin Schmidt Dias, daughter of António Jorge Dias and his German wife, Margot Schmidt. The couple had no issue and later divorced, after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, Sampaio funded Movimento de Esquerda Socialista but abandoned the political project soon after. In 1978 he joined the Socialist Party, where he has associated with the partys left wing. He was first elected to Parliament as a deputy for Lisbon in 1979, between 1979 and 1984, he was a member of the European Commission for Human Rights, where he developed important work on these topics. Between 1986 and 1987 he was president of the bench of the Socialist Party. In 1989, he was elected president of this political group, also in 1989, Jorge Sampaio was elected the 62nd Mayor of Lisbon, a charge he took in 1990, and was re-elected in 1993, remaining in office until 1995. In 1995, Jorge Sampaio announced his wish to run for the presidency of the Republic and he won the election of 14 January 1996 in the first round against former Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva and became President on 9 March. After a non-controversial first mandate, he was re-elected as President on 14 January 2001, as President, Sampaios actions were focused on social and cultural affairs. In the international scene, he oversaw the transfer of Macaos sovereignty to China in December 1999. Such conventions of non-executive presidents of EU member states have become a regular event and it is generally considered that Sampaios presidency were marked by a firm sense of prudence and moderation, an approach which earned him a remarkably uneventful first term in office. Sampaio made this decision to political stability at a time when the country was facing economic recession. On 24 February 2005, Sampaio called on José Sócrates, as the next prime minister. Sampaios successor was chosen in the election held on 22 January 2006. Aníbal Cavaco Silva, the man he defeated in 1996, succeeded Sampaio on 9 March 2006, as a former President, Sampaio is a Member of the Portuguese Council of State
2.
Pedro Santana Lopes
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Pedro Miguel de Santana Lopes GCC, a Portuguese lawyer and politician, was Prime Minister of Portugal from 2004 to 2005. He is a former Member of the Portuguese Parliament and he graduated as a Licentiate in Law from the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon, where he was Leader of the Student Union, becoming a lawyer. He joined the Portuguese Social Democratic Party in 1976, and has remained a member ever since, there he started his career as a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic. In 1979, he became an advisor to Prime Minister Francisco Sá Carneiro. In 1991, Cavaco Silva appointed him to the government post of Secretary of State for Culture, leaving office, he successively ran for, and won, 43rd President of Sporting Clube de Portugal, winning the 1994/1995 Taça de Portugal in soccer. Afterwards, he would become Mayor of Figueira da Foz in 1998, during this period he also earned a living as a sports and political commentator and founded a weekly newspaper, Semanário. When José Manuel Durão Barroso resigned in July 2004 to take up the Presidency of the European Commission, Santana Lopes became the President of PSD. As his party was the partner in the coalition government at the time, he was nominated Prime Minister of the XVI Constitutional Government. After several controversies, President Jorge Sampaio, a member of the opposing party, dissolved the parliament. He then returned to practicing law, Santana Lopes currently heads Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa and does political commentary with former European Commissioner António Vitorino. The leadership of Santana Lopes was made difficult by a number of inherited economic, Santana Lopes himself failed to gain a reputation as a competent Prime Minister. His unusual rise to power, as Barrosos successor rather than by election, although his appointment was in fact constitutional, he was not a Member of Parliament but only a municipal leader, as the Mayor of Lisbon. The short career of Santana Lopes as Prime Minister began with members of government being shuffled between departments on the same afternoon as the government was being inaugurated. His Minister of Defense Paulo Portas looked surprised during the ceremony when he was announced as the Minister for National Defense, Portas look of surprise when the name of his office was announced was broadcast live on television. Santana Lopes announced the resignation of the government on 11 December so that his Government would assume just a role until the election. Santana Lopes left the party two days later. He then returned to the Parliament to lead PSD Parliamentary Group between 2007 and 2008, in June 2010, he was awarded the Order of Christ by President Aníbal Cavaco Silva for his work as Prime Minister of Portugal, one of his main critics when he was in office
3.
Lisbon
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Lisbon is the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with a population of 552,700 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km². Its urban area extends beyond the administrative limits with a population of around 2.7 million people. About 2.8 million people live in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and it is continental Europes westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast. Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean, the westernmost areas of its metro area is the westernmost point of Continental Europe. Lisbon is recognised as a city because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education. It is one of the economic centres on the continent, with a growing financial sector. Humberto Delgado Airport serves over 20 million passengers annually, as of 2015, and the motorway network, the city is the 7th-most-visited city in Southern Europe, after Istanbul, Rome, Barcelona, Madrid, Athens and Milan, with 1,740,000 tourists in 2009. The Lisbon region contributes with a higher GDP PPP per capita than any region in Portugal. Its GDP amounts to 96.3 billion USD and thus $32,434 per capita, the city occupies 32nd place of highest gross earnings in the world. Most of the headquarters of multinationals in the country are located in the Lisbon area and it is also the political centre of the country, as its seat of Government and residence of the Head of State. Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world, julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia, adding to the name Olissipo. Ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century, in 1147, the Crusaders under Afonso Henriques reconquered the city and since then it has been a major political, economic and cultural centre of Portugal. Unlike most capital cities, Lisbons status as the capital of Portugal has never been granted or confirmed officially – by statute or in written form. Its position as the capital has formed through constitutional convention, making its position as de facto capital a part of the Constitution of Portugal. It has one of the warmest winters of any metropolis in Europe, the typical summer season lasts about four months, from June to September, although also in April temperatures sometimes reach around 25 °C. Although modern archaeological excavations show a Phoenician presence at this location since 1200 BC, another conjecture based on ancient hydronymy suggests that the name of the settlement derived from the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus, Lisso or Lucio. Lisbons name was written Ulyssippo in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela and it was later referred to as Olisippo by Pliny the Elder and by the Greeks as Olissipo or Olissipona. The Indo-European Celts invaded in the 1st millennium BC, mixing with the Pre-Indo-European population and this indigenous settlement maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which would account for the recent findings of Phoenician pottery and other material objects
4.
Socialist Party (Portugal)
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The Socialist Party is a social-democratic political party in Portugal. It was founded on 19 April 1973 in the German city of Bad Münstereifel, the PS is one of the two major parties in Portuguese politics, its rival being the centre-right Social Democratic Party. The current leader of the PS, and Prime Minister of Portugal, is António Costa, the party has currently 86 of 230 seats in the Portuguese Parliament following the October 2015 election, form a minority government. The Socialist Party was created at a conference of Portuguese Socialist Action, at time in exile, on 19 April 1973. The twenty-seven delegates decided to found a party of socialism and freedom, making a reference to a classless society and without Marxism. On 25 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution brought down the regime of the Estado Novo, established in 1933. The alliance failed to defeat the AD and they won the 1983 general election, but without an absolute majority, the Socialists formed a grand coalition with the centre-right Social Democratic Party, creating a Central Block. The new government began negotiations for Portugal to enter the European Economic Community, in 1985 the Central Block broke down and the PS at the time led by Almeida Santos, lost the 1985 legislative election. Cavaco Silvas PSD won the 1985 elections and again in 1987 and 1991 with absolute majority, the PS was in opposition for more than ten years. In 2001, after a defeat in the 2001 local elections, António Guterres resigned as Prime Minister. The Socialist Party lost the 2002 general election by a margin to the PSD. In December 2004, Jorge Sampaio, President of the Republic and these elections resulted in a landslide victory for the PS, winning for the first time since its foundation an absolute majority. José Sócrates, leader of the PS, became Prime Minister, in 2009, after four-and-a-half years in power, the PS lost the European Parliament elections to the PSD. However, they won the election held on 27 September. The PS later introduced and legislated same-sex marriage, the financial crisis of 2011 hit Portugal very hard, prompting Sócrates government to impose harsh austerity measures. On 23 March 2011, the opposition in Parliament said no to new measures proposed by the government. As a result of this, José Sócrates resigned as Prime Minister, in the elections, the PS suffered a huge setback, with 28. 1% of the vote, ten points behind the PSD, who formed another coalition government with the CDS-PP. Sócrates resigned as General Secretary on election night after the PSs worst result since 1987, on 23 July 2011, António José Seguro was elected as Sócrates successor
5.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
6.
University of Lisbon
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The University of Lisbon is a public research university in Lisbon, and the largest university in Portugal. It was founded in 2013, from the merger of two public universities located in Lisbon, the former University of Lisbon and the Technical University of Lisbon. The history of a university in Lisbon dates back to the 13th century, the merger process was initiated in 2011 and was made into law on December 31,2012. As stated on the decree-law No, 266-E/2012, the new University of Lisbon began its legal existence on the day the newly elected rector took office, on July 25,2013. According to the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2014 also known as Shanghai Ranking, in the discipline of Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences, the university is ranked 76-100 worldwide. List of universities in Portugal Higher education in Portugal Official website
7.
Editing
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Editing is the process of selecting and preparing written, visual, audible, and film media used to convey information. The editing process can involve correction, condensation, organization, and many other modifications performed with an intention of producing a correct, consistent, accurate and complete work. The editing process begins with the authors idea for the work itself. As such, editing can involve creative skills, human relations, there are various editorial positions in publishing. Typically, one finds editorial assistants reporting to the editorial staff. Senior executive editors are responsible for developing a product for its final release, the smaller the publication, the more these roles overlap. The top editor at many publications may be known as the chief editor, a frequent and highly regarded contributor to a magazine may acquire the title of editor-at-large or contributing editor. Mid-level newspaper editors often manage or help to manage sections, such as business, sports, in U. S. newspapers, the level below the top editor is usually the managing editor. Obtaining manuscripts or recruiting authors is the role of an editor or a commissioning editor in a publishing house. Finding marketable ideas and presenting them to appropriate authors are the responsibilities of a sponsoring editor, copy editors correct spelling, grammar and align writings to house style. Changes to the industry since the 1980s have resulted in nearly all copy editing of book manuscripts being outsourced to freelance copy editors. At newspapers and wire services, copy editors write headlines and work on substantive issues, such as ensuring accuracy, fairness. In some positions, they design pages and select news stories for inclusion, at U. K. and Australian newspapers, the term is sub-editor. They may choose the layout of the publication and communicate with the printer and these editors may have the title of layout or design editor or makeup editor. However, another editor is sometimes involved in the creation of research articles. Called the authors editor, this works with authors to get a manuscript fit for purpose before it is submitted to a scholarly journal for publication. The primary difference between copy editing scholarly books and journals and other sorts of copy editing lies in applying the standards of the publisher to the copy. K, technical editing involves reviewing text written on a technical topic, identifying usage errors and ensuring adherence to a style guide. Large companies dedicate experienced writers to the editing function
8.
Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
9.
Maria Barroso
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Maria de Jesus Simões Barroso Soares, GCL was a Portuguese politician and actress, wife of President of Portugal Mario Soares and First Lady of Portugal between 1986 and 1996. Barroso was the daughter of military Alfredo José Barroso from Alvor and Maria da Encarnação Simões, from Fuseta, even though qualified to do so, during the regimes of Salazar and Marcelo Caetano, she was forbidden to teach, even in private schools. Maria Barroso married her university colleague Mario Soares in 1949 at the 3rd Conservatory of the Civil Register of Lisbon and they had one son, politician João Soares, born 1949, and a daughter, Isabel Barroso Soares, born 1951, who manages the Colégio Moderno in Lisbon. Although not as involved as her husband, Maria Barroso was a founding member of the Socialist Party in Bad Münstereifel. She was the President of the Aristides Sousa Mendes Foundation, the Pro Dignitate Association, Maria Barroso had a degree in Historical and Philosophical Sciences from the Faculty of Arts, Lisbon and the course of Dramatic Arts from the National Conservatory. She was a member of the Portuguese National Theater Company and one of the most famous theater, in April 2000 she read the poetry of Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen at the United Nations in New York in homage to Aristides Sousa Mendes. In June 2015, she came under medical care at Lisbon’s Red Cross Hospital, according to the family, she fell, then was transported to the hospital. Early exams revealed nothing, but her condition worsened and new exams revealed an extensive intracranial hemorrhage and she entered a coma and her nephew, surgeon Eduardo Barroso, classified the situation as critical and most likely irreversible. She died on the morning of 7 July 2015, antónia Ferreira Prize Prestige Prize “Manus Cais” Trophy “Lonely Life” Prize – Radio Central FM, Leiria Maria Barroso at the Internet Movie Database
10.
Jonas Savimbi
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Jonas Malheiro Savimbi was an Angolan political and military leader who founded and led the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola. Savimbi was born in Munhango, Bié Province, a town on the Benguela Railway. Both his parents were members of the Bieno group of the Ovimbundu, in his early years, Savimbi was educated mainly in Protestant schools, but also attended Roman Catholic schools. At the age of 24, he received a scholarship to study in Portugal and he knew Agostinho Neto, who was at that time studying medicine and who later went on to become president of the MPLA and Angolas first state President. There he was able to obtain a new scholarship from American missionaries and he then went on to the University at Fribourg for further studies. While there, probably in August 1960, he met Holden Roberto who was already a star in émigré circles. Roberto was a member of the UPA and was already known for his efforts to promote Angolan independence at the United Nations. He tried to recruit Savimbi who seems to have been undecided whether to commit himself to the cause of Angolan independence at this point in his life, Savimbi sought a leadership position in the MPLA by joining the MPLA Youth in the early 1960s. He was rebuffed by the MPLA, and joined forces with the National Liberation Front of Angola in 1964, the same year he conceived UNITA with Antonio da Costa Fernandes. Savimbi went to China for help and was promised arms and military training, upon returning to Angola in 1966 he launched UNITA and began his career as an anti-Portuguese guerrilla fighter. He also fought the FNLA and MPLA, as the three resistance movements tried to position themselves to lead a post-colonial Angola, Portugal later released PIDE archives revealing that Savimbi had signed a collaboration pact with Portuguese colonial authorities to fight the MPLA. Following Angolas independence in 1975, Savimbi gradually drew the attention of powerful Chinese and, ultimately, American policymakers and intellectuals. Like the Peoples Liberation Army of Mao Zedong, Savimbi mobilized important, from a military strategy standpoint, he can be considered one of the most effective guerrilla leaders of the 20th century. Savimbi was strongly supported by the influential, conservative Heritage Foundation, during a visit to Washington, D. C. in 1986, Reagan invited Savimbi to meet with him at the White House. Following the meeting, Reagan spoke of UNITA winning a victory that electrifies the world, two years later, with the Angolan Civil War intensifying, Savimbi returned to Washington, where he was filled with gratitude and praise for the Heritage Foundations work on UNITAs behalf. When we come to the Heritage Foundation, Savimbi said during a June 30,1988 speech at the foundation and we know that our success here in Washington in repealing the Clark Amendment and obtaining American assistance for our cause is very much associated with your efforts. This foundation has been a source of great support, the UNITA leadership knows this, and it is also known in Angola. Complementing his military skills, Savimbi also impressed many with his intellectual qualities and he spoke seven languages fluently – four European, three African
11.
European Parliament
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The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union. Together with the Council of the European Union and the European Commission, the Parliament is composed of 751 members, who represent the second-largest democratic electorate in the world and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the world. It has been elected every five years by universal suffrage since 1979. However, voter turnout at European Parliament elections has fallen consecutively at each election since that date, voter turnout in 2014 stood at 42. 54% of all European voters. The Parliament is the first institution of the EU, and shares equal legislative and it likewise has equal control over the EU budget. Finally, the European Commission, the body of the EU, is accountable to Parliament. In particular, Parliament elects the President of the Commission, and it can subsequently force the Commission as a body to resign by adopting a motion of censure. The President of the European Parliament is Antonio Tajani, elected in January 2017 and he presides over a multi-party chamber, the two largest groups being the Group of the European Peoples Party and the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. The last union-wide elections were the 2014 elections, the European Parliament has three places of work – Brussels, the city of Luxembourg and Strasbourg. Luxembourg is home to the administrative offices, meetings of the whole Parliament take place in Strasbourg and in Brussels. Committee meetings are held in Brussels, the Parliament, like the other institutions, was not designed in its current form when it first met on 10 September 1952. One of the oldest common institutions, it began as the Common Assembly of the European Coal and it was a consultative assembly of 78 appointed parliamentarians drawn from the national parliaments of member states, having no legislative powers. Its development since its foundation shows how the European Unions structures have evolved without a master plan. Some, such as Tom Reid of the Washington Post, said of the union, nobody would have designed a government as complex. Even the Parliaments two seats, which have switched several times, are a result of various agreements or lack of agreements, the body was not mentioned in the original Schuman Declaration. It was assumed or hoped that difficulties with the British would be resolved to allow the Council of Europes Assembly to perform the task, a separate Assembly was introduced during negotiations on the Treaty as an institution which would counterbalance and monitor the executive while providing democratic legitimacy. The wording of the ECSC Treaty demonstrated the desire for more than a normal consultative assembly by using the term representatives of the people. Its early importance was highlighted when the Assembly was given the task of drawing up the treaty to establish a European Political Community
12.
Portuguese Council of State
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The Council of State is an organ established by the Constitution of Portugal to advise the President of the Republic of Portugal in the exercise of many of his discretionary powers. The constitution states that it must be summoned by the President in case he decides to dissolve the Assembly of the Republic, declare war or peace, the Council of State continued to exist after the establishment of the Constitutional Monarchy in 1821. It was foreseen in the Portuguese Constitutions of 1822,1826 and 1838, after the 5 October 1910 revolution that established the Republic in Portugal, the Council of State was abolished, not being foreseen in the Constitution of 1911. The Council of State was reestablished by the Constitution of 1933 and it was again not foreseen by the Constitution of 1976. However, it was reestablished in 1984, following the revision of the Constitution of 1982, elected by Parliament, Francisco Pinto Balsemão, António José Seguro, Luís Marques Mendes, Manuel Alegre, Luís Filipe Menezes
13.
Manuel Alegre
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Manuel Alegre de Melo Duarte, GCL is a Portuguese poet and politician, member of the Socialist Party, and a candidate to the Portuguese presidential election,2006. He was a candidate, in the 2011 presidential election, this time being backed up by the Left Bloc. His sister Maria Teresa Alegre de Melo Duarte is also a Deputy and is the widow of another Deputy and their son is journalist Manuel Alegre Portugal. As he once stated, his ancestors were hanged and beheaded at the Praça Nova, Porto and he was a member of the Portuguese Communist Party from his youth until the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, which he staunchly opposed, in 1968. Today hes usually considered one of the most leftist members of the Portuguese Socialist Party and he voted against all the revisions of the Portuguese Constitution of 1976, and abstained at a commemorative vote for the 10th anniversary of the fall of Berlin Wall, in 1999. While studying law at the University of Coimbra, Alegre was noticed for his opposition to António de Oliveira Salazars dictatorial government - the Estado Novo regime. He was conscripted, and sent to the Azores and later to Portuguese Angola, after serving his prison term in Luanda, he returned to Coimbra, before going into exile in 1964. He would never graduate in law, the distribution of his first books was forbidden by Salazars government, so they circulated in samizdat form. Alegre returned to Portugal in 1974, one week after the Carnation Revolution and he joined the Socialisty Party almost immediately, and was elected to Parliament in every election since 1975. He is currently one of the vice-presidents of Parliament, and sits in the Presidents advisory Council of State, several of his poems were made into songs, sung among others by Zeca Afonso and Adriano Correia de Oliveira, and played by Carlos Paredes. One of his poems Uma flor de verde pinho won 1976s Festival RTP da Canção, in 2004, he lost to José Sócrates a bid for the party leadership. In 2005, a statue in his honour was erected in Coimbra, on 24 September 2005, he announced that he would be a candidate in the Portuguese presidential election,2006, despite his partys official support for former president Mário Soares as a candidate. On the elections held 22 January 2006, he ended up collecting 20. 7% of the valid votes and he is also a Member of the Portuguese Council of State, elected by the Assembly of the Republic. He was awarded with the Grand Cross of the Order of Liberty, I, O Canto e as Armas Obra Poética, Vol
14.
Sintra
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Sintra is a town and a municipality in the Grande Lisboa subregion of Portugal, considered part of the Portuguese Riviera. The municipality contains two cities, Queluz and Agualva-Cacém, the population in 2011 was 377,835, in an area of 319.23 square kilometres. Sintra is known for its many 19th-century Romantic architectural monuments, which has resulted in its classification as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and it has become a major tourist centre, visited by many day-trippers who travel from the capital Lisbon. The earliest remnants of human occupation were discovered in Penha Verde, relatively close by, in Santa Eufémia da Serra, is an Iron Age settlement where artifacts from indigenous tribes and peoples of Mediterranean origins were also discovered. These date from the early 4th century, prior to the Romanization of the peninsula, marcus Terentius Varro and Cadizian Lucio Junio Moderato Columela designated the place the sacred mountain and Ptolemy referred to it as the mountains of the moon. During the Roman occupation of the peninsula, the region of Sintra was part of the vast Civitas Olisiponense which Caesar or more likely Octavius granted the status of Municipium Civium Romanorum. A roadway along the southeast part of the Sintra Mountains and connected to the road to Olissipo dates from this period. This via followed the route of the current Rua da Ferraria, the Calçada dos Clérigos, following the Roman custom of siting tombs along their roads and near their homes, there is also evidence of inscriptions pertaining to Roman funeral monuments, dating mainly to the 2nd century. It was during the Moorish occupation of Sintra that Greco-Latin writers wrote of the occupation of the area of the town centre. During the Reconquista, its centre and castle were isolated by Christian armies. Following the fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba, the King of Léon, Alfonso VI received in the spring of 1093, the cities of Santarém, Lisbon and the Castle of Sintra. Afonso took the cities and the castle of Sintra between 30 April and 8 May 1093, but shortly after their transfer Sintra and Lisbon were conquered by the Almoravid. Santarém was saved by Henry, who Afonso VI nominated Count of Portugal in 1096, in July 1109, Count Henry reconquered the Castle of Sintra. This was preceded a year before by an attempt by Prince Sigurd the Crusader, son of Magnus III of Norway, sigurds forces disembarked at the mouth of the Colares River but failed to take the castle. It was only after the conquest of Lisbon, in October 1147, by Afonso Henriques and it was integrated into Christian dominions along with Almada and Palmela after their surrender. Afonso Henriques established the Church of São Pedro de Canaferrim within the walls of the Moorish Castle to mark his success, on 9 January 1154, Afonso Henriques signed a foral for the town of Sintra, with all its respective regalia. The early municipal seat, the town of Sintra, was the centre of a significant Sephardic community, with a synagogue and quarter. This community was not limited to Sintra town, enclaves are mentioned during the reign of King Denis in Colares, throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, owing to the fertility of the land, various convents, monasteries and military orders constructed residences, estates, water-mills and vineyards
15.
United States elections, 2012
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Little overall change occurred on the Federal level. The Democratic Party held control of the Senate and the Republican Party maintained a majority in the House of Representatives, Republicans also held on to a majority of governorships. The election resulted in New Hampshire being the first state with a female congressional delegation. Three state referenda passed legalizing same-sex marriage, while Minnesota became the first state in history to reject a proposed constitutional ban of same sex marriage. Two states approved and one rejected the legalization of recreational marijuana, a referendum was also held in Puerto Rico regarding the future political status of the U. S. unincorporated territory, with voters agreeing towards acquiring statehood. The projected cost of the 2012 federal election races is estimated to be over 5.8 billion dollars, during the elections there was much spending by the lobbies, particularly the fossil fuels lobby. This election season became the most expensive in American history, despite various issues during this election cycle, ultimately little overall change occurred on both the Federal and the gubernatorial level. Many of the issues of the 2012 election were the same as in both 2008 and 2010. On June 25,2012, the Supreme Court delivered its decision in Arizona v. United States, striking down three of the four provisions of Arizonas law. In 2011, there were a series of demonstrations in Wisconsin, involving at its zenith as many as 100,000 protestors opposing the 2011 Wisconsin Act 10, also called the Wisconsin budget repair bill. The first most notable was Republican House Representative Todd Akin of Missouri and he stated that pregnancy from rape rarely occurs as a result of what he referred to as legitimate rape. Akins comments had a political impact, changing a focus of campaigns across the country onto the so-called War on Women. Another widely covered comment was that of Indiana State Treasurer and U. S. Senate candidate Richard Mourdock, a number of observers later identified Mourdocks and Akins comments as a principal factor in their respective election losses. The comments are credited for having a larger national effect. The major foreign policy controversy during the weeks of the campaign was the September attack on the American diplomatic mission at Benghazi. Four people were killed, including U. S. Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens and this was initially blamed on a series of protests and violent attacks began in response to a YouTube trailer for the controversial film Innocence of Muslims, considered blasphemous by many Muslims. According to critics, the site should have been secured better both before and after the attack. Democratic incumbent President Barack Obama was re-elected, defeating Republican former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and this was the first presidential election since the 2010 Census, which changed the Electoral College vote apportionment
16.
Facebook
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Facebook is an American for-profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park, California. Facebook gradually added support for students at other universities. Since 2006, anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a user of Facebook, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement. The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students, Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops, laptops, tablet computers, and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks. After registering to use the site, users can create a user profile indicating their name, occupation, schools attended and so on. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace, school, hobbies or other topics, in groups, editors can pin posts to top. Additionally, users can complain about or block unpleasant people, because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service, Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies. Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen, Facebook, Inc. held its initial public offering in February 2012, and began selling stock to the public three months later, reaching an original peak market capitalization of $104 billion. On July 13,2015, Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poors 500 Index to reach a market cap of $250 billion, Facebook has more than 1.86 billion monthly active users as of December 31,2016. As of April 2016, Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world, Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only. Zuckerberg wrote a program called Facemash on October 28,2003 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore, to accomplish this, Zuckerberg hacked into protected areas of Harvards computer network and copied private dormitory ID images. Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online, the site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating copyrights, Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final exam. He uploaded 500 Augustan images to a website, each of which was featured with a corresponding comments section and he shared the site with his classmates, and people started sharing notes. The following semester, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website in January 2004 and he said that he was inspired by an editorial about the Facemash incident in The Harvard Crimson. On February 4,2004, Zuckerberg launched Thefacebook, originally located at thefacebook. com. com and they claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to The Harvard Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation and they later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares. Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College, within the first month, eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum, and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website
17.
Chile
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Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres of Antarctica, the arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes, the southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. Spain conquered and colonized Chile in the century, replacing Inca rule in northern and central Chile. After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic, in the 1960s and 1970s the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. The regime, headed by Augusto Pinochet, ended in 1990 after it lost a referendum in 1988 and was succeeded by a coalition which ruled through four presidencies until 2010. Chile is today one of South Americas most stable and prosperous nations and it leads Latin American nations in rankings of human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, state of peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. It also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state, Chile is a founding member of the United Nations, the Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile, another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili. Another origin attributed to chilli is the onomatopoeic cheele-cheele—the Mapuche imitation of the warble of a locally known as trile. The Spanish conquistadors heard about this name from the Incas, ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name Chile, after naming the Mapocho valley as such. The older spelling Chili was in use in English until at least 1900 before switching over to Chile, stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the Monte Verde valley area as long as 18,500 years ago. About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys, settlement sites from very early human habitation include Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Craters lava tube. They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army, the result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, the Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarros lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chiles central valley
18.
Politico
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Politico is an American political-journalism company based in Arlington County, Virginia, that covers politics and policy in the United States and internationally. It distributes content through television, the Internet, The Politico newspaper, radio and its coverage in Washington, D. C. includes the U. S. Congress, lobbying, media and the presidency. John F. Harris and Jim VandeHei left The Washington Post to become The Politicos editor-in-chief and executive editor, respectively, frederick J. Ryan Jr. served as its first president and chief executive officer. Robert L. Allbritton is founder and publisher, in 2015, Politico launched a Brussels-based European edition called Politico Europe. The newspaper has a circulation of approximately 40,000, distributed for free in Washington, D. C. the newspaper prints up to five issues a week while Congress is in session and sometimes publishes one issue a week when Congress is in recess. It carries advertising, including ads from trade associations and a large help-wanted section listing Washington political jobs. Politico is a partner with several outlets that co-report and distribute its video, print. Partners include CBS News, Allbritton Communicationss ABC station WJLA and cable channel NewsChannel 8, radio station WTOP-FM, journalists covering political campaigns for Politico carry a video camera to each assignment, and journalists are encouraged to promote their work elsewhere. Though Politico seeks to break the traditional journalism mold, it expects to make much of its money initially from Washington, D. C. –focused newspaper advertising. Among the journalists who have worked for Politico are Mike Allen, John Bresnahan, Carrie Budoff Brown, Alex Burns, Dylan Byers, Josh Gerstein, Andrew Glass, roger Simon became The Politicos Chief Political Columnist in December 2006. In 2010, The Politico added two opinion columnists, Michael Kinsley and Joe Scarborough, in a 2007 opinion piece, progressive watchdog group Media Matters for America accused The Politico of having a Republican tilt. In a letter from editor in chief John F, to that end, he asked his colleagues for an honest assessment of the claims set forth in the letter from Media Matters. Ben Smith answered, Media Matters has a point, … that Bushs public endorsement made us seem too close to the White House. That was clearly a favor from the president to us, and felt to me one of those clubby Beltway moments that make the insiders feel important. The other primary editors disagreed with the accusation for a variety of reasons. A2009 profile of the organization in Vanity Fair said The Politico had a staff of 75. Its newspaper circulation is around 32,000, and as of summer 2009 and this is fewer than the 11 million it had during the high point of the campaign, but most political news outlets have lower traffic outside election years. As of July 2009, it was expected to have revenue of around $15 million, primarily from the printed product
19.
Prime Minister of Portugal
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Prime Minister is the current title of the head of government of Portugal. The Prime Minister can hold the role of head of government with the portfolio of one or more ministries, there is no limit to the number of terms a person can serve as Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic following legislative elections, usually, the person named is the leader of the largest party in the previous election. Since the Middle Ages, some officers of the Portuguese Crown gained precedence over the others, over time, the role of principal officer of the Crown fell upon the chanceler-mor, the mordomo-mor and the escrivão da puridade. The first modern prime minister of Portugal was Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Marquess of Palmela, in 1911, the official title of the prime minister became Presidente do Ministério. In 1933, it became again Presidente do Conselho de Ministros, the official residence of the Prime Minister is a mansion next to São Bento Palace, which, in confusion, is also often called São Bento Palace. The mansion, dated from 1877, was built within the garden of the old monastery that held the Portuguese Parliament and it has been the Prime Ministers official residence since 1938, when Salazar moved in. Although it is the residence of the Prime Minister, not all incumbents have lived in the mansion during their term in office. As of April 2017, there are eight living former Prime Ministers of Portugal, living former Prime Ministers The most recent Prime Minister to die was Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares, on 7 January 2017 aged 92. List of Prime Ministers of Portugal List of Prime Ministers of Portugal by time in office Official Website of the Prime Minister of Portugal
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Ministry of Justice (Portugal)
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The Ministry of Justice is the Portuguese government ministry responsible for the administration of the judiciary system. It is headed by the Minister of Justice, the Ministry of Justice should not be confused with the Public Ministry. Unlike usual in other countries, the Portuguese Minister of Justice does not have any kind of authority over the public prosecutors. The present Ministry of Justice was created in 1821 as the Secretariat of State of the Ecclesiastical, in 1910, it became the Ministry of Justice and Cults and in 1940, it became the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry of Justice is headed by the minister, assisted by the Secretary of State of Justice
Grand-Cross of the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile (30 September 2001)[6]
