1.
Excellency
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Excellency is an honorific style given to certain members of an organisation or state. Generally people addressed as Excellency are heads of state, heads of government, governors, ambassadors, certain ecclesiastics, royalty, and others holding equivalent rank and the FIFA President. It is sometimes misinterpreted as a title of office in itself, in reference to such an official, it takes the form His or Her Excellency, in direct address, Your Excellency, or, less formally, simply Excellency. The abbreviation HE is often used instead of His/Her Excellency, alternatively it may stand for His/Her Eminence, in most republican nations, the head of state is formally addressed as His Excellency. If a republic has a head of government, that official is often addressed as Excellency as well. If the nation is a monarchy, however, the customs may vary, in the case of Australia, all ambassadors, high commissioners, governors and the governor-general and their spouses are entitled to the use of Excellency. Governors of colonies in the British Empire were entitled to be addressed as Excellency, in various international organizations, notably the UN and its agencies, Excellency is used as a generic form of address for all republican heads of state and heads of government. Judges of the International Court of Justice are also called Your Excellency, in some monarchies the husbands, wives, or children, of a royal prince or princess, who do not possess a princely title themselves, may be entitled to the style. For example, in Spain spouses or children of a born infante or infanta are addressed as Excellency, also, former members of a royal house or family, who did have a royal title but forfeited it, may be awarded the style afterwards. Examples are former husbands or wives of a prince or princess, including Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg. In some emirates, only the Emir, heir apparent and prime minister are called His Highness and their children are styled with the lower treatment of His/Her Excellency. In Spain members of the nobility, holding the dignity of grandee, are addressed as The Most Excellent Lord/Lady. Some of the high ranking counts, Excellency can also attach to a prestigious quality, notably in an order of knighthood. By a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonial of 31 December 1930 the Holy See granted bishops of the Roman Catholic Church the title of Most Reverend Excellency. In the years following the First World War, the title of Excellency. The adjective Most Reverend was intended to distinguish the title from that of Excellency given to civil officials. The instruction Ut sive sollicite of the Holy Sees Secretariat of State, dated 28 March 1969, cardinals, even those who were bishops, continued to use the title of Eminence. In some English-speaking countries, the honorific of Excellency does not apply to other than the nuncio
2.
Order of the Tower and Sword
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The Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit is a Portuguese order of knighthood and the pinnacle of the Portuguese honours system. It was created by King Afonso V in 1459, the order may be bestowed on people or on Portuguese municipalities. Knighthood in the Order of the Sword was given as reward to those who participated in the conquests, the order fell into disuse after the conquest of Tangiers and Asilah. The order was revived on 29 November 1808, by Prince Regent John and it commemorated the safe arrival of the Royal Family in the Portuguese colony of Brazil, after Napoleon had invaded Portugal. Its full title was “the Royal Order of the Tower and Sword” and it was available to both Portuguese and foreigners and for military, political or civilian achievement. Among the intended recipients were subjects of His Britannic Majesty, who had assisted the Royal Family to reach Brazil, but who were ineligible for the other Portuguese orders due to their religion. In 1832, Peter, Duke of Braganza, reformed the Order which now became the Ancient and Most Noble Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty, in 1896, the class of Grand Officer was inserted between Grand Cross and Commander. On 15 October 1910, after the end of the monarchy, despite the fact that the order had not been abolished, on 26 September 1917 the order was revised for the third time. The order had four classes, the highest of which was confined to the President of the Republic of Portugal, the President is ex officio the Order’s Grand Master and a member of the Order, Grand Cross. The degree of Grand Collar was added in 1939 and it was awarded only to Heads of State with notable military deeds and since 1963 it has only been awarded to Presidents of Portugal. The badge of the Order is a gilt star, enamelled in white. The star has a wreath of green enamelled oak leaves between the arms of the star, and is topped by a gilt tower. The obverse central disc bears a sword surrounded by a wreath of oak leaves on a white enamel background, the reverse central disc bears the Portuguese coat-of-arms, surrounded by a blue enamel ring bearing the name República Portuguesa. The star of the Order is a faceted star, in gilt for Grand Collar, Grand Cross and Grand Officer. The ribbon of the Order is blue, rear Admiral Thomas Western was one of the first to be awarded a Knighthood of the Order of the Tower and Sword. In 1807 the Admiral Western rescued the Portuguese royal family from Napoleons advancing ground forces, in gratitude the King of Portugal made Thomas Western a Knight Commander in the Portuguese Order of the Tower and Sword
3.
Order of Christ (Portugal)
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Denis negotiated with Clements successor, John XXII, for recognition of the new order and its right to inherit the Templar assets and property. There exists also a parallel Supreme Order of Christ of the Holy See, the orders origins lie in the Knights Templar, founded circa 1118. The Templars were persecuted by the king of France and eventually disbanded by the pope in 1312, king Dinis I of Portugal created the Order of Christ in 1317 for those knights who survived their mass slaughter throughout Europe. In Portugal, the Order of Christ accumulated great riches and power during the Age of Discoveries, in 1789, Queen Maria I of Portugal secularized the order. In 1910, with the end of the Portuguese monarchy, the order was extinguished, however, in 1917, the order was revived, with its Grand Master to be the President of Portugal. The Military Order of Christ, together with the Military Orders of Aviz, the badge of the Order is a gilt cross with enamel, similar to the Orders emblem illustrated here, but with a longer lower arm. The star of the Order has 22 asymmetrical arms of rays, in gilt for Grand Cross and Grand Officer, the central disc is in white enamel, with a miniature of the modern badge in it. During the monarchy the Sacred Heart of Christ was placed at the top of the star, the ribbon of the Order is plain red. Vasco da Gama Pedro Álvares Cabral Henry the Navigator João Gonçalves Zarco Gonçalo Velho Cabral Infante Ferdinand Bartolomeu Dias D. article name needed, GUIMARÃES, J. Vieira, A Ordem de Cristo, Lisboa, I. N.1936
4.
Order of Liberty
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The order was created in 1976, after the Carnation Revolution of 1974 in which the fascist authoritarian Estado Novo regime of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcello Caetano was deposed. François Mitterrand, former president of the French Republic, juan Carlos I, king of Spain. Václav Havel, former president of the Czech Republic, António Mascarenhas Monteiro, former president of the Republic of Cape Verde. Miguel Trovoada, former president of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé, patricio Aylwin, former president of the Republic of Chile. Lech Wałęsa, former president of the Republic of Poland, fernando Henrique Cardoso, former president of the Republic of Brazil. Mário Soares, former minister and president of the Portuguese Republic. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, former president of the Republic of Brazil, kofi Annan, former secretary-general of the United Nations. José Ramos-Horta, former minister and president of East Timor Bruno Neto
5.
President of Portugal
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The President of the Portuguese Republic is the executive head of state of Portugal. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, and their relation with the Prime Minister, the current President of Portugal is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, who took office on 9 March 2016. The Portuguese Third Republic is a semi-presidential system, unlike several other European presidents, the Portuguese President is quite powerful. The president holds the nations most senior office, and outranks all other politicians, the Presidents greatest power is his/her ability to choose the Prime Minister. Prior to the Carnation Revolution, the powers of the presidency varied widely, some presidents were virtual dictators, while others were little more than figureheads. The president can dissolve the Assembly of the Republic, which implies the need to call for new elections and after the implementation of these. The President appoints the Prime Minister, given the election results and he can, however, dismiss the Government when this is necessary to ensure the smooth functioning of democratic institutions. Even the government bodies of the regions may be dissolved by the President. The President declares a state of siege and emergency upon consultation with the Government, at the proposal of the Government and with the authorization of the Parliament, the President can declare war in the event of actual or imminent aggression and can also propose peace. The President promulgates or vetoes the promulgation of laws, decree-laws, regulatory decrees, in the area of his powers in international relations, the President of the Republic ratifies international treaties. The President decides on referendums put forth to him by Parliament, the president appoints ambassadors and special envoys, following proposal by the Government, and accredits the foreign diplomatic representatives. The President of the Republic, after consultation with the Government, pardons, the official residence of the Portuguese President is the Belém Palace. However, the round has only been needed once, during the 1986 presidential election. To date, all of the presidents since the Carnation Revolution have served for two consecutive terms, and presidents consistently rank as the most popular political figure in the country. The President of Portugal often makes official state visits to foreign countries. There are three living former Portuguese Presidents, List of Presidents of Portugal Politics of Portugal Official website
6.
Jorge Sampaio
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Jorge Fernando Branco de Sampaio, GColTE, GCIH, GColL is a Portuguese lawyer and politician who was the 18th President of Portugal from 1996 to 2006. Sampaio was born in Lisbon on 18 September 1939, the Sampaio family lived abroad in the United States and the United Kingdom for some years, due to the professional activity of his father Arnaldo de Sampaio, a medical doctor. His mother was Fernanda Bensaúde Branco and he started his political career as college student of the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon. Jorge Sampaio was involved in the student contestation against the fascist regime and was leader of the Lisbon students union between 1960 and 1961, following his graduation in 1961, Jorge Sampaio started a notable career as a lawyer, often involved in the defence of many political prisoners. His brother is the teenage-psychiatrist and writer Daniel Sampaio and he married firstly a medical doctor named Karin Schmidt Dias, daughter of António Jorge Dias and his German wife, Margot Schmidt. The couple had no issue and later divorced, after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, Sampaio funded Movimento de Esquerda Socialista but abandoned the political project soon after. In 1978 he joined the Socialist Party, where he has associated with the partys left wing. He was first elected to Parliament as a deputy for Lisbon in 1979, between 1979 and 1984, he was a member of the European Commission for Human Rights, where he developed important work on these topics. Between 1986 and 1987 he was president of the bench of the Socialist Party. In 1989, he was elected president of this political group, also in 1989, Jorge Sampaio was elected the 62nd Mayor of Lisbon, a charge he took in 1990, and was re-elected in 1993, remaining in office until 1995. In 1995, Jorge Sampaio announced his wish to run for the presidency of the Republic and he won the election of 14 January 1996 in the first round against former Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva and became President on 9 March. After a non-controversial first mandate, he was re-elected as President on 14 January 2001, as President, Sampaios actions were focused on social and cultural affairs. In the international scene, he oversaw the transfer of Macaos sovereignty to China in December 1999. Such conventions of non-executive presidents of EU member states have become a regular event and it is generally considered that Sampaios presidency were marked by a firm sense of prudence and moderation, an approach which earned him a remarkably uneventful first term in office. Sampaio made this decision to political stability at a time when the country was facing economic recession. On 24 February 2005, Sampaio called on José Sócrates, as the next prime minister. Sampaios successor was chosen in the election held on 22 January 2006. Aníbal Cavaco Silva, the man he defeated in 1996, succeeded Sampaio on 9 March 2006, as a former President, Sampaio is a Member of the Portuguese Council of State
7.
Prime Minister of Portugal
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Prime Minister is the current title of the head of government of Portugal. The Prime Minister can hold the role of head of government with the portfolio of one or more ministries, there is no limit to the number of terms a person can serve as Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic following legislative elections, usually, the person named is the leader of the largest party in the previous election. Since the Middle Ages, some officers of the Portuguese Crown gained precedence over the others, over time, the role of principal officer of the Crown fell upon the chanceler-mor, the mordomo-mor and the escrivão da puridade. The first modern prime minister of Portugal was Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Marquess of Palmela, in 1911, the official title of the prime minister became Presidente do Ministério. In 1933, it became again Presidente do Conselho de Ministros, the official residence of the Prime Minister is a mansion next to São Bento Palace, which, in confusion, is also often called São Bento Palace. The mansion, dated from 1877, was built within the garden of the old monastery that held the Portuguese Parliament and it has been the Prime Ministers official residence since 1938, when Salazar moved in. Although it is the residence of the Prime Minister, not all incumbents have lived in the mansion during their term in office. As of April 2017, there are eight living former Prime Ministers of Portugal, living former Prime Ministers The most recent Prime Minister to die was Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares, on 7 January 2017 aged 92. List of Prime Ministers of Portugal List of Prime Ministers of Portugal by time in office Official Website of the Prime Minister of Portugal
8.
Portuguese legislative election, 1980
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The Portuguese legislative election of 1980 took place on 5 October. In January 1980, the Democratic Alliance, which had won the election, on 2 December 1979. However, this election was an election, and so, in 1980. 1 Republican and Socialist Front results are compared to the totals of the Socialist Party in the 1979 election. Comissão Nacional de Eleições Centro de Estudos do Pensamento Político Politics of Portugal List of political parties in Portugal Elections in Portugal
9.
Portuguese legislative election, 1983
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The Portuguese legislative election of 1983 took place on 25 April. The last election, in October 1980 had been won by a right-wing coalition, however, Sá Carneiro, along with other important members of the coalition, died in an aircrash only two months after the election, on 5 December 1980. Such happenings caused a massive political instability and Francisco Pinto Balsemão, an official of the Social Democratic Party. But Balsemão lacked support from senior members of his party as Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The wave of resignations among Balsemãos ministers continued and by the end of the year, because no one inside the Social Democratic Party accepted the office of Prime Minister, the President Ramalho Eanes dissolved the Parliament and called an election for April. The election was won by the Socialist Party with 36%, however, the Socialists lacked a majority in the Assembly of the Republic and were forced to form a coalition with the Social Democrats, in what was called the Central Block. Although this coalition allowed Soares to govern, several members of parties were against it, and internal attacks led to the collapse of the coalition after less than two years. The election marked the beginning of a process of bi-polarization of Portuguese politics and this was the last legislative election to be won by the Socialist Party until 1995. Comissão Nacional de Eleições Centro de Estudos do Pensamento Político Politics of Portugal List of political parties in Portugal Elections in Portugal
10.
Adelino da Palma Carlos
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Adelino da Palma Carlos, GCC, GCIH, GOL, was a Portuguese lawyer, scholar, politician and a freemason, one of at least five sons of Manuel Carlos and wife Auta Vaz Velho da Palma. He was also the 11th Bastonary of the Order of the Lawyers of Portugal and his 1st Provisional Government was in power from 15 May to 17 July 1974. He was replaced by Colonel Vasco Gonçalves, a choice that Spínola would later regret, after leaving office, Palma Carlos was the national representative of general António Ramalho Eanes for the 1980 Presidential Elections. He was married to Elina Júlia Chaves Pereira Guimarães
11.
Minister without portfolio
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A minister without portfolio is either a government minister with no specific responsibilities or a minister who does not head a particular ministry. Stanley Bruce was given the title of Minister without Portfolio when he took up his position in 1932 as the Commonwealth Minister in London and he was given the title by Lyons Cabinet so that he could better represent the PM and his colleagues free from the limitations of a portfolio. In this case the title was a promotion and carried considerable responsibilities, bangladesh appoints ministers without portfolio during cabinet reshuffles or fresh appointments. Ministers are not usually appointed without portfolio as a coalition negotiation – all long run ministers end up with a portfolio, suranjit Sengupta was a minister without portfolio in Sheikh Hasinas second government. Notable Conservatives who filled the role include R. B, bennett, and Arthur Meighen, however, Meighen served this role after he had been prime minister. The practice has continued under the guise of ministers of state without responsibilities in the ministers titles, three control ministers served as ministers without portfolio during World War I. After the Liberation of Denmark in May 1945, the first Danish cabinet included four ministers without portfolio, kauffmann served in this capacity from 12 May to 7 November 1945. The three other holders of this title had joined the cabinet a few days before – Aksel Larsen, lise Østergaard held a position as minister without portfolio with special attention to foreign policy issues in Anker Jørgensens cabinet from 26 February 1977 to 28 February 1980. Anders Fogh Rasmussen appointed Bertel Haarder to Minister without Portfolio, Haarder served in this capacity from 27 November 2001 to 18 February 2005. The reason for appointing a minister without a ministry was the Danish European Union Presidency of 2002, Haarder was considered the most experienced Danish politician on European affairs. Tamás Fellegi Kunwar Natwar Singh Since the inception of the state, Indonesia had ministers without portfolio, the number was not fixed, entirely depended on the behest of the President. Below is the list of Ministers without Portfolio in each Cabinet, Mohammad Amir Abdul Wahid Hasyim Sartono Alexander Andries Maramis Mohammad Amir Oto Iskandar di Nata Rasjidi Wikana Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX Abdul Wahid Hasyim Wikana Dr. Such a minister may nevertheless be given a specific title, the only substantive minister without portfolio has been Frank Aiken, the Minister for the Co-ordination of Defensive Measures during World War II. By the Emergency Powers Act 1939 then in force, the Minister for Defence was able to delegate some competences to him, such delegation is now done instead with Ministers of State, junior ministers who are not members of the government. Junior ministers can be given a right to sit at cabinet and this allows the Government to circumvent the Constitutional limit on the number of Senior Ministers. On several occasions a minister has been appointed to a government with the title of a new Department of State. Between the date of appointment and the date of creation of the department, examples include, It is common practice in Israel to appoint ministers without portfolio as part of the coalition negotiations. All cabinets in recent years have had at least some such appointment, departments on equalities, European affairs and relations with regions, for example, are usually led by ministers without portfolio
12.
Socialist Party (Portugal)
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The Socialist Party is a social-democratic political party in Portugal. It was founded on 19 April 1973 in the German city of Bad Münstereifel, the PS is one of the two major parties in Portuguese politics, its rival being the centre-right Social Democratic Party. The current leader of the PS, and Prime Minister of Portugal, is António Costa, the party has currently 86 of 230 seats in the Portuguese Parliament following the October 2015 election, form a minority government. The Socialist Party was created at a conference of Portuguese Socialist Action, at time in exile, on 19 April 1973. The twenty-seven delegates decided to found a party of socialism and freedom, making a reference to a classless society and without Marxism. On 25 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution brought down the regime of the Estado Novo, established in 1933. The alliance failed to defeat the AD and they won the 1983 general election, but without an absolute majority, the Socialists formed a grand coalition with the centre-right Social Democratic Party, creating a Central Block. The new government began negotiations for Portugal to enter the European Economic Community, in 1985 the Central Block broke down and the PS at the time led by Almeida Santos, lost the 1985 legislative election. Cavaco Silvas PSD won the 1985 elections and again in 1987 and 1991 with absolute majority, the PS was in opposition for more than ten years. In 2001, after a defeat in the 2001 local elections, António Guterres resigned as Prime Minister. The Socialist Party lost the 2002 general election by a margin to the PSD. In December 2004, Jorge Sampaio, President of the Republic and these elections resulted in a landslide victory for the PS, winning for the first time since its foundation an absolute majority. José Sócrates, leader of the PS, became Prime Minister, in 2009, after four-and-a-half years in power, the PS lost the European Parliament elections to the PSD. However, they won the election held on 27 September. The PS later introduced and legislated same-sex marriage, the financial crisis of 2011 hit Portugal very hard, prompting Sócrates government to impose harsh austerity measures. On 23 March 2011, the opposition in Parliament said no to new measures proposed by the government. As a result of this, José Sócrates resigned as Prime Minister, in the elections, the PS suffered a huge setback, with 28. 1% of the vote, ten points behind the PSD, who formed another coalition government with the CDS-PP. Sócrates resigned as General Secretary on election night after the PSs worst result since 1987, on 23 July 2011, António José Seguro was elected as Sócrates successor
13.
Lisbon
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Lisbon is the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with a population of 552,700 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km². Its urban area extends beyond the administrative limits with a population of around 2.7 million people. About 2.8 million people live in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and it is continental Europes westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast. Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean, the westernmost areas of its metro area is the westernmost point of Continental Europe. Lisbon is recognised as a city because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education. It is one of the economic centres on the continent, with a growing financial sector. Humberto Delgado Airport serves over 20 million passengers annually, as of 2015, and the motorway network, the city is the 7th-most-visited city in Southern Europe, after Istanbul, Rome, Barcelona, Madrid, Athens and Milan, with 1,740,000 tourists in 2009. The Lisbon region contributes with a higher GDP PPP per capita than any region in Portugal. Its GDP amounts to 96.3 billion USD and thus $32,434 per capita, the city occupies 32nd place of highest gross earnings in the world. Most of the headquarters of multinationals in the country are located in the Lisbon area and it is also the political centre of the country, as its seat of Government and residence of the Head of State. Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world, julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia, adding to the name Olissipo. Ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century, in 1147, the Crusaders under Afonso Henriques reconquered the city and since then it has been a major political, economic and cultural centre of Portugal. Unlike most capital cities, Lisbons status as the capital of Portugal has never been granted or confirmed officially – by statute or in written form. Its position as the capital has formed through constitutional convention, making its position as de facto capital a part of the Constitution of Portugal. It has one of the warmest winters of any metropolis in Europe, the typical summer season lasts about four months, from June to September, although also in April temperatures sometimes reach around 25 °C. Although modern archaeological excavations show a Phoenician presence at this location since 1200 BC, another conjecture based on ancient hydronymy suggests that the name of the settlement derived from the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus, Lisso or Lucio. Lisbons name was written Ulyssippo in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela and it was later referred to as Olisippo by Pliny the Elder and by the Greeks as Olissipo or Olissipona. The Indo-European Celts invaded in the 1st millennium BC, mixing with the Pre-Indo-European population and this indigenous settlement maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which would account for the recent findings of Phoenician pottery and other material objects
14.
First Portuguese Republic
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The last movement instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional that would be followed by the corporatist Estado Novo regime of António de Oliveira Salazar. As far as the October 1910 Revolution is concerned, a number of studies have been made. This vision clashes with an interpretation of the First Republic as a progressive. A republican Constitution was approved in 1911, inaugurating a parliamentary regime with reduced presidential powers, the constitution generally accorded full civil liberties, the religious liberties of Catholics being an exception. The First Republic was intensely anti-clerical and they were secularists and indeed were following liberal tradition of disestablishing the powerful role the Catholic Church once held. Under the leadership of Afonso Costa, the minister, the revolution immediately targeted the Catholic Church, churches were plundered, convents were attacked. Scarcely had the government been installed when it began devoting its entire attention to an anti-religious policy. On 10 October – five days after the inauguration of the Republic – the new government decreed that all convents, monasteries, all residents of religious institutions were expelled and their goods confiscated. The Jesuits were forced to forfeit their Portuguese citizenship, a series of anti-Catholic laws and decrees followed each other in rapid succession. In addition, the ringing of bells to signal times of worship was subjected to certain restraints. The government also interfered in the running of seminaries, reserving the right to appoint professors and this whole series of laws authored by Afonso Costa culminated in the law of Separation of Church and State, which was passed on 20 April 1911. Even the PRP had to endure the secession of its more moderate elements, who formed conservative republican parties like the Evolutionist Party and the Republican Union. In spite of these splits the PRP, led by Afonso Costa, preserved its dominance, in view of these tactics, a number of opposition forces resorted to violence in order to enjoy the fruits of power. There are few recent studies of this period of the Republic’s existence, nevertheless, an essay by Vasco Pulido Valente should be consulted, as should the attempt to establish the political, social, and economic context made by M. Villaverde Cabral. The Republic repelled a royalist attack on Chaves in 1912 and these domestic objectives were not met, since participation in the conflict was not the subject of a national consensus and since it did not therefore serve to mobilise the population. Quite the opposite occurred, existing lines of political and ideological fracture were deepened by Portugals intervention in the First World War, the lack of consensus around Portugal’s intervention in turn made possible the appearance of two dictatorships, led by General Pimenta de Castro and Sidónio Pais. Sidonismo, also known as Dezembrismo, aroused a strong interest among historians, António José Telo has made clear the way in which this regime predated some of the political solutions invented by the totalitarian and fascist dictatorships of the 1920s and 1930s. Sidónio Pais undertook the rescue of traditional values, notably the Pátria, the State carved out an economically interventionist role for itself while, at the same time, repressing working-class movements and leftist republicans
15.
Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
16.
Maria Barroso
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Maria de Jesus Simões Barroso Soares, GCL was a Portuguese politician and actress, wife of President of Portugal Mario Soares and First Lady of Portugal between 1986 and 1996. Barroso was the daughter of military Alfredo José Barroso from Alvor and Maria da Encarnação Simões, from Fuseta, even though qualified to do so, during the regimes of Salazar and Marcelo Caetano, she was forbidden to teach, even in private schools. Maria Barroso married her university colleague Mario Soares in 1949 at the 3rd Conservatory of the Civil Register of Lisbon and they had one son, politician João Soares, born 1949, and a daughter, Isabel Barroso Soares, born 1951, who manages the Colégio Moderno in Lisbon. Although not as involved as her husband, Maria Barroso was a founding member of the Socialist Party in Bad Münstereifel. She was the President of the Aristides Sousa Mendes Foundation, the Pro Dignitate Association, Maria Barroso had a degree in Historical and Philosophical Sciences from the Faculty of Arts, Lisbon and the course of Dramatic Arts from the National Conservatory. She was a member of the Portuguese National Theater Company and one of the most famous theater, in April 2000 she read the poetry of Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen at the United Nations in New York in homage to Aristides Sousa Mendes. In June 2015, she came under medical care at Lisbon’s Red Cross Hospital, according to the family, she fell, then was transported to the hospital. Early exams revealed nothing, but her condition worsened and new exams revealed an extensive intracranial hemorrhage and she entered a coma and her nephew, surgeon Eduardo Barroso, classified the situation as critical and most likely irreversible. She died on the morning of 7 July 2015, antónia Ferreira Prize Prestige Prize “Manus Cais” Trophy “Lonely Life” Prize – Radio Central FM, Leiria Maria Barroso at the Internet Movie Database
17.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
18.
University of Lisbon
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The University of Lisbon is a public research university in Lisbon, and the largest university in Portugal. It was founded in 2013, from the merger of two public universities located in Lisbon, the former University of Lisbon and the Technical University of Lisbon. The history of a university in Lisbon dates back to the 13th century, the merger process was initiated in 2011 and was made into law on December 31,2012. As stated on the decree-law No, 266-E/2012, the new University of Lisbon began its legal existence on the day the newly elected rector took office, on July 25,2013. According to the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2014 also known as Shanghai Ranking, in the discipline of Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences, the university is ranked 76-100 worldwide. List of universities in Portugal Higher education in Portugal Official website
19.
Pantheon-Sorbonne University
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Pantheon-Sorbonne University, also known as Paris 1, is a public research university in Paris, France. It was established in 1971 as one of the inheritors of the historical University of Paris. Following that tradition, it is one of the largest French universities and remains an important center of research, pantheon-Sorbonnes headquarters is located on the Place du Panthéon in the Latin Quarter, an area in the 5th and the 6th arrondissements of Paris. The university occupies part of the Sorbonne and over 25 buildings in Paris, such as the Centre Pierre Mendès France and it is a founding member of the alliance called Hautes Études-Sorbonne-Arts et Métiers. After the student protests of May and June 1968, thirteen universities succeeded to the University of Paris, indeed, most of the law professors of the faculty of law and economics of the University of Paris wished only to restructure their faculty into a university. Sorbonne building, Panthéon-Sorbonne occupies part of this seat, rebuilt at the end of the 19th century. Albert Châtelet Center, commonly called Calvin, it is a building of the Sorbonne. Rue dUlm Center, like Calvin, a building of the Sorbonne. Place du Panthéon Building (not to be confused with the actual Panthéon, Institute of Geography, located in the Rue Saint-Jacques, it houses one of the oldest and richest collections of maps in France. Institute of Philosophy of Sciences and Techniques, located in the Rue du Four, mahler Center, located in the 4th arrondissement, it houses an historical and legal studies institute. Saint-Charles Center, located in the 15th arrondissement, founded in 1973, it houses the Art School and the School of Cinema. Pierre Mendès-France Center, commonly called Tolbiac, it is located in the 13th arrondissement, founded in 1973, it is the main center of the University. Freshmen and Sophomores in Humanities are educated at Tolbiac, Tolbiac Center, a secondary building of the Mendès-France Center. René Cassin Center, located in the 13th arrondissement, founded in 1990, it houses the main part of Law School. Economical Studies Building, located in the 13th arrondissement and it houses the Economics Graduate School. Broca Center, Located in the 5th arrondissement, International Building, located in the Boulevard Arago, commonly called Arago. It houses the International Relations Institute, michelet Center, an exotic Mesopotamian-style building in the 5th arrondissement, it houses the Art History and Archeology School. Fontenay Center, located in the town of Fontenay-aux-Roses, in the old buildings of the École Normale Supérieure
20.
Historian
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A historian is a person who researches, studies, and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race, if the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is an historian of prehistory. Although historian can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, some historians, though, are recognized by publications or training and experience. Historian became an occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany. Modern historical analysis usually draws upon other social sciences, including economics, sociology, politics, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, while ancient writers do not normally share modern historical practices, their work remains valuable for its insights within the cultural context of the times. Understanding the past appears to be a human need. What constitutes history is a philosophical question, the earliest chronologies date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, though no historical writers in these early civilizations were known by name. Systematic historical thought emerged in ancient Greece, a development that became an important influence on the writing of history elsewhere around the Mediterranean region, the earliest known critical historical works were The Histories, composed by Herodotus of Halicarnassus who later became known as the father of history. Herodotus attempted to distinguish between more and less reliable accounts, and personally conducted research by travelling extensively, giving accounts of various Mediterranean cultures. Although Herodotus overall emphasis lay on the actions and characters of men and he was also the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, while his successor Xenophon introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis. The Romans adopted the Greek tradition, while early Roman works were still written in Greek, the Origines, composed by the Roman statesman Cato the Elder, was written in Latin, in a conscious effort to counteract Greek cultural influence. Strabo was an important exponent of the Greco-Roman tradition of combining geography with history, livy records the rise of Rome from city-state to empire. His speculation about what would have happened if Alexander the Great had marched against Rome represents the first known instance of alternate history, in Chinese historiography, the Classic of History is one of the Five Classics of Chinese classic texts and one of the earliest narratives of China. Sima Qian was the first in China to lay the groundwork for professional historical writing and his written work was the Shiji, a monumental lifelong achievement in literature. Christian historiography began early, perhaps as early as Luke-Acts, which is the source for the Apostolic Age. Writing history was popular among Christian monks and clergy in the Middle Ages and they wrote about the history of Jesus Christ, that of the Church and that of their patrons, the dynastic history of the local rulers. In the Early Middle Ages historical writing often took the form of annals or chronicles recording events year by year, muslim historical writings first began to develop in the 7th century, with the reconstruction of the Prophet Muhammads life in the centuries following his death. With numerous conflicting narratives regarding Muhammad and his companions from various sources, to evaluate these sources, they developed various methodologies, such as the science of biography, science of hadith and Isnad
21.
Lawyer
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A lawyer is a person who practices law, as an advocate, barrister, attorney, counselor or solicitor or chartered legal executive. The role of the lawyer varies greatly across legal jurisdictions, in practice, legal jurisdictions exercise their right to determine who is recognized as being a lawyer. As a result, the meaning of the lawyer may vary from place to place. In Australia, the lawyer is used to refer to both barristers and solicitors. In Canada, the word lawyer refers to individuals who have been called to the bar or. Common law lawyers in Canada are formally and properly called barristers and solicitors, however, in Quebec, civil law advocates often call themselves attorney and sometimes barrister and solicitor in English. The Legal Services Act 2007 defines the activities that may only be performed by a person who is entitled to do so pursuant to the Act. Lawyer is not a protected title, in India, the term lawyer is often colloquially used, but the official term is advocate as prescribed under the Advocates Act,1961. In Scotland, the word refers to a more specific group of legally trained people. It specifically includes advocates and solicitors, in a generic sense, it may also include judges and law-trained support staff. In the United States, the term refers to attorneys who may practice law. It is never used to refer to patent agents or paralegals, in fact, there are regulatory restrictions on non-lawyers like paralegals practicing law. Other nations tend to have terms for the analogous concept. In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries, clerks, and scriveners. Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a type of lawyer. Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, in countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below. Arguing a clients case before a judge or jury in a court of law is the province of the barrister in England. However, the boundary between barristers and solicitors has evolved, in England today, the barrister monopoly covers only appellate courts, and barristers must compete directly with solicitors in many trial courts
22.
Professor
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Professor is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a person who professes being usually an expert in arts or sciences, in much of the world, the unqualified word professor is used formally to indicate the highest academic rank, informally known as full professor. Professors conduct original research and commonly teach undergraduate, graduate, or professional courses in their fields of expertise, in universities with graduate schools, professors may mentor and supervise graduate students conducting research for a thesis or dissertation. Professors typically hold a Ph. D. another doctorate or a different terminal degree, some professors hold a masters degree or a professional degree, such as an M. D. as their highest degree. The term professor was first used in the late 14th century to one who teaches a branch of knowledge. As a title that is prefixed to a name, it dates from 1706, the hort form prof is recorded from 1838. The term professor is used with a different meaning, ne professing religion. This canting use of the word comes down from the Elizabethan period, a professor is an accomplished and recognized academic. In most Commonwealth nations, as well as northern Europe, the professor is the highest academic rank at a university. In the United States and Canada, the title of professor is also the highest rank, in these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees or equivalent qualifications who teach in four-year colleges and universities. An emeritus professor is a given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature. Emeritus professors do not receive a salary, but they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, the term professor is also used in the titles assistant professor and associate professor, which are not considered professor-level positions in some European countries. In Australia, the associate professor is used in place of reader, ranking above senior lecturer. However, such professors usually do not undertake academic work for the granting institution, in general, the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather than for those holding it on honorary basis. Other roles of professorial tasks depend on the institution, its legacy, protocols, place, a professor typically earns a base salary and a range of benefits. In addition, a professor who undertakes additional roles in her institution earns additional income, some professors also earn additional income by moonlighting in other jobs, such as consulting, publishing academic or popular press books, or giving speeches or coaching executives. Some fields give professors more opportunities for outside work, the anticipated average earnings with performance-related bonuses for a German professor is €71,500. The salaries of civil servant professors in Spain are fixed in a basis, but there are some bonus related to performance and seniority
23.
Leiria
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Leiria is a city and a municipality in the Centro Region of Portugal. It is the capital of Leiria District, the population in 2011 was 126,879, in an area of 565.09 square kilometres. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Leiria-Fátima, the region around Leiria has been inhabited for a long time, although its early history is obscure. The first evident inhabitants were the Turduli Oppidani, a Celtiberian tribe and this settlement was later occupied by the Romans, who expanded it under the original Celtiberian name Collippo. The stones of the ancient Roman town were used in the Middle Ages to build much of Leiria, the name Leiria in Portuguese derives from leira meaning an area with small farming plots. It was occupied for a time by the Suebi in 414 until they were forced by the Romans to retreat to Galicia. Later the Moors occupied the area until it was captured by the first King of Portugal, Afonso Henriques in 1135, south of Leiria in that period was the so-called no-mans land, until regions further south were permanently taken and re-populated by the Christians. In 1142 Afonso Henriques gave Leiria its first foral to stimulate the colonisation of the region, both Afonso I of Portugal and Sancho I rebuilt the walls and the Leiria Castle to avoid new enemy incursions. Most of the population lived inside the city walls. The oldest church of Leiria, the Church of Saint Peter, built in style in the last quarter of the 12th century. During the Middle Ages the importance of the increased. The first of the held in Leiria took place in 1245. In the early 14th century, King Dinis I restored the tower of the citadel of the castle. He also built a residence in Leiria, and lived for long periods in the town. The King also ordered the plantation of the famous Pine Forest of Leiria near the coast, later, the wood from this forest would be used to build the ships used in the Portuguese Navigations of the 15th and 16th centuries. In the late 14th century, King John I built a palace within the walls of the castle of Leiria. This palace, with elegant gothic galleries that offered views of the town. John I also sponsored the rebuilding in late gothic style of the old Church of Our Lady of the Rock, towards the end of the 15th century the town continued to grow, occupying the area from the castle hill down to the river Lis
24.
Priest
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A priest or priestess, is a person authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites, in particular, rites of sacrifice to, and propitiation of and their office or position is the priesthood, a term which also may apply to such persons collectively. The necessity to read sacred texts and keep temple or church records helped foster literacy in early societies. Priests exist in many religions today, such as all or some branches of Judaism, Christianity, the question of which religions have a priest depends on how the titles of leaders are used or translated into English. In some cases, leaders are more like those that other believers will often turn to for advice on spiritual matters, for example, clergy in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy are priests, but in Protestant Christianity they are typically minister and pastor. The terms priest and priestess are sufficiently generic that they may be used in a sense to describe the religious mediators of an unknown or otherwise unspecified religion. In many religions, being a priest or priestess is a full-time position, many Christian priests and pastors choose or are mandated to dedicate themselves to their churches and receive their living directly from their churches. In other cases it is a part-time role, for example, in the early history of Iceland the chieftains were titled goði, a word meaning priest. In some religions, being a priest or priestess is by election or human choice. In Judaism the priesthood is inherited in familial lines, in a theocracy, a society is governed by its priesthood. The word priest, is derived from Greek, via Latin presbyter. Old High German also has the disyllabic priester, priestar, apparently derived from Latin independently via Old French presbtre, the Latin presbyter ultimately represents Greek presbyteros, the regular Latin word for priest being sacerdos, corresponding to Greek hiereus. That English should have only the term priest to translate presbyter. The feminine English noun, priestess, was coined in the 17th century, in the 20th century, the word was used in controversies surrounding the ordination of women. In the case of the ordination of women in the Anglican communion, it is common to speak of priests. In historical polytheism, a priest administers the sacrifice to a deity, in the Ancient Near East, the priesthood also acted on behalf of the deities in managing their property. Priestesses in antiquity often performed sacred prostitution, and in Ancient Greece, some such as Pythia, priestess at Delphi. Sumerian and Akkadian Entu or EN were top-ranking priestesses who were distinguished with special ceremonial attire and they owned property, transacted business, and initiated the hieros gamos ceremony with priests and kings
25.
Republicanism
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Republicanism is an ideology of being a citizen in a state as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty. Many countries are republics in the sense that they are not monarchies, however, this article covers only the ideology of republicanism. This form of government collapsed in the part of the 1st century BCE, giving way to what was a monarchy in form. Republics revived subsequently, with, for example, Renaissance Florence or early modern Britain, the concept of a republic became a powerful force in Britains North American colonies where it led to the American Revolution. In Europe, it gained influence through the French Revolution. In Ancient Greece, several philosophers and historians analysed and described elements we now recognize as classical republicanism, traditionally, the Greek concept of politeia was rendered into Latin as res publica. Consequently, political theory until relatively recently often used republic in the sense of regime. There is no single written expression or definition from this era that exactly corresponds with an understanding of the term republic. However, most of the features of the modern definition are present in the works of Plato, Aristotle. These include theories of mixed government and of civic virtue, for example, in The Republic, Plato places great emphasis on the importance of civic virtue together with personal virtue on the part of the ideal rulers. Indeed, in Book V, Plato asserts that until rulers have the nature of philosophers or philosophers become the rulers, there can be no civic peace or happiness. Aristotle considered Carthage to have been a republic as it had a system similar to that of some of the Greek cities, notably Sparta. Some of this history, composed more than 500 years after the events, with scant written sources to rely on, Polybius exerted a great influence on Cicero as he wrote his politico-philosophical works in the 1st century BCE. In one of works, De re publica, Cicero linked the Roman concept of res publica to the Greek politeia. However, the term republic, despite its derivation, is not synonymous with the Roman res publica. This Roman Republic would, by an understanding of the word, still be defined as a true republic. Thus, Enlightenment philosophers saw the Roman Republic as an ideal system, several offices from the republican era, held by individuals, were combined under the control of a single person. These changes became permanent, and gradually conferred sovereignty on the Emperor, ciceros description of the ideal state, in De re publica, does not equate to a modern-day republic, it is more like enlightened absolutism
26.
Socialism
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Social ownership may refer to forms of public, collective, or cooperative ownership, to citizen ownership of equity, or to any combination of these. Although there are varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them. Socialist economic systems can be divided into both non-market and market forms, non-market socialism aims to circumvent the inefficiencies and crises traditionally associated with capital accumulation and the profit system. Profits generated by these firms would be controlled directly by the workforce of each firm or accrue to society at large in the form of a social dividend, the feasibility and exact methods of resource allocation and calculation for a socialist system are the subjects of the socialist calculation debate. Core dichotomies associated with these concerns include reformism versus revolutionary socialism, the term is frequently used to draw contrast to the political system of the Soviet Union, which critics argue operated in an authoritarian fashion. By the 1920s, social democracy and communism became the two dominant political tendencies within the international socialist movement, by this time, Socialism emerged as the most influential secular movement of the twentieth century, worldwide. Socialist parties and ideas remain a force with varying degrees of power and influence in all continents. Today, some socialists have also adopted the causes of social movements. The origin of the term socialism may be traced back and attributed to a number of originators, in addition to significant historical shifts in the usage, for Andrew Vincent, The word ‘socialism’ finds its root in the Latin sociare, which means to combine or to share. The related, more technical term in Roman and then medieval law was societas and this latter word could mean companionship and fellowship as well as the more legalistic idea of a consensual contract between freemen. The term socialism was created by Henri de Saint-Simon, one of the founders of what would later be labelled utopian socialism. Simon coined socialism as a contrast to the doctrine of individualism. They presented socialism as an alternative to liberal individualism based on the ownership of resources. The term socialism is attributed to Pierre Leroux, and to Marie Roch Louis Reybaud in France, the term communism also fell out of use during this period, despite earlier distinctions between socialism and communism from the 1840s. An early distinction between socialism and communism was that the former aimed to only socialise production while the latter aimed to socialise both production and consumption. However, by 1888 Marxists employed the term socialism in place of communism, linguistically, the contemporary connotation of the words socialism and communism accorded with the adherents and opponents cultural attitude towards religion. In Christian Europe, of the two, communism was believed to be the atheist way of life, in Protestant England, the word communism was too culturally and aurally close to the Roman Catholic communion rite, hence English atheists denoted themselves socialists. Friedrich Engels argued that in 1848, at the time when the Communist Manifesto was published, socialism was respectable on the continent and this latter branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany
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Grand Collar of the Order of the Tower and Sword (GColTE – 9 March 1991)
Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (GCC – 09/04/1981)
Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (GColL – 9 March 1996)
Grand Master of the Portuguese Orders (9 March 1986 – 9 March 1996):
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Austrian Republic (Austria, 1987/03/10)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (pt – B1) (Brazil, 1988/03/30)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross (Brazil, 1987/03/10)
Grand Collar of the Order of the National Congress (pt) (Brazil, 1987/04/13)
Grand Cross of the Ordef of Ipiranga (pt) (State of São Paulo, 1987/04/13)
Collar of the Order of Merit of Bahia (State of Bahia, 1988/03/30)
Order of Stara Planina with Ribbon (Bulgaria, 1994/10/26)
1st Class of the Order of Amílcar Cabral (Cape Verde, 2001/01/05)
Collar of the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Chile, 1992/07/22)
Grand Collar of the Order of Boyaca (Colombia, 1988/05/27)
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Congo, 1989/09/12)
1st Class of the Order of Diplomatic Service Merit (South Korea, 1987/04/23)
Grand Collar of the Order of Makarios III (Cyprus, 1990/05/29)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark, 1988/03/30)
Knight of the Order of the Elephant (Denmark, 1992/08/03)
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella (Dominican Republic, 1987/03/10)
Collar of the National Order of Merit (Ecuador, 1989/09/12)
Collar of the Order of the Nile (Egypt, 1992/04/04)
Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland with Collar (Finland,1991/03/08)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (France, 1988/05/26)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France, 1990/05/07)
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany, 1987/03/10)
Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany, 1991/01/08)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Greece, 1987/11/20)
Collar of the Order of Pope Pius IX (Holy See, 1991/01/08)
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (Hungary, 1993/01/25)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (Iceland, 1987/03/10)
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italy, 1990/07/18)
Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italy, 1991/01/08)
Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast (Ivory Coast, 1990/06/01)
Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (Luxembourg, 1988/05/26)
Honorary Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit (Malta, 1994/10/09)[7]
Collar of the Order pro merito Melitensi (Sovereign Military Order of Malta, 1989/05/09)
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (Netherlands, 1991/09/26)
Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (Norway, 1987/03/10)
1st Class of the Star of Palestine (Palestine, 1993/11/18)
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (Poland, 1993/05/21)
Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (Poland, 1994/10/26)
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Senegal, 1996/02/28)
Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope (South Africa, 1995)
Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain, 1987/03/10)
Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (Spain, 1987/03/10)
Collar of the Order of Charles III (Spain, 1988/03/30)
Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (Sweden, 1987/01/28)
Grand Cross of the Order of the Seventh of November (Tunisia, 1993/02/16)
Honorary Knight Grand Cross (with Collar) of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom, 1994/05/19)
Grand Collar of the Order of the Liberator (Venezuela, 1987/11/10)
Order of the Yugoslav Star with Sash (Yugoslavia, 1988/03/30)
Great Star of the Order of the Yugoslav Star (Yugoslavia, 1990/04/24)
Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Leopard (Zaire, 1989/12/04)
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