1.
Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
–
Wynnewood is a suburban unincorporated community, west of Philadelphia, that straddles Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County and Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was named in 1691 for Dr. Thomas Wynne, William Penns physician, Lower Merion Township is the fifth-most-affluent township in the United States. Wynnewood is neither an incorporated area nor a place, all data is for its ZIP code 19096. As of 2010 Census, there were 13,572 people and 5,436 households residing in the community, in 2000, the population density was 3,882 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the community was 92. 9% White,3. 2% Asian,2. 5% African American,0. 40% from other races,1. 2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The median income for a household in the community was $86,861, the per capita income for the community was $51,543. About 0. 9% of families and 2. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, residents of Wynnewood cooperate with those of adjacent Ardmore in many ways, one of which is the ArdWood Civic Association. South Ardmore Park is partly in Wynnewood, and partly in Ardmore and this park is the site of a free or low-cost summer camp, sporting activities, walking paths, and a verdant setting. Wynnewood itself is mostly residential, with its shopping in various clusters, the largest shopping center in Wynnewood is the Wynnewood Shopping Center. Other shopping venues in the suburb include Wynnewood Square and The Whole Foods Shopping Center, as Wynnewood is primarily a residential community, its residents visit other districts of the Main Line, such as Ardmore or Narberth, for shopping. Along with its streets and mature old stone homes, Wynnewood has also been known historically for its car dealerships. Gracious, old-fashioned restaurants, Stouffers and the Viking Inn, both on Lancaster Avenue, have disappeared and not been replaced, although less expensive fare is widely available. The towns only movie theater, the Eric Wynnewood, became Vinny Ts in 2000, became a Buca di Beppo in late 2010, opposite the Wynnewood Shopping Center is the Wynnewood train station. Built in the1870s, the regional rail train station was designed by Wilson Brothers. Towns on the lower Main Line adjacent to Wynnewood include Overbrook, Merion, Narberth, Ardmore, Haverford, Wynnewood is located along Lancaster Avenue and is also easily accessible from nearby Interstate Routes 76 and 476. Wynnewood is also home to one the three teaching hospitals that serve Philadelphias Main Line. Saint Margarets Elementary School in nearby Narberth also serves Wynnewoods Catholic elementary school community, there are other private schools such as Episcopal Academy, as well as Jack M. Barrack Hebrew Academy and the Solomon Schechter School, which are both Jewish-affiliated schools. Finally, there is a French International School which has two lower school near the Bala Cynwyd Library and the upper school on City Avenue
Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
–
Wynnewood train station
Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
–
"Red Leaf" William P. Henszey mansion, 510-14 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood (burned 1898)
2.
Rock music
–
It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock music
–
Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist).
Rock music
–
Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
Rock music
–
Chubby Checker in 2005
Rock music
–
The Beach Boys performing in 1964
3.
Hard rock
–
Hard rock is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music that began in the mid-1960s, with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. It is typified by a use of aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, drums. Hard rock developed into a form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as The Who, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC. During the 1980s, some rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock. Hard rock began losing popularity with the success of R&B, hip-hop, urban pop, grunge. Out of this movement came garage rock bands like The White Stripes, The Strokes, Interpol and, later on, in the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music, the electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong drum and a backbeat on snare. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice. In the late 1960s, the heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock. Heavy metal took on darker characteristics after Black Sabbaths breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s, in the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, other antecedents include Link Wrays instrumental Rumble in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as Lets Go Trippin and Misirlou. In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming. From the late 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music that emerged from psychedelia into soft. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from rock and was played louder. Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Cream, in songs like I Feel Free combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock, from 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group
Hard rock
–
Cream, whose blues rock improvisation was a major factor in the development of the genre.
Hard rock
–
Led Zeppelin live at
Chicago Stadium, January 1975.
Hard rock
–
The Who on stage in 1975.
Hard rock
–
Kiss onstage in Boston in 2004.
4.
Punk rock
–
Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
Punk rock
–
The
Ramones ' 1976
debut album laid down the musical "blueprint for punk", while its cover image had a similarly formative influence on punk visual style.
Punk rock
–
Johnny Rotten and Steve Jones of the Sex Pistols
Punk rock
–
The Clash, performing in 1980
Punk rock
–
British punks, circa 1986
5.
Epic Records
–
Epic Records is an American record company owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 and it later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres, including pop, R&B, rock and hip hop. Historically, the label has housed popular acts such as Boston, ABBA, Michael Jackson, Celine Dion, Dave Clark Five, Gloria Estefan, Pearl Jam, Shakira, Anastacia, and Sly & the Family Stone. Along with Columbia and RCA Records, Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainments three main record labels, L. A. Reid has served as chairman and CEO of Epic since July 2011. Sylvia Rhone was appointed president in March 2014, Epic Records was launched in 1953 by Columbia Records for the purpose of marketing jazz, pop and classical music that did not fit the theme of its more mainstream Columbia Records label. Initial classical music releases were from Philips Records which distributed Columbia product in Europe, pop talent on co-owned Okeh Records were transferred to Epic which made Okeh a rhythm and blues label. Epics bright-yellow, black, and blue became a familiar trademark for many jazz. By 1960, the musical base had been expanded to include all genres. This was done in part to prevent the roster of Columbia Records from being overstuffed with newer artists, subsequently, Epic became better known for its signing of newer, fledgling acts. By the end of the 1960s, Epic earned its first gold records and had evolved into a formidable hit-making force in rock and roll, R&B and country music. Among its many acts, it included Roy Hamilton, Bobby Vinton, The Dave Clark Five, The Hollies, Tammy Wynette, Donovan, The Yardbirds, Lulu, July, Helen Shapiro and Jeff Beck. Also during the 1960s, Epic oversaw the smaller subsidiary CBS labels including Okeh Records, in 1968, Epic recordings began being distributed in the UK by CBS after the distribution deal with EMI expired that year, Epic itself launched in England around 1971. Epic was involved in a trade of artists. Graham Nash was signed to Epic because of his membership in The Hollies, when the newly formed Crosby, Stills & Nash wanted to sign with Atlantic Records, Ahmet Ertegün worked out a deal with Clive Davis whereby Richie Furays new band Poco would sign with Epic. Also contributing to the success was its distribution of Philadelphia International Records. Sony bought CBS Records in 1987, and the company was renamed Sony Music in 1991. In 2004, Sony merged with another powerhouse music distributor, BMG, bringing labels such as RCA, Arista, Columbia, Epic, Jive, in February 2009, singer and songwriter Amanda Ghost was appointed president of Epic Records. Later in the year, Sony BMG Music merged Epic and Columbias operations, Sony BMGs Legacy Recordings reissues the companys classic and catalog titles
Epic Records
–
Classic radial sound sunburst logo, used from the 1960s to 1973, revived in late 1998; used until 2005. Still used on Japanese operations. This logo was used on
Pearl Jam 's
Vitalogy in 1994,
No Code in 1996 and
Yield in February 1998.
Epic Records
–
Epic Records
Epic Records
–
Primary businesses
6.
MCA Records
–
MCA Records was an American-based record company owned by MCA Inc. which later gave way to the larger MCA Music Entertainment Group, of which MCA Records was still part. MCAs country division, MCA Nashville, is an active imprint of Universal Music Group Nashville. MCA was forced to exit the talent agency business in order to complete the merger, as American Decca owned Universal Pictures, MCA assumed full ownership of Universal and made it into the top film studio in town, producing hit after hit. In 1966, MCA formed Uni Records and in 1967 purchased Kapp Records which was placed under Uni Records management. In 1937, the owner of Decca, E. R. Lewis, chose to split off the U. K. Decca company from the U. S. company, companies if the emerging hostilities of Nazi Germany should lead to war – correctly foreseeing World War II. Lewis sold the remainder of his U. S. Decca holdings when war did break out, MCAs U. S. -based Decca Records kept the rights to the Decca name in North and South America and parts of Asia including Japan. U. K. Decca owned the rights to the Decca name in the rest of the world, after the war, British Decca formed a new U. S. subsidiary, London Records. During this time U. S. Decca issued records outside North America on the Brunswick, in 1967, Brunswick and Coral were replaced by the MCA label to release U. S. Decca and Kapp label material outside North America. Initial activity as MCA Records was based in London and MCA Records UK was formally launched on February 16,1968. Among the early artists on the MCA label, around 1971, were groups Wishbone Ash, Osibisa, Stackridge and Budgie, early MCA releases were distributed by U. K. Decca but it moved to EMI in 1974. In 1979, distribution moved to CBS, while the last releases in the 1980s were self-distributed, as the U. S. division of MCA Records was not established until 1972, the earliest U. K. MCA Records material was released in the U. S. on either Kapp or Decca, Uni label material was issued on the Uni label worldwide. In 1970, MCA reorganized its Canadian record company Compo Company Ltd. into MCA Records, in April 1970, former Warner Bros. Records president Mike Maitland joined MCA and initially served as Deccas general manager. Maitland was unsuccessful in his attempt to consolidate Warner Bros. Records with co-owned Atlantic Records which led to his departure from Warner, the three labels maintained their identities for a short time but were retired in favor of the MCA label in 1973. Drift Away by Dobie Gray became the final Decca pop label release in the U. S in 1973. Beginning the same year the catalogs of Decca, Uni and Kapp were reissued in the U. S. on the MCA label under the supervision of veteran Decca producer Milt Gabler. The first MCA Records release in the U. S. was former Uni artist Elton Johns Crocodile Rock single in 1972, MCA label used a black with curved rainbow design until the late 1970s. This design was inspired by the U. S. Decca label of the 1960s
MCA Records
–
MCA Music (Philippines)
MCA Records
–
MCA Records
MCA Records
–
First MCA Records logo, with lowercase name, used outside the United States and patterned after the 1960s American Decca logo.
MCA Records
–
MCA Records logo used from 1972 through 1990.
7.
CBS Records International
–
CBS Records International, simply CBS in logo, was the international arm of the Columbia Records unit of Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. that was formed in 1961 and launched in 1962. Previously Columbia Records had been using other companies to distribute Columbia recordings outside North America, such as Philips Records. In 1960, CBS acquired its Australian distributor since 1956, the Australian Record Company, American Columbia material continued to be issued on the CBS Coronet Records label in Australia. The CBS label was launched in Australia in 1963, also in 1960, CBS began negotiations with its European distributor Philips Records with the goal of the establishment of a CBS Records label in Europe. Philips acquisition of Mercury Records paved the way for the formation of the CBS label in 1961 with Philips distributing the first batch of CBS recordings in Europe in 1962. The use of the CBS name was necessary because EMI owned another record label called Columbia, in 1964, CBS acquired Oriole Records which gave CBS Records its own distribution in the UK beginning in 1965. Initially, only American Columbia product was distributed alongside Orioles own roster on the renamed CBS label. EMI, which had distributed American Columbia recordings on its Columbia label until the Philips deal in 1951, continued to distribute CBSs other American labels such as Epic, the distribution deal with EMI expired in 1968 at which point CBS began distributing all their labels directly. In Germany, the CBS label distributed Motown from 1963 to 1965, CBS sold the record company in 1988 to Sony Corporation of America for $US2 billion. In 1991, the CBS Records company was renamed Sony Music Entertainment, the CBS Records label was renamed Columbia Records after Sony acquired the Columbia name and trade marks from EMI. Harvey Schein, 1962-1971 Walter Yetnikoff, 1971–1975 Allen A. Davis, c.1980 Bob Summer, 1986–
CBS Records International
–
" Zamba de mi esperanza " by
Jorge Cafrune
CBS Records International
–
CBS Records International
8.
Warner Bros. Records
–
Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
Warner Bros. Records
–
The gold, black and red label design used for Warner Bros. stereo albums from 1958 to 1968 and mono albums from 1964 to 1968.
Warner Bros. Records
–
The grey, black, white and yellow label design used for Warner Bros. mono albums from 1958 to 1964 when it switched to the same gold label as the stereo version.
Warner Bros. Records
–
"Cream Puff War" (1967), the first Warner Bros. single by
The Grateful Dead, showing the orange label with chevron border used on WBR's American 45s for much of the 1960s.
Warner Bros. Records
–
Beginning in 1968, Warner LP and single label designs became identical. From 1968 to 1970, the label was called Warner Bros.-Seven Arts Records. The basic design and colour scheme of the W7 label were retained after the company name reverted to Warner Bros. Records and the "WB" shield in 1970 and remained in use until 1973.
9.
Polydor Records
–
Polydor is a British record label and company, that operates as part of Universal Music Group. It has a relationship with Universals Interscope Geffen A&M label. In turn, Polydor distributes Interscope releases in the United Kingdom, Polydor Records Ltd. was established in London in 1954 as a British subsidiary of German company Deutsche Grammophon GmbH. The Polydor label was founded on 2 April 1913 by German Polyphon-Musikwerke AG in Leipzig, during World War I on 24 April 1917, Polyphon-Musikwerke AG acquired the German Deutsche Grammophon-Aktiengesellschaft record plant and company from the German government. The German state was taken over Grammophon and the British holdings as enemies property during World War I, Polydor was originally an independent branch of the Polyphon-Grammophon-Konzern group. It was used as a label since 1924. The British and German branches of the Gramophone Company were so departed during World War I, in turn, Deutsche Grammophon records exported from Germany were released on the Polyphon Musik and Polydor labels. The new foreign branches were founded for example into Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Polydor became a popular music label in 1946, while the new Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft label was to become a classical music label in 1949. The previously used label, Grammophon, was disbanded, DGG gave, with an agreement dated 5 July 1949, an exclusive license from 1 July 1951 to use the Nipper-dog with gramophone to the original owners company Electrola, the German branch of EMI. In 1970, Polydor acquired the Hong Kong-based Diamond Records, which had owned and founded by the local Portuguese merchant Ren da Silva in the late 1950s. In 1972, The Grammophon-Philips Group reorganized to create PolyGram, the Polydor label continued to run as a subsidiary label under the new company. The name PolyGram is a portmanteau of Polydor and PhonoGram, into the 1980s, Polydor continued to do respectable business, in spite of becoming increasingly overshadowed by its PolyGram sister label Mercury Records. Polydor took over management of British Deccas pop catalog, A&R manager Frank Neilson was able to score a major top ten hit in March 1981 for the label with Do The Hucklebuck by Coast to Coast as well as signing Ian Dury and Billy Fury to the company. In 1984, the name was parodied in the rockumentary film This Is Spinal Tap. By the early 1990s, Polydor had begun to underperform, in 1994, as Island Records recovered from its sales slump, PolyGram dissolved most of PLG into it. Meanwhile, Polydor Records and Atlas Records merged, briefly called Polydor/Atlas, in 1995, Polydor/Atlas became simply Polydor Records again. Over the next few years, Polydor tried to keep itself afloat with new artist signings, new releases, in 1998, PolyGram was purchased by Seagram and absorbed into its Universal Music Group. Today, in America, the Polydor Records name and logo is used on reissues of older material from its 1960s and 1970s heyday
Polydor Records
–
1920s vintage Polydor export label with its double-horn gramophone logo
Polydor Records
–
In 1954 Polydor Records introduced their distinctive orange label.
10.
Chrysalis Records
–
Chrysalis Records /ˈkrɪ. sə. lɪs/ is a British record label that was created in 1969. The name was both a reference to the stage of a butterfly and a combination of its founders names, Chris Wright. It started as the Ellis-Wright Agency and this was after the single Sunshine Day/Aeroplane was incorrectly credited to Jethro Toe. Jethro Tull signed with Reprise Records in the United States, which led Chrysalis to an American distribution deal with Reprises parent company and this lasted from 1972 until U. S. Chrysalis switched to independent distribution in 1976. PolyGram handled international distribution and Festival Records covered Australia and New Zealand, towards the end of the 1970s, the label began to extend its range of music, incorporating acts from the Punk Rock scene such as Generation X. The Chrysalis offshoot 2 Tone Records brought in such as The Specials. In 1979 Chrysalis bought and distributed U. S. folk label Takoma Records, naming manager/producer Denny Bruce as president, jon Monday who was Vice President of Takoma Records prior to the acquisition continued as General Manager, later becoming Director of Marketing of Chrysalis Records. Chrysalis made history in 1979 by creating the first music video album, in the 1980s, Chrysalis was at the forefront of the British New Romantic movement with bands such as Gen X, Ultravox, and Spandau Ballet. The 1980s proved to be the most successful time for the label, whose roster then included Billy Idol, Pat Benatar, Blondie and Huey Lewis, Chrysalis also distributed Animal Records, the short-lived label founded by Blondie guitarist Chris Stein. In 1983 Daniel Glass moved to Chrysalis as Director of New Music Marketing, advancing later to Senior Vice President. The Chrysalis Records label was sold 50% in 1990, then the half in 1991 to EMI with catalogue. Chrysalis Records folded into EMI subsidiary and flagship label EMI Records in 2005, the British Chrysalis catalogue was put up for sale by Universal Music Group after its acquisition of EMI. In July 2013, Warner Music Group completed acquisition of Parlophone Label Group, when Universal Music Group purchased EMI in 2012 ownership of Chrysalis passed to UMG. In 2013 Warner Music Group acquired part of EMI from UMG, in May 2016, Blue Raincoat Music purchased Chrysalis Records Ltd and the artist catalogue from Warner Music Group. Blue Raincoat founders Jeremy Lascelles and Robin Millar brought in Robert Devereux and this reunited founder Wright with the company he set up 47 years previously. Chris Wright is now non-executive Chairman of Chrysalis Records Ltd, since the acquisition from Warner Music Group, Chrysalis has acquired the catalogues of Suzi Quatro, Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, Athlete and Fun Lovin Criminals. Official site for Chrysalis Records UK at Blue Raincoat Music Ben Sisario, New York Times, Media Decoder blog,7 February 2013 Discogs page on Chrysalis Records
Chrysalis Records
–
Chrysalis Records
11.
Mercury Records
–
Mercury Records is an American-based record label owned by Universal Music Group. In the United States, it operates through Island Records, in the UK, Mercury Record Corporation was formed in the American city of Chicago in 1945 by Irving Green, Berle Adams, Ray Greenberg and Arthur Talmadge. They were a force in jazz and blues, classical music, rock and roll. Early in the history, Mercury opened two pressing plants, one in Chicago and the other in St. Louis, Missouri. With the use of presses and providing 24-hour turnaround, they went into direct competition with major recording labels such as Columbia, Decca, Capitol. By hiring two promoters, Tiny Hill and Jimmy Hilliard, they penetrated the pop market with such as Frankie Laine, Vic Damone, Tony Fontane. Rather than rely on radio airplay, Mercury initially relied on jukeboxes to promote their music, some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as its logo. In 1947 Jack Rael, a musician and publicist/manager, persuaded Mercury to let Patti Page record a song that had planned to be done by Vic Damone. The budget was too small for them to hire a second singer to provide the parts to Page. The company released a number of recordings under the Mercury label as well as its subsidiaries. In addition, they leased and purchased material by independent labels, under their own label, Mercury released a variety of recording styles from classical music to psychedelic rock. However, its subsidiaries focused on their own specialized categories of music, Mercurys jazz division had two distinct and important fathers. John Hammond brought his expertise and connections when Mercury bought Keynote Records in the late 1940s, and Mercury was the issuing company and distributor for Norman Granzs pre-Norgran/Verve recordings. Although both Hammond and Granz had departed Mercury by the mid-1950s, they established the company in the jazz world, by the early 1960s, Mercury was releasing jazz under the flagship label and was an early leader in the new stereo sound releases. Highlights of the early and mid-1960s included albums by Quincy Jones, Buddy Rich, Cannonball Adderley, Charles Mingus, Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughan, Max Roach, in the early 1950s, Norman Granz started his own record company, Norgran, which later became Verve. In an ironic twist, both Mercury and Verve are now owned by Universal Music Group and Mercurys jazz library falls under the Verve division. Since the early 1990s, Verve has reissued many Mercury jazz titles on CD, often taking care to use original master tapes, in 1962, Mercury began marketing a line of phonographs made by Philips bearing the Mercury brand name. In July 1967, Mercury Records became the first U. S. record company to release cassette music tapes, in 1969, Mercury changed its corporate name to Mercury Record Productions Inc. while its parent Conelco became North American Philips Corp after Philips brought control of the company
Mercury Records
–
Divisions and subsidiaries
Mercury Records
–
Mercury Records
12.
The Runaways
–
The Runaways were an American all-female rock band that recorded and performed in the second half of the 1970s. The band released four albums and one live set during its run. Among their best-known songs are Cherry Bomb, Hollywood, Queens of Noise, the Runaways, though never a major success in the United States, became a sensation overseas, especially in Japan, thanks to the hit single Cherry Bomb. The Runaways were formed in late 1975 by drummer Sandy West, the two met on their own at Wests home and later called Fowley to let him hear the outcome. Fowley then helped the girls find other members, starting as a power trio with singer/bassist Micki Steele, the Runaways began the party and club circuit around Los Angeles. They soon added lead guitarist Lita Ford who had auditioned for the bass spot. Steele was fired from the group, replaced by local bassist Peggy Foster, lead singer Cherie Currie was found and recruited in a local teen nightclub called the Sugar Shack, followed by Jackie Fox on bass. The Runaways were signed to Mercury Records in 1976 and their debut album, the band toured the U. S. and played numerous sold-out shows. They opened shows with headlining acts such as Cheap Trick and Tom Petty and their second album, Queens of Noise was released in 1977 and the band began a world tour. The Runaways quickly became lumped in with the punk rock movement. In the summer of 1977, their booking agent David Libert sent the group to Japan, the Runaways were the number four imported music act in Japan at the time, behind ABBA, Kiss and Led Zeppelin in terms of album sales and popularity. The girls were unprepared for the onslaught of fans greeted them at the airport. The mass hysteria was described by Jett as being like Beatlemania. While in Japan, the Runaways had their own TV special, did numerous television appearances, also in Japan, Fox left the band shortly before the group was scheduled to appear at the 1977 Tokyo Music Festival. Jett temporarily took over bass duties, when the group returned home, they replaced Fox with Vicki Blue. Currie then left the group after a blow-up with Ford in the fall of 1977, Jett, who had previously shared vocals with Currie, took over lead vocals full-time. The band released their album, Waitin for the Night. Currie released a solo LP, Beautys Only Skin Deep, produced by Kim Fowley, and began a separate U. S. tour, Mercury Records chose not to release Curries album in the U. S. although it was available as a pricey import via France
The Runaways
–
Clockwise from top left:
Lita Ford,
Sandy West,
Jackie Fox,
Joan Jett, and
Cherie Currie
The Runaways
–
Joan Jett in the 1980s
The Runaways
–
Micki Steele in 2003
The Runaways
–
Lita Ford in 1988
13.
Joan Jett
–
Joan Marie Larkin known professionally as Joan Jett, is an American rock singer, songwriter, composer, musician, record producer and occasional actress. She is best known for her work as Joan Jett & the Blackhearts, preceded by success with the Runaways, the Blackhearts record I Love Rock n Roll was No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 from March 20 to May 1,1982. Her other popular recordings include Crimson and Clover, I Hate Myself for Loving You, Do You Wanna Touch Me, Light of Day, Love Is All Around, Jett has a mezzo-soprano vocal range. She has three albums that have been certified Platinum or Gold, and has been a feminist icon throughout her career and she has been described as the Queen of Rock n Roll. She is also known as the Godmother of Punk, in 2015, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Joan Marie Larkin was born September 22,1958, at Lankenau Hospital in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania and she is the oldest of three children. Her father sold insurance, her mother was a secretary and her family were Protestant and attended church, but were not particularly religious. In 1967, her moved to Rockville, Maryland, where she attended Randolph Junior High. Jett got her first guitar at the age of 14 and she took some guitar lessons, but soon quit because the instructor kept trying to teach her folk songs. Her family then moved to West Covina, California, in Los Angeles County, in Los Angeles, Jetts favorite night spot was Rodney Bingenheimers English Disco, a venue that provided the glam rock style she loved. Jett became a member of the Runaways, alongside drummer Sandy West. Jackie Fox, Lita Ford and Cherie Currie soon joined up to complete the band, while Currie initially fronted the band, Jett shared some lead vocals, played rhythm guitar and wrote or co-wrote a lot of the bands material along with Ford, West and Currie. The band recorded five albums, with Live In Japan becoming one of the imports in US. The band toured around the world and became an act for Cheap Trick, Ramones, Van Halen and Tom Petty. They found success abroad, especially in Japan, while touring England with the Runaways in 1976, Jett first heard the song I Love Rock n Roll when she saw Arrows perform it on their weekly UK television series Arrows. In 2010, The Runaways, a movie about Jetts band, was released, starring Kristen Stewart as Jett, while the Runaways were popular in Europe, Asia, Australia, Canada and South America, they could not garner the same level of success in the US. After Currie left the band, the band released two albums with Jett handling the lead vocals, Waitin for the Night and And Now. Altogether they produced five albums from 1975 until they disbanded in the spring of 1979, soon after, Jett produced the Germs only album
Joan Jett
–
Joan Jett in 2013.
Joan Jett
–
Joan Jett, performing in Norway, 1980s
Joan Jett
–
Joan Jett performing with the Blackhearts in
Beaumont, California during the 2010 Free Concert Series
Joan Jett
–
Joan Jett & the Blackhearts perform in Sacramento, California in 2012
14.
Gibson Melody Maker
–
The Gibson Melody Maker is an electric guitar made by Gibson Guitar Corporation. It has had many body shape variations since its conception in 1959, the Gibson Melody Maker was first launched in 1959 and discontinued in 1971. It had a thin slab-style mahogany body and a mahogany neck. All the electronics, from the small single-coil pickups to the jack, were assembled on the pickguard. The strings ran from a simplification of the traditional Gibson headstock at one end to a wraparound bridge/tailpiece unit at the other. From 1959 until 1961, the Melody Maker had a single cutaway body style similar to the early Les Paul Junior model. In 1961 the body style changed to a double cutaway, resembling a Gretsch 6122 or a Danelectro Shorthorn. The body style was changed in 1966 to a similar to the SG, with pointed horns, a large white scratchplate. Note, Melody Maker D refers to the pickup model of any vintage but is often mistakenly used for the double cutaway model. Options on the Melody Maker included two pickups, the D model and a short-scale 3/4 neck, in 1967 a twelve-string version and a three pickup version were introduced, the Melody Maker 12 and III respectively. A short length version of the Vibrola vibrato device was available as an option. Rare examples were made to order in other custom Gibson colors e. g. Inverness Green, the Melody Maker was discontinued and replaced by the SG100,200 and 250. The Melody Maker double-cutaway model was revived in 1977 and discontinued again in 1983, some minor changes were introduced into the design including single coil pickups embossed with the Gibson logo, all metal tuning pegs and a latter-day Gibson stop tail piece and Tune-O-Matic bridge. In 1986, Gibson issued a Melody Maker with a single-cutaway body and it had one humbucking pickup, Grover tuners, a Tune-O-Matic bridge, and a stop tailpiece. Two humbucking pickup models with two switches were also made but are hard to find. This rare model features a neck, Grover tuners, Kahler tremolo system. The body is standard single-cutaway Melody Maker, the finish is black with a perloid pick guard. The Gibson All American II was built in the mid-1990s as part of the companys All American line which also included The Hawk, the All American II featured two high output single coil pickups creating a tonality similar to a hotrodded telecaster than a typical Gibson instrument
Gibson Melody Maker
–
Gibson Melody Maker (1960 or 1961)
Gibson Melody Maker
–
Gibson Melody Maker Double Cutaway (×2)
Gibson Melody Maker
–
Les Paul Melody Maker
15.
Cherry Bomb (The Runaways song)
–
Cherry Bomb is a 1976 punk-influenced hard rock single by the all-girl band The Runaways from their self-titled debut album. It is regarded by many as the signature song. Cherry Bomb was also ranked 52nd on VH1s 100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs, cherie Currie also re-recorded Cherry Bomb with Marie Currie, her identical twin sister, on their 1997 re-released version of the album Messin with the Boys. It reached #1 on the Japanese chart and #106 on the U. S chart. The Runaways version of Cherry Bomb was used in the television film Dawn, Portrait of a Teenage Runaway as well as the film Dazed and Confused, and was featured on the latter films soundtrack album. Cherry Bomb was re-recorded by Jett and Currie for use in the 2010 video game Guitar Hero, the Cherry Bomb refrain is sung by Jojo Levesque in a scene of the 2006 movie RV. Levesque had to be trained to sing the song poorly for humorous effect, Cherry Bomb was covered by Dakota Fanning and Kristen Stewart for the biographical film The Runaways. Joan Jett recorded a version backed by L7 for inclusion on the benefit album Spirit of 73. Currie performed Cherry Bomb with Warehouse 13 star Allison Scagliotti in the series Season 4 episode Runaway, the song is heard in the Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy, during the opening moments of the films climactic battle sequence. It is also included on the films soundtrack
Cherry Bomb (The Runaways song)
–
Cover of the 1976 Japan single
16.
Bad Reputation (Joan Jett song)
–
Bad Reputation is a rock song co-written and recorded by Joan Jett and first released from her 1980 debut album of the same name. In 2009, it was named the 29th best hard rock song of all time by VH1 and it is the highest-ranked song by a woman on the list. The video, directed by David Mallet, is a re-enactment of 23 record labels rejecting Joan Jetts first solo album, kenny Laguna, cofounder of Blackheart Records, appears in a cameo as the Warner Brothers executive. Cover versions are sung by surf band Los Straitjackets and Avril Lavigne, the song was sampled by Peaches on the track I Dont Give A. taken from her 2003 album Fatherfucker. The song was used for a 2011 animated AIDS awareness video produced by the French non-profit organization AIDES, the song is also used as the walkout song for former UFC Womens Bantamweight Champion Ronda Rousey. Juliette Barnes, the emotional chanteuse in the ABC musical drama series, Nashville, sings a version in the October 7,2015. The song was used in the summer 2016 Shakespeare in the Park production of The Taming of the Shrew, Bad Reputation was recorded by Canadian singer Avril Lavigne for a video montage interval in her Best Damn Tour. The studio recording of the cover was included on the deluxe edition of her fourth studio album Goodbye Lullaby. The song was released for the only in Japan on 11 December 2012, as a digital download on the One Piece Film. After heavy radio airplay, the peaked at No.8 on the Japan Hot 100. CD single How You Remind Me –4,05 Bad Reputation –2,42 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Bad Reputation (Joan Jett song)
–
"Bad Reputation"
17.
Crimson and Clover
–
Crimson and Clover is a 1968 song by American rock band Tommy James and the Shondells. Written by the duo of Tommy James and drummer Peter Lucia Jr. it was intended as a change in direction of the groups sound, Crimson and Clover was released in late 1968 as a rough mix after a radio station leaked it. It spent 16 weeks on the U. S. charts, reaching one in the United States. The single has sold 5 million copies, making it Tommy James and it has been covered by many artists such as Joan Jett and Prince. In 2006, Pitchfork Media named it the 57th best song of the 1960s, following the release of Mony Mony, Tommy James wanted to change direction of the groups sound, and began producing his own material. At the time, James said this was out of necessity and ambition and he departed from the groups principal songwriters Bo Gentry and Ritchie Cordell, and was given complete artistic control by Roulette Records. The title, Crimson and Clover, was decided before a song had been written for it, the combination of unknown meaning came to James as he was waking up, comprising his favorite color – crimson – and his favorite flower – clover. A song to fit the phrase was written by Tommy James and bassist Mike Vale and his following collaboration with drummer Peter Lucia, Jr. was more successful. During the songs production, Roulette Records wanted a new single, Crimson and Clover was recorded in late 1968 in about five hours and is one of the earliest songs recorded on 16-track equipment. Tommy James played most of the instruments, while Mike Vale played bass and Peter Lucia, the song contains a tremolo effect on the guitar, set so that it vibrated in time with the songs rhythm. Near the end of the recording, the band had an idea of utilizing the tremolo effect with vocals, Tommy James made a rough mix of Crimson and Clover to show to Roulette Records executive Morris Levy for evaluation. The band was intending to improve on the mix with ambient sound. A few days later, James stopped at WLS radio station in Chicago – who he had previously had experience with – to get their reaction. After an interview discussing the single, he was convinced to play the rough mix for WLS off-air, unbeknown to James, the station recorded the song, and they shortly played it on-air in November 1968 as a world exclusive. Morris Levy initially pleaded with WLS not to play the record prematurely before its release, Roulette Records produced a specially pressed single and shipped it to listeners who called about the song. Eight hundred copies of the song were sent to WLS for promotional purposes. Levy refused to let James produce the final mix he wanted, Crimson and Clover entered the U. S. charts on December 14, where it stayed for 16 weeks on Billboard Hot 100 and 15 weeks on Cash Box Top 100. Internationally, the reached number one in Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa
Crimson and Clover
–
Album cover for Crimson & Clover by Tommy James and the Shondells
Crimson and Clover
–
Tommy James and the Shondells on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1969, one week before their single reached number one.
18.
Do You Wanna Touch Me
–
Do You Wanna Touch Me, also referred to as Do You Wanna Touch Me. is a song performed by Gary Glitter. The song reached number 2 in the UK Singles Chart in January 1973, the song represented something of a departure from the trademark of the Glitter sound and it was co-written by Glitter and his record producer Mike Leander. The song was used in The Runaways biopic of the same name. Do You Wanna Touch Me was later covered by rock singer Joan Jett in 1980 on her album Bad Reputation and it reached number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1982. Jetts version of the song appears in a 2008 TV commercial for Hewlett-Packards TouchSmart computers, the commercial was withdrawn when the company learned that Glitter, now a convicted child molester, had written the song. On 29 October 2008, it was reported that Glitter would receive £100,000 in royalties from Hewlett Packard for the advertisement, on the TV show Glee, Holly Holliday and the members of the Glee Club cover this song in the episode Sexy. The performance caused controversy in the UK over the resulting royalty payments to Glitter. The charity Kidscape said the inclusion was wholly inappropriate. The UK version of the Album Glee, The Music, Volume 5 does not therefore include the song, the Cure played this song several times during the Head Tour in 1985. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Do You Wanna Touch Me
–
"Do You Wanna Touch Me? (Oh Yeah)"
Do You Wanna Touch Me
–
"Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)"
19.
I Hate Myself for Loving You
–
I Hate Myself for Loving You is a 1988 song from Joan Jett and the Blackhearts and the first single from the album Up Your Alley. The song reached No.8 on the Billboard Hot 100, Jetts third single to reach the Top 10, former Rolling Stones guitarist Mick Taylor played the guitar solo in the song. One of the backing vocalists featured on the Up Your Alley album was Louie Merlino, Merlino did backing vocals on countless songs that were written or co-written by Desmond Child. When Las Vegas, Nevada-based band Sin City Sinners has Merlino singing with them, for this song, Joan Jett and the Blackhearts received a nomination at the 31st Grammy Awards for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. The single charted number 39 on rock songs in Sep 10,2011. It is featured in the 2008 music video game Guitar Hero and it is featured in the Broadway musical Rock of Ages. It is featured in the film Rounders, the song was reworked for the NBC Sunday Night Football opening theme, with new lyrics for the chorus, as well as lyrics altered weekly, depending on what teams were playing. It was performed by Pink in 2006, Faith Hill from 2007 until 2012, the 2013 version also introduced a change to the bassline. It was replaced by Miranda Lamberts Something Bad starting on 9/11/2016 with the New England Patriots at the Arizona Cardinals in University of Phoenix Stadium, the Peck Band, The Movie, The Real Life The song made an appearance in the When Peck This sounds At Concert. The song is featured in the 2009 film Ghosts of Girlfriends Past, the song has a Cantonese version performed by HK-pop singer Andy Lau
I Hate Myself for Loving You
–
"I Hate Myself for Loving You"
20.
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)
–
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It is the track and first track of their album Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap, released in September 1976, and was written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young. It was also released as a single – first in Australia in October 1976 with R. I. P. as its B-side, once the Dirty Deeds album was finally released in the US in 1981 the Dirty Deeds. Single was released there, where it reached number four on the then-new Top Tracks chart, the song ranked No.24 on VH1s 40 Greatest Metal Songs and in 2009 it was named the 31st best hard rock song of all time also by VH1. It features a backing consisting of a heavy breathing sound. It also features the title in a style at the end of the chorus, plus a scream at the end of the song. The full-length recording has the title of the song chanted four times starting at 3,09 and they are also the names of songs that appeared on Australias T. N. T. and the international version of High Voltage. Additionally, the six digits of the number provided by the speaker are the idealized perfect measurements of a woman. The phrase Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap is a homage to the cartoon Beany and Cecil, one of the cartoons characters was named Dishonest John, who carried a business card that read, Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap. In the original, unreleased version of the song, the term Dunder Chief was used in place of the lyrics done dirt cheap. Their attorney told the Chicago Tribune that the songs 36-24-36 digits were followed by a hey. which to his clients sounded like an 8, Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap has only been included on one official AC/DC live album, 1992s Live, sung by Scotts replacement Brian Johnson. This live version was released as a single, a video clip for the single was released containing footage from the Live at Donington home video, as well as other old clips mixed in the video. This video clip was released on the DVD Family Jewels Disc 3. An earlier version with Bon Scott, recorded live in Sydney at the Festival of Sydney on 30 January 1977, was released on an Australian only radio 2JJ compilation album titled Long Live The Evolution and this live version was later released on Backtracks. In 2007 on the Plug Me In three track bonus CD from Best Buy, a version from Detroit, Michigan,17 or 18 November 1983 was released. A parody of song was recorded by Bob Rivers called Dirty Deeds Done With Sheep. Hayseed Dixie recorded a cover for their albums A Hillbilly Tribute to AC/DC. This version replaces Bon Scotts scream with singer John Wheelers loud belch at the end, kerri-anne Kennerley covered the song on the album Andrew Dentons Musical Challenge released in 2001
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)
–
UK single
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)
–
"Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (live)"
21.
Mezzo-soprano
–
A mezzo-soprano or mezzo is a type of classical female singing voice whose vocal range lies between the soprano and the contralto voice types. The mezzo-sopranos vocal range extends from the A below middle C to the A two octaves above. In the lower and upper extremes, some mezzo-sopranos may extend down to the F below middle C, the mezzo-soprano voice type is generally divided into the coloratura, lyric, and dramatic mezzo-soprano. Mezzo-sopranos are well represented in music, early music. Some roles designated for lighter soubrette sopranos are sung by mezzo-sopranos, such roles include Despina in Mozarts Così fan tutte and Zerlina in his Don Giovanni. Mezzos sometimes play dramatic soprano roles such as Santuzza in Mascagnis Cavalleria rusticana, Lady Macbeth in Verdis Macbeth, the vocal range of the mezzo-sopranos lies between the soprano and the contralto voice types. Mezzo-sopranos generally have a heavier, darker tone than sopranos, the mezzo-soprano voice resonates in a higher range than that of a contralto. The terms Dugazon and Galli-Marié are sometimes used to refer to light mezzo-sopranos, usually men singing within the female range are called countertenors since there is a lighter more breathy tonal quality difference. Within the mezzo-soprano voice type category are three generally recognized subcategories, coloratura mezzo-soprano, lyric mezzo-soprano, and dramatic mezzo-soprano, a coloratura mezzo-soprano has a warm lower register and an agile high register. The roles they sing often demand not only the use of the register but also leaps into the upper tessitura with highly ornamented. They have a range from approximately the G below middle C to the B two octaves above middle C, some coloratura mezzo-sopranos can sing up to high C or high D, but this is very rare. What distinguishes these voices from being called sopranos is their extension into the register and warmer vocal quality. Although coloratura mezzo-sopranos have impressive and at times thrilling high notes, they are most comfortable singing in the middle of their range, many of the hero roles in the operas of Handel and Monteverdi, originally sung by male castrati, can be successfully sung today by coloratura mezzo-sopranos. Rossini demanded similar qualities for his heroines, and Vivaldi wrote roles frequently for this voice as well. Coloratura mezzo-sopranos also often sing lyric-mezzo-soprano roles or soubrette roles, coloratura mezzo-soprano roles in operas, The lyric mezzo-soprano has a range from approximately the G below middle C to the A two octaves above middle C. This voice has a smooth, sensitive and at times lachrymose quality. Lyric mezzo-sopranos do not have the agility of the coloratura mezzo-soprano or the size of the dramatic mezzo-soprano. The lyric mezzo-soprano is ideal for most trouser roles and this voice has less vocal facility than the coloratura mezzo-soprano
Mezzo-soprano
–
Mezzo-soprano voice range (A3–A5) indicated in sheet music (left) and on piano keyboard in green with dot marking middle C (C4).
22.
RIAA certification
–
In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Certification is not automatic, for an award to be made, the audit is conducted against net shipments after returns, which includes albums sold directly to retailers and one-stops, direct-to-consumer sales and other outlets. Presently, an American RIAA-certified Gold record is a single or album that has sold 500,000 units, the award was launched in 1958, originally, the requirement for a Gold single was one million units sold and a Gold album represented $1 million in sales. In 1975, the requirement of 500,000 units sold was added for Gold albums. Reflecting growth in sales, the Platinum award was added in 1976 for albums selling one million units. The Multi-Platinum award was introduced in 1984, signifying multiple Platinum levels of albums, in 1989, the sales thresholds for singles were reduced to 500,000 for Gold and 1,000,000 for Platinum, reflecting a decrease in sales of singles. In 1992, RIAA began counting each disc in a set as one unit toward certification. Reflecting additional growth in sales, the Diamond award was instituted in 1999 for albums or singles selling ten million units. Because of these changes in criteria, the sales level associated with a particular award depends on when the award was made, Nielsen SoundScan figures are not used in RIAA certification, the RIAA system predates Nielsen SoundScan and includes sales outlets Nielsen misses. Prior to Nielsen SoundScan, RIAA certification was the only audited and this system has allowed, at times, for record labels to promote an album as Gold or Platinum simply based on large shipments. For instance, in 1978 the Sgt, peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band soundtrack shipped platinum but was a sales bust, with two million returns. Similarly, all four albums by the members of Kiss simultaneously shipped Platinum that same year. A similar discrepancy between shipments and sales was reported with The Lion King soundtrack, multi-disc albums are counted once for each disc within the album if it is over 100 minutes in length or is from the vinyl era. Pink Floyds The Wall and The Beatles White Album, both vinyl-era, are also counted double even though their running times are under the minimum requirement. Since 2000, the RIAA also awards Los Premios de Oro y De Platino to Latin albums which are defined by the RIAA as a type of product that features at least 51% of content in Spanish, the thresholds were 100,000 units and 200,000 units. All Spanish-language albums certified prior to 2008 were updated to match the current certification at the time, la Bomba by Bolivian group Azul Azul is the only single to receive a Latin certification based on shipments before the creation of the Latin digital singles awards in 2013. The Disco de Diamante award was introduced after the RIAA updated the thresholds for Latin certifications in December 20,2013, the Disco de Diamante is awarded to Latin albums that have been certified 10× Platinum. The thresholds were previously 1,000,000 units and 2,000,000 units, when the RIAA changed the certification standards to match retail distribution in August 2006, all Platinum and Multi-Platinum awards for a digital release were withdrawn
RIAA certification
–
A platinum award for the album
GHV2 of
Madonna.
23.
Feminism
–
Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal, to define and advance political, economic, personal, and social rights for women. This includes seeking to establish opportunities for women in education. Feminists have also worked to promote autonomy and integrity, and to protect women and girls from rape, sexual harassment. Numerous feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years and represent different viewpoints, some forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle class, and educated perspectives. This criticism led to the creation of specific or multicultural forms of feminism, including black feminism. Charles Fourier, a Utopian Socialist and French philosopher, is credited with having coined the word féminisme in 1837, depending on the historical moment, culture and country, feminists around the world have had different causes and goals. Most western feminist historians assert that all working to obtain womens rights should be considered feminist movements. Other historians assert that the term should be limited to the modern feminist movement and those historians use the label protofeminist to describe earlier movements. The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into three waves, each wave dealt with different aspects of the same feminist issues. The first wave comprised womens suffrage movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the second wave was associated with the ideas and actions of the womens liberation movement beginning in the 1960s. The second wave campaigned for legal and social equality for women, the third wave is a continuation of, and a reaction to, the perceived failures of second-wave feminism, beginning in the 1990s. First-wave feminism was a period of activity during the 19th century, in the UK and US, it focused on the promotion of equal contract, marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. This was followed by Australia granting female suffrage in 1902, in 1928 this was extended to all women over 21. In the U. S. notable leaders of this movement included Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, anthony, who each campaigned for the abolition of slavery prior to championing womens right to vote. These women were influenced by the Quaker theology of spiritual equality, in the United States, first-wave feminism is considered to have ended with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting women the right to vote in all states. During the late Qing period and reform movements such as the Hundred Days Reform, Chinese feminists called for womens liberation from traditional roles, later, the Chinese Communist Party created projects aimed at integrating women into the workforce, and claimed that the revolution had successfully achieved womens liberation. According to Nawar al-Hassan Golley, Arab feminism was closely connected with Arab nationalism, in 1899, Qasim Amin, considered the father of Arab feminism, wrote The Liberation of Women, which argued for legal and social reforms for women. He drew links between womens position in Egyptian society and nationalism, leading to the development of Cairo University, in 1923 Hoda Shaarawi founded the Egyptian Feminist Union, became its president and a symbol of the Arab womens rights movement
Feminism
–
International Women's Day rally in
Dhaka, Bangladesh, on 8 March 2005, organized by the National Women Workers Trade Union Centre
Feminism
–
Feminist Suffrage Parade in New York City, 6 May 1912
Feminism
–
After selling her home,
Emmeline Pankhurst, pictured in New York City in 1913, travelled constantly, giving speeches throughout Britain and the United States.
Feminism
–
Louise Weiss along with other Parisian
suffragettes in 1935. The newspaper headline reads "The Frenchwoman Must Vote."
24.
Honorific nicknames in popular music
–
These patterns of naming were transferred to rock and roll when it emerged in the 1950s. There was a series of attempts to find the King of Rock n Roll and this has been seen as part of a process of the appropriation of credit for innovation of the then new music by a white establishment. Similar honorific nicknames have been given in other genres, including Aretha Franklin, madonna and Michael Jackson have been closely associated with the terms Queen and King of Pop since the 1980s. They have been strongly promulgated and contested by various artists and occasionally disowned or played down by their subjects, some notable honorific nicknames are in general usage and commonly identified with particular individuals. Jazz royalty Sobriquet Teen idol A denotes template, i. e. for sources where a reference is alluded to, or given in part and their factuality, thus, may or may not be in question. B denotes template, i. e. for source that needs to be translated. C denotes template, i. e. for source very possibly being unreliable D denotes template, i. e. for source that have been checked, E denotes template, i. e. clarification of wording or interpretation is needed. F denotes template, i. e. source cannot be verified, G denotes template The discussed artists themselves and/or only one cited person
Honorific nicknames in popular music
–
By the 1920s, American bandleader
Paul Whiteman was often referred to as the "King of Jazz" in press releases
Honorific nicknames in popular music
–
American musician
James Brown was known as the "Godfather of Soul", "The Hardest Working Man in Show Business","Mr Dynamite", and "Soul Brother number one".
Honorific nicknames in popular music
–
American singer
Ruth Brown has been referred to as the "Queen of R&B"
Honorific nicknames in popular music
–
Hong Kong singer
Jacky Cheung has been deemed the "God of Songs"
25.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
–
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fames permanent home.8 billion, the Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia, Memphis, Detroit, Cincinnati, New York City, Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, on May 5,1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland, the hall of fame shouldve been in Memphis, certainly, wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have chosen as the organizations site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, It was $65 million, Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money. During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site, Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was planned to stand 200 ft high. The buildings base is approximately 150,000 square feet, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7,1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1,1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, the following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the documents the entire history of rock and roll. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in an exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees, the formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times, twice in Los Angeles, and four times in the Hall of Fames home in Cleveland
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
–
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
–
The former Annex in Soho in New York City (now closed)
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
–
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (left) sits on the
Lake Erie shore next to the
Great Lakes Science Center (right) in Cleveland's
North Coast Harbor.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
–
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, showing
Lake Erie in the foreground
26.
Philadelphia
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
Philadelphia
–
From top left, the Philadelphia skyline, a
statue of Benjamin Franklin, the
Liberty Bell, the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia City Hall, and
Independence Hall
Philadelphia
–
An 18th century map of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia
–
Penn's Treaty with the Indians by
Benjamin West
Philadelphia
–
Benjamin Franklin, 1777
27.
Rockville, Maryland
–
Rockville is a city located in the central region of Montgomery County, Maryland. It is the county seat and is an incorporated city of Montgomery County. The 2010 census tabulated Rockvilles population at 61,209, making it the third largest incorporated city in Maryland, behind Baltimore, Rockville is the largest incorporated city in Montgomery County, Maryland, although the nearby census-designated place of Germantown is more populous. The city also has several upscale regional shopping centers and is one of the major hubs in Montgomery County. Situated in the Piedmont region and crossed by three creeks, Rockville provided an excellent refuge for semi-nomadic Native Americans as early as 8000 BC. By the first millennium BC, a few of these groups had settled down into year-round agricultural communities that exploited the native flora, including sunflowers and marsh elder. By AD1200, these groups were increasingly drawn into conflict with the Senecas and Susquehannocks who had migrated south from Pennsylvania. Within the present-day boundaries of the city, six sites have been uncovered and documented. By the year 1700, under pressure from European colonists, the majority of original inhabitants had been driven away. The indigenous population carved a path on the ground, known as Sinequa Trail. Later, the Maryland Assembly set the standard of 20 feet for main thoroughfares, in the mid-18th century, Lawrence Owen opened a small inn on the road. The location of the road, near the present Rockville Pike, was located on higher ground making it dry year-round. The first land patents in the Rockville area were obtained by Arthur Nelson between 1717 and 1735, within three decades, the first permanent buildings in what would become the center of Rockville were established on this land. Being a small, unincorporated town, early Rockville was known by a variety of names, including Owens Ordinary, Hungerfords Tavern, the first recorded mention of the settlement which would later become known as Rockville dates to the Braddock Expedition in 1755. Owens Ordinary was a small rest stop on Rock Creek Main Road, which stretched from George Town to Frederick Town, the southern portion of the county, of which Rockville was a part, was named Montgomery County. The most populous and prosperous urban center in this new county was George Town, Rockville, a small, but centrally located and well-traveled town, was chosen as the seat of the countys government. At the time, Rockville did not have a name, it was generally called Hungerfords Tavern, after being named the county seat, the village was referred to by all as Montgomery Court House. The tavern served as the county courthouse, and it held its first such proceedings on May 20,1777, in 1784, William Prather Williams, a local landowner, hired a surveyor to lay out much of the town
Rockville, Maryland
–
Downtown Rockville in 2001, the Montgomery County Judicial Center in 2010, the Rockville Town Square in 2010, the Beall-Dawson House in 2005, and downtown Rockville in 2008.
Rockville, Maryland
–
The Rockville Town Center in January 2006
Rockville, Maryland
–
The Beall-Dawson House, on West Montgomery Avenue near Rockville Town Center in January 2005. Built in 1815, the home was owned by Upton Beall, Clerk of the Montgomery County Court.
Rockville, Maryland
–
A stone marker on the corner of Vinson Street and Maryland Avenue in May 2010. It was originally placed there in 1803 when Rockville's streets were laid out. "BR" stands for "Beginning of Rockville".
28.
Middle school
–
A middle school is an educational stage, which exists in some countries, and takes place between primary school and high school. The concept, regulation and classification of schools, as well as the ages covered. In Afghanistan, middle school consists of grades 6,7 and 8, besides there is a change in the scenario. In Albania, middle school is included in the education which lasts 9 years. In Algeria, a middle school includes grades 6 through 10, most regions of Australia do not have middle schools, as students go directly from primary school to secondary school. The first middle school established in Australia was The Armidale School, Schools have since followed this trend, such as The Kings School. The Northern Territory has introduced a three tier system featuring Middle Schools for years 7–9 and high school year 10–12, many schools across Queensland have introduced a Middle School tier within their schools. The middle schools cover the grades/years 5 to 8, in Brazil, middle school is a mandatory stage that precedes High School called Ensino Fundamental II consisting of grades 6 to 9, ages 11 to 14. In Canada, the middle school and junior high school are both used, depending on which grades the school caters to. Another common model is grades 5–8, alberta, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island junior high schools include only grades 7–9, with the first year of high school traditionally being grade 10. In some places students go from school to secondary school. Quebec uses a system that is different from those of the other provinces. The Secondary level has five grades, starting after Elementary Grade 6 and these are called Secondary I to Secondary V. In the Peoples Republic of China, middle school has two stages, junior stage and senior stage, some middle schools have both stages while some have either of them. Other students may avoid the exam, based on their talents, like athletics. In the Czech Republic after completing the elementary school a student may apply for high school. Students have the opportunity to enroll in school from Grade 5 or Grade 7 of elementary school. Thus they can spend five years in school, followed by eight in high school
Middle school
–
Indian Middle School children in uniform,
Hnahthial,
Mizoram,
India
Middle school
–
Students of
Nan Hua High School, a secondary school in Singapore, in the school hall
29.
West Covina, California
–
West Covina is a city in Los Angeles County, California, located 19 miles east of Downtown Los Angeles in the eastern San Gabriel Valley and is part of Greater Los Angeles. The population for the city was 106,098 at the 2010 census, West Covina was incorporated as an independent city in 1923 to prevent the city of Covina from building a sewage farm in the area. Walnut groves and orange groves continued to flourish during the subsequent decades, the population in 1930 was 769 and blossomed to 1,549 in 1940. The decades between 1960 and 2000 demonstrated steady growth, which slowed significantly by the time of the 2010 census, the City of West Covina began the second half of the 20th century with new developments and projects, mostly brought on by big business. The City Hall and police facility were built in 1969 as the first phase of an example of a Joint Powers Authority in the County of Los Angeles. The Civic Center Joint Powers Authority, consisting of the County of Los Angeles, the Civic Center complex includes the Los Angeles County Regional Library and the Citrus Municipal Court building and the city offices. The first Redevelopment Agency project included a shopping center, the West Covina Fashion Plaza. It also included the revitalization of the sections of the shopping center. The Fashion Plaza has provided the citizens of the San Gabriel Valley with convenient access to all shopping needs, in 1991 the mall was renovated adding a food court and additional shops, as well as the redecorating of the entire mall. The mall was renamed The Plaza at West Covina, the Plaza opened a new 100,000 sq ft. wing in October 1993 featuring 50 new stores including a new Robinsons-May and interior renovation throughout The Plaza. The 2010 United States Census reported that West Covina had a population of 106,098, the population density was 6,594.3 people per square mile. The racial makeup of West Covina was 42. 8% White,4. 5% African American,1. 0% Native American,25. 8% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander,21. 3% from other races, and 4. 4% from two or more races. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin were 53. 2%, the Census reported that 105,424 people lived in households,351 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 323 were institutionalized. There were 1,664 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 202 same-sex married couples or partnerships,4,795 households were made up of individuals and 2,164 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.34, there were 25,360 families, the average family size was 3.68. The median age was 36.0 years, for every 100 females there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males. There were 32,705 housing units at a density of 2,032.7 per square mile, of which 20,703 were owner-occupied
West Covina, California
–
The 14 story
Wells Fargo Building, tallest in the city.
West Covina, California
–
Location of West Covina in
Los Angeles County, California
