Joe DiMaggio

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Joe DiMaggio
1939 Playball Joe Dimaggio (minus halftone).jpg
DiMaggio, c. 1939
Center fielder
Born: (1914-11-25)November 25, 1914
Martinez, California
Died: March 8, 1999(1999-03-08) (aged 84)
Hollywood, Florida
Batted: Right Threw: Right
MLB debut
May 3, 1936, for the New York Yankees
Last MLB appearance
September 30, 1951, for the New York Yankees
MLB statistics
Batting average.325
Hits2,214
Home runs361
Runs batted in1,537
Teams
Career highlights and awards
Member of the National
Empty Star.svg Empty Star.svg Empty Star.svg Baseball Hall of Fame Empty Star.svg Empty Star.svg Empty Star.svg
Induction1955
Vote88.84% (third ballot)

Joseph Paul DiMaggio[a] (November 25, 1914 – March 8, 1999), nicknamed "Joltin' Joe" and "The Yankee Clipper", was an American baseball center fielder who played his entire 13-year career in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees. Born to Italian immigrants in California, he is widely considered one of the greatest baseball players of all time, and is perhaps best known for his 56-game hitting streak (May 15 – July 16, 1941), a record that still stands.[1]

DiMaggio was a three-time Most Valuable Player Award winner and an All-Star in each of his 13 seasons. During his tenure with the Yankees, the club won ten American League pennants and nine World Series championships, his career nine World Series rings is second only to fellow Yankee Yogi Berra, who won ten.

At the time of his retirement after the 1951 season, he ranked fifth in career home runs (361) and sixth in career slugging percentage (.579). He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1955 and was voted the sport's greatest living player in a poll taken during the baseball centennial year of 1969,[2] his brothers Vince (1912–1986) and Dom (1917–2009) also were major league center fielders. DiMaggio is widely known for his marriage and lifelong devotion to Marilyn Monroe.

Early life[edit]

Joseph Paul DiMaggio was born on November 25, 1914, in Martinez, California,[citation needed] the sixth of seven children born to Italian immigrants Giuseppe (1872–1949) and Rosalia (née Lucido) (1878–1951) DiMaggio, from Isola delle Femmine, Sicily. He was named Paolo after his father Giuseppe's favorite saint, Saint Paul.

A baseball card of DiMaggio when he played for the San Francisco Seals, circa 1933–36.

Giuseppe was a fisherman, as were generations of DiMaggios before him. According to statements from Joe's brother Tom to biographer Maury Allen, Rosalia's father wrote to her with the advice that Giuseppe could earn a better living in California than in their native Isola delle Femmine, a northwestern Sicilian village in the province of Palermo.

After being processed on Ellis Island, Giuseppe worked his way across America, eventually settling near Rosalia's father in Pittsburg, California, on the east side of the San Francisco Bay Area. After four years, he earned enough money to send to Italy for Rosalia and their daughter, who was born after he had left for the United States.

Giuseppe hoped that his five sons would become fishermen.[3] DiMaggio recalled that he would do anything to get out of cleaning his father's boat, as the smell of dead fish nauseated him. Giuseppe called him "lazy" and "good-for-nothing." DiMaggio did not finish his education at Galileo High School and instead worked odd jobs including hawking newspapers, stacking boxes at a warehouse and working at an orange juice plant.[4]

DiMaggio was playing semi-pro ball when older brother Vince, playing for the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League (PCL), talked his manager into letting DiMaggio fill in at shortstop. Joe DiMaggio made his professional debut on October 1, 1932. From May 27 to July 25, 1933, he hit safely in 61 consecutive games, a PCL-record,[5] and second-longest in all of Minor League Baseball history.[6] "Baseball didn't really get into my blood until I knocked off that hitting streak," he said. "Getting a daily hit became more important to me than eating, drinking or sleeping."

In 1934, DiMaggio suffered a career-threatening knee injury when he tore ligaments while stepping out of a jitney. Scout Bill Essick of the New York Yankees, convinced that the injury would heal, pestered his club to give him another look. After DiMaggio passed a physical examination in November, the Yankees purchased his contract for $50,000[7] and five players, he remained with the Seals for the 1935 season and batted .398 with 154 runs batted in (RBIs) and 34 home runs. His team won the 1935 PCL title, and DiMaggio was named the league's Most Valuable Player.

Major league career[edit]

Seven of the American League's 1937 All-Star players: Lou Gehrig, Joe Cronin, Bill Dickey, Joe DiMaggio, Charlie Gehringer, Jimmie Foxx, and Hank Greenberg. All seven were inducted into the Hall of Fame.

DiMaggio made his major league debut on May 3, 1936, batting ahead of Lou Gehrig in the lineup; the Yankees had not been to the World Series since 1932, but they won the next four Fall Classics. Over the course of his 13-year Major League career, DiMaggio led the Yankees to 9 World Series championships, where he trails only Yogi Berra (10) in that category.[8]

DiMaggio set a franchise record for rookies in 1936 by hitting 29 home runs. DiMaggio accomplished the feat in 138 games,[9] his record stood for over 80 years until it was shattered by Aaron Judge, who tallied 52 round trippers in 2017.[10]

In 1939, DiMaggio was nicknamed the "Yankee Clipper" by Yankee's stadium announcer Arch McDonald, when he likened DiMaggio's speed and range in the outfield to the then-new Pan American airliner.[11]

DiMaggio was pictured with his son on the cover of the inaugural issue of SPORT magazine in September 1946.[12]

In 1947, Boston Red Sox owner Tom Yawkey and Yankees GM Larry MacPhail verbally agreed to trade DiMaggio for Ted Williams, but MacPhail refused to include Yogi Berra.[13]

In the September 1949 issue of SPORT, Hank Greenberg said that DiMaggio covered so much ground in center field that the only way to get a hit against the Yankees was "to hit 'em where Joe wasn't." DiMaggio also stole home five times in his career.

On February 7, 1949, DiMaggio signed a contract worth $100,000 ($1,053,000 in current dollar terms) ($70,000 plus bonuses), and became the first baseball player to break $100,000 in earnings. By 1950, he was ranked the second-best center fielder by the Sporting News, after Larry Doby.[14] After a poor 1951 season, various injuries, and a scouting report by the Brooklyn Dodgers that was turned over to the New York Giants and leaked to the press, DiMaggio announced his retirement at age 37 on December 11, 1951;[15] when remarking on his retirement to the Sporting News on December 19, 1951, he said:

DiMaggio in 1951, his last year in baseball

I feel like I have reached the stage where I can no longer produce for my club, my manager, and my teammates. I had a poor year, but even if I had hit .350, this would have been my last year. I was full of aches and pains and it had become a chore for me to play; when baseball is no longer fun, it's no longer a game, and so, I've played my last game.

Through May 2009, DiMaggio was tied with Mark McGwire for third place all-time in home runs over the first two calendar years in the major leagues (77), behind Phillies Hall of Famer Chuck Klein (83), and Milwaukee Brewers' Ryan Braun (79).[16] Through 2011, he was one of seven major leaguers to have had at least four 30-homer, 100-RBI seasons in their first five years, along with Chuck Klein, Ted Williams, Ralph Kiner, Mark Teixeira, Albert Pujols, and Ryan Braun.[17] DiMaggio holds the record for most seasons with more home runs than strikeouts (minimum 20 home runs), a feat he accomplished seven times, and five times consecutively from 1937 to 1941.[18] DiMaggio would likely have exceeded 500 home runs and 2,000 RBIs had he not served in the military during World War II, causing him to miss the 1943, 1944, and 1945 seasons.[19]

DiMaggio might have had better power-hitting statistics had his home park not been Yankee Stadium; as "The House That Ruth Built", its nearby right field favored the Babe's left-handed power. For right-handed hitters, its deep left and center fields made home runs almost impossible. Mickey Mantle recalled that he and Whitey Ford witnessed many DiMaggio blasts that would have been home runs anywhere other than Yankee Stadium (Ruth himself fell victim to that problem, as he also hit many long flyouts to center). Bill James calculated that DiMaggio lost more home runs due to his home park than any other player in history. Left-center field went as far back as 457 ft [139 m], where left-center rarely reaches 380 ft [116 m] in today's ballparks. Al Gionfriddo's famous catch in the 1947 World Series, which was close to the 415-foot mark [126 m] in left-center, would have been a home run in the Yankees' current ballpark. DiMaggio hit 148 home runs in 3,360 at-bats at home versus 213 home runs in 3,461 at-bats on the road, his slugging percentage at home was .546, and on the road, it was .610. Statistician Bill Jenkinson commented on these figures:

DiMaggio and Mickey Mantle at Yankee Stadium, 1970, two years after Mantle's retirement

For example, Joe DiMaggio was acutely handicapped by playing at Yankee Stadium; every time he batted in his home field during his entire career, he did so knowing that it was physically impossible for him to hit a home run to the half of the field directly in front of him. If you look at a baseball field from foul line to foul line, it has a 90-degree radius. From the power alley in left-center field (430 in Joe's time) to the fence in deep right center field (407 ft), it is 45-degrees, and Joe DiMaggio never hit a single home run over the fences at Yankee Stadium in that 45-degree graveyard. It was just too far. Joe was plenty strong; he routinely hit balls in the 425-foot range, but that just wasn't good enough in cavernous Yankee Stadium. Like Ruth, he benefited from a few easy homers each season due to the short foul line distances, but he lost many more than he gained by constantly hitting long fly outs toward center field. Whereas most sluggers perform better on their home fields, DiMaggio hit only 41 percent of his career home runs in the Bronx, he hit 148 homers at Yankee Stadium. If he had hit the same exact pattern of batted balls with a typical modern stadium as his home, he would have belted about 225 homers during his home field career.

DiMaggio became eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 but he was not elected until 1955; the Hall of Fame rules on the post-retirement induction waiting period had been revised in the interim, extending the waiting period from one to five years, but DiMaggio and Ted Lyons were exempted from the rule. DiMaggio told Baseball Digest in 1963 that the Brooklyn Dodgers had offered him their managerial job in 1953, but he turned it down. After being out of baseball since his retirement as a player, DiMaggio became the first hitting instructor of the newly relocated Oakland Athletics from 1968 to 1970.

1941 hitting streak[edit]

DiMaggio's most famous achievement is his MLB record-breaking 56-game hitting streak in 1941; the streak began on May 15, a couple of weeks before the death of Lou Gehrig—who had been DiMaggio's teammate from 1936 to 1939—when DiMaggio went one-for-four against Chicago White Sox pitcher Eddie Smith.[20] Major newspapers began to write about DiMaggio's streak early on, but as he approached George Sisler's modern era record of 41 games, it became a national phenomenon. Initially, DiMaggio showed little interest in breaking Sisler's record, saying "I'm not thinking a whole lot about it... I'll either break it or I won't."[21] As he approached Sisler's record, DiMaggio showed more interest, saying, "At the start I didn't think much about it... but naturally I'd like to get the record since I am this close."[22] On June 29, 1941, DiMaggio doubled in the first game of a doubleheader against the Washington Senators at Griffith Stadium to tie Sisler's record and then singled in the nightcap to extend his streak to 42.[23][24]

DiMaggio kisses his bat in 1941, the year he hit safely in 56 consecutive games. His wife Dorothy Arnold was pregnant with their son Joe, Jr. while the streak was in progress.[25]

A Yankee Stadium crowd of 52,832 fans watched DiMaggio tie the all-time hitting streak record (44 games, Wee Willie Keeler in 1897) on July 1;[26] the next day against the Boston Red Sox, he homered into Yankee Stadium's left field stands to extend his streak to 45, setting a new record. DiMaggio recorded 67 hits in 179 at-bats during the first 45 games of his streak, while Keeler recorded 88 hits in 201 at-bats.[27] DiMaggio continued hitting after breaking Keeler's record, reaching 50 straight games on July 11 against the St. Louis Browns.[28] On July 17 at Cleveland's Municipal Stadium, DiMaggio's streak was finally snapped at 56 games, thanks in part to two backhand stops by Indians third baseman Ken Keltner.[29] DiMaggio batted .408 during the streak with 15 home runs and 55 RBI.[30] The day after the streak ended, DiMaggio started another streak that lasted 16 games; the distinction of hitting safely in 72 of 73 games is worthy of mention.[31][32] The closest anyone has come to equaling DiMaggio is Pete Rose, who hit safely in 44 straight games in 1978.[33][34] During the streak, DiMaggio played in seven doubleheaders; the Yankees' record during the streak was 41–13–2.

Some consider DiMaggio's streak a uniquely outstanding and unbreakable record and a statistical near-impossibility. Nobel Prize-winning physicist and sabermetrician Edward Mills Purcell calculated that, to have the likelihood of a hitting streak of 50 games occurring in the history of baseball up to the late 1980s be greater than 50%, fifty-two .350 lifetime hitters would have to have existed instead of the actual three (Ty Cobb, Rogers Hornsby, and Shoeless Joe Jackson). His Harvard colleague Stephen Jay Gould, citing Purcell's work, called DiMaggio's 56-game achievement "the most extraordinary thing that ever happened in American sports".[35] Samuel Arbesman and Steven Strogatz of Cornell University disagree, they conducted 10,000 computer simulations of Major League Baseball from 1871 to 2005, 42% of which produced streaks as long or longer, with record streaks ranging from 39 to 109 games and typical record streaks between 50 and 64 games.[36]

World War II[edit]

DiMaggio enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces on February 17, 1943, rising to the rank of sergeant, he was stationed at Santa Ana, California, Hawaii, and Atlantic City, New Jersey, as a physical education instructor.[37] He was released on a medical discharge in September 1945, due to chronic stomach ulcers.[38] Other than being paid $21 a month, DiMaggio's service was as comfortable as a soldier's life could be, he spent most of his military career playing for baseball teams and in exhibition games against fellow Major Leaguers and minor league players, and superiors gave him special privileges due to his prewar fame. DiMaggio ate so well from an athlete-only diet that he gained 10 pounds, and while in Hawaii he and other players mostly tanned on the beach and drank. Embarrassed by his lifestyle, DiMaggio requested that he be given a combat assignment but was turned down.[19]

Parents as "enemy aliens"[edit]

Giuseppe and Rosalia DiMaggio, both from Isola delle Femmine, were among the thousands of German, Japanese, and Italian immigrants classified as "enemy aliens" by the government after the attack on Pearl Harbor; each was required to carry photo ID booklets at all times and were not allowed to travel outside a five-mile radius from their home without a permit. Giuseppe was barred from San Francisco Bay, where he had fished for decades, and his boat was seized. Rosalia became an American citizen in 1944, followed by Giuseppe in 1945.[38]

Marriages[edit]

Dorothy Arnold[edit]

In January 1937, DiMaggio met actress Dorothy Arnold on the set of Manhattan Merry-Go-Round, in which he had a minor role, and she was an extra, they married at San Francisco's St. Peter and Paul Church on November 19, 1939, as 20,000 well-wishers jammed the streets. Their son, Joseph Paul DiMaggio, Jr. (1941 – 1999), was born at Doctors Hospital in Staten Island.[39] The couple divorced in 1944, while he was on leave from the Yankees during World War II.

Marilyn Monroe[edit]

Monroe and DiMaggio when they were married in January 1954

According to her autobiography My Story, ghostwritten by Ben Hecht,[40] Marilyn Monroe originally did not want to meet DiMaggio, fearing that he was a stereotypical arrogant athlete, they eloped at San Francisco City Hall on January 14, 1954.

Although she suffered from endometriosis,[41] Monroe and DiMaggio each expressed to reporters their desire to start a family.

A violent fight between the couple occurred immediately after the skirt-blowing scene in The Seven Year Itch that was filmed on September 14, 1954, in front of Manhattan's Trans-Lux 52nd Street Theater.[42] Then 20th Century Fox's East Coast correspondent Bill Kobrin told the Palm Springs Desert Sun that it was director Billy Wilder's idea to turn the shoot into a media circus; the couple then had a "yelling battle" in the theater lobby.[43] A month later, she contracted the services of celebrity attorney Jerry Giesler and filed for divorce on grounds of mental cruelty nine months after the wedding.[citation needed] After the failure of their marriage, DiMaggio underwent therapy, stopped drinking alcohol, and expanded his interests beyond baseball; he and Monroe read poetry together in their later years.[44]

On August 1, 1956, an International News wire photo of DiMaggio with Lee Meriwether gave rise to speculation that the couple was engaged, but Cramer wrote that it was a rumor started by Walter Winchell. Monroe biographer Donald Spoto claimed that DiMaggio was "very close to marrying" 1957 Miss America Marian McKnight, who won the crown with a Marilyn Monroe act, but McKnight denied it,[45] he was also linked to Liz Renay, Cleo Moore, Rita Gam, Marlene Dietrich, and Gloria DeHaven during this period and to Elizabeth Ray and Morgan Fairchild years later, but he never publicly confirmed any involvement with any woman.

DiMaggio and Marilyn Monroe staying at Imperial Hotel in Tokyo on their honeymoon

DiMaggio reentered Monroe's life as her marriage to Arthur Miller was ending. On February 10, 1961, he secured her release from Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic in Manhattan, she joined him in Florida where he was a batting coach for the Yankees. Their "just friends" claim did not stop remarriage rumors from flying. Reporters staked out her Manhattan apartment building. Bob Hope "dedicated" Best Song nominee "The Second Time Around" to them at the 33rd Academy Awards.

According to Maury Allen's biography, DiMaggio was alarmed at how Monroe had fallen in with people he felt were detrimental to her well-being. Val Monette, owner of a military post-exchange supply company, told Allen that DiMaggio left his employ on August 1, 1962, because he had decided to ask Monroe to remarry him.

She was found dead in her Brentwood, Los Angeles, home on August 5 after housekeeper Eunice Murray telephoned Monroe's psychiatrist, Dr. Ralph Greenson. DiMaggio's son had spoken to Monroe on the phone the night of her death and said that she seemed fine.[46] Her death was deemed a probable suicide by "Coroner to the Stars" Thomas Noguchi, it has also been the subject of conspiracy theories.

Devastated, DiMaggio claimed her body and arranged for her funeral at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery; he barred Hollywood's elite as well as members of the Kennedy family, including then-U.S. President John F. Kennedy, from attending. He had a half-dozen red roses delivered three times a week to her crypt for 20 years,[47] he refused to talk about her publicly or otherwise exploit their relationship. He never married again. According to DiMaggio's attorney Morris Engleberg, DiMaggio's last words were: "I'll finally get to see Marilyn."[48] However, Joe's brother Dominic challenged both Engelberg's version of Joe's final moments as well as his motives.[49][50]

Advertising[edit]

In the 1970s, DiMaggio became a spokesman for Mr. Coffee and would be the face of the electric drip coffee makers for over 20 years. Vincent Marotta, the CEO of North American Systems, which manufactured Mr. Coffee at the time, recruited DiMaggio for the advertising campaign.[51] DiMaggio's spots proved successful with consumers. In a 2007 interview with The Columbus Dispatch, Marotta joked that "millions of kids grew up thinking Joe DiMaggio was a famous appliance salesman."[51] Despite his commercials for Mr. Coffee, DiMaggio rarely drank coffee due to ulcers.[51] However, when he did drink coffee, DiMaggio preferred Sanka instant coffee rather than the coffee brewed by Mr. Coffee machines.[51]

In 1972, DiMaggio became a spokesman for the Bowery Savings Bank. With the exception of a five-year hiatus in the 1980s, DiMaggio regularly made commercials for the financial institution until 1992.[52]

Death[edit]

DiMaggio's grave at the Holy Cross Cemetery, Colma, California

DiMaggio, a heavy smoker for much of his adult life,[53] was admitted to Memorial Regional Hospital in Hollywood, Florida, on October 12, 1998, for lung cancer surgery and remained there for 99 days,[54] he returned to his home in Hollywood, Florida, on January 19, 1999; he died there at age 84 on March 8.

DiMaggio's funeral was held on March 11, 1999, at Sts. Peter and Paul Roman Catholic Church in San Francisco;[55] he was interred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma, California. DiMaggio's son died that same year in August, at age 57.[56]

Legacy[edit]

At his death, The New York Times called DiMaggio's 1941 56-game hitting streak "perhaps the most enduring record in sports."[47]

In an article in 1976 in Esquire magazine, sportswriter Harry Stein published an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter," consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. Joe DiMaggio was the center fielder on Stein's Italian team.

On September 17, 1992, the doors were opened at Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital at Memorial Regional Hospital in Hollywood, Florida, for which he raised over $4,000,000.[47]

DiMaggio's plaque at the Baseball Hall of Fame

On April 13, 1998, DiMaggio was given the Sports Legend Award at the 13th annual American Sportscasters Association Hall of Fame Awards Dinner in New York City. Dr. Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of State and a longtime fan of DiMaggio, made the presentation to the Yankee great; the event was one of DiMaggio's last public appearances before taking ill.

Yankee Stadium's fifth monument was dedicated to DiMaggio on April 25, 1999, and the West Side Highway was officially renamed The Joe DiMaggio Highway in his honor; the Yankees wore DiMaggio's number 5 on the left sleeves of their uniforms for the 1999 season. He is ranked No. 11 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and he was elected by fans to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In addition to his number 5 being retired by the New York Yankees, DiMaggio's number was also retired by the Florida Marlins, who retired it in honor of their first team president, Carl Barger, who died five months before the team took the field for the first time in 1993. DiMaggio had been his favorite player.

In May 2006, the adopted daughters of DiMaggio's son held an auction of DiMaggio's personal items. Highlights included the ball hit to break Wee Willie Keeler's hitting-streak record ($63,250); his 2,000th career hit ball ($29,900); his 1947 Most Valuable Player Award ($281,750); the uniform worn in the 1951 World Series ($195,500); his Hall of Fame ring ($69,000); a photograph Marilyn autographed "I love you Joe" ($80,500); her passport ($115,000); and their marriage certificate ($23,000). Lot 758, DiMaggio's white 1991 Mercedes 420 SEL sedan, which was a gift from the New York Yankees commemorating the 50th anniversary of DiMaggio's 1941 season, sold for $18,000; the event netted a total of $4.1 million.

JoeDiMaggio5.jpg
Joe DiMaggio's number 5 was retired by the New York Yankees in 1952.

On August 8, 2011, the United States Postal Service announced that an image of DiMaggio would appear on a stamp for the first time, it was issued as part of the "Major League Baseball All-Star Stamp Series," which came out in July 2012.[57]

According to American geneticist Mary-Claire King, in the spring of 1981 DiMaggio babysat her daughter at the San Francisco airport so King could drop her mother off to her flight to Chicago. According to King, if it were not for DiMaggio's kindness, she would have almost certainly missed her own flight that was taking her and her daughter to Washington, D.C., a trip that eventually resulted in King's getting her first major grant from the National Institutes of Health and the discovery of the breast and ovarian cancer-causing gene, BRCA1.[58]

DiMaggio insisted on being introduced as the "Greatest Living Ballplayer" at events, including Yankee Old-Timers Day. Billy Crystal was once punched in the stomach for not introducing him as such.[59]

Career statistics[edit]

G AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI BB SO AVG OBP SLG OPS FLD%
1,736 6,821 1,390 2,214 389 131 361 1,537 790 369 .325 .398 .579 .977 .978

DiMaggio played in 10 World Series, winning 9, his only loss was in the 1942 World Series. He batted .271 (54-199), with 27 runs scored, 8 home runs and 30 RBI in 51 post-season games.

In popular culture[edit]

President Ronald Reagan and DiMaggio at the White House, March 27, 1981, three days before Reagan's attempted assassination

DiMaggio's popularity during his career was such that he was referenced in film, television, literature, art, and music both during his career and decades after he retired.

Art[edit]

Comics/graphic novels[edit]

Literature[edit]

Music[edit]

Movies[edit]

TV movies[edit]

Theater[edit]

Television[edit]

Video games[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Original Italian: Giuseppe Paolo DiMaggio
  1. ^ Arbesman, Samuel; Strogatz, Steven (March 30, 2008). "A Journey to Baseball's Alternate Universe". The New York Times.
  2. ^ Callahan, Gerry (July 19, 1999). "Hank Or Ted Or Willie Or...:Who's the best living ballplayer now that Joe DiMaggio's gone?". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
  3. ^ Schwartz, Larry. "Joltin' Joe was a hit for all reason". ESPN. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
  4. ^ Nelson, Murry R. (2013). American Sports: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas [4 Volumes]: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas. ABC-CLIO. p. 347. ISBN 9780313397530. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
  5. ^ Nemec, David; Flatow, Scott (2008). Great Baseball Feats, Facts and Figures. A Signet Book (2008 ed.). New York: Penguin Group. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-451-22363-0.
  6. ^ Kramer, Daniel (August 12, 2016). "Mejia's epic streak ends, then extends to 50: Official scorer changes controversial error call after game to keep run alive for Indians prospect". MLB.com. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
  7. ^ "Yankees Timeline". New York Yankees. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
  8. ^ Kennedy, Kostya, "The Streak", Sports Illustrated, March 14, 2011, pp. 60–67 (Excerpted from 56: Joe DiMaggio and the Last Magic Number in Sports, 2011, Sports Illustrated Books).
  9. ^ Marchand, Andrew (July 8, 2017). "Aaron Judge passes Joe DiMaggio for most Yankee rookie home runs". ESPN. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
  10. ^ https://www.mlb.com/news/aaron-judge-honored-for-rookie-home-run-record/c-257009592
  11. ^ Joe DiMaggio: The Hero's Life, Richard Ben Cramer, p. 152.
  12. ^ SPORT magazine, September 1946 Archived April 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ ESPN.com – Page2 – The List: Baseball's biggest rumors.
  14. ^ Hunt, Donald (April 5, 2012). "Baseball Great Doby Receives Postage Stamp". PhillyTrib.com. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  15. ^ John Drebinger (December 12, 1951). "DiMaggio Retires as Player but Expects to Remain in Yankee Organization". New York Times. p. 63.
  16. ^ Sandler, Jeremy, "NL Weekly: The Notebook", National Post, May 27, 2009, accessed 5/28/09.[dead link]
  17. ^ "Fascinating facts from Friday's games". Major League Baseball. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
  18. ^ "More Homers than Strikeouts in a Season by Baseball Reference". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  19. ^ a b Bullock, Steven R. (2004). Playing for Their Nation: Baseball and the American Military during World War II. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 100–102, 127. ISBN 0-8032-1337-9.
  20. ^ "Joe DiMaggio Hitting Streak by Baseball Almanac". baseball-almanac.com. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  21. ^ "Joe DiMaggio 7 Games away from Batting Record". St. Petersburg Times. June 22, 1941. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  22. ^ "Joe DiMaggio Taking Interest in Hit Streak". Meriden Record. June 27, 1941. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  23. ^ Talbot, Gayle (June 30, 1941). "Yankees Keep Pace with Joe in Homer Derby". The Miami News. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  24. ^ "Retrosheet Boxscore: New York Yankees 9, Washington Senators 4 (1)". retrosheet.org. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  25. ^ https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=_yp1XJXHLpL5_Abbt4HYDw&q=joe+dimaggio+jr.+date+of+birtgh&btnK=Google+Search&oq=joe+dimaggio+jr.+date+of+birtgh&gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i299.921.7097..7417...1.0..0.150.2374.31j2....2..0....1..gws-wiz.....0..0i131j0j0i13j0i13i30j0i22i30j33i22i29i30j33i10.Lh7OWakUjsc
  26. ^ Daley, Arthur (July 2, 1941). "Yankee Star Hits 44th Game in Row". New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  27. ^ Bailey, Judson (July 3, 1941). "DiMaggio's Home Run Tops Keeler's Record". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  28. ^ Boni, Bill (July 12, 1941). "DiMaggio Runs Hitting Streak to 50 Straight". Times Daily. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  29. ^ Hauck, Larry (July 18, 1941). "Two Ordinary Hurlers End DiMaggio's Streak". The Calgary Herald. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  30. ^ "Joe DiMaggio Hitting Streak by Baseball Almanac". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  31. ^ "Does Ted Williams Own A More Impressive Streak Than Joe DiMaggio?". thepostgame.com. July 13, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  32. ^ Baseball's Top 100: The Game's Greatest Records, p.5, Kerry Banks, 2010, Greystone Books, Vancouver, BC, ISBN 978-1-55365-507-7
  33. ^ "Baseball's unbreakable record". ESPN. May 15, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  34. ^ "DiMaggio's hit streak still appears unbreakable". sports.yahoo.com. May 11, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  35. ^ a b The Streak of Streaks, Stephen Jay Gould, New York Review of Books
  36. ^ "A Journey to Baseball's Alternate Universe". The New York Times. March 30, 2008. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  37. ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/baseball/7925101/Joe-DiMaggio-made-a-poor-soldier-military-records-show.html
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Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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