1.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
2.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
3.
Todd Young
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Todd Christopher Young is an American politician who is the junior United States Senator from Indiana, serving since 2017. From 2011 to 2017 he was the U. S, representative for Indianas 9th congressional district. Young is a member of the Republican Party and he was elected to the United States Senate in the November 8,2016, general election, succeeding Dan Coats. Young was born August 24,1972 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and he lived in Marion County, Indiana for several years before settling in Hamilton County, Indiana, where he attended public schools and won a state soccer championship. In 1990, Young graduated from Carmel High School in Carmel, just a few weeks after graduating from high school, Young enlisted in the United States Navy and reported for duty in Newport, Rhode Island. He graduated cum laude in 1995, earning a B. S. in political science, upon graduating from Annapolis, Young trained for six months as a rifle platoon commander at the Basic School in Quantico, Virginia, where he qualified as an expert rifleman. In 1996, he completed the Naval Intelligence Officer Basic Course in Dam Neck, Virginia, Young was honorably discharged from active duty in 2000 as a US Marine Captain. After leaving active duty, Young spent a year in London, after writing a thesis on the economic history of Midwestern agriculture, in 2001 Young received his MA in American politics. He worked as a professor of public affairs at Indiana Universitys School of Public and Environmental Affairs. In 2004, he joined Indiana-based Crowe Chizek and Company as a management consultant, helping state, in 2006, Young earned his J. D. from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law, where he was President of the schools Federalist Society chapter. Upon graduation he joined the Paoli, Indiana-based firm Tucker and Tucker, Young is a member of the 2007 class of the Indiana Leadership Forum. In 2001, he moved to Washington, D. C. where he worked at The Heritage Foundation. Then he joined the staff of U. S. senator Richard Lugar as an assistant for energy policy. In 2003, Young volunteered for Mitch Danielss campaign for governor of Indiana and he was a delegate to the Indiana Republican state convention and as a vice precinct committeeman. In 2007, Indianas Young Republicans named Young the Southern Man of the Year for his leadership on behalf of the Republican Party in southern Indiana, in 2007, Young founded a fiscal responsibility advocacy group, the National Organization for People vs. Irresponsible Government Spending. On January 26,2009, Young announced that he would run for the United States congressional seat in Indianas 9th district as a Republican. Young competed with fellow Republicans Mike Sodrel and Travis Hankins for the nomination for Congress and won. Young won the primary and general elections, defeating incumbent Baron Hill on November 2,2010, Young defeated Shelli Yoder, winning 55% of the vote in the newly redrawn 9th district
4.
Richard Lugar
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Richard Green Dick Lugar is an American politician and member of the Republican Party who served as a United States senator, representing Indiana from 1977 to 2013. Born in Indianapolis, Indiana, Lugar is a graduate of Denison University and he served on the Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners from 1964 to 1967 before he was elected to two terms as Mayor of Indianapolis, serving from 1968 to 1976. During his tenure as Mayor, Lugar served as the President of the National League of Cities in 1971, in 1974, Lugar ran a failed campaign for the U. S. Senate, losing to incumbent Democratic senator Birch Bayh. He ran again in 1976, defeating Democratic incumbent Vance Hartke, Lugar was reelected in 1982,1988,1994,2000 and 2006. In 2012, Lugar was defeated in a challenge by Indiana State Treasurer Richard Mourdock. Mourdock went on to lose the election to Democrat Joe Donnelly. Lugar ran for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 1996, Lugar also twice served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, from 1995 to 2001 and briefly again in part of 2001. He is also the longest-serving senator in Indianas history and until his defeat was the most senior Republican member of the Senate, after leaving the Senate, Lugar created a nonprofit organization that specializes in the policy areas he pursued while in office. The Lugar Center focuses on food and energy security, the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction, located in Washington, D. C. the Center works with academics, experts, and policymakers in order to create proposals for these 21st century issues. The Center works to highlight these specific topics and their implications, Lugar is also a member of Partnership for a Secure Americas bipartisan Advisory Board. Richard Lugar was born on April 4,1932 in Indianapolis, Indiana and he is of part German descent. Lugar attended the Indianapolis Public School, during this time he attained the Boy Scouts highest rank, Eagle Scout. Later, he became a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America and he graduated first in his class at Shortridge High School in 1950 and from Denison University in 1954 where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi. He went on to attend Pembroke College, Oxford, England, as a Rhodes Scholar, and received a bachelors degree. He served in the U. S. Navy from 1956 to 1960 and he achieved the rank of Lieutenant, Junior Grade. Lugar manages his familys 604-acre Marion County corn, soybean and tree farm, before entering public life, he helped his brother Tom manage the familys food machinery manufacturing business in Indianapolis. Lugar served on the Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners from 1964 to 1967, at the age of 35, he was elected mayor of Indianapolis in 1967, defeating incumbent Democrat John J. Barton, and began serving the first of two mayoral terms in 1968. A political cartoon of the time questioned how an Eagle Scout could survive in the world of politics and he is closely associated with the adoption of Unigov in 1970, which unified the governments of Indianapolis and Marion County
5.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
6.
Indiana's 2nd congressional district
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Indianas 2nd congressional district is a legislative electoral area in north central Indiana. With a heavy population, It includes South Bend and Elkhart. The district is represented by Republican Jackie Walorski, vice President and former Indiana Governor Mike Pence represented this district between 2001 and 2003. Prior to 2002, the 2nd Congressional District covered east central Indiana, however, following the 2000 U. S. Census redistricting, the district was moved to replace most of what had been the 3rd District. As of May 2015, there are five members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Indianas 2nd congressional district who are currently living at this time. Indianas congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Jackie Walorski Official House site
7.
Chris Chocola
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Joseph Christopher Chris Chocola is an American businessman and former politician. He served as president of the Club for Growth, a fiscally conservative 5014 organization, a member of the Republican Party, Chocola served in the United States House of Representatives from 2003 to 2007, representing Indianas 2nd congressional district. In 2002, Chocola ran for the U. S. House, Chocola was a member of the Agriculture, Small Business, Transportation and Infrastructure, and Ways and Means committees of the House of Representatives. He defeated former Mishawaka Marian School Board President Joe Donnelly in 2004 and he served as a representative for two terms. Chocola was born in Jackson, Michigan and he grew up in Michigan, graduating from Williamston High School in 1980. He graduated in 1984 from Hillsdale College, in Hillsdale, Michigan, with a major in business administration. While at Hillsdale College he joined the Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity, after graduation, he went to work at Society National Bank, now known as KeyBank, which had recruited him into its management program in Cleveland. When he left to go to law school, he was a foreign exchange trader for the bank. Chocola attended law classes at night at Thomas M. Cooley Law School, in Lansing, Michigan, while working as a credit manager for his familys business. He initially managed all the aspects of the business as corporate counsel. He then held management positions until he was named CEO in 1994. In April 1999, he left the CEO position to become chairman of the board, in August 2002, CTB International was sold to Berkshire Hathaway Inc. the investment firm of billionaire Warren Buffett. The Chocola family received 55% of the $140 million paid to shareholders of the company, Chocola and his wife, Sarah, have a daughter, Caroline, and a son, Colin Green-Chocola. They live in Bristol, Indiana, which, after redistricting, is outside of the district he represented, in the 2000 election, Chocola made an unsuccessful bid for Congress, losing to incumbent Democrat Timothy J. Roemer by a 52–47% margin. In that campaign, Chocola spent more than $1 million, including $465,000 of his own money. In the October 8,2000, edition of the Elkhart Truth, eventually, Id like to see the entire Social Security system privatized. In late October, after Roemer had featured that statement in political ads, Chocola said, There is no one proposing, including me, the newspaper, saying Chocola had made his statement in meeting its editorial board, refused to retract the story. Roemer refused to stop running the ad despite Chocolas contention that the quotation was taken out of context, Roemer retired after his 2001–2003 term
8.
Jackie Walorski
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Jacqueline R. Jackie Walorski /wəˈlɔːrski/ is an American politician who has been the U. S. Representative for Indianas 2nd congressional district since 2013 and she is a member of the Republican Party, and she was a member of the Indiana House of Representatives, representing Indianas 21st district, from 2005 to 2010. In 2010, Walorski won the Republican nomination for Indianas 2nd congressional district, in 2012, Walorski went on to win the open seat. Born in South Bend, Indiana on August 13,1963 and her mother, Martha C. worked as a meat cutter at a local grocery store, and her father, Raymond B. Walorski, worked as a firefighter and owned an appliance store and she has Polish and German ancestry. As a child, she attended Hay Elementary School and graduated from Riley High School in 1981 and she then attended Liberty Baptist College from 1981–83, and graduated from Taylor University, receiving her B. A. in Communications and Public Administration in 1985. Walorski began her career as a reporter for WSBT-TV, a CBS affiliate in South Bend, from 1985 to 1989. She later worked as the director of annual giving at Indiana University South Bend from 1997-99, Walorski moved to Romania in 2000 and founded Impact International, a foundation to provide medical supplies and attention to impoverished children. Walorski did Christian missionary work in Romania before returning to the U. S. in 2004, in 2004, Walorski ran for a seat in the Indiana House of Representatives after incumbent Republican State Representative Richard Mangus of decided to retire. She ran for Indianas 21st District, a district which represented the area between South Bend and Elkhart. Walorski defeated Democrat Carl H. Kaser 64%–36%, in 2006, she won a second term with 53% of the vote. In 2008, she won a third term unopposed, during her tenure in the Indiana House, Walorski was a sponsor of Indianas Voter ID law, requiring voters to present Government issued identification during in person voting. Walorski has been criticized for missing a vote and the opportunity for stopping the Daylight Saving Time bill from passing out of committee. After a different bill passed introducing DST, she authored and introduced a bill to rescind DST, with Walorski saying that Identity theft is the most rapidly growing crime in the United States. We need to find a solution to this problem before it gets any bigger in Indiana, Walorski became active in the caucus and was appointed as Assistant Floor Leader. She served on the Family, Children, & Human Affairs,2010 On January 31,2009, Walorski formally announced her bid to challenge incumbent Democratic U. S. Congressman Joe Donnelly in Indianas 2nd congressional district, Walorski won the Republican primary on May 4,2010 with 61% of the votes, defeating opponents Martin Dolan, Jack Jordan, and Tony Zirkle. She was defeated, 48%–47% on November 2,2010 by Donnelly,2012 On March 22,2011, Walorski announced that she would run for Indianas 2nd Congressional District again
9.
Massapequa, New York
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Massapequa is a hamlet and census-designated place in the southern part of the Town of Oyster Bay in southeastern Nassau County, New York, on Long Island, east of New York City. It is adjacent to Amityville in Suffolk County, as of the 2010 census, the CDP had a total population of 21,685. The bands were identified by names of the areas they occupied. Major bands of Pequot in eastern Long Island were the Montaukett, today the Shinnecock Indian Nation has gained federal recognition and has a reservation on the South Shore of Long Island. Massapequa, on the South Shore of Long Island, is located at 40°4013 North, 73°2816 West. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 4.0 square miles. The total area is 9. 20% water, Massapequa and nearby places with Massapequa in their names are sometimes collectively called the Massapequas. As of the census of 2000, there were 22,652 people,7,417 households, the population density was 6,207.5 per square mile. There were 7,514 housing units at a density of 2,059. 1/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97. 42% White,0. 17% African American,0. 02% Native American,1. 27% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 37% from other races, and 0. 73% from two or more races. 2. 59% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, because it has large Italian and Jewish communities, the town is sometimes referred to as matzah pizza. 12. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.33. In the CDP, the population was spread with 25. 6% under the age of 18,5. 9% from 18 to 24,29. 5% from 25 to 44,24. 7% from 45 to 64, the median age was 41 years as of 2007. For every 100 females there were 94.9 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.0 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $107,181, males had a median income of $78,859 versus $57,016 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $42,169,2. 9% of the population and 1. 6% of families were below the poverty line. During the 1960s and the 1970s, Massapequa School District had seven elementary schools, in the 1990s the Massapequa school district restructured the district by leasing Carmans Road elementary to Nassau BOCES. Hawthorn Elementary was rented to the department in 2006 and currently serves as the Nassau County Police Academy
10.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
11.
University of Notre Dame
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The University of Notre Dame du Lac is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means Our Lady of the Lake and refers to the patron saint. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the Word of Life mural. The school was founded on November 26,1842, by Father Edward Sorin, CSC, Today, many Holy Cross priests continue to work for the university, including the president of the university. Notre Dame is a large, four-year, highly residential research university, undergraduate students are organized into four colleges, and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize, the university offers over 50 foreign study abroad yearlong programs and over 15 summer programs. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the universitys 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events, the university counts approximately 120,000 alumni. The universitys athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish, other ND sport teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous, started as a small all-male institution in 1842 and charter in 1844, Notre Dame reached international fame at the beginning of the 20th century. Ever since, the University has seen growth, and under the leadership of the next two presidents, Rev. Malloy and Rev. Jenkins, many infrastructure and research expansions have been completed. In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26,1842 and he soon erected additional buildings, including the Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus, Notre Dame began as a primary and secondary school, but soon received its official college charter from the Indiana General Assembly on January 15,1844. Under the charter the school is named the University of Notre Dame du Lac. Because the university was only for male students, the female-only Saint Marys College was founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross near Notre Dame in 1844. The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849, the university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them
12.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
13.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
14.
United States Senate election in Indiana, 2012
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Senator Richard Lugar ran for re-election to a seventh term, but was defeated in the primary by Tea Party-backed Richard Mourdock. On November 7,2006, incumbent Richard Lugar was unopposed by any major party candidate as no Democrat filed for the May 2006 primary and he was re-elected to his sixth six-year term with 87. 3% of the vote. After the 2012 election, Lugar would have had a chance, according to Senate Republican Conference rules. However, the issue was rendered moot with Lugars primary loss on May 9,2012, Time featured the race in their Fury of the Senate article. The article mentioned how Donnelly was lucky in the fact that Mourdock won out in the primary against Dick Lugar, another boost came when Mourdocks remarks regarding rape helped propel Donnelly to victory. The Republican primary was held on May 8,2012, supreme Court nominees Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, the DREAM Act, the START Treaty, some gun control bills, and congressional earmarks, he was challenged by a Tea Party-backed candidate. The Indiana Debate Commission’s GOP primary debate with Sen. Richard Lugar and State Treasurer Richard Mourdock was set to air at 7 p. m. EDT on Wednesday, April 11. In a widely published poll taken March 26 to 28, Lugar was still in the lead, Mourdock defeated Senator Lugar in the Republican primary on May 8,2012. According to Indiana law, Lugars defeat meant that he would not be permitted to run in the election either as a party or an independent candidate after he lost the primary. Representative and nominee for the U. S. Senate in 2010 Baron Hill, representative Joe Donnelly received the Democratic nomination unanimously in an uncontested primary on May 8,2012. EDT City, Indianapolis Venue, WFYI-TV Complete video of debate at C-SPAN, October 15,2012 Date, Tuesday, October 23 Broadcast Time,7 p. m. EDT City, New Albany Venue, Paul W. His remarks were made during a debate on October 23,2012, at the debate Mourdock, when asked what his position on abortion was, responded, I know there are some who disagree and I respect their point of view but I believe that life begins at conception. The only exception I have to have an abortion is in case of the life of the mother. Media speculated that this could affect the outcome of the Senate race and Presidential race and multiple sources noted the similarities with the Todd Akin rape, responding to the criticism, Mourdock issued a statement saying, God creates life, and that was my point. God does not want rape, and by no means was I suggesting that he does, Rape is a horrible thing, and for anyone to twist my words otherwise is absurd and sick. He was later quoted at a conference also saying, I believe God controls the universe. I dont believe biology works in an uncontrolled fashion and he however refused to issue an apology, even while prominent Republicans, including Sen. John McCain called for him to do so. A day before the controversy started, a television ad began airing that showed Governor Mitt Romney, the Romney campaign subsequently issued a statement saying Gov. Romney disagrees with Richard Mourdocks comments, and they do not reflect his views, but did not pull the ad
15.
Mishawaka, Indiana
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Mishawaka /ˌmɪʃəˈwɑːkə/ is a city on the St. Joseph River, in Penn Township, St. Joseph County, in the U. S. state of Indiana. The population was 48,252 as of the 2010 census and its nickname is the Princess City. Mishawaka is a city of the South Bend–Mishawaka, IN-MI. Mishawaka’s recorded history began with the discovery of bog iron deposits at the beginning of the 1830s, settlers arriving to mine the deposits founded the town of St. Joseph Iron Works in 1831. Within a few years, the town had a blast furnace, a store, a tavern. Business prospered, and in 1833 St. Joseph Iron Works, Indiana City, the Mishawaka post office has been in operation since 1833. In September 1872, a fire destroyed three quarters of Mishawaka’s business district, however, the citizens rebuilt and attracted new industry. The Dodge Manufacturing Company, Perkins Windmills and the Mishawaka Woolen, Mishawaka grew through both industry and agriculture. In the late 19th century, Mishawaka became known as the Peppermint Capital of the World, from 1906 to 1915, Mishawaka was the manufacturing home of the luxurious American Simplex motor car. Four American Simplex autos entered the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911, one Simplex crashed, killing the mechanic riding with the driver, while the other Mishawaka cars finished sixth, eighth and twentieth. Ball Band made rubber garments and was hit by a strike in 1931. It flourished in the 1940s, finally closing in 1997 in the face of cheaper imports, Manufacturing in Mishawaka peaked in the 1940s and began a slow decline due to industrial restructuring. The economic base shifted to retail services and small industry, in 1979, University Park Mall opened north of Mishawaka. In 1990, AM General began producing the Hummer in its Mishawaka plant, the MV-1 is a purpose-built taxicab and replaces the planned Standard Taxi, it was developed in collaboration with AM General. The car is built in Mishawaka at an AM General plant, AM General will begin making Mercedes vehicles at this plant in 2015. A Business Week Magazine Best Place to Raise Your Kids 2010, the city continually upgrades and develops new neighborhood park and recreation facilities. A total of 29 parks allow Mishawaka residents to golf, play ball, fish, in 1968, the city opened an outdoor Olympic-size swimming pool and an adjacent ice skating rink at Merrifield Park. On the south side, Mishawakas George Wilson Park is home to the citys most popular winter toboggan spot, some of the citys Italian immigrants and their descendants still play traditional games such as bocce, and a few ethnic Belgians continue to raise and race homing pigeons
16.
Marian High School (Mishawaka, Indiana)
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Marian High School is a Roman Catholic secondary school in Mishawaka, Indiana in the United States, operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend. Marian was a top 50 school in 2005 noted on the Catholic High School Honor Roll, Marian High School holds a First Class commission from the Indiana State Department of Education and has been accredited by the North Central Association since 1996. Marian received a grade of A for the 2013-2014 school year from the state. This is the year that Marian has received this award Marian High School was founded in 1964 by the Sisters of St. Francis. It was a school with separation of classes by gender. Marian offers 18 AP courses which are eligible for college credit, AP courses offered for the 2014-2015 school year include, AP English Language and Composition, AP English Literature and Composition, AP World History, AP U. S. Government and Politics, AP U. S. In addition, Marian offers ACP classes through IUSB and non-AP dual credit courses through Ivy Tech Community College and these include Biology, Chemistry, Physics, U. S. History, Cadet Teaching, English, and Calculus. Marian is part of the Northern Indiana Conference and their teams are named the Knights and the school colors are royal blue and silver. The following sports are offered at Marian, Marians band includes both pep and concert band, which annually in the ISSMA competitions. The band performs during athletic events, as well as holding both a Christmas and Spring concert annually, as of April 2015, the school does not have a marching band. Marian has participated in Indiana High School Mock Trial Association since the 1994 school year, the first year of the program, a Marian team won the state championship. Marian offers over 30 clubs and allows students to new clubs. ROTC, Robotics, Tech Club, and an Ultimate Frisbee Club, kyle Bornheimer - Actor Bob Otolski - Former Marian High School Athletics Director. Former head football coach for the Illinois State Redbirds football team, member of the University of Indianapolis Athletics Hall of Fame. Demetrius Jackson, professional player for the Boston Celtics. List of high schools in Indiana Marian High School website
17.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
18.
Indiana State Treasurer
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The Indiana Treasurer of State is a constitutional and elected office in the executive branch of the government of Indiana. The treasurer is responsible for managing the finances of the U. S. state of Indiana, the position was filled by appointment from 1816 until the adoption of the new Constitution of Indiana in 1851, which made the position filled by election. As of 2009, there have been fifty-three treasurers, the incumbent is Republican Kelly Mitchell who has served in the position since November 18,2014. Between 1816 and until 1851, the treasurer was nominated by the governor, with adoption of the current constitution in 1851 the treasurers office was filled by a public statewide election every four years. Treasurers take office on February 10 following their election and hold office for four years, should they resign, be impeached, or die in office the governor has the power to appoint a temporary treasurer to serve until the next general election. The new treasurer, either appointed to elected may only complete the term of the previous treasurer, a treasurer may be elected to consecutive terms, but may serve no more than eight years in any twelve-year period. As of 2007, the salary for the treasurer is $66,000 annually, the treasurers powers are both constitutional and statutory. The treasurers constitutional powers make him the financial officer of the state government. Because the state operates with a reserve fund, this give the treasurer control over a large amount of money. In 2007, the total state portfolio was valued at over $5 billion, additionally, the treasurer is the vice-chairman of the Indiana Housing Finance Authority and the Indiana State Police Pension Fund. As a member of boards, the treasurer has a wide range of influence on the states financial management. The treasurer is also the head of several of the most important state financial organizations, the treasurer is chairman of the Indiana Bond Bank, a state controlled bank that provides financing to municipal government to allow for large infrastructure investments. The bank then sells the debts as secured bonds on the national market and this allows local governments to secure credit a low rate of interest. The treasurer is also the chairman of the Indiana Education Savings Authority which manages savings accounts for college educations, the Indiana Institute for Public Funds Management is private organization that was developed to provide financial education for municipal government leaders. The treasurer is designated by the organization its chairman, democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican Government of Indiana Funk, Arville L
19.
Richard Mourdock
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Richard Earl Mourdock was the 53rd treasurer of the state of Indiana, serving from February 10,2007, to August 29,2014. Running with the support of the Tea Party movement, he defeated six-term incumbent U. S, Senator Richard Lugar in the May 2012 Republican primary election. He lost the November 6,2012, general election for Lugars seat to Democratic U. S. Representative Joe Donnelly, Mourdock was born in Wauseon, Ohio, the son of Dolores Elaine and David Lee Mourdock. He grew up in Bucyrus, Ohio and his father worked as an Ohio State Highway Patrol trooper. From 1979 to 1984, Mourdock was employed by Standard Oil of Ohio as a senior geologist, in 1984, Mourdock accepted a position with Koester Companies in Evansville, Indiana. For sixteen years, Mourdock served as Vice President of the companys coal subsidiary, in addition, Mourdock served as a trustee for the companys employee stock ownership plan. After leaving Koester, Mourdock founded and ran his own consulting business. Mourdock ran in 1988,1990 and 1992 for the U. S. House of Representatives, in 1988, he was defeated in the Republican primary. In 1990 and 1992, he won the Republican nomination but was defeated by Democrat Frank McCloskey in the election, 55–45% and 53–45%. From 1995 to 2002, Mourdock served two terms as a member of Vanderburgh County Board of Commissioners, the countys executive governing body. In 2002, Mourdock sought the Republican nomination for Indiana Secretary of State—a position chosen at the partys convention, in 2006, he ran for Indiana treasurer, winning most of the counties in the northern portion of the state, and defeating Michael W. Griffin, 52%–48%. Mourdock began his first four-year term in February 2007, though the suit was unsuccessful, it helped Mourdock gain national recognition. Mourdock was re-elected in November 2010 against naval officer Pete Buttigieg, 62%–38%, Mourdock resigned from his position as treasurer on August 29,2014, effective immediately. Governor Mike Pence appointed chief officer and chief operating officer of the Indiana Finance Authority Daniel Huge to serve as interim treasurer. Mourdocks resignation came on the last day that state employees could retire before cuts to pension benefits took effect in September 2014, on February 22,2011, Mourdock announced he would challenge incumbent U. S. Senator Richard Lugar in the 2012 Republican primary, at the announcement, Mourdock criticized Lugar for his support of the auto bailouts, his votes in favor of the DREAM Act and the START treaty and his opposition to earmark reform. He said Indiana needed a senator who would return home to town halls. He called Lugar President Obamas favorite Republican, referring to an October 2008 MSNBC article titled, which had described Lugar as a loyal Republican while reporting on a 10-day international trip Lugar and then-Senator Obama had taken in 2005 to inspect weapons sites
20.
Notre Dame Law School
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The Notre Dame Law School, or NDLS, is the professional graduate law program of its parent institution, the University of Notre Dame. It is ranked 8th in graduates attaining federal judicial clerkships and 17th in graduates attaining Supreme Court clerkships, according to Notre Dames 2015 ABA-required disclosures,76. 0% of the Class of 2015 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment ten months after graduation. It offers the only American Bar Association-approved year-long study abroad program, the Notre Dame Law School opened in February 1869 and was the first Catholic institution of its kind. Despite its humble beginning, right from the start the Law School required law students to have completed previous education in a course in the liberal arts. This was not common at the time, when Law School applicants only had to be 18, the first faculty consisted of only four professors, with the most prominent being Lucius Tong and Timothy Howard. The first class graduated in 1871 and consisted of three students, one of the most important names in the history of the school was Colonel William Hoynes. He was born in County Kilkenny, Ireland in 1847 and emigrated with his parents at age seven and he fought for the Union Army during the American Civil War. After the war, he was a student at Notre Dame from 1867 to 1872, Hoynes later attended the University of Michigan Law School and obtained his LL. B. In 1882, Rev. Walsh, then the president of the University, invited Hoynes to take control of the Law School, which was in demise. Hoynes accepted Rev. Walshs offer in 1883, and taught classes in the Main Administration Building, the course of study was extended from two to three years. Hoynes was assisted in various subjects by John Ewing and Lucius Hubbard of South Bend, under his tenure, enrollment in the law school began to rise immediately. Hoynes Hall, named in honor of Dean William Hoynes, was built in 1920 for the use of the law students who had been using Sorin Hall. In 1925 John Whitman was appointed by Dean Thomas Konop as the first law librarian, on October 7,1930 the Law School was transferred to the new building located on Notre Dame Avenue. The beautiful Gothic building, which stands today, has a large reading room. The second librarian, Lora Lashbrook, and the third, Marie Lawrence, grew the collection to 20,000 volumes by 1952. In 1986 a further added the East Reading Room and created the reference librarian offices. In 1990 alumnus John F. Sandner donated funding for the acquisition of the entire 120,000 volume collection of the Chicago Bar Association Library. First Woman to graduate from Notre Dame Law School In 1970, the next class to graduate women would be 1973
21.
Indiana Attorney General
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The Indiana Attorney General is the chief legal officer of the State of Indiana in the United States. Attorneys General are chosen by a general election to serve for a four-year term. The forty-third and current Attorney General is Curtis Hill, the annual salary of the Attorney General of Indiana is $94,538.08. Under the 1816 Constitution of Indiana the office of Attorney General was filled by appointment, after the adoption of the 1851 constitution, the office was filled by popular election. Justia. com U. S
22.
Indiana Senate
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The Indiana Senate is the upper house of the Indiana General Assembly, the state legislature of the U. S. state of Indiana. The Senate is composed of 50 members representing a number of constituent districts. Senators serve four-year terms without term limits, according to the 2010 census, the average State Senator represents 129,676 people. The Senate convenes at the Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis, Indiana, the Indiana State Senate is operated according to a set of internal regulations developed and maintained largely by tradition. These rules are similar to the rules that govern the house most of the state senates in the United States. The Senate convenes its annual session the first Tuesday following the first Monday of January every year, in odd numbered years the senate must meet for 61 days, and must adjourn no later than April 30. This is typically called a long session, in even numbered years, when elections are held, the Senate must meet for 30 days and adjourn no later than March 15. This is typically called the short session, the only time the senate may convene outside of these dates is if the Governor calls a special assembly. The senate must convene by 1,30 pm each day a session is scheduled, two thirds of the senators must be present for the session to begin. Senators must be present at each session unless they are excused by the president-pro-tempore. Members who are not present can be forced to attend the session or be censured and expelled from the body, the Lieutenant Governor of Indiana serves as the President of the Senate and is responsible for ensuring that the senate rules are followed by its members. The President of the Senate takes no part in the debates of the senate, the senate also elects a president-pro-tempore, a majority leader, and a minority leader. The president-pro-tempore is typically a member of majority party. The president-pro-tempore presides over the senate whenever the President of the Senate is not present, the president-pro-tempore is largely responsible for setting the agenda of the senate. When debate occurs in the senate, each senator is granted permission to speak on each issue once, a senator may not speak on an issue more than once without a permission from the rest of the senate, which is attained with a senate vote. A senator can speak for no longer than a half-hour at any one time, article 4 of the Constitution of Indiana places several limitation on the size and composition of the senate. The senate can contain no more than 50 members, the term of a senator lasts four years with 25 senators being elected every two years. There is no limit to how many terms a senator may be elected, article 4 of the Constitution of Indiana states the qualifications to become a senator
23.
110th United States Congress
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It was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The apportionment of seats in the House was based on the 2000 U. S. census, the Democratic Party controlled a majority in both chambers for the first time since the end of the 103rd Congress in 1995. Although the Democrats held fewer than 50 Senate seats, they had a majority because the two independent senators caucused with the Democrats for organizational purposes. No Democratic-held seats had fallen to the Republican Party in the 2006 elections, democrat Nancy Pelosi became the first woman Speaker of the House. The House also received the first Muslim and Buddhist members of Congress, members debated initiatives such as the Democrats 100-Hour Plan and the Iraq War troop surge of 2007. Following President Bushs 2007 State of the Union Address, Congress debated his proposal to create a surge to increase security in Iraq. President Bush, however, vetoed the bill as promised, making this his second veto while in office, both houses of Congress subsequently passed a bill funding the war without timelines, but with benchmarks for the Iraqi government and money for other spending projects like disaster relief. January 23,2007, President Bush delivered the 2007 State of the Union Address August 2,2007 and this led to an investigation by the House Select Committee on Voting Irregularities. December 18,2007, The Senate set a record for the most cloture votes, November 4,2008, General elections - Democrats increased their congressional majorities and Senator Barack Obama was elected President. These are partial lists of prominent enacted legislation and pending bills, see also,2008 Congressional Record, Vol.154, Page D845, Resume of Congressional Activity February 2,2007 — House Page Board Revision Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–2,121 Stat.4 May 25,2007 — U. S, troop Readiness, Veterans Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act,2007, Pub. L. 112, including Title VIII, Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007,121 Stat.188 June 14,2007 — Preserving United States Attorney Independence Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–34,121 Stat.224 July 26,2007 — Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007, 110–49,121 Stat.246 August 3,2007 — Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–53,121 Stat.266 August 5,2007 — Protect America Act of 2007, 110–55,121 Stat.552 September 14,2007 — Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, Pub. L. 110–81,121 Stat.735 November 8,2007 — Water Resources Development Act of 2007, 110–114,121 Stat.1041 - Veto Overridden December 19,2007 — Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–140,121 Stat.1492 February 13,2008 — Economic Stimulus Act of 2008, 110–185,122 Stat.613 May 21,2008 — Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, Pub. L. 110–233,122 Stat.881 May 22,2008 — Food and Energy Security Act of 2007, 110–234,122 Stat.923 - Veto Overridden June 30,2008 — Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2008, Pub. L. 2323, including Title V, Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 July 10,2008 — FISA Amendments Act of 2008, 110–261,122 Stat.2436 July 29,2008 — Tom Lantos Block Burmese JADE Act of 2008, Pub. L
24.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
25.
MoveOn.org
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MoveOn. org is an American progressive public policy advocacy group and political action committee. It also runs a petition Website similar to Change. org, MoveOn comprises two legal entities, organized under different sections of U. S. tax and election laws. MoveOn. org Civic Action is a 501 nonprofit corporation, and was formerly called MoveOn. org and it focuses on education and advocacy on national issues. MoveOn. org Political Action is a political action committee. It contributes to the campaigns of candidates across the country. Anna Galland is the director of MoveOn. org Civic Action. The president of MoveOns board is former director, Justin Ruben. Co-founder Joan Blades is also on the board, past board members include co-founder Wes Boyd, former executive director Eli Pariser, and former Chief Operating Officer Carrie Olson. MoveOn. orgs structure also incorporates a groups of councils across the country, MoveOn. org now has over 250 local councils and one in every state. MoveOn started in 1998 as a group, MoveOn. org, created by software entrepreneurs Joan Blades and Wes Boyd. They started by passing around a petition asking Congress to censure President Clinton and move on, the petition, passed around by word of mouth, gathered half a million signatures but did not dissuade Congress from impeaching the President. The couple went on to similar campaigns calling for arms inspections rather than an invasion of Iraq. Since 1998, MoveOn has raised millions of dollars for many Democratic candidates, in November 2007, a drive spearheaded by MoveOn caused Facebook to change its controversial new Beacon program, which notified Facebook users about purchases by people on their friends list. Since the 2000 election cycle, the MoveOn PAC has endorsed and supported the campaigns of candidates, in 2007, MoveOn was a co-founder of Avaaz, a similar organization with an international focus. Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States after holding elections in which 340,665 members reportedly cast their ballot. MoveOn. org has advertised in new and traditional media formats, with publicity strategies including billboards, bus signs, MoveOn has collaborated with groups in organizing street demonstrations, bake sales, house parties, and other opportunities. Changes in federal laws have impacted groups like MoveOn. In preparation for the 2006 midterm elections, MoveOn created a new system for soliciting potential voters named Call for Change, as part of the Call for Change effort, MoveOn reported that it placed over seven million phone calls to registered voters
26.
Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
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The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee is the Democratic Hill committee for the United States House of Representatives, working to elect Democrats to that body. The DCCC recruit candidates, raise funds, and organize races in districts that are expected to yield politically notable or close elections. The structure of the consists, essentially, of the Chairperson, their staff. The Chairperson of the DCCC is the ranking position among House Democrats, after the Minority Leader, the Minority Whip. The DCCC originated in 1866 as the Democratic National Congressional Committee, the other organization, which makes independent expenditures in congressional districts on behalf of the campaigns, is not allowed to coordinate activities with the campaigns. In recent elections, the DCCC has played a role in supporting Democratic candidates with independently produced television ads. Rahm Emanuel assumed the position of DCCC committee chair after the death of the chair, Bob Matsui. Emanuel led the Democratic Partys effort to capture the majority in the House of Representatives in the 2006 elections, after Emanuels election as chairman of the Democratic Caucus, Chris Van Hollen became committee chair for the 110th Congress, and thus for the 2008 elections. He continued through the 2010 elections, for the 2014 election cycle, Democratic Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi appointed congressman Ben Ray Luján to serve as the committees chair. The press releases were repeating allegations from one of Adelsons former employees who filed a lawsuit, the DCCC repeated the charges in press releases that attacked Republicans Jim Renacci, Scott DesJarlais, and Jim Gerlach. The statements were untrue and unfair and we retract them, the DCCC extends its sincere apology to Mr. Adelson and his family for any injury we have caused. In July 2016, the DCCC said they were hacked, subsequently, a person described as a hacker and known as Guccifer 2.0 reportedly released documents and information that were obtained from the cyberattack on the DCCC. Of the four congressional committees, the DCCC, with a staff of 25, has the largest in-house research department. Discoveries go into hundred-page research books on their targets that are used as bait to recruit candidates, leaked to reporters or cited in campaign advertisements, the DCCCs support for the Occupy Wall Street movement attracted attention and caused some controversy. Politico reported in October 2011 that the DCCCs position on Occupy Wall Street was making Democratic contributors in the banking, Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee National Republican Congressional Committee National Republican Senatorial Committee Official website
27.
Nancy Pelosi
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Nancy Patricia DAlesandro Pelosi is an American politician who is the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, representing Californias 12th congressional district. A member of the Democratic Party, Pelosi represents Californias 12th congressional district, the district was numbered as the 5th during Pelosis first three terms in the House, and as the 8th from 1993 to 2013. She served as the House Minority Whip from 2002 to 2003, Pelosi is the first woman, the first Californian and first Italian-American to lead a major party in Congress. On November 17,2010, Pelosi was elected as the Democratic Leader by House Democrats, Pelosi is Italian-American and was born Nancy Patricia DAlesandro in Baltimore, Maryland. She is the youngest of six children of Annunciata M. Nancy, who was born in Campobasso, South Italy, on 25 March 1909, Congressman from Maryland and a Mayor of Baltimore. Pelosis brother, Thomas DAlesandro III, also a Democrat, was mayor of Baltimore from 1967 to 1971, Pelosi was involved with politics from an early age. In her outgoing remarks as the 60th Speaker of the House and she graduated from the Institute of Notre Dame, a Catholic all-girls high school in Baltimore, and from Trinity College in Washington, D. C. in 1962 with a B. A. in political science. Pelosi interned for Senator Daniel Brewster alongside future House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and she met Paul Frank Pelosi while she was attending Trinity College. They married in Baltimore at the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen on September 7,1963, after moving to San Francisco, Pelosi worked her way up in Democratic politics. She became a friend of one of the leaders of the California Democratic Party, in 1976, Pelosi was elected as a Democratic National Committee member from California, a position she would hold until 1996. She was elected as party chair for Northern California on January 30,1977, and for the California Democratic Party, Pelosi was appointed Finance Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, the campaign arm of the U. S. Senate Democrats, in 1985. That same year, she ran to succeed Chuck Manatt as chair of the Democratic National Committee, Pelosi left her post as DSCC finance chair in 1986. Phillip Burton died in 1983 and was succeeded by his wife, in late 1986, Sala became ill with cancer and decided not to run for reelection in 1988. She picked Pelosi as her successor, guaranteeing her the support of the Burtons contacts. Sala died on February 1,1987, just a month after being sworn in for a full term. Pelosi represents one of the safest Democratic districts in the country, Democrats have held the seat since 1949 and Republicans, who currently make up only 13 percent of registered voters in the district, have not made a serious bid for the seat since the early 1960s. She won the seat in her own right in 1988 and has been reelected 10 more times with no substantive opposition and she has not participated in candidates debates since her 1987 race against Harriet Ross. The strongest challenge Pelosi has faced was in 2008 when anti-war activist Cindy Sheehan polled 16%, in the House, she served on the Appropriations and Intelligence Committees, and was the ranking Democrat on the Intelligence Committee until her election as Minority Leader
28.
St. Joseph County, Indiana
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St. Joseph County, commonly called St. Joe County by locals, is a county located in the U. S. state of Indiana. As of Census 2010, the population was 266,931, formed in 1830, it was named for the St. Joseph River which flows through it toward Lake Michigan. The county seat is South Bend, St. Joseph County is part of the South Bend–Mishawaka, IN-MI, Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the 2010 census, the county has an area of 461.38 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.98 inches in February to 4.19 inches in June, the county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by the Constitution of Indiana, and by the Indiana Code. County Council, The county council is the branch of the county government and controls all the spending. Representatives are elected from county districts, the council members serve four-year terms. They are responsible for setting salaries, the budget. The council also has limited authority to local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes. Board of Commissioners, The executive body of the county is made of a board of commissioners, the commissioners are elected county-wide, in staggered terms, and each serves a four-year term. One of the commissioners, typically the most senior, serves as president, the commissioners are charged with executing the acts legislated by the council, collecting revenue, and managing the day-to-day functions of the county government. Court, The county maintains a small court that can handle some civil cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of four years, the judge is assisted by a constable who is also elected to a four-year term. In some cases, court decisions can be appealed to the state circuit court. County Officials, The county has several other elected offices, including sheriff, coroner, auditor, treasurer, recorder, surveyor, each of these elected officers serves a term of four years and oversees a different part of county government. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare party affiliations, St. Joseph County is part of Indianas 2nd congressional district and is represented by Jackie Walorski in the United States Congress. Indianas US Senators are Dan Coats and Joe Donnelly, Donnelly represented the 2nd district immediately before Walorski and actually defeated Walorski in the 2010 General Election. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 266,931 people,103,069 households, the population density was 583.0 inhabitants per square mile
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South Bend, Indiana
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South Bend is a city in and the county seat of St. Joseph County, Indiana, United States, on the St. Joseph River near its southernmost bend, from which it derives its name. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total of 101,168 residents, its Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 318,586 and it is the fourth-largest city in Indiana, serving as the economic and cultural hub of Northern Indiana. The highly ranked University of Notre Dame is located just to the north in unincorporated Notre Dame, the area was originally settled in the early 19th century by fur traders and was established as a city in 1865. The St. Joseph River shaped South Bends economy through the mid-20th century, River access assisted heavy industrial development such as that of the Studebaker Corporation, the Oliver Chilled Plow Company, and other large corporations. The population of South Bend declined after 1960, when it had a population of 132,445. This was chiefly due to migration to areas as well as the demise of Studebaker and other heavy industry. Today, the largest industries in South Bend are health care, education, small business, remaining large corporations include Crowe Horwath, Honeywell, and AM General. Recently, the city population has started to grow for the first time in fifty years. The old Studebaker plant and surrounding area, now called Ignition Park, is being redeveloped as a center to attract new industry. The St. Joseph Valley was long occupied by Native Americans, one of the earliest known groups to occupy what would later become northern Indiana was the Miami tribe. Later, the Potawatomi moved into the region, utilizing the rich food, the Potawatomi occupied this region of Indiana until most of them were forcibly removed in the 1840s. The South Bend area was so popular because its portage was the shortest overland route from the St. Joseph River to the Kankakee River and this route was used for centuries, first by the Native Americans, then by French explorers, missionaries and traders. The first permanent white settlers of South Bend were fur traders who established trading posts in the area, in 1820, Pierre Frieschutz Navarre arrived, representing the American Fur Company of John Jacob Astor. He settled near what is now downtown South Bend, alexis Coquillard, another agent of the AFC, established a trading post known as the Big St. Joseph Station. In 1827, Lathrop Minor Taylor established a post for Samuel Hanna and Company, in whose records the name St. Josephs, by 1829, the town was growing, with Coquillard and Taylor emerging as leaders. They applied for a post office, Taylor was appointed postmaster, and the post office was designated as Southold, Allen County, Indiana. The following year, the name was changed to South Bend, probably to ease confusion, in 1831, South Bend was laid out as the county seat and as one of the four original townships of St. Joseph County with 128 residents. Soon after, design began on what would become the town of South Bend, the town was formally established in 1835 and rapidly grew
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Indiana House of Representatives
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The Indiana House of Representatives is the lower house of the Indiana General Assembly, the state legislature of the United States state of Indiana. The House is composed of 100 members representing a number of constituent districts. House members serve two-year terms without term limits, according to the 2010 census, each State House district contains an average of 64,838 people. The House convenes at the Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis, Representatives serve terms of two years, and there is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve. †Member was initially appointed to the seat, the Indiana House of Representatives held its first session in the first statehouse in the original state capital of Corydon and the first speaker of the body was Isaac Blackford. Under the terms of the constitution of 1816, state representatives served one years terms, in 1851, the constitution was replaced by the current constitution and terms were lengthened to two years, but sessions were held biennially. A1972 constitutional amendment allowed for a legislative session to be held in odd numbered years. On November 6,2012, the Republican Party in Indiana expanded their majority in the House of Representatives from 60 members in the 117th General Assembly to 69 members, a quorum-proof majority. The Republicans were able to take 69% of the seats, despite having received approximately 54% of the votes for the states House of Representatives. Of the 3 newly elected members of the U. S. House elected to the 113th Congress from Indiana, congresswoman Jackie Walorski represented Indianas 21st district from 2005-2011 and Congressman Luke Messer represented Indianas 57th district from 2003-2007. Congressman Marlin Stutzman was re-elected to a term, he is a former member of the Indiana House of Representatives where he served Indianas 52nd district from 2003-2009
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Birch Bayh
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Birch Evans Bayh Jr. is a former U. S. Senator from Indiana who served from 1963 to 1981 and he is the only non-Founding Father to author two amendments to the United States Constitution and was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for president in 1976. He is the father of former Indiana Governor and former U. S, Senator Evan Bayh and Christopher Bayh, a lawyer in Indianapolis, Indiana. Bayh was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, the son of Leah Ward, a teacher and his ancestry includes German, English, Northern Irish, and Scottish. Bayh spent summers on his farm in Shirkieville, Indiana. As a student at New Goshen High School, young Birch took part in speaking contests, played baseball and basketball, from 1946 to 1948, Bayh served as an MP with the United States Army in occupied Germany following World War II. He excelled in sports, competing as a Golden Gloves boxer in college, Bayh graduated from the Purdue University School of Agriculture in 1951, where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega social fraternity and senior class president. In 1951, he won Alpha Tau Omegas highest individual collegiate award and he married Marvella Hern in August 1952, and took courses at Indiana State University in Terre Haute for two years while also running the family farm. Bayhs political career began at age 26 with his election to the Indiana House of Representatives in 1954, at the time, Bayh was the youngest Speaker in Indiana state history. While he served in the legislature, Bayh studied law at Indiana Universitys School of Law, received his JD in 1960, at age 34, Bayh was elected to the United States Senate in the 1962 midterm elections, defeating 18-year incumbent Homer E. Capehart. Capehart was outspoken on the threat of Soviet nuclear missiles being placed in Cuba, Bayhs disadvantage was dramatized in the opening scene of the 2000 film Thirteen Days, as President John F. Kennedy rattles a newspaper and asks an aide, You see this goddamn Capehart stuff. And the aide responds, Bayhs going to lose and his first name is Birch, His last name is Bayh. For more than four decades—throughout his entire career in politics—Bayh continued to manage the growing of corn, as a freshman senator, Bayh was assigned to the Judiciary Committee and the Public Works Committee. While his service on the Public Works Committee allowed him to assist Hoosiers with various problems, Bayh was serving on the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments in August 1963 when its chairman Estes Kefauver died of a heart attack. Judiciary Committee Chairman James Eastland planned to terminate the subcommittee to save money, thus, Bayh assumed the Constitutional Amendments Subcommittee chairmanship less than a year into his first term. As chairman, Bayh was the architect of two constitutional amendments. The 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy brought a new urgency to the matter, Bayh introduced an amendment on December 12,1963, which was studied and then re-introduced and passed in 1965 with Emanuel Celler, chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. It has since been invoked six times, most notably in the 1973 vice presidential and 1974 presidential succession of Gerald Ford, as a state legislator in the 1950s, Bayh unsuccessfully worked to lower the voting age in Indiana
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Governor of Indiana
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The Governor of Indiana is the chief executive of the state of Indiana. The governor is elected to a term, and responsible for overseeing the day-to-day management of the functions of many agencies of the Indiana state government. The governor also shares power with other executive officers, who manage other state government agencies. The governor works out of the Indiana Statehouse and holds official functions at the Indiana Governors Residence in the capital of Indianapolis. The 51st and current governor is Republican Eric Holcomb, the position of governor has developed over the course of two centuries. The governors powers are established in Article V of the Constitution of Indiana, constitutionally, the governor has very limited executive authority to manage the government of the state, most exercisable powers over state agencies are held by independent elected cabinet heads. The governor works in concert with the legislature and the state supreme court to govern the state. The governor has the power to veto legislation passed by the General Assembly, if vetoed, a bill is returned to the General Assembly for reconsideration. Unlike other states, most of which require a supermajority to override a veto. One of the governors most important political powers is the ability to call a session of the General Assembly. During a two-year period, the assembly can meet on its own for no more than 91 days, and this can give the governor considerable influence in the body which will often compromise on issues with him or her in exchange for a special legislative session. Among his other powers, the governor can call out the defense force or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster. The governor is also charged with the enforcement of all the states laws, the governor also has the ability to grant a pardon or commutation of sentence of any person convicted of a crime in the state, except in cases of treason or impeachment. In addition to powers, governors also have a considerable degree of statutory authority. Most of the authority exercised by governors on a basis is derived from statute. The governor also can influence the court system through the appointment of judges. Justices of the peace and superior courts judges are elected in Indiana, if a vacancy occurs the governor may make an appointment, the authority to make such appointments gives the governor considerable sway in setting the makeup of the judiciary. The annual salary of the governor of Indiana is US$111,688, additionally, he receives $6,000 annually for discretionary spending and expenses
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Evan Bayh
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Birch Evans Evan Bayh III is an American lawyer and Democratic politician who served as the junior U. S. Senator from Indiana from 1999 to 2011 and he earlier served as the 46th Governor of Indiana from 1989 to 1997. Bayh first held office as the Secretary of State of Indiana. He held the position for two years before being elected Governor. He left his office after completing two terms and briefly took a job lecturing at Indiana University Bloomington, before being elected to the U. S. Senate seat once held by his father, Birch Bayh. On February 15,2010, Bayh unexpectedly announced he would not seek reelection to the Senate in 2010 and he was a part-time contributor for Fox News from March 2011 to July 2016. In June 2011 he became an adviser for the U. S. Chamber of Commerce. On October 27,2011, it was announced that Berry Plastics Corp. had appointed Bayh to its board of directors, Bayh also serves on the board of directors of Marathon Petroleum, the 2011 spin-off from Marathon Oil. Following the withdrawal of 2016 Democratic primary winner Baron Hill, Bayh announced that he would be running to back his old Senate seat from retiring Republican incumbent Dan Coats. He was defeated by Todd Young in the election by a comfortable margin. Bayh was born in Shirkieville, Indiana, the son of Marvella Bayh and Birch Evans Bayh, Senator from 1963 until his 1981 defeat by then-Representative and future Vice President Dan Quayle. Bayh attended St. Albans School in Washington, D. C. at Indiana, he became a member of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternitys Indiana Beta chapter. Bayh has an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Golden Gate University School of Law in California and he received his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1981, and clerked for a federal judge before entering private law practice in Indianapolis. Bayh and his wife, Susan, have twin sons, born in 1995, Susan Bayh serves on numerous corporate boards, including health insurance giant Anthem. After a debate whether he met the states five-year residency requirement to be on the ballot, Bayh was elected Secretary of State of Indiana in 1986. Bayh was first elected Governor of Indiana in 1988, defeating former Kokomo Mayor Steve Daily in the Democratic primary, Bayh was the first Democrat to serve as Governor of Indiana in 20 years. Bayh defeated Republican John Mutz in the general election, Bayh was re-elected governor in 1992 with 63% of the vote. He defeated State Attorney General Linley E. Pearson, a Republican, by the end of his second term, Bayh had an approval rating of nearly 80 percent
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Tea Party movement
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The Tea Party movement is an American political movement known for its conservative positions and its role in the Republican Party. Members of the movement have called for a reduction of the U. S. national debt and federal deficit by reducing government spending. The movement opposes government-sponsored universal healthcare and has described as a mixture of libertarian, populist. It has sponsored protests and supported various political candidates since 2009. According to the American Enterprise Institute, various polls in 2013 estimate that slightly over 10 percent of Americans identify as part of the movement, the movement began following Barack Obamas first presidential inauguration when his administration announced plans to give financial aid to bankrupt homeowners. A major force behind it was Americans for Prosperity, a political advocacy group funded by the businessmen and political activist brothers David H. Koch. Supporters of the movement subsequently have had a impact on the internal politics of the Republican Party. Although the Tea Party is not a party in the sense of the word. The movements name refers to the Boston Tea Party of December 16,1773, the Tea Party does not have a single uniform agenda. The decentralized character of the Tea Party, with its lack of structure or hierarchy, allows each autonomous group to set its own priorities. Goals may conflict, and priorities will often differ between groups, many Tea Party organizers see this as a strength rather than a weakness, as decentralization has helped to immunize the Tea Party against co-opting by outside entities and corruption from within. The Tea Party has generally sought to avoid placing too much emphasis on traditional conservative social issues, National Tea Party organizations, such as the Tea Party Patriots and FreedomWorks, have expressed concern that engaging in social issues would be divisive. Instead, they have sought to have activists focus their efforts away from social issues and focus on economic, the Tea Party generally focuses on a significant reduction in the size and scope of the government. Tea Party members generally advocate a national economy operating without government oversight, among its goals are limiting the size of the federal government, reducing government spending, lowering the national debt and opposing tax increases. Tea Party groups have voiced support for right to work legislation as well as tighter border security. On the federal health care law, they began to work at the state level to nullify the law, after the Republican Party lost seats in congress. It has also mobilized locally against the United Nations Agenda 21 and they have protested the IRS for controversial treatment of groups with tea party in their names. They have formed Super PACs to support candidates sympathetic to their goals and have opposed what they call the Republican establishment candidates, even though the groups have a wide range of different goals, the Tea Party places its view of the Constitution at the center of its reform agenda
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Hoosier
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Hoosier /ˈhuːʒər/ is the official demonym for a resident of the U. S. state of Indiana. The origin of the remains a matter of debate within the state. Anyone born in Indiana or a resident at the time is considered to be a Hoosier, Indiana adopted the nickname The Hoosier State more than 150 years ago. Hoosier is used in the names of numerous Indiana-based businesses and organizations, as there is no accepted embodiment of a Hoosier, the IU schools are represented through their letters and colors alone. In addition to acceptance by residents of Indiana, the term is also the official demonym according to the U. S. Government Publishing Office. In addition to The Hoosiers Nest, the term appeared in the Indianapolis Journals Carriers Address on January 1,1833. There are many suggestions for the derivation of the word, in 1900, Meredith Nicholson wrote The Hoosiers, an early attempt to study the etymology of the word as applied to Indiana residents. Jacob Piatt Dunn, longtime secretary of the Indiana Historical Society, published The Word Hoosier, Dunn traced the word back to the Cumbrian hoozer, meaning anything unusually large, derived from the Old English hoo, meaning high and hill. The importance of immigrants from northern England and southern Scotland was reflected in numerous placenames including the Cumberland Mountains, the Cumberland River, johnathan Clark Smith subsequently showed that Nicholson and Dunns earliest sources within Indiana were mistaken. A letter by James Curtis cited by Dunn and others as the earliest known use of the term was written in 1846. Similarly, the use of the term in an 1859 newspaper item quoting an 1827 diary entry by Sandford Cox was more likely an editorial comment and not from the original diary. Black Harry had been born a slave in North Carolina and sold north to Baltimore, Maryland, before gaining his freedom and he was a close associate and personal friend of Bishop Francis Asbury, the Father of the American Methodist Church. Benjamin Rush said that, making allowances for his illiteracy, he was the greatest orator in America and his sermons called on Methodists to reject slavery and champion the common working man. Piersen proposed that Methodist communities inspired by his example took or were given a variant spelling of his name during the decades after his ministry. Jorge Santander Serrano, a PhD student from Indiana University has also suggested that Hoosier might come from the French words for redness rougeur or red-faced rougeaud. ”Humorous folk etymologies for the term hoosier have a long history, as recounted by Dunn in The Word Hoosier. One account traces the word to the caution of approaching houses on the frontier. In order to avoid being shot, a traveler would call out from afar to let themselves be known, the inhabitants of the cabin would then reply Whos here. Which – in the Appalachian English of the early settlers – slurred into Whosh ere. the poet James Whitcomb Riley facetiously suggested that the fierce brawling that took place in Indiana involved enough biting that the expression Whose ear. became notable
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The Journal Gazette
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The Journal Gazette is the morning newspaper in Fort Wayne, Indiana. It publishes seven days a week, and with several outlying bureaus, contends for circulation, the Journal Gazette is independent, but it was aligned with the Democratic party until 1973. One of its partners was Democratic Governor Paul V. McNutt. The Journal Gazette traces its origins to 1863, to the foundation of The Fort Wayne Gazette, in 1899, The Fort Wayne Gazette merged with The Journal. The Journal Gazette has always been a privately owned newspaper, publisher Richard Inskeep joined the newspaper in 1949, his family bought the newspaper in 1930. The paper was published by William Kunkel, who established WKJG broadcasting stations. Kunkel died in 1949 while in his office with his son, in 1950, The Journal Gazette entered into one of the first joint operating agreements for competing daily newspapers in the United States. Initially, The Journal Gazette owned 45% of Fort Wayne Newspapers, in 2003, the companies agreed to extend the joint operating agreement to 2050, with The News-Sentinel paying $42 million to increase their stake from 55% to 75%. The Goss units were installed in 1958, when the current building was erected, as a regional morning newspaper, The Journal Gazette has been more successful than many newspapers in minimizing the circulation drop affecting most big daily newspapers. Since 1981 circulation has been essentially flat from 57,000 to a current Audit Bureau of Circulation average daily circulation of 56,187, since Sunday is payday for newspaper publishers, The Journal Gazettes Sunday ABC reported circulation of 102,861 is especially lucrative. It is a drop, though, of nearly 24,000 Sunday subscribers from just a few years ago. Perhaps as an illustration of the effects of declining circulation for 2011, of all Indiana newspapers, only The Indianapolis Star has a larger Sunday circulation. The Journal-Gazette is one of the newspapers in the United States to have never been owned by a newspaper chain. Journal-Gazette Building Journal Gazette Richard Inskeep profile New printing plant
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South Bend Tribune
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The South Bend Tribune is a newspaper located in South Bend, Indiana, and distributed in the Michiana region. There are five editions for distribution in southwestern lower Michigan, Mishawaka, Marshall County, and the South Bend Metro area. The South Bend Tribune has a circulation of 62,000. Because the University of Notre Dame is close to the South Bend city limits, other sections include Community, Business, and Entertainment. The tribune also operates a number of publications, including In The Bend. The key executives are President and Publisher Kim Wilson, Vice President of Operations Kevin Shaw, Alfred B. Miller and Elmer Crockett founded the Tribune in 1872 in South Bend, a manufacturing center on the St. Joseph River in northern Indiana. The Tribunes reputation at the time as a conservative, Republican-leaning editorial voice put it at a disadvantage in competition with the more Democrat-leaning News Times. A popular legend has it that Franklin Schurz Sr. the publisher, the social events were a huge hit and helped establish inroads for the newspaper in the immigrant community. Such community outreach and the newspapers aggressive reporting helped push the Tribune past the News Times, Franklin Schurz Sr. served as editor and publisher of the Tribune through its periods of highest growth. With his prominent place in the community, he helped chart a new direction for the local economy after Studebaker closed in 1963. During the 1960s and 1970s, when the Fighting Irish football teams were among the nations elite, forrest Woody Miller covered Irish mens basketball for decades, including the glory days of coach Digger Phelps. Descendants of the founders have served as editor and publisher for 124 of the newspapers 136 years, Franklin Schurz Jr. succeeded his father after the Tribunes centennial in 1972, the recent past editor and publisher, David Ray, is a great-grandson of Elmer Crockett. Like other newspapers, the Tribune has had challenges keeping its circulation numbers up, from a peak of more than 130,000 Sunday readers in the 1970s, Sunday circulation has dipped below 100,000. From more than 100,000 daily subscribers, the recent numbers are now closer to 60,000, the Tribune once served towns ranging from as far east as Angola, to Rensselaer on the west. It now serves 11 counties, nine in north-central Indiana and two in south-central Michigan
