1.
East Texas
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East Texas is a distinct cultural, geographic and ecological area in the U. S. state of Texas. The East Texas Regions includes Tyler, Longview, Marshall, Palestine, Jacksonville, Mount Pleasant, most of the region consists of the Piney Woods ecoregion, and East Texas can sometimes be reduced to include only the Piney Woods. Houston is rarely regarded as a part of East Texas and is closely associated with the Coastal Bend along the Gulf of Mexico. At the fringes, towards Central Texas, the forests expand outward toward sparser trees, outside of the Greater Houston area the average population density is around 18–45 per square mile, with the population density near the Big Thicket dropping below 18 people per sq mi. East Texass population is large and is centered around the Golden Triangle which is Beaumont/Port Arthur/Orange in Southeast Texas. Moving north from the coast, Lufkin and Nacogdoches anchor the center of Deep East Texas. Only eight miles from the Texas border, Shreveport, Louisiana, is considered the economic and cultural center for the Ark-La-Tex, the area where Arkansas, Louisiana, East Texas receives more rainfall,35 to 60 inches, than the rest of Texas. All of East Texas also lies within the Gulf Coastal Plain, local vegetation also varies from north to south with the lower third consisting of the temperate grassland extending from South Texas to South Louisiana. The upper two-thirds of the region dominated by temperate forest known as the Piney Woods, the Piney Woods are part of a much larger region of pine-hardwood forest that extends into Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. The Piney Woods thins out as it nears the Gulf of Mexico, west of the Piney Woods are the ranchlands and remnant oak forests of the East Central Texas forests ecoregion. The Sabine River, Trinity River, Neches River, Angelina River and Sulphur River are the rivers in East Texas. The Brazos cuts through the southwest portion of the region while the Red River forms its border with Oklahoma. In East Texas and the rest of the South, small rivers and creeks collect into swamps called Bayous, bald cypress and Spanish moss are the dominant plants in bayous. The most famous of these bayous are Cypress Bayou and Buffalo Bayou, Cypress Bayou surrounds the Big, Little, and Black Cypress rivers around Jefferson. They flow east into Caddo Lake and the adjoining wetlands cover the rim, East Texas is often considered the westernmost extension of the Deep South. The predominant cultural influence comes from customs and traditions passed down from European-American and African-American Southerners who settled the region during the mid, african Americans were first brought to the area as enslaved workers for the plantations. These influences are noticeable in the sub-dialect of Texan English that is throughout the region. East Texas did not have the influence of late 19th and early 20th century European immigrants from Germany and Central Europe
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Gladewater, Texas
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Gladewater is a city in Gregg and Upshur counties in the U. S. state of Texas. The population was 6,441 at the 2010 census, U. S. Route 80 traverses the city. The town is probably most famous as a base during Elvis Presleys early career, in the early 20th century, Gladewater was an oil boom town. Gladewater is known as the Antique Capital of East Texas with its Main Street downtown antique district and it is located in western Gregg County and southern Upshur County at 32°32′34″N 94°56′49″W, primarily within Gregg County. U. S. Route 80 leads east 12 miles to Longview, U. S. Route 271 crosses US80 in the center of Gladewater, leading north 14 miles to Gilmer and southwest 25 miles to Tyler. According to the United States Census Bureau, Gladewater has an area of 12.2 square miles, of which 11.6 square miles are land and 0.54 square miles. The Sabine River forms the southwest border of the city, Gladewater was founded by the Texas and Pacific Railway Company in 1873 on land bought from Jarrett Dean and Anderson White. The first post office at Gladewater was established on August 22,1873, the towns name probably originated from its proximity to Glade Creek, a tributary of the Sabine River that rose in a rather barren region called the Glades. In 1874 Gladewater was incorporated with a mayor-alderman government, the incorporation lapsed, and a new charter was not obtained until 1931, when an influx of population necessitated organized city government. In 1955 Gladewater adopted a form of government. The population grew slowly during the century, the town had only 163 people in 1880 and 259 in 1900. In the area around Gladewater lumbering was an activity, although farming was also important. In 1908 the town had ten stores, one bank, two shops, two hotels, a gin, a sawmill, and a planing mill. It continued to grow slowly until 1931, on April 7,1931, the first Gladewater oil well blew in. It was located one mile outside town in the Sabine River bottom, Oil production led to a population increase during the 1930s from about 500 to around 8,000 people. In 1940, after the oil boom, Gladewater had a population of 4,454, civic improvements in the 1940s included an extensive paving project and a commercial airfield. Between 1940 and 1960 the population grew to 5,742, lake Gladewater, constructed on Glade Creek in 1954, provides recreation for city residents. During the 1970s Gladewater moved from an oil-oriented to a diversified economy
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Martial arts
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Although the term martial art has become associated with the fighting arts of eastern Asia, it originally referred to the combat systems of Europe as early as the 1550s. The term is derived from Latin, and means arts of Mars, Martial arts may be categorized along a variety of criteria, including, Traditional or historical arts vs. contemporary styles of folk wrestling and modern hybrid martial arts. Such traditions include eskrima, silat, kalaripayat, kobudo, and historical European martial arts, Many Chinese martial arts also feature weapons as part of their curriculum. Similarly, modern Western martial arts and sports include fencing, stick-fighting systems like canne de combat or singlestick. Combat-oriented Health-oriented Many martial arts, especially those from Asia, also teach side disciplines which pertain to medicinal practices and this is particularly prevalent in traditional Asian martial arts which may teach bone-setting, herbalism, and other aspects of traditional medicine. Spirituality-oriented Martial arts can also be linked with religion and spirituality, numerous systems are reputed to have been founded, disseminated, or practiced by monks or nuns. Throughout Asia, meditation may be incorporated as part of training, in those countries influenced by Hindu-Buddhist philosophy, the art itself may be used as an aid to attaining enlightenment. Japanese styles, when concerning non-physical qualities of the combat, are strongly influenced by Mahayana Buddhist philosophy. Concepts like empty mind and beginners mind are recurrent, aikido, for instance, can have a strong philosophical belief of the flow of energy and peace fostering, as idealised by its founder Morihei Ueshiba. Traditional Korean martial arts place emphasis on the development of the spiritual and philosophical development. A common theme in most Korean styles, such as taekkyeon and taekwondo, is the value of peace in a practitioner. The Koreans believe that the use of force is only justified through defense. Many such martial arts incorporate music, especially strong percussive rhythms, the oldest works of art depicting scenes of battle are cave paintings from Spain dated between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE that show organized groups fighting with bows and arrows. Chinese martial arts originated during the Xia Dynasty more than 4000 years ago and it is said the Yellow Emperor Huangdi introduced the earliest fighting systems to China. The Yellow Emperor is described as a general who, before becoming Chinas leader, wrote lengthy treatises on medicine, astrology. One of his opponents was Chi You who was credited as the creator of jiao di. The foundation of modern Asian martial arts is likely a blend of early Chinese, during the Warring States period of Chinese history extensive development in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, as described by Sun Tzu in The Art of War. Legendary accounts link the origin of Shaolinquan to the spread of Buddhism from India during the early 5th century AD, with the figure of Bodhidharma, to China
4.
Horror fiction
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Horror is a genre of fiction which is intended to, or has the capacity to frighten, scare, disgust, or startle their readers or viewers by inducing feelings of horror and terror. Literary historian J. A. Cuddon has defined the horror story as a piece of fiction in prose of variable length, which shocks or even frightens the reader, or perhaps induces a feeling of repulsion or loathing. It creates an eerie and frightening atmosphere, Horror is frequently supernatural, though it can be non-supernatural. Often the central menace of a work of fiction can be interpreted as a metaphor for the larger fears of a society. The genre of horror has ancient origins with roots in folklore and religious traditions, focusing on death, the afterlife, evil, the demonic and these were manifested in stories of beings such as witches, vampires, werewolves and ghosts. 18th century Gothic horror drew on these sources with the seminal and controversial The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole and this marked the first incorporated elements of the supernatural instead of pure realism. In fact, the first edition was published disguised as a medieval romance from Italy discovered and republished by a fictitious translator. Once revealed as contemporary, many found it anachronistic, reactionary, or simply in poor taste — but it proved to be immediately popular. That first novel of Gothic horror inspired such works as Vathek by William Beckford, A Sicilian Romance, The Mysteries of Udolpho and The Italian by Ann Radcliffe and The Monk by Matthew Lewis. A significant amount of fiction of this era was written by women and marketed at a female audience. The Gothic tradition blossomed into the modern readers call horror literature in the 19th century. Each of these novels and novellas created an icon of horror seen in modern re-imaginings on the stage. The proliferation of periodicals, as early as the turn of the century. One writer who specialized in fiction for mainstream pulps such as All-Story Magazine was Tod Robbins, whose fiction dealt with themes of madness. Later, specialist publications emerged to give horror writers an outlet, including Weird Tales, influential horror writers of the early 20th century made inroads in these mediums. Early cinema was inspired by aspects of horror literature, and early horror cinema started a strong tradition of horror films. This imagery made these comics controversial, and as a consequence they were frequently censored, many modern novels claim an early description of the living dead in a precursor to the modern zombie tale, including Dennis Wheatleys Strange Conflict, H. P. Lovecraft stories such as Cool Air, In The Vault, richard Mathesons novel I Am Legend would also influence an entire genre of apocalyptic zombie fiction emblematic of the films of George A. Romero
5.
Mystery fiction
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Mystery fiction is a genre of fiction usually involving a mysterious death or a crime to be solved. In a closed circle of suspects, each suspect must have a credible motive, the central character must be a detective who eventually solves the mystery by logical deduction from facts fairly presented to the reader. Mystery fiction can be detective stories in which the emphasis is on the puzzle or suspense element, Mystery fiction can be contrasted with hardboiled detective stories, which focus on action and gritty realism. Mystery fiction may involve a mystery where the solution does not have to be logical. This contrasted with parallel titles of the names which contained conventional hardboiled crime fiction. The first use of mystery in this sense was by Dime Mystery, the genre of mystery novels is a young form of literature that has developed over the past 200 years. The rise of literacy began in the years of the English Renaissance and, as began to read over time. As people became more individualistic in their thinking, they developed a respect for human reason, perhaps a reason that mystery fiction was unheard of before the 1800s was due in part to the lack of true police forces. Before the Industrial Revolution, many of the towns would have constables, naturally, the constable would be aware of every individual in the town, and crimes were either solved quickly or left unsolved entirely. As people began to crowd into cities, police forces became institutionalized and the need for detectives was realized – thus the mystery novel arose. An early work of mystery fiction, Das Fräulein von Scuderi by E. T. A. Hoffmann, was an influence on The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe as may have been Voltaires Zadig. Wilkie Collins epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, in 1887 Arthur Conan Doyle introduced Sherlock Holmes, whose mysteries are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. The genre began to expand near the turn of century with the development of dime novels, books were especially helpful to the genre, with many authors writing in the genre in the 1920s. An important contribution to fiction in the 1920s was the development of the juvenile mystery by Edward Stratemeyer. Stratemeyer originally developed and wrote the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries written under the Franklin W. Dixon, the massive popularity of pulp magazines in the 1930s and 1940s increased interest in mystery fiction. The detective fiction author Ellery Queen is also credited with continuing interest in mystery fiction, interest in mystery fiction continues to this day because of various television shows which have used mystery themes and the many juvenile and adult novels which continue to be published. There is some overlap with thriller or suspense novels and authors in those genres may consider themselves mystery novelists. Comic books and like graphic novels have carried on the tradition, Mystery fiction can be divided into numerous categories, including traditional mystery, legal thriller, medical thriller, cozy mystery, police procedural, and hardboiled
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Western fiction
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Western fiction is a genre of literature set in the American Old West frontier and typically set from the late eighteenth to the late nineteenth century. Well-known writers of Western fiction include Zane Grey from the early 20th century, the genre peaked around the early 1960s, largely due to the popularity of televised Westerns such as Bonanza. Readership began to drop off in the mid- to late 1970s and has reached a new low in the 2000s, most bookstores, outside of a few west American states, only carry a small number of Western fiction books. The predecessor of the western in American literature emerged early with tales of the frontier, the most famous of the early 19th century frontier novels were James Fenimore Coopers five novels comprising the Leatherstocking Tales. Coopers novels were set in what was at the time the American frontier. As did his novel The Prairie, most later westerns would typically take place west of the Mississippi River, the Western as a specialized genre got its start in the penny dreadfuls and later the dime novels. Published in June 1860, Malaeska, the Indian Wife of the White Hunter is considered the first dime novel. These cheaply made books were successful and capitalized on the many stories that were being told about the mountain men, outlaws, settlers. Many of these novels were fictionalized stories based on people, such as Billy the Kid, Buffalo Bill, Wyatt Earp, Wild Bill Hickok. By 1900, the new medium of pulp magazines helped to relate these adventures to easterners, popularity grew with the publication of Owen Wisters novel The Virginian and especially Zane Greys Riders of the Purple Sage. The first Hopalong Cassidy stories by Clarence Mulford appeared in 1904, when pulp magazines exploded in popularity in the 1920s, Western fiction greatly benefited. Pulp magazines that specialised in Westerns include Cowboy Stories, Ranch Romances, Star Western, West, the simultaneous popularity of Western movies in the 1920s also helped the genre. In the 1940s several seminal Westerns were published, including The Ox-Bow Incident by Walter van Tilburg Clark, The Big Sky and The Way West by A. B. Guthrie, Jr. and Shane by Jack Schaefer. Many other Western authors gained readership in the 1950s, such as Ray Hogan, Louis LAmour, the genre peaked around the early 1960s, largely due to the tremendous number of Westerns on television. The burnout of the American public on television Westerns in the late 1960s seemed to have an effect on the literature as well, and interest in Western literature began to wane. Western novels, films and pulps gave birth to Western comics, which were popular, particularly from the late 1940s until circa 1967. Other notable long-running Marvel Western comics included Rawhide Kid Two-Gun Kid, DC Comics published the long-running series All-Star Western and Western Comics, and Charlton Comics published Billy the Kid and Cheyenne Kid. Magazine Enterprises Straight Arrow ran from 1950–1956, and Prize Comics Prize Comics Western ran from 1948–1956, fawcett Comics published a number of Western titles, including Hopalong Cassidy from 1948–1953
7.
Crime fiction
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Crime fiction is the literary genre that fictionalises crimes, their detection, criminals, and their motives. It is usually distinguished from mainstream fiction and other such as historical fiction or science fiction. Crime fiction has multiple subgenres, including fiction, courtroom drama, hard-boiled fiction. Suspense and mystery are key elements that are ubiquitous to the genre. In Italy people commonly call a story about detectives or crimes giallo, better known are the earlier dark works of Edgar Allan Poe. Wilkie Collins epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, french author Émile Gaboriaus Monsieur Lecoq laid the groundwork for the methodical, scientifically minded detective. The evolution of locked room mysteries was one of the landmarks in the history of crime fiction, the Sherlock Holmes mysteries of Arthur Conan Doyle are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. A precursor was Paul Féval, whose series Les Habits Noirs features Scotland Yard detectives, the best-selling crime novel of the nineteenth century was Fergus Humes The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, set in Melbourne, Australia. The evolution of the print mass media in the United Kingdom, like the works of many other important fiction writers of his day—e. g. Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens—Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories first appeared in form in the monthly Strand magazine in the United Kingdom. Later a set of stereotypic formulae began to appear to cater to various tastes, Crime fiction can be divided into the following four branches, The cozy mystery, a subgenre of detective fiction in which profanity, sex, and violence are downplayed or treated humorously. The whodunit, the most common form of detective fiction, the historical whodunnit, also a subgenre of historical fiction. The police procedural, the detective is a member of the police, the forensic crime fiction, similar to the police procedural. The detective the reader follows is usually a medical examiner or pathologist—they must use the evidence left on the body. This subgenre was first introduced by Patricia Cornwell, the legal thriller, the major characters are lawyers and their employees, and they become involved in proving their cases. The spy novel, the characters are spies, usually working for an intelligence agency. The caper story and the novel, the stories are told from the point of view of the criminals. The parody or spoof When trying to pigeon-hole fiction, it is difficult to tell where crime fiction starts
8.
American literature
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American literature is the literature written or produced in the area of the United States and its preceding colonies. For more specific discussions of poetry and theater, see Poetry of the United States, during its early history, America was a series of British colonies on the eastern coast of the present-day United States. Therefore, its literary tradition begins as linked to the tradition of English literature. However, unique American characteristics and the breadth of its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path, the New England colonies were the center of early American literature. The revolutionary period contained political writings by Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, in the post-war period, Thomas Jeffersons United States Declaration of Independence solidified his status as a key American writer. It was in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that the nations first novels were published, in 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson started a movement known as Transcendentalism. Henry David Thoreau wrote Walden, which urges resistance to the dictates of organized society, the political conflict surrounding abolitionism inspired the writings of William Lloyd Garrison and Harriet Beecher Stowe in her world-famous Uncle Toms Cabin. Nathaniel Hawthorne is notable for his masterpiece, The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne influenced Herman Melville who is notable for the books Moby-Dick and Billy Budd. Americas two greatest 19th-century poets were Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson, American poetry reached a peak in the early-to-mid-20th century, with such noted writers as Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot, Robert Frost, Ezra Pound, Hart Crane, and E. E. Cummings. Mark Twain was the first major American writer to be away from the East Coast. Henry James was notable for novels like The Turn of the Screw, at the beginning of the 20th century, American novelists included Edith Wharton, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, and Jack London. Experimentation in style and form is seen in the works of Gertrude Stein, American writers expressed disillusionment following WW I. The stories and novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald capture the mood of the 1920s, ernest Hemingway became notable for The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, in 1954, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. William Faulkner is notable for novels like The Sound and the Fury, American drama attained international status only in the 1920s and 1930s, with the works of Eugene ONeill, who won four Pulitzer Prizes and the Nobel Prize. In the middle of the 20th century, American drama was dominated by the work of playwrights Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller, Depression era writers included John Steinbeck, notable for his novel The Grapes of Wrath. Henry Miller assumed a place in American Literature in the 1930s when his semi-autobiographical novels were banned from the US. From the end of World War II up until, roughly, Americas involvement in World War II influenced the creation of works such as Norman Mailers The Naked and the Dead, Joseph Hellers Catch-22 and Kurt Vonnegut Jr. s Slaughterhouse-Five. John Updike was notable for his novel Rabbit, Run, Philip Roth explores Jewish identity in American society
9.
Comics
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Comics is a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images, often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing, cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics, fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comic albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures, scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe, histories of Japanese comics and cartooning propose origins as early as the 12th century. Comics has had a reputation for much of its history. The English term comics is used as a noun when it refers to the medium. Though the term derives from the work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult, examples of early comics The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Japan had a prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825, the most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. American comics developed out of magazines as Puck, Judge. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcaults The Yellow Kid, early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fishers Mutt and Jeff. In Britain, the Amalgamated Press established a style of a sequence of images with text beneath them, including Illustrated Chips
10.
Batman: The Animated Series
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Batman, The Animated Series is an American animated television series based on the DC Comics superhero Batman. It was developed by Bruce Timm and Eric Radomski, Animation, it originally aired on Fox Kids from September 5,1992, to September 15,1995, with a total of 85 episodes. During its second season, the series was given the on-screen title The Adventures of Batman & Robin, the series was praised for its thematic complexity, darker tone, artistic quality, film noir aesthetics, and modernization of its title characters crime-fighting origins. IGN listed The Animated Series as the best adaptation of Batman anywhere outside of comics, the best comic book cartoon of all time, wizard magazine also ranked it #2 of the greatest animated television shows of all time. TV Guide ranked it the seventh Greatest Cartoon of All Time, the widespread acclaim led the series to win four Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Animated Program. The series was also the first in the continuity of the shared DC animated universe, spawning further animated TV series, comic books and video games with most of the same creative talent. Its ratings success and critical acclaim led the series to two feature films, Batman, Mask of the Phantasm and Batman & Mr. Freeze. The series took influence from Tim Burtons live-action films, Batman and Batman Returns, the visual style of the series was based on the artwork of Radomski, although Timm is often mistakenly given credit because the characters were based on his designs. However, the backgrounds and look and feel of Gotham City were based on the initial designs laid out by Radomski. In addition, Radomski issued an order to the animation department that all backgrounds be painted using light colors on black paper. The distinctive visual combination of imagery and Art Deco design was dubbed Dark Deco by the producers. The series initially took a variation of music written by Danny Elfman for the Burton films as its theme, the score of the series was influenced by Elfman and Walkers work on the Burton films, as well as music of 1940s film noir. The series is more adult-oriented than previous superhero cartoons and it depicts outright physical violence against antagonists, including realistic firearms. During the series production, producer Alan Burnett wrote a silent episode entitled Silent Night to explore more of Batmans sexual life, Burnett also intended to make an episode featuring a female vampire that would bite Batman to suck his blood, but plans never materialized. The role was given to Tim Curry, but at the final. The recording sessions, under the supervision of voice director Andrea Romano, were recorded with the actors together in one studio instead of taking separate recordings and this method would later be employed for all subsequent series in the DC animated universe. Al Pacino was considered to voice Two-Face in the series, one of the series best-known inventions is the Jokers assistant, Harley Quinn, who became so popular that DC Comics later added her to mainstream Batman comic book continuity. The Penguin underwent change for the series, his appearance was remodeled after the version seen in Batman Returns, New life was also given to lesser-known characters for the series such as the Clock King
11.
Chapbook
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A chapbook is an early type of popular literature printed in early modern Europe. Produced cheaply, chapbooks were commonly small, paper-covered booklets, usually printed on a single sheet folded into books of 8,12,16 and 24 pages and they were often illustrated with crude woodcuts, which sometimes bore no relation to the text. When illustrations were included in chapbooks, they were considered popular prints, the tradition of chapbooks arose in the 16th century, as soon as printed books became affordable, and rose to its height during the 17th and 18th centuries. The term chapbook for this type of literature was coined in the 19th century, the corresponding French and German terms are bibliothèque bleue and Volksbuch, respectively. In Spain they were known as pliegos de cordel, the term chapbook is also in use for present-day publications, commonly short, inexpensive booklets. Chapbook is first attested in English in 1824, and seems to derive from the word for the itinerant salesmen who would sell such books, the first element of chapman comes in turn from Old English cēap. Broadside ballads were popular songs, sold for a penny or halfpenny in the streets of towns and they preceded chapbooks, but had similar content, marketing and distribution systems. These sales are probably characteristic of the market for chapbooks, Chapbooks gradually disappeared from the mid-19th century in the face of competition from cheap newspapers and, especially in Scotland, religious tract societies that regarded them as ungodly. Although the form originated in Britain, many were made in the U. S. during the same period, because of their flimsy nature such ephemera rarely survive as individual items. They were aimed at buyers without formal libraries, and, in an era when paper was expensive, were used for wrapping or baking, paper has also always had hygienic uses and there are contemporary references to the use of chapbooks as bum fodder. Many of the surviving chapbooks come from the collections of Samuel Pepys between 1661 and 1688 which are now held at Magdalene College, Cambridge, anthony Wood also collected 65 chapbooks, which are now at The Bodleian Library. There are also significant Scottish collections, such as held by the University of Glasgow. Modern collectors, such as Peter Opie, have chiefly a scholarly interest in the form, however, the category has no real limits, some chapbooks were long, some well produced, and some even historically accurate. The centre of chapbook and ballad production was London, and until the Great Fire of London the printers were based around London Bridge, however, a feature of chapbooks is the proliferation of provincial printers, especially in Scotland and Newcastle upon Tyne. Chapbooks were an important medium for the dissemination of culture to the common people. They were a medium of entertainment, information and history, however, they are nonetheless valued as a record of popular culture, preserving cultural artifacts that may not survive in any other form. Chapbooks were priced for sales to workers, although their market was not limited to the working classes, Broadside ballads were sold for a halfpenny, or a few pence. Prices of chapbooks were from 2d. to 6d, when agricultural labourers wages were 12d. per day
12.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
13.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
14.
Ancient Egypt
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Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations to arise independently, Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh Narmer. In the aftermath of Alexander the Greats death, one of his generals, Ptolemy Soter and this Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when, under Cleopatra, it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province. The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture, the predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social development and culture. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world and its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries. The Nile has been the lifeline of its region for much of human history, nomadic modern human hunter-gatherers began living in the Nile valley through the end of the Middle Pleistocene some 120,000 years ago. By the late Paleolithic period, the climate of Northern Africa became increasingly hot and dry. In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was less arid than it is today. Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates, foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs and the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl. Hunting would have been common for Egyptians, and this is also the period when many animals were first domesticated. The largest of these cultures in upper Egypt was the Badari, which probably originated in the Western Desert, it was known for its high quality ceramics, stone tools. The Badari was followed by the Amratian and Gerzeh cultures, which brought a number of technological improvements, as early as the Naqada I Period, predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes. In Naqada II times, early evidence exists of contact with the Near East, particularly Canaan, establishing a power center at Hierakonpolis, and later at Abydos, Naqada III leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards along the Nile. They also traded with Nubia to the south, the oases of the desert to the west. Royal Nubian burials at Qustul produced artifacts bearing the oldest-known examples of Egyptian dynastic symbols, such as the crown of Egypt. They also developed a ceramic glaze known as faience, which was used well into the Roman Period to decorate cups, amulets, and figurines. During the last predynastic phase, the Naqada culture began using written symbols that eventually were developed into a system of hieroglyphs for writing the ancient Egyptian language. The Early Dynastic Period was approximately contemporary to the early Sumerian-Akkadian civilisation of Mesopotamia, the third-century BC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of pharaohs from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still used today
15.
Mummy
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Some authorities restrict the use of the term to bodies deliberately embalmed with chemicals, but the use of the word to cover accidentally desiccated bodies goes back to at least 1615 CE. Mummies of humans and other animals have found on every continent. Over one million animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats, in addition to the well-known mummies of ancient Egypt, deliberate mummification was a feature of several ancient cultures in areas of America and Asia with very dry climates. The Spirit Cave mummies of Fallon, Nevada in North America were accurately dated at more than 9,400 years old. Before this discovery, the oldest known deliberate mummy was a child, one of the Chinchorro mummies found in the Camarones Valley, Chile, which dates around 5050 BCE. The oldest known naturally mummified corpse is a severed head dated as 6,000 years old. These substances were defined as mummia, the OED defines a mummy as the body of a human being or animal embalmed as a preparation for burial, citing sources from 1615 CE onward. However, Chambers Cyclopædia and the Victorian zoologist Francis Trevelyan Buckland define a mummy as follows, also applied to the frozen carcase of an animal imbedded in prehistoric snow. Wasps of the genus Aleiodes are known as mummy wasps because they wrap their prey as mummies. While interest in the study of mummies dates as far back as Ptolemaic Greece, prior to this, many rediscovered mummies were sold as curiosities or for use in pseudoscientific novelties such as mummia. The first modern scientific examinations of mummies began in 1901, conducted by professors at the English-language Government School of Medicine in Cairo, Egypt. The first X-ray of a mummy came in 1903, when professors Grafton Elliot Smith, British chemist Alfred Lucas applied chemical analyses to Egyptian mummies during this same period, which returned many results about the types of substances used in embalming. Lucas also made significant contributions to the analysis of Tutankhamun in 1922, pathological study of mummies saw varying levels of popularity throughout the 20th century. In 1992, the First World Congress on Mummy Studies was held in Puerto de la Cruz on Tenerife in the Canary Islands, more than 300 scientists attended the Congress to share nearly 100 years of collected data on mummies. This was not possible prior to the Congress due to the unique, in more recent years, CT scanning has become an invaluable tool in the study of mummification by allowing researchers to digitally unwrap mummies without risking damage to the body. The level of detail in such scans is so intricate that small linens used in areas such as the nostrils can be digitally reconstructed in 3-D. Such modelling has been utilized to perform autopsies on mummies to determine cause of death and lifestyle. Mummies are typically divided into one of two categories, anthropogenic or spontaneous
16.
Bubba Ho-Tep
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Bubba Ho-Tep is a 2002 American comedy horror film written, co-produced and directed by Don Coscarelli. It stars Bruce Campbell as Elvis Presley — now a resident in a nursing home. The film also stars Ossie Davis as Jack, a man who claims to be John F. Kennedy, explaining that he was patched up after the assassination, dyed black. It is based on the novella by Joe R. Lansdale. Originally the film was roadshowed by the director across the country, only 32 prints were made and circulated around various film festivals, though these garnered critical success. By the time it was released on DVD, it had already achieved cult status due to reviews, lack of access. The film also features a cameo by Reggie Bannister from Coscarellis Phantasm series, an elderly man at The Shady Rest Retirement Home in East Texas is known to the staff as Sebastian Haff, but claims to be Elvis. He explains that during the 1970s, Elvis Presley grew tired of the demands of his fame and he claims it was Haff who eventually died in 1977, while he, the real Elvis, lived in quiet, happy anonymity and made a living pretending to be himself. After a propane explosion destroyed documentation which was the proof that he was actually Elvis. A hip injury during a performance causes him to get an infection, twenty years later and living at the retirement home as the film opens, he is contemplating his age, frailty, loss of dignity, impotence, and A growth on pecker. Initially skeptical of Jacks story, Elvis does spot a mysterious scar on the back of Jacks head and it could be from the head wound seen in the Zapruder film, but then it might not be. The mummy strangely takes on the garb of a cowboy and feeds on the souls of the residents of the home and it is dubbed Bubba Ho-Tep by Elvis, who is given a telepathic flashback of the mummys life and death when he looks into its eyes. The slow, plodding mummy is a real and credible threat, as instead of going against young adults who could potentially outrun or overpower it, Jack and Elvis lack mobility and need a motorized wheelchair and a walker to get around the grounds. Elvis and Jack create a plan to destroy the mummy. Destruction of the mummy would release the souls of their dead friends. Elvis and Jack battle the mummy in the middle of the night, with Jack in an electric wheelchair, Jack is knocked out of his wheelchair by the mummy and is about to have his soul sucked. Elvis hops in the wheelchair, zooms into the mummy to save Jack, Jack dies from a heart attack. Elvis becomes committed to getting rid of the mummy, and he throws the gasoline on him and then throws matches at him, Elvis lies on a hill near the river bank, dying from the blood loss from the gash and broken ribs
17.
Hap and Leonard
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Hap and Leonard are amateur investigators and adventurers portrayed by American author Joe R. Lansdale. They are the characters in a series of nine novels. They are two different men and the best of friends, and now work together as private investigators for Haps girlfriend Brett Sawyer. Both men are well versed in the martial arts, the novels were adapted into a 2016 TV series, produced by SundanceTV. Hap Collins is a working class laborer who spent time in federal prison as a young man for refusing to be drafted into the military. In his late forties, he is haunted by the various unpleasant jobs hes held over the years such as working at an aluminum chair factory. Hap tries his best to avoid violence and also tries his best to avoid the taking of human life. Often lovesick, most of his relationships havent worked out and he is currently with his on-again-off-again girlfriend Brett Sawyer. Some of his past has taken from Mr. Lansdales own past. The stories are told from Haps narrative point of view, not as quick to anger as Leonard, he often finds himself attempting to talk Leonard out of committing serious violence. Leonard Pine is a gay, black Vietnam vet with serious anger issues and he was raised by his uncle who shunned him after learning he was gay. However, when his uncle passes away, he leaves his house, Leonard has zero tolerance for racist or anti-gay slurs. Although Hap dislikes guns, Leonard has no problem carrying or using them, quick to anger, at times he cannot understand Haps aversion to violence or killing if necessary, even when provoked. His relationships are also short and tempestuous, Leonard is the much more aggressive of the two and repeatedly burned down a local crack house that used to be his new next door neighbor. He has recently moved into an addition built onto Hap and Bretts home, film duo Nick Damici and Jim Mickle have developed a Hap and Leonard crime and suspense TV series for SundanceTV
18.
Conscription
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Conscription, or drafting, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1–8 years on active duty and those conscripted may evade service, sometimes by leaving the country. As of the early 21st century, many no longer conscript soldiers. The ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war-fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities, many states that have abolished conscription therefore still reserve the power to resume it during wartime or times of crisis. Around the reign of Hammurabi, the Babylonian Empire used a system of conscription called Ilkum, under that system those eligible were required to serve in the royal army in time of war. During times of peace they were required to provide labour for other activities of the state. In return for service, people subject to it gained the right to hold land. It is possible that this right was not to hold land per se, various forms of avoiding military service are recorded. While it was outlawed by the Code of Hammurabi, the hiring of substitutes appears to have practiced both before and after the creation of the code. Later records show that Ilkum commitments could become regularly traded, in other places, people simply left their towns to avoid their Ilkum service. Another option was to sell Ilkum lands and the commitments along with them, with the exception of a few exempted classes, this was forbidden by the Code of Hammurabi. The levies raised in this way fought as infantry under local superiors, although the exact laws varied greatly depending on the country and the period, generally these levies were only obliged to fight for one to three months. Most were subsistence farmers, and it was in everyones interest to send the men home for harvest-time, the bulk of the Anglo-Saxon English army, called the fyrd, was composed of part-time English soldiers drawn from the landowning minor nobility. These thegns were the aristocracy of the time and were required to serve with their own armour. Medieval levy in Poland was known as the pospolite ruszenie, the system of military slaves was widely used in the Middle East, beginning with the creation of the corps of Turkish slave-soldiers by the Abbasid caliph al-Mutasim in the 820s and 830s. In the middle of the 14th century, Ottoman Sultan Murad I developed personal troops to be loyal to him, the new force was built by taking Christian children from newly conquered lands, especially from the far areas of his empire, in a system known as the devşirme
19.
Vietnam veteran
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A Vietnam veteran is someone who served in the armed forces of participating countries during the Vietnam War. The U. S. government officially refers to all as Vietnam-era veterans, in the English-speaking world, the term Vietnam veteran is not usually used in relation to members of the communist Peoples Army of Vietnam or the National Liberation Front. It is known that during 1969–1971, there were about 22,000 ARVN combat deaths per year, the official number of anti-communist Vietnamese personnel killed in action was 220,357. Following the communist victory on April 30,1975, South Vietnamese veterans were rounded up and sent to reeducation camps and they were detained without trial for up to decades at a time. After being released, they and their children faced significant discrimination from the communist government, a significant proportion of the surviving South Vietnamese veterans left Vietnam for Western countries, either as boat people or through the Humanitarian Operation. According to the U. S. was discharged or released from duty for a service connected disability if any part of such active duty was performed between August 5,1964 and May 7,1975. Served on active duty for more than 180 days and served in the Republic of Vietnam between February 28,1961 and May 7,1975. In 2004, the U. S. Census Bureau reported there were 8.2 million Vietnam veterans still in the country at the time, of these,2.59 million were reported to have served in country. More than 58,000 U. S. military personnel died as a result of the conflict and this comprises deaths from all categories including deaths while missing, captured, non-hostile deaths, homicides, and suicides. The Vietnam War was the last American war with conscription, Republic Of China, Spain and Philippines contributed assistance in non-combat roles. The Royal Australian Navy performed a variety of tasks at sea, ashore. The 1st Australian Task Force consisted of Army, Navy and Air Force personnel, 1st Australian Logistic Support Group was 1 ATFs ground support unit, composed of engineer, transport, ordnance, medical and service corps units. Australian Army training teams followed the withdrawal of forces in 1971. According to official statistics,501 personnel died or went missing in action during the Vietnam War and 2400 were wounded. During the Vietnam era, more than 30,000 Canadians served in the US armed forces,110 Canadians died in Vietnam, Fred Graffen, military historian with the Canadian War Museum, estimated in Vietnam Magazine that approximately 12,000 of these personnel served in Vietnam. Most of these were natives of Canada who lived in the United States, the military of Canada did not officially participate in the war effort, as it was appointed to the UN truce commissions and thus had to remain officially neutral in the conflict. Initially, New Zealand provided a 25-man team of RNZE engineers from 1964-1965, in May 1965, New Zealand replaced the engineers with a 4 gun artillery battery which served until 1971. 750 men served with the battery during this time, in 1967 the first of two rifle companies of infantry, designated Victor Company, arrived shortly thereafter followed by Whiskey company
20.
Sundance TV
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SundanceTV is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by AMC Networks. However, in recent years, it has incorporated scripted and reality series into its schedule and it has become fully ad-supported with commercials in 2013, with content being censored soon thereafter. As of July 2015, the channel is available to approximately 60.668 million households with television in the United States. In March 2015, Dish Networks Sling TV announced it would begin making AMC channels available to cord cutters, including AMC, BBC America, IFC, SundanceTV. The channel was launched on five cable systems in New York City, Los Angeles, Alexandria, Virginia, Chamblee, Georgia. It originally operated mainly as a channel, commonly packaged with Showtime and its sister networks The Movie Channel. Strictly a movie channel in its years, Sundance Channel expanded into original programming by the early 2000s. After limited attempts at original programming – City Of Men, House of Boateng, Iconoclasts, The Al Franken Show, The First Amendment Project. The Hill, and TransGeneration – Sundance Channel expanded its programming in 2007 by ordering One Punk Under God, Sin City Law, while the first two programs lasted only one season, the environmental block lasted until 2009. On May 7,2008, the Rainbow Media subsidiary of Cablevision announced that it had purchased Sundance Channel for $496 million, the acquisition of Sundance Channel by Rainbow Media was completed in June 2008. On July 1,2011, Rainbow Media was spun off from Cablevision into a separate company,2010 did see the channels first miniseries, Carlos, which could be credited as the start of the future shift in programming for the channel. 2012 saw the premieres of two new unscripted series in the form of Get To Work and Push Girls, before the second miniseries, Restless. Restless went on to receive two Emmy Award nominations and it was also announced that Sundance had picked up its first solely owned original series, and former developmental project from sister channel AMC, Rectify, and its third miniseries Top of the Lake. On March 4,2013, Sundance began airing AMCs Breaking Bad, to which the channel has exclusive syndication rights, the seven-part miniseries Top of the Lake premiered on March 18,2013, while gaining critical acclaim before eventually receiving eight Emmy nominations. Rectify then premiered on April 22,2013, and was the third straight original scripted program from Sundance to receive critical praise, october saw the premieres of Dream School and The Returned and the channel become fully ad supported. On January 27,2014, it was announced that the Sundance Channel would rebrand as SundanceTV on February 1,2014, the rebrand also features a new logo. This channel also picked up a mini series Hap and Leonard for 6 episodes based on the series of novels by Joe R. Lansdale, on June 27,2016, the show was renewed for a second season. Over time, Sundance Channel has expanded its distribution in the Americas, Asia
21.
Graphic novel
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A graphic novel is a book made up of comics content. Although the word normally refers to long fictional works, the term graphic novel is applied broadly and includes fiction, non-fiction. It is distinguished from the comic book, which is used for comics periodicals. Fan historian Richard Kyle coined the term graphic novel in an essay in the November 1964 issue of the comics fanzine Capa-Alpha, the Book Industry Study Group began using graphic novel as a category in book stores in 2001. In the publishing trade, the term extends to material that would not be considered a novel if produced in another medium. Collections of comic books that do not form a story, anthologies or collections of loosely related pieces. The term is sometimes used to distinguish between works created as standalone stories, in contrast to collections or compilations of a story arc from a comic book series published in book form. As the exact definition of the novel is debated, the origins of the form are open to interpretation. The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck is the oldest recognized American example of comics used to this end, the first American edition was published in 1842 by Wilson & Company in New York City using the original printing plates from the 1841 edition. Another early predecessor is Journey to the Gold Diggins by Jeremiah Saddlebags by brothers J. A. D. and D. F. Read, inspired by The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck. In 1894 Caran dAche broached the idea of a novel in a letter to the newspaper Le Figaro. In the United States there is a tradition of reissuing previously published comic strips in book form. In 1897 the Hearst Syndicate published such a collection of The Yellow Kid by Richard Outcault, the 1920s saw a revival of the medieval woodcut tradition, with Belgian Frans Masereel cited as the undisputed king of this revival. American Lynd Ward also worked in this tradition, publishing Gods Man, in 1929, the 1940s saw the launching of Classics Illustrated, a comic-book series that primarily adapted notable, public domain novels into standalone comic books for young readers. In 1947 Fawcett Comics published Comics Novel #1, Anarcho, Dictator of Death, by the late 1960s, American comic book creators were becoming more adventurous with the form. Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin self-published a 40-page, magazine-format comics novel, savage in 1968—the same year Marvel Comics published two issues of The Spectacular Spider-Man in a similar format. Meanwhile, in continental Europe, the tradition of collecting serials of popular strips such as The Adventures of Tintin or Asterix led to long-form narratives published initially as serials. By 1969, the author John Updike, who had entertained ideas of becoming a cartoonist in his youth, addressed the Bristol Literary Society, on the death of the novel
22.
Mucho Mojo
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Mucho Mojo Is a mystery/crime novel by American author Joe R. Lansdale. This is the second in Lansdales Hap and Leonard series of crime novels and this story revolves around the death of Leonard Pines Uncle Chester who happens to live next to a crack house. Under the floorboards of his uncles house the two discover the skeleton of an infant wrapped in child pornography, Leonard refuses to believe his uncle could be involved so he enlists the help of his best friend, Hap Collins, to solve the murder and clear his uncle. This book was published as an edition by Cemetery Dance Publications. Both are now out of print, a trade paperback was published by Vintage Crime/Black Lizard on Jan. Mucho Mojo was listed as a New York Times Notable Book of the Year and was awarded British Fantasy Award, authors official Website Paperback Publishers website Mucho Mojo title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
23.
The Two-Bear Mambo
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The Two-Bear Mambo is a suspense\crime novel written by American author Joe R. Lansdale. It is the book in the Hap and Leonard series of novels by Lansdale. Haps African American ex-girlfriend set out to attempt to recover the long lost tapes of a deceased bluesman in a Klan infested town in East Texas, after she goes missing, her current boyfriend enlists Hap and Leonard to find out what happened to her. Needless to say they run into a lot of trouble, the town locals dont care and local law enforcement views it as a black on black crime not worthy of investigating. Hap, and especially Leonard, are viewed as outside meddlers who had best go back to where they came from and this novel is full of suspense and violence as the two protagonists investigate the disappearance. This book was published as a trade hardcover by Mysterious Press which is now out of print. Its most recent publication was issued by Vintage Crime/Black Lizard as a paperback in January 2009. Authors official Website Paperback Publishers website The Two-Bear Mambo title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
24.
Paperback
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A paperback is a type of book characterized by a thick paper or paperboard cover, and often held together with glue rather than stitches or staples. In contrast, hardcover or hardback books are bound with cardboard covered with cloth, inexpensive books bound in paper have existed since at least the 19th century in such forms as pamphlets, yellowbacks, dime novels, and airport novels. Modern paperbacks can be differentiated by size, in the US there are mass-market paperbacks and larger, more durable trade paperbacks. In the UK, there are A-format, B-format, and the largest C-format sizes, Paperback editions of books are issued when a publisher decides to release a book in a low-cost format. Cheaper, lower quality paper, glued bindings, and the lack of a cover may contribute to the lower cost of paperbacks. Paperbacks can be the medium when a book is not expected to be a major seller or where the publisher wishes to release a book without putting forth a large investment. Examples include many novels, and newer editions or reprintings of older books, first editions of many modern books, especially genre fiction, are issued in paperback. Best-selling books, on the hand, may maintain sales in hardcover for an extended period in order to reap the greater profits that the hardcovers provide. These paper bound volumes were offered for sale at a fraction of the historic cost of a book, the Routledges Railway Library series of paperbacks remained in print until 1898, and offered the traveling public 1,277 unique titles. The German-language market also supported examples of cheap books, Bernhard Tauchnitz started the Collection of British. These inexpensive, paperbound editions, a precursor to mass-market paperbacks. Reclam published Shakespeare in this format from October 1857 and went on to pioneer the mass-market paper-bound Universal-Bibliothek series from 10 November 1867, the German publisher Albatross Books revised the 20th-century mass-market paperback format in 1931, but the approach of World War II cut the experiment short. The first released book on Penguins 1935 list was André Maurois Ariel, Lane intended to produce inexpensive books. He purchased paperback rights from publishers, ordered large print runs to keep prices low. Booksellers were initially reluctant to buy his books, but when Woolworths placed a large order, after that initial success, booksellers showed more willingness to stock paperbacks, and the name Penguin became closely associated with the word paperback. In 1939, Robert de Graaf issued a similar line in the United States, the term pocket book became synonymous with paperback in English-speaking North America. In French, the term livre de poche was used and is still in use today, de Graaf, like Lane, negotiated paperback rights from other publishers, and produced many runs. His practices contrasted with those of Lane by his adoption of illustrated covers aimed at the North American market, in order to reach an even broader market than Lane, he used distribution networks of newspapers and magazines, which had a lengthy history of being aimed at mass audiences
25.
Dark Regions Press
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Dark Regions Press is an independent specialty publisher of horror, dark fiction, fantasy and science fiction, specializing in horror and dark fiction in business since 1985 founded by Joe Morey. They have gained recognition around the world for their works in genre fiction. Dark Regions Press was awarded the Horror Writers Association 2010 Specialty Press Award and they produce premium signed hardcover editions for collectors as well as quality trade paperbacks and ebook editions. Their books have received seven Bram Stoker Awards from the Horror Writers Association, dark Regions Press has been creating specialty books and creative projects for over twenty-nine years
26.
Tachyon Publications
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Tachyon Publications is an independent press specializing in science fiction and fantasy books. Founded in San Francisco in 1995 by Jacob Weisman, Tachyon books have tended toward high-end literary works, short story collections, and anthologies. In 2013, Tachyons publication After the Fall, Before the Fall, During the Fall by Nancy Kress won the Nebula Award, also in 2013, Tachyons publication of The Emperors Soul by Brandon Sanderson won the Hugo Award for best novella. The following books have published by Tachyon Publications. Official website SF in SF – Science Fiction, San Francisco – A Perfect Fit
27.
Kasey Lansdale
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Kasey J. Lansdale is an American country music singer-songwriter from Nacogdoches, Texas. Lansdale is also known for her work as an author, editor, actress and her full length debut album titled Restless was released on August 20,2013 on Blue Siren Records co-produced Mike Clute and Kasey Lansdale. The Executive Producer is John Carter Cash, Kasey Lansdale is a graduate of Nacogdoches High School. She attended Stephen F. Austin State University as a social work major, in 2007, Lansdale debuted a three track EP with Texas Swing Song, Back of My Smile, penned by Lansdale, catching the attention of venues throughout Texas. This led her to tour as an act with her first band, Kasey Lansdale & The Daletones, for country music legend. She co-wrote two songs set to appear on the soundtrack of the film, Christmas with the Dead. Lansdale is a frequent performer overseas, regularly performing as a headliner at the Piacenza Blues Festival, as well as other events and she recorded briefly with Davide Di Leo or Boosta, of the Premio Italiano della Musica award winning group, Subsonica. Her 2010 album Never Say Never was recorded at Warner Nashville Studios, on April 1st,2014 Kasey was recognized by the Country Music Association as Spotlight Star of the Month and is currently touring and working with her producer John Carter Cash. Lansdales single, “Sorry Ain’t Enough” debuted at #4 on the National MPE Downloads Chart. Her songs Back of My Smile, Back of My Smile received international distribution for Milan Records. In 2015 she was nominated for Best New Female Artist of the Year at the 2015 Texas Regional Radio Music Awards, a new E. P. titled Leave Her Wild is being released 08/01/16 on Blue Siren Records, Produced by John Carter Cash recorded at the Cash Cabin. She recently opened for Wynonna Judd and this story later reappeared in A Fistfull of Stories, from Joe R. Lansdale, as well as the collection Bumper Crop. Lansdale has edited an all e-book horror fiction anthology with Biting Dog Press titled Fresh Blood & Old Bones designed to showcase newer authors alongside established authors and it was published on September 29,2012. Lansdale has completed a story with her father titled Blind Love which is to be included in an anthology from Harper Collins entitled Dark Duets edited by Christopher Golden. Her short story, The Flame was published by SST publications spring 2014, Pandi Press is a new publishing company started by Kasey and her father Joe R. Lansdale to control the rights regarding the publishing and re-issue of Joe Lansdales older works. Lansdales first feature role was Ella in the horror film. She also appeared in Grammy award winning artist Jim Lauderdales music video Ever Gonna Hurt as the love interest, in 2015 Lansdale was featured in a short film by director Izzy Lee titled Postpartum about a woman who gives birth at home and things go very bad. Lansdale supports the organization, PROTECT, The National Association to Protect Children. Lansdale has stated that Reba McEntire is her most important early musical influence and her father is award-winning author Joe R. Lansdale
28.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
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Nacogdoches, Texas
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Not to be confused with Natchitoches, Louisiana. Nacogdoches is a city situated in East Texas and the county seat of Nacogdoches County, Texas. The 2010 U. S. Census recorded the population to be 32,996. Nacogdoches is a city of the smaller Natchitoches, Louisiana. Nacogdoches is the home of Stephen F. Austin State University, local promotional literature from the Nacogdoches Convention & Visitors Bureau describes Nacogdoches as “the oldest town in Texas. ”Evidence of settlement at the same site dates back to 10,000 years ago. It is near or on the site of Nevantin, the village of the Nacogdoche tribe of Caddo Indians. Nacogdoches remained a Caddo Indian settlement until the early 19th century, in 1716 when Spain established a mission there, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches. That was the first European construction in the area, the “town” of Nacogdoches got started after the French had vacated the region, and Spanish officials decided that maintaining the mission was too costly. In 1772 they ordered all settlers in the area to move to San Antonio, some were eager to escape the wilderness, but others had to be forced from their homes by soldiers. It was one of the original European settlements in the region, colonel Antonio Gil YBarbo, a prominent Spanish trader, emerged as the leader of the settlers, and in the spring of 1779, he led a group back to Nacogdoches. Later that summer, Nacogdoches received designation from Spain as a pueblo, or town, YBarbo, as lieutenant governor of the new town, established the rules and laws for local government. He laid out streets with the intersecting El Camino Real and La Calle del Norte/North Street as the central point, on the main thoroughfare, he built a stone house for use in his trading business. The house, or Old Stone Fort as it is known today, the city has been under more flags than the state of Texas, claiming nine flags. In addition to the Six Flags of Texas, it flew under the flags of the Magee-Gutierrez Republic, the Long Republic. People from the United States began moving to settle in Nacogdoches in 1820, however, the first newspaper published was in Spanish. An edition of the newspaper is preserved and shown at the local Museum, in 1832, the battle of Nacogdoches brought many local settlers together, as they united in their stand to support a federalist form of government. Their successful venture drove the Mexican military from east Texas, Thomas Jefferson Rusk was one of the most prominent early Nacogdoches Anglo settlers. A veteran of the Texas Revolution, hero of San Jacinto and he was president of the Texas Statehood Commission and served as one of the first two Texas U. S
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Stephen F. Austin State University
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Stephen F. Austin State University is a public university located in Nacogdoches, Texas, United States. Founded as a college in 1923, the university was named after one of Texass founding fathers. Its campus resides on part of the homestead of Thomas Jefferson Rusk, Stephen F. Austin is one of four independent public universities in Texas. In 2015, Stephen F. Austin accepted 62% of applications, Stephen F. Austin State University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees. The Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks are members of the Southland Conference, the Lumberjacks football team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. The Lumberjacks basketball team has made four appearances in the NCAA Division I Tournament, SFA has also served students from 46 states outside of Texas and 42 countries outside the United States. Stephen F. Austin offers more than 120 areas of study, including more than 80 undergraduate majors, nearly 60 graduate degrees, Stephen F. Austin offers classes through six colleges, and houses one of only two schools of forestry in the State of Texas. The Forestry and the Agriculture school at Stephen F. Austin is nationally recognized, during the 2014–2015 academic year, there were 2,690 degrees awarded. Of those degrees,2,108 were undergraduate,558 were post-graduate, since 2007, Stephen F. Austin has served as the headquarters of the Association for Business Communication. Stephen F. Austin ranked #76 in the 2011 U. S. News & World Report edition of Best Colleges, nelson Rusche College of Business James I. All of SFAs athletic teams participate in the Southland Conference which hosts teams from the states of Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Stephen F. Austins color are Purple and White. Stephen F. Austin sports teams participate in NCAA Division I for football in the Southland Conference, SFAs football team earned a berth into the FCS playoffs in 2009, which was the first for the university since 1995. The team also earned a berth in 2010, marking the first time in the programs history that the team had reached the playoffs in consecutive seasons. The 2010 season also marked the first time that the school had won a conference championship since 1989. Stephen F. Austins only bowl appearance was the 1973 Poultry Bowl, the mens basketball team reached its first NCAA tournament in 2009 after winning the Southland Conference regular season and tournament. They lost 59–44 to Syracuse University, in their second appearance in 2014, they upset Virginia Commonwealth in overtime, 77–75. In their third appearance in 2016, they upset 3rd seeded West Virginia 70–56, in the second round against 6th seeded Notre Dame they lost 77–76 on a buzzer beater by Notre Dames Rex Pflueger. The annual Parents Day is one of the largest student run programs on the campus of SFA, Parents, friends and family members of students visit the campus every fall for a day of activities and school spirit
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Christmas with the Dead (film)
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Christmas with the Dead is a zombie apocalypse film based on the Joe R. Lansdale short story of the same name. Strange electrical currents hurtle towards Earth from outer space, instead Calvin naps on the couch and then a freak lightning storm from the strange electrical currents causes everyone who sees it to drop dead. When Calvin awakes he finds his wife and daughter seemingly dead, awash with grief, he lays the two out on their bed. As soon as Calvin turns his back, his daughter rises from the dead, then Ella rises as a zombie and attacks him. After he subdues her, his neighbor Ray shows up and tells Calvin Tina has bitten him and he had no choice, soon Calvin realizes most of the inhabitants of Mud Creek are now zombies. Flash forward two years and Calvin has adapted to his lifestyle of living in a full of the un-dead. He keeps his wife Ella chained up on the porch of his house which is now a small fortress to keep the zombies at bay. He feeds Ella dog food in a dog bowl as he just cant bring himself to kill her for good and he transmits from the local radio station hoping someone will hear him, but its to no avail. He even greets his former friend Ray, now a zombie after being bitten by Calvins young daughter and he then runs into a man shooting zombies and dragging them to his pickup. The man at first thinks Calvin is a zombie and tries to shoot him, when Calvin asks the man whats he doing, he replies Shooting the shit out of zombies. This is the first living human Calvin has seen in years, G. M. states his 3D glasses he always wears saved him from the effects of the storm. Calvin objects to G. M. shooting the zombies saying they are sick people. That night on G. M. s roof, the two play loud music with a beat and the zombies come pouring out of the woods. One day some former inmates from a mental hospital hear Calvins broadcast on their car radio. Now its up to Calvin and G. M. to escape both the Reverend and his flock of mentally deranged patients and the zombies as well. It was directed by author and director Terrill Lee Lankford, producers include William Arscott and Brad Maule. Much of the soundtrack was performed by co-star Kasey Lansdale who is also a successful musician, William Arscott, Joe Lansdale, and his wife Karen also served as executive producers. Joes son Keith wrote the screenplay, many locals from the Nacogdoches area performed as extras despite the East Texas heat and heavy layers of makeup
